oracle_compat.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * oracle_compat.c
 *  Oracle compatible functions.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1996-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 *
 *  Author: Edmund Mergl <E.Mergl@bawue.de>
 *  Multibyte enhancement: Tatsuo Ishii <ishii@postgresql.org>
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *  src/backend/utils/adt/oracle_compat.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include "common/int.h"
#include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/formatting.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "varatt.h"
 
 
static text *dotrim(const char *string, int stringlen,
                    const char *set, int setlen,
                    bool doltrim, bool dortrim);
static bytea *dobyteatrim(bytea *string, bytea *set,
                          bool doltrim, bool dortrim);
 
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * lower
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   text lower(text string)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *   Returns string, with all letters forced to lowercase.
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
lower(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *in_string = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    char       *out_string;
    text       *result;
 
    out_string = str_tolower(VARDATA_ANY(in_string),
                             VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(in_string),
                             PG_GET_COLLATION());
    result = cstring_to_text(out_string);
    pfree(out_string);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}
 
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * upper
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   text upper(text string)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *   Returns string, with all letters forced to uppercase.
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
upper(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *in_string = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    char       *out_string;
    text       *result;
 
    out_string = str_toupper(VARDATA_ANY(in_string),
                             VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(in_string),
                             PG_GET_COLLATION());
    result = cstring_to_text(out_string);
    pfree(out_string);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}
 
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * initcap
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   text initcap(text string)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *   Returns string, with first letter of each word in uppercase, all
 *   other letters in lowercase. A word is defined as a sequence of
 *   alphanumeric characters, delimited by non-alphanumeric
 *   characters.
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
initcap(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *in_string = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    char       *out_string;
    text       *result;
 
    out_string = str_initcap(VARDATA_ANY(in_string),
                             VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(in_string),
                             PG_GET_COLLATION());
    result = cstring_to_text(out_string);
    pfree(out_string);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}
 
Datum
casefold(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *in_string = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    char       *out_string;
    text       *result;
 
    out_string = str_casefold(VARDATA_ANY(in_string),
                              VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(in_string),
                              PG_GET_COLLATION());
    result = cstring_to_text(out_string);
    pfree(out_string);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}
 
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * lpad
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   text lpad(text string1, int4 len, text string2)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *   Returns string1, left-padded to length len with the sequence of
 *   characters in string2.  If len is less than the length of string1,
 *   instead truncate (on the right) to len.
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
lpad(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *string1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    int32       len = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
    text       *string2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(2);
    text       *ret;
    char       *ptr1,
               *ptr2,
               *ptr2start,
               *ptr2end,
               *ptr_ret;
    int         m,
                s1len,
                s2len;
    int         bytelen;
 
    /* Negative len is silently taken as zero */
    if (len < 0)
        len = 0;
 
    s1len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(string1);
    if (s1len < 0)
        s1len = 0;              /* shouldn't happen */
 
    s2len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(string2);
    if (s2len < 0)
        s2len = 0;              /* shouldn't happen */
 
    s1len = pg_mbstrlen_with_len(VARDATA_ANY(string1), s1len);
 
    if (s1len > len)
        s1len = len;            /* truncate string1 to len chars */
 
    if (s2len <= 0)
        len = s1len;            /* nothing to pad with, so don't pad */
 
    /* compute worst-case output length */
    if (unlikely(pg_mul_s32_overflow(pg_database_encoding_max_length(), len,
                                     &bytelen)) ||
        unlikely(pg_add_s32_overflow(bytelen, VARHDRSZ, &bytelen)) ||
        unlikely(!AllocSizeIsValid(bytelen)))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                 errmsg("requested length too large")));
 
    ret = (text *) palloc(bytelen);
 
    m = len - s1len;
 
    ptr2 = ptr2start = VARDATA_ANY(string2);
    ptr2end = ptr2 + s2len;
    ptr_ret = VARDATA(ret);
 
    while (m--)
    {
        int         mlen = pg_mblen(ptr2);
 
        memcpy(ptr_ret, ptr2, mlen);
        ptr_ret += mlen;
        ptr2 += mlen;
        if (ptr2 == ptr2end)    /* wrap around at end of s2 */
            ptr2 = ptr2start;
    }
 
    ptr1 = VARDATA_ANY(string1);
 
    while (s1len--)
    {
        int         mlen = pg_mblen(ptr1);
 
        memcpy(ptr_ret, ptr1, mlen);
        ptr_ret += mlen;
        ptr1 += mlen;
    }
 
    SET_VARSIZE(ret, ptr_ret - (char *) ret);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(ret);
}
 
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * rpad
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   text rpad(text string1, int4 len, text string2)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *   Returns string1, right-padded to length len with the sequence of
 *   characters in string2.  If len is less than the length of string1,
 *   instead truncate (on the right) to len.
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
rpad(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *string1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    int32       len = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
    text       *string2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(2);
    text       *ret;
    char       *ptr1,
               *ptr2,
               *ptr2start,
               *ptr2end,
               *ptr_ret;
    int         m,
                s1len,
                s2len;
    int         bytelen;
 
    /* Negative len is silently taken as zero */
    if (len < 0)
        len = 0;
 
    s1len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(string1);
    if (s1len < 0)
        s1len = 0;              /* shouldn't happen */
 
    s2len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(string2);
    if (s2len < 0)
        s2len = 0;              /* shouldn't happen */
 
    s1len = pg_mbstrlen_with_len(VARDATA_ANY(string1), s1len);
 
    if (s1len > len)
        s1len = len;            /* truncate string1 to len chars */
 
    if (s2len <= 0)
        len = s1len;            /* nothing to pad with, so don't pad */
 
    /* compute worst-case output length */
    if (unlikely(pg_mul_s32_overflow(pg_database_encoding_max_length(), len,
                                     &bytelen)) ||
        unlikely(pg_add_s32_overflow(bytelen, VARHDRSZ, &bytelen)) ||
        unlikely(!AllocSizeIsValid(bytelen)))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                 errmsg("requested length too large")));
 
    ret = (text *) palloc(bytelen);
 
    m = len - s1len;
 
    ptr1 = VARDATA_ANY(string1);
    ptr_ret = VARDATA(ret);
 
    while (s1len--)
    {
        int         mlen = pg_mblen(ptr1);
 
        memcpy(ptr_ret, ptr1, mlen);
        ptr_ret += mlen;
        ptr1 += mlen;
    }
 
    ptr2 = ptr2start = VARDATA_ANY(string2);
    ptr2end = ptr2 + s2len;
 
    while (m--)
    {
        int         mlen = pg_mblen(ptr2);
 
        memcpy(ptr_ret, ptr2, mlen);
        ptr_ret += mlen;
        ptr2 += mlen;
        if (ptr2 == ptr2end)    /* wrap around at end of s2 */
            ptr2 = ptr2start;
    }
 
    SET_VARSIZE(ret, ptr_ret - (char *) ret);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(ret);
}
 
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * btrim
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   text btrim(text string, text set)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *   Returns string with characters removed from the front and back
 *   up to the first character not in set.
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
btrim(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *string = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *set = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    text       *ret;
 
    ret = dotrim(VARDATA_ANY(string), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(string),
                 VARDATA_ANY(set), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(set),
                 true, true);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(ret);
}
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * btrim1 --- btrim with set fixed as ' '
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
btrim1(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *string = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *ret;
 
    ret = dotrim(VARDATA_ANY(string), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(string),
                 " ", 1,
                 true, true);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(ret);
}
 
/*
 * Common implementation for btrim, ltrim, rtrim
 */
static text *
dotrim(const char *string, int stringlen,
       const char *set, int setlen,
       bool doltrim, bool dortrim)
{
    int         i;
 
    /* Nothing to do if either string or set is empty */
    if (stringlen > 0 && setlen > 0)
    {
        if (pg_database_encoding_max_length() > 1)
        {
            /*
             * In the multibyte-encoding case, build arrays of pointers to
             * character starts, so that we can avoid inefficient checks in
             * the inner loops.
             */
            const char **stringchars;
            const char **setchars;
            int        *stringmblen;
            int        *setmblen;
            int         stringnchars;
            int         setnchars;
            int         resultndx;
            int         resultnchars;
            const char *p;
            int         len;
            int         mblen;
            const char *str_pos;
            int         str_len;
 
            stringchars = (const char **) palloc(stringlen * sizeof(char *));
            stringmblen = (int *) palloc(stringlen * sizeof(int));
            stringnchars = 0;
            p = string;
            len = stringlen;
            while (len > 0)
            {
                stringchars[stringnchars] = p;
                stringmblen[stringnchars] = mblen = pg_mblen(p);
                stringnchars++;
                p += mblen;
                len -= mblen;
            }
 
            setchars = (const char **) palloc(setlen * sizeof(char *));
            setmblen = (int *) palloc(setlen * sizeof(int));
            setnchars = 0;
            p = set;
            len = setlen;
            while (len > 0)
            {
                setchars[setnchars] = p;
                setmblen[setnchars] = mblen = pg_mblen(p);
                setnchars++;
                p += mblen;
                len -= mblen;
            }
 
            resultndx = 0;      /* index in stringchars[] */
            resultnchars = stringnchars;
 
            if (doltrim)
            {
                while (resultnchars > 0)
                {
                    str_pos = stringchars[resultndx];
                    str_len = stringmblen[resultndx];
                    for (i = 0; i < setnchars; i++)
                    {
                        if (str_len == setmblen[i] &&
                            memcmp(str_pos, setchars[i], str_len) == 0)
                            break;
                    }
                    if (i >= setnchars)
                        break;  /* no match here */
                    string += str_len;
                    stringlen -= str_len;
                    resultndx++;
                    resultnchars--;
                }
            }
 
            if (dortrim)
            {
                while (resultnchars > 0)
                {
                    str_pos = stringchars[resultndx + resultnchars - 1];
                    str_len = stringmblen[resultndx + resultnchars - 1];
                    for (i = 0; i < setnchars; i++)
                    {
                        if (str_len == setmblen[i] &&
                            memcmp(str_pos, setchars[i], str_len) == 0)
                            break;
                    }
                    if (i >= setnchars)
                        break;  /* no match here */
                    stringlen -= str_len;
                    resultnchars--;
                }
            }
 
            pfree(stringchars);
            pfree(stringmblen);
            pfree(setchars);
            pfree(setmblen);
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * In the single-byte-encoding case, we don't need such overhead.
             */
            if (doltrim)
            {
                while (stringlen > 0)
                {
                    char        str_ch = *string;
 
                    for (i = 0; i < setlen; i++)
                    {
                        if (str_ch == set[i])
                            break;
                    }
                    if (i >= setlen)
                        break;  /* no match here */
                    string++;
                    stringlen--;
                }
            }
 
            if (dortrim)
            {
                while (stringlen > 0)
                {
                    char        str_ch = string[stringlen - 1];
 
                    for (i = 0; i < setlen; i++)
                    {
                        if (str_ch == set[i])
                            break;
                    }
                    if (i >= setlen)
                        break;  /* no match here */
                    stringlen--;
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    /* Return selected portion of string */
    return cstring_to_text_with_len(string, stringlen);
}
 
/*
 * Common implementation for bytea versions of btrim, ltrim, rtrim
 */
bytea *
dobyteatrim(bytea *string, bytea *set, bool doltrim, bool dortrim)
{
    bytea      *ret;
    char       *ptr,
               *end,
               *ptr2,
               *ptr2start,
               *end2;
    int         m,
                stringlen,
                setlen;
 
    stringlen = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(string);
    setlen = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(set);
 
    if (stringlen <= 0 || setlen <= 0)
        return string;
 
    m = stringlen;
    ptr = VARDATA_ANY(string);
    end = ptr + stringlen - 1;
    ptr2start = VARDATA_ANY(set);
    end2 = ptr2start + setlen - 1;
 
    if (doltrim)
    {
        while (m > 0)
        {
            ptr2 = ptr2start;
            while (ptr2 <= end2)
            {
                if (*ptr == *ptr2)
                    break;
                ++ptr2;
            }
            if (ptr2 > end2)
                break;
            ptr++;
            m--;
        }
    }
 
    if (dortrim)
    {
        while (m > 0)
        {
            ptr2 = ptr2start;
            while (ptr2 <= end2)
            {
                if (*end == *ptr2)
                    break;
                ++ptr2;
            }
            if (ptr2 > end2)
                break;
            end--;
            m--;
        }
    }
 
    ret = (bytea *) palloc(VARHDRSZ + m);
    SET_VARSIZE(ret, VARHDRSZ + m);
    memcpy(VARDATA(ret), ptr, m);
    return ret;
}
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * byteatrim
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   bytea byteatrim(bytea string, bytea set)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *   Returns string with characters removed from the front and back
 *   up to the first character not in set.
 *
 * Cloned from btrim and modified as required.
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
byteatrim(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *string = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    bytea      *set = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
    bytea      *ret;
 
    ret = dobyteatrim(string, set, true, true);
 
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(ret);
}
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * bytealtrim
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   bytea bytealtrim(bytea string, bytea set)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *   Returns string with initial characters removed up to the first
 *   character not in set.
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
bytealtrim(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *string = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    bytea      *set = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
    bytea      *ret;
 
    ret = dobyteatrim(string, set, true, false);
 
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(ret);
}
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * byteartrim
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   bytea byteartrim(bytea string, bytea set)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *   Returns string with final characters removed after the last
 *   character not in set.
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
byteartrim(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *string = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    bytea      *set = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
    bytea      *ret;
 
    ret = dobyteatrim(string, set, false, true);
 
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(ret);
}
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * ltrim
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   text ltrim(text string, text set)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *   Returns string with initial characters removed up to the first
 *   character not in set.
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
ltrim(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *string = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *set = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    text       *ret;
 
    ret = dotrim(VARDATA_ANY(string), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(string),
                 VARDATA_ANY(set), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(set),
                 true, false);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(ret);
}
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * ltrim1 --- ltrim with set fixed as ' '
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
ltrim1(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *string = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *ret;
 
    ret = dotrim(VARDATA_ANY(string), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(string),
                 " ", 1,
                 true, false);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(ret);
}
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * rtrim
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   text rtrim(text string, text set)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *   Returns string with final characters removed after the last
 *   character not in set.
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
rtrim(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *string = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *set = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    text       *ret;
 
    ret = dotrim(VARDATA_ANY(string), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(string),
                 VARDATA_ANY(set), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(set),
                 false, true);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(ret);
}
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * rtrim1 --- rtrim with set fixed as ' '
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
rtrim1(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *string = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *ret;
 
    ret = dotrim(VARDATA_ANY(string), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(string),
                 " ", 1,
                 false, true);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(ret);
}
 
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * translate
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   text translate(text string, text from, text to)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *   Returns string after replacing all occurrences of characters in from
 *   with the corresponding character in to.  If from is longer than to,
 *   occurrences of the extra characters in from are deleted.
 *   Improved by Edwin Ramirez <ramirez@doc.mssm.edu>.
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
translate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *string = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *from = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    text       *to = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(2);
    text       *result;
    char       *from_ptr,
               *to_ptr,
               *to_end;
    char       *source,
               *target;
    int         m,
                fromlen,
                tolen,
                retlen,
                i;
    int         bytelen;
    int         len;
    int         source_len;
    int         from_index;
 
    m = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(string);
    if (m <= 0)
        PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(string);
    source = VARDATA_ANY(string);
 
    fromlen = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(from);
    from_ptr = VARDATA_ANY(from);
    tolen = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(to);
    to_ptr = VARDATA_ANY(to);
    to_end = to_ptr + tolen;
 
    /*
     * The worst-case expansion is to substitute a max-length character for a
     * single-byte character at each position of the string.
     */
    if (unlikely(pg_mul_s32_overflow(pg_database_encoding_max_length(), m,
                                     &bytelen)) ||
        unlikely(pg_add_s32_overflow(bytelen, VARHDRSZ, &bytelen)) ||
        unlikely(!AllocSizeIsValid(bytelen)))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                 errmsg("requested length too large")));
 
    result = (text *) palloc(bytelen);
 
    target = VARDATA(result);
    retlen = 0;
 
    while (m > 0)
    {
        source_len = pg_mblen(source);
        from_index = 0;
 
        for (i = 0; i < fromlen; i += len)
        {
            len = pg_mblen(&from_ptr[i]);
            if (len == source_len &&
                memcmp(source, &from_ptr[i], len) == 0)
                break;
 
            from_index++;
        }
        if (i < fromlen)
        {
            /* substitute, or delete if no corresponding "to" character */
            char       *p = to_ptr;
 
            for (i = 0; i < from_index; i++)
            {
                if (p >= to_end)
                    break;
                p += pg_mblen(p);
            }
            if (p < to_end)
            {
                len = pg_mblen(p);
                memcpy(target, p, len);
                target += len;
                retlen += len;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            /* no match, so copy */
            memcpy(target, source, source_len);
            target += source_len;
            retlen += source_len;
        }
 
        source += source_len;
        m -= source_len;
    }
 
    SET_VARSIZE(result, retlen + VARHDRSZ);
 
    /*
     * The function result is probably much bigger than needed, if we're using
     * a multibyte encoding, but it's not worth reallocating it; the result
     * probably won't live long anyway.
     */
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * ascii
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   int ascii(text string)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *   Returns the decimal representation of the first character from
 *   string.
 *   If the string is empty we return 0.
 *   If the database encoding is UTF8, we return the Unicode codepoint.
 *   If the database encoding is any other multi-byte encoding, we
 *   return the value of the first byte if it is an ASCII character
 *   (range 1 .. 127), or raise an error.
 *   For all other encodings we return the value of the first byte,
 *   (range 1..255).
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
ascii(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *string = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    int         encoding = GetDatabaseEncoding();
    unsigned char *data;
 
    if (VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(string) <= 0)
        PG_RETURN_INT32(0);
 
    data = (unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(string);
 
    if (encoding == PG_UTF8 && *data > 127)
    {
        /* return the code point for Unicode */
 
        int         result = 0,
                    tbytes = 0,
                    i;
 
        if (*data >= 0xF0)
        {
            result = *data & 0x07;
            tbytes = 3;
        }
        else if (*data >= 0xE0)
        {
            result = *data & 0x0F;
            tbytes = 2;
        }
        else
        {
            Assert(*data > 0xC0);
            result = *data & 0x1f;
            tbytes = 1;
        }
 
        Assert(tbytes > 0);
 
        for (i = 1; i <= tbytes; i++)
        {
            Assert((data[i] & 0xC0) == 0x80);
            result = (result << 6) + (data[i] & 0x3f);
        }
 
        PG_RETURN_INT32(result);
    }
    else
    {
        if (pg_encoding_max_length(encoding) > 1 && *data > 127)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                     errmsg("requested character too large")));
 
 
        PG_RETURN_INT32((int32) *data);
    }
}
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * chr
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   text chr(int val)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *  Returns the character having the binary equivalent to val.
 *
 * For UTF8 we treat the argument as a Unicode code point.
 * For other multi-byte encodings we raise an error for arguments
 * outside the strict ASCII range (1..127).
 *
 * It's important that we don't ever return a value that is not valid
 * in the database encoding, so that this doesn't become a way for
 * invalid data to enter the database.
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
chr         (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    int32       arg = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
    uint32      cvalue;
    text       *result;
    int         encoding = GetDatabaseEncoding();
 
    /*
     * Error out on arguments that make no sense or that we can't validly
     * represent in the encoding.
     */
    if (arg < 0)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                 errmsg("character number must be positive")));
    else if (arg == 0)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                 errmsg("null character not permitted")));
 
    cvalue = arg;
 
    if (encoding == PG_UTF8 && cvalue > 127)
    {
        /* for Unicode we treat the argument as a code point */
        int         bytes;
        unsigned char *wch;
 
        /*
         * We only allow valid Unicode code points; per RFC3629 that stops at
         * U+10FFFF, even though 4-byte UTF8 sequences can hold values up to
         * U+1FFFFF.
         */
        if (cvalue > 0x0010ffff)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                     errmsg("requested character too large for encoding: %u",
                            cvalue)));
 
        if (cvalue > 0xffff)
            bytes = 4;
        else if (cvalue > 0x07ff)
            bytes = 3;
        else
            bytes = 2;
 
        result = (text *) palloc(VARHDRSZ + bytes);
        SET_VARSIZE(result, VARHDRSZ + bytes);
        wch = (unsigned char *) VARDATA(result);
 
        if (bytes == 2)
        {
            wch[0] = 0xC0 | ((cvalue >> 6) & 0x1F);
            wch[1] = 0x80 | (cvalue & 0x3F);
        }
        else if (bytes == 3)
        {
            wch[0] = 0xE0 | ((cvalue >> 12) & 0x0F);
            wch[1] = 0x80 | ((cvalue >> 6) & 0x3F);
            wch[2] = 0x80 | (cvalue & 0x3F);
        }
        else
        {
            wch[0] = 0xF0 | ((cvalue >> 18) & 0x07);
            wch[1] = 0x80 | ((cvalue >> 12) & 0x3F);
            wch[2] = 0x80 | ((cvalue >> 6) & 0x3F);
            wch[3] = 0x80 | (cvalue & 0x3F);
        }
 
        /*
         * The preceding range check isn't sufficient, because UTF8 excludes
         * Unicode "surrogate pair" codes.  Make sure what we created is valid
         * UTF8.
         */
        if (!pg_utf8_islegal(wch, bytes))
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                     errmsg("requested character not valid for encoding: %u",
                            cvalue)));
    }
    else
    {
        bool        is_mb;
 
        is_mb = pg_encoding_max_length(encoding) > 1;
 
        if ((is_mb && (cvalue > 127)) || (!is_mb && (cvalue > 255)))
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                     errmsg("requested character too large for encoding: %u",
                            cvalue)));
 
        result = (text *) palloc(VARHDRSZ + 1);
        SET_VARSIZE(result, VARHDRSZ + 1);
        *VARDATA(result) = (char) cvalue;
    }
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}
 
/********************************************************************
 *
 * repeat
 *
 * Syntax:
 *
 *   text repeat(text string, int val)
 *
 * Purpose:
 *
 *  Repeat string by val.
 *
 ********************************************************************/
 
Datum
repeat(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *string = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    int32       count = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
    text       *result;
    int         slen,
                tlen;
    int         i;
    char       *cp,
               *sp;
 
    if (count < 0)
        count = 0;
 
    slen = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(string);
 
    if (unlikely(pg_mul_s32_overflow(count, slen, &tlen)) ||
        unlikely(pg_add_s32_overflow(tlen, VARHDRSZ, &tlen)) ||
        unlikely(!AllocSizeIsValid(tlen)))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                 errmsg("requested length too large")));
 
    result = (text *) palloc(tlen);
 
    SET_VARSIZE(result, tlen);
    cp = VARDATA(result);
    sp = VARDATA_ANY(string);
    for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
    {
        memcpy(cp, sp, slen);
        cp += slen;
        CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
    }
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}