varlena.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * varlena.c
 *    Functions for the variable-length built-in types.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include <ctype.h>
#include <limits.h>
 
#include "access/detoast.h"
#include "access/toast_compression.h"
#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "common/hashfn.h"
#include "common/int.h"
#include "common/unicode_category.h"
#include "common/unicode_norm.h"
#include "common/unicode_version.h"
#include "funcapi.h"
#include "lib/hyperloglog.h"
#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "nodes/execnodes.h"
#include "parser/scansup.h"
#include "port/pg_bswap.h"
#include "regex/regex.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/bytea.h"
#include "utils/guc.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/pg_locale.h"
#include "utils/sortsupport.h"
#include "utils/varlena.h"
 
 
/* GUC variable */
int         bytea_output = BYTEA_OUTPUT_HEX;
 
typedef struct varlena VarString;
 
/*
 * State for text_position_* functions.
 */
typedef struct
{
    bool        is_multibyte_char_in_char;  /* need to check char boundaries? */
 
    char       *str1;           /* haystack string */
    char       *str2;           /* needle string */
    int         len1;           /* string lengths in bytes */
    int         len2;
 
    /* Skip table for Boyer-Moore-Horspool search algorithm: */
    int         skiptablemask;  /* mask for ANDing with skiptable subscripts */
    int         skiptable[256]; /* skip distance for given mismatched char */
 
    char       *last_match;     /* pointer to last match in 'str1' */
 
    /*
     * Sometimes we need to convert the byte position of a match to a
     * character position.  These store the last position that was converted,
     * so that on the next call, we can continue from that point, rather than
     * count characters from the very beginning.
     */
    char       *refpoint;       /* pointer within original haystack string */
    int         refpos;         /* 0-based character offset of the same point */
} TextPositionState;
 
typedef struct
{
    char       *buf1;           /* 1st string, or abbreviation original string
                                 * buf */
    char       *buf2;           /* 2nd string, or abbreviation strxfrm() buf */
    int         buflen1;        /* Allocated length of buf1 */
    int         buflen2;        /* Allocated length of buf2 */
    int         last_len1;      /* Length of last buf1 string/strxfrm() input */
    int         last_len2;      /* Length of last buf2 string/strxfrm() blob */
    int         last_returned;  /* Last comparison result (cache) */
    bool        cache_blob;     /* Does buf2 contain strxfrm() blob, etc? */
    bool        collate_c;
    Oid         typid;          /* Actual datatype (text/bpchar/bytea/name) */
    hyperLogLogState abbr_card; /* Abbreviated key cardinality state */
    hyperLogLogState full_card; /* Full key cardinality state */
    double      prop_card;      /* Required cardinality proportion */
    pg_locale_t locale;
} VarStringSortSupport;
 
/*
 * Output data for split_text(): we output either to an array or a table.
 * tupstore and tupdesc must be set up in advance to output to a table.
 */
typedef struct
{
    ArrayBuildState *astate;
    Tuplestorestate *tupstore;
    TupleDesc   tupdesc;
} SplitTextOutputData;
 
/*
 * This should be large enough that most strings will fit, but small enough
 * that we feel comfortable putting it on the stack
 */
#define TEXTBUFLEN      1024
 
#define DatumGetVarStringP(X)       ((VarString *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(X))
#define DatumGetVarStringPP(X)      ((VarString *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM_PACKED(X))
 
static int  varstrfastcmp_c(Datum x, Datum y, SortSupport ssup);
static int  bpcharfastcmp_c(Datum x, Datum y, SortSupport ssup);
static int  namefastcmp_c(Datum x, Datum y, SortSupport ssup);
static int  varlenafastcmp_locale(Datum x, Datum y, SortSupport ssup);
static int  namefastcmp_locale(Datum x, Datum y, SortSupport ssup);
static int  varstrfastcmp_locale(char *a1p, int len1, char *a2p, int len2, SortSupport ssup);
static Datum varstr_abbrev_convert(Datum original, SortSupport ssup);
static bool varstr_abbrev_abort(int memtupcount, SortSupport ssup);
static int32 text_length(Datum str);
static text *text_catenate(text *t1, text *t2);
static text *text_substring(Datum str,
                            int32 start,
                            int32 length,
                            bool length_not_specified);
static text *text_overlay(text *t1, text *t2, int sp, int sl);
static int  text_position(text *t1, text *t2, Oid collid);
static void text_position_setup(text *t1, text *t2, Oid collid, TextPositionState *state);
static bool text_position_next(TextPositionState *state);
static char *text_position_next_internal(char *start_ptr, TextPositionState *state);
static char *text_position_get_match_ptr(TextPositionState *state);
static int  text_position_get_match_pos(TextPositionState *state);
static void text_position_cleanup(TextPositionState *state);
static void check_collation_set(Oid collid);
static int  text_cmp(text *arg1, text *arg2, Oid collid);
static bytea *bytea_catenate(bytea *t1, bytea *t2);
static bytea *bytea_substring(Datum str,
                              int S,
                              int L,
                              bool length_not_specified);
static bytea *bytea_overlay(bytea *t1, bytea *t2, int sp, int sl);
static void appendStringInfoText(StringInfo str, const text *t);
static bool split_text(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, SplitTextOutputData *tstate);
static void split_text_accum_result(SplitTextOutputData *tstate,
                                    text *field_value,
                                    text *null_string,
                                    Oid collation);
static text *array_to_text_internal(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, ArrayType *v,
                                    const char *fldsep, const char *null_string);
static StringInfo makeStringAggState(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo);
static bool text_format_parse_digits(const char **ptr, const char *end_ptr,
                                     int *value);
static const char *text_format_parse_format(const char *start_ptr,
                                            const char *end_ptr,
                                            int *argpos, int *widthpos,
                                            int *flags, int *width);
static void text_format_string_conversion(StringInfo buf, char conversion,
                                          FmgrInfo *typOutputInfo,
                                          Datum value, bool isNull,
                                          int flags, int width);
static void text_format_append_string(StringInfo buf, const char *str,
                                      int flags, int width);
 
 
/*****************************************************************************
 *   CONVERSION ROUTINES EXPORTED FOR USE BY C CODE                          *
 *****************************************************************************/
 
/*
 * cstring_to_text
 *
 * Create a text value from a null-terminated C string.
 *
 * The new text value is freshly palloc'd with a full-size VARHDR.
 */
text *
cstring_to_text(const char *s)
{
    return cstring_to_text_with_len(s, strlen(s));
}
 
/*
 * cstring_to_text_with_len
 *
 * Same as cstring_to_text except the caller specifies the string length;
 * the string need not be null_terminated.
 */
text *
cstring_to_text_with_len(const char *s, int len)
{
    text       *result = (text *) palloc(len + VARHDRSZ);
 
    SET_VARSIZE(result, len + VARHDRSZ);
    memcpy(VARDATA(result), s, len);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * text_to_cstring
 *
 * Create a palloc'd, null-terminated C string from a text value.
 *
 * We support being passed a compressed or toasted text value.
 * This is a bit bogus since such values shouldn't really be referred to as
 * "text *", but it seems useful for robustness.  If we didn't handle that
 * case here, we'd need another routine that did, anyway.
 */
char *
text_to_cstring(const text *t)
{
    /* must cast away the const, unfortunately */
    text       *tunpacked = pg_detoast_datum_packed(unconstify(text *, t));
    int         len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(tunpacked);
    char       *result;
 
    result = (char *) palloc(len + 1);
    memcpy(result, VARDATA_ANY(tunpacked), len);
    result[len] = '\0';
 
    if (tunpacked != t)
        pfree(tunpacked);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * text_to_cstring_buffer
 *
 * Copy a text value into a caller-supplied buffer of size dst_len.
 *
 * The text string is truncated if necessary to fit.  The result is
 * guaranteed null-terminated (unless dst_len == 0).
 *
 * We support being passed a compressed or toasted text value.
 * This is a bit bogus since such values shouldn't really be referred to as
 * "text *", but it seems useful for robustness.  If we didn't handle that
 * case here, we'd need another routine that did, anyway.
 */
void
text_to_cstring_buffer(const text *src, char *dst, size_t dst_len)
{
    /* must cast away the const, unfortunately */
    text       *srcunpacked = pg_detoast_datum_packed(unconstify(text *, src));
    size_t      src_len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(srcunpacked);
 
    if (dst_len > 0)
    {
        dst_len--;
        if (dst_len >= src_len)
            dst_len = src_len;
        else                    /* ensure truncation is encoding-safe */
            dst_len = pg_mbcliplen(VARDATA_ANY(srcunpacked), src_len, dst_len);
        memcpy(dst, VARDATA_ANY(srcunpacked), dst_len);
        dst[dst_len] = '\0';
    }
 
    if (srcunpacked != src)
        pfree(srcunpacked);
}
 
 
/*****************************************************************************
 *   USER I/O ROUTINES                                                       *
 *****************************************************************************/
 
 
#define VAL(CH)         ((CH) - '0')
#define DIG(VAL)        ((VAL) + '0')
 
/*
 *      byteain         - converts from printable representation of byte array
 *
 *      Non-printable characters must be passed as '\nnn' (octal) and are
 *      converted to internal form.  '\' must be passed as '\\'.
 *      ereport(ERROR, ...) if bad form.
 *
 *      BUGS:
 *              The input is scanned twice.
 *              The error checking of input is minimal.
 */
Datum
byteain(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    char       *inputText = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
    Node       *escontext = fcinfo->context;
    char       *tp;
    char       *rp;
    int         bc;
    bytea      *result;
 
    /* Recognize hex input */
    if (inputText[0] == '\\' && inputText[1] == 'x')
    {
        size_t      len = strlen(inputText);
 
        bc = (len - 2) / 2 + VARHDRSZ;  /* maximum possible length */
        result = palloc(bc);
        bc = hex_decode_safe(inputText + 2, len - 2, VARDATA(result),
                             escontext);
        SET_VARSIZE(result, bc + VARHDRSZ); /* actual length */
 
        PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
    }
 
    /* Else, it's the traditional escaped style */
    for (bc = 0, tp = inputText; *tp != '\0'; bc++)
    {
        if (tp[0] != '\\')
            tp++;
        else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
                 (tp[1] >= '0' && tp[1] <= '3') &&
                 (tp[2] >= '0' && tp[2] <= '7') &&
                 (tp[3] >= '0' && tp[3] <= '7'))
            tp += 4;
        else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
                 (tp[1] == '\\'))
            tp += 2;
        else
        {
            /*
             * one backslash, not followed by another or ### valid octal
             */
            ereturn(escontext, (Datum) 0,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
                     errmsg("invalid input syntax for type %s", "bytea")));
        }
    }
 
    bc += VARHDRSZ;
 
    result = (bytea *) palloc(bc);
    SET_VARSIZE(result, bc);
 
    tp = inputText;
    rp = VARDATA(result);
    while (*tp != '\0')
    {
        if (tp[0] != '\\')
            *rp++ = *tp++;
        else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
                 (tp[1] >= '0' && tp[1] <= '3') &&
                 (tp[2] >= '0' && tp[2] <= '7') &&
                 (tp[3] >= '0' && tp[3] <= '7'))
        {
            bc = VAL(tp[1]);
            bc <<= 3;
            bc += VAL(tp[2]);
            bc <<= 3;
            *rp++ = bc + VAL(tp[3]);
 
            tp += 4;
        }
        else if ((tp[0] == '\\') &&
                 (tp[1] == '\\'))
        {
            *rp++ = '\\';
            tp += 2;
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * We should never get here. The first pass should not allow it.
             */
            ereturn(escontext, (Datum) 0,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
                     errmsg("invalid input syntax for type %s", "bytea")));
        }
    }
 
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
}
 
/*
 *      byteaout        - converts to printable representation of byte array
 *
 *      In the traditional escaped format, non-printable characters are
 *      printed as '\nnn' (octal) and '\' as '\\'.
 */
Datum
byteaout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *vlena = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    char       *result;
    char       *rp;
 
    if (bytea_output == BYTEA_OUTPUT_HEX)
    {
        /* Print hex format */
        rp = result = palloc(VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena) * 2 + 2 + 1);
        *rp++ = '\\';
        *rp++ = 'x';
        rp += hex_encode(VARDATA_ANY(vlena), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena), rp);
    }
    else if (bytea_output == BYTEA_OUTPUT_ESCAPE)
    {
        /* Print traditional escaped format */
        char       *vp;
        uint64      len;
        int         i;
 
        len = 1;                /* empty string has 1 char */
        vp = VARDATA_ANY(vlena);
        for (i = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena); i != 0; i--, vp++)
        {
            if (*vp == '\\')
                len += 2;
            else if ((unsigned char) *vp < 0x20 || (unsigned char) *vp > 0x7e)
                len += 4;
            else
                len++;
        }
 
        /*
         * In principle len can't overflow uint32 if the input fit in 1GB, but
         * for safety let's check rather than relying on palloc's internal
         * check.
         */
        if (len > MaxAllocSize)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                     errmsg_internal("result of bytea output conversion is too large")));
        rp = result = (char *) palloc(len);
 
        vp = VARDATA_ANY(vlena);
        for (i = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(vlena); i != 0; i--, vp++)
        {
            if (*vp == '\\')
            {
                *rp++ = '\\';
                *rp++ = '\\';
            }
            else if ((unsigned char) *vp < 0x20 || (unsigned char) *vp > 0x7e)
            {
                int         val;    /* holds unprintable chars */
 
                val = *vp;
                rp[0] = '\\';
                rp[3] = DIG(val & 07);
                val >>= 3;
                rp[2] = DIG(val & 07);
                val >>= 3;
                rp[1] = DIG(val & 03);
                rp += 4;
            }
            else
                *rp++ = *vp;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        elog(ERROR, "unrecognized \"bytea_output\" setting: %d",
             bytea_output);
        rp = result = NULL;     /* keep compiler quiet */
    }
    *rp = '\0';
    PG_RETURN_CSTRING(result);
}
 
/*
 *      bytearecv           - converts external binary format to bytea
 */
Datum
bytearecv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    StringInfo  buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
    bytea      *result;
    int         nbytes;
 
    nbytes = buf->len - buf->cursor;
    result = (bytea *) palloc(nbytes + VARHDRSZ);
    SET_VARSIZE(result, nbytes + VARHDRSZ);
    pq_copymsgbytes(buf, VARDATA(result), nbytes);
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
}
 
/*
 *      byteasend           - converts bytea to binary format
 *
 * This is a special case: just copy the input...
 */
Datum
byteasend(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *vlena = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(vlena);
}
 
Datum
bytea_string_agg_transfn(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    StringInfo  state;
 
    state = PG_ARGISNULL(0) ? NULL : (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
 
    /* Append the value unless null, preceding it with the delimiter. */
    if (!PG_ARGISNULL(1))
    {
        bytea      *value = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
        bool        isfirst = false;
 
        /*
         * You might think we can just throw away the first delimiter, however
         * we must keep it as we may be a parallel worker doing partial
         * aggregation building a state to send to the main process.  We need
         * to keep the delimiter of every aggregation so that the combine
         * function can properly join up the strings of two separately
         * partially aggregated results.  The first delimiter is only stripped
         * off in the final function.  To know how much to strip off the front
         * of the string, we store the length of the first delimiter in the
         * StringInfo's cursor field, which we don't otherwise need here.
         */
        if (state == NULL)
        {
            state = makeStringAggState(fcinfo);
            isfirst = true;
        }
 
        if (!PG_ARGISNULL(2))
        {
            bytea      *delim = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(2);
 
            appendBinaryStringInfo(state, VARDATA_ANY(delim),
                                   VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(delim));
            if (isfirst)
                state->cursor = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(delim);
        }
 
        appendBinaryStringInfo(state, VARDATA_ANY(value),
                               VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(value));
    }
 
    /*
     * The transition type for string_agg() is declared to be "internal",
     * which is a pass-by-value type the same size as a pointer.
     */
    if (state)
        PG_RETURN_POINTER(state);
    PG_RETURN_NULL();
}
 
Datum
bytea_string_agg_finalfn(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    StringInfo  state;
 
    /* cannot be called directly because of internal-type argument */
    Assert(AggCheckCallContext(fcinfo, NULL));
 
    state = PG_ARGISNULL(0) ? NULL : (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
 
    if (state != NULL)
    {
        /* As per comment in transfn, strip data before the cursor position */
        bytea      *result;
        int         strippedlen = state->len - state->cursor;
 
        result = (bytea *) palloc(strippedlen + VARHDRSZ);
        SET_VARSIZE(result, strippedlen + VARHDRSZ);
        memcpy(VARDATA(result), &state->data[state->cursor], strippedlen);
        PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
    }
    else
        PG_RETURN_NULL();
}
 
/*
 *      textin          - converts cstring to internal representation
 */
Datum
textin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    char       *inputText = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(inputText));
}
 
/*
 *      textout         - converts internal representation to cstring
 */
Datum
textout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Datum       txt = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_CSTRING(TextDatumGetCString(txt));
}
 
/*
 *      textrecv            - converts external binary format to text
 */
Datum
textrecv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    StringInfo  buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
    text       *result;
    char       *str;
    int         nbytes;
 
    str = pq_getmsgtext(buf, buf->len - buf->cursor, &nbytes);
 
    result = cstring_to_text_with_len(str, nbytes);
    pfree(str);
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}
 
/*
 *      textsend            - converts text to binary format
 */
Datum
textsend(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *t = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    StringInfoData buf;
 
    pq_begintypsend(&buf);
    pq_sendtext(&buf, VARDATA_ANY(t), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t));
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
}
 
 
/*
 *      unknownin           - converts cstring to internal representation
 */
Datum
unknownin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    char       *str = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
 
    /* representation is same as cstring */
    PG_RETURN_CSTRING(pstrdup(str));
}
 
/*
 *      unknownout          - converts internal representation to cstring
 */
Datum
unknownout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    /* representation is same as cstring */
    char       *str = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_CSTRING(pstrdup(str));
}
 
/*
 *      unknownrecv         - converts external binary format to unknown
 */
Datum
unknownrecv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    StringInfo  buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
    char       *str;
    int         nbytes;
 
    str = pq_getmsgtext(buf, buf->len - buf->cursor, &nbytes);
    /* representation is same as cstring */
    PG_RETURN_CSTRING(str);
}
 
/*
 *      unknownsend         - converts unknown to binary format
 */
Datum
unknownsend(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    /* representation is same as cstring */
    char       *str = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
    StringInfoData buf;
 
    pq_begintypsend(&buf);
    pq_sendtext(&buf, str, strlen(str));
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
}
 
 
/* ========== PUBLIC ROUTINES ========== */
 
/*
 * textlen -
 *    returns the logical length of a text*
 *     (which is less than the VARSIZE of the text*)
 */
Datum
textlen(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Datum       str = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
 
    /* try to avoid decompressing argument */
    PG_RETURN_INT32(text_length(str));
}
 
/*
 * text_length -
 *  Does the real work for textlen()
 *
 *  This is broken out so it can be called directly by other string processing
 *  functions.  Note that the argument is passed as a Datum, to indicate that
 *  it may still be in compressed form.  We can avoid decompressing it at all
 *  in some cases.
 */
static int32
text_length(Datum str)
{
    /* fastpath when max encoding length is one */
    if (pg_database_encoding_max_length() == 1)
        PG_RETURN_INT32(toast_raw_datum_size(str) - VARHDRSZ);
    else
    {
        text       *t = DatumGetTextPP(str);
 
        PG_RETURN_INT32(pg_mbstrlen_with_len(VARDATA_ANY(t),
                                             VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t)));
    }
}
 
/*
 * textoctetlen -
 *    returns the physical length of a text*
 *     (which is less than the VARSIZE of the text*)
 */
Datum
textoctetlen(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Datum       str = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
 
    /* We need not detoast the input at all */
    PG_RETURN_INT32(toast_raw_datum_size(str) - VARHDRSZ);
}
 
/*
 * textcat -
 *    takes two text* and returns a text* that is the concatenation of
 *    the two.
 *
 * Rewritten by Sapa, sapa@hq.icb.chel.su. 8-Jul-96.
 * Updated by Thomas, Thomas.Lockhart@jpl.nasa.gov 1997-07-10.
 * Allocate space for output in all cases.
 * XXX - thomas 1997-07-10
 */
Datum
textcat(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *t1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *t2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(text_catenate(t1, t2));
}
 
/*
 * text_catenate
 *  Guts of textcat(), broken out so it can be used by other functions
 *
 * Arguments can be in short-header form, but not compressed or out-of-line
 */
static text *
text_catenate(text *t1, text *t2)
{
    text       *result;
    int         len1,
                len2,
                len;
    char       *ptr;
 
    len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1);
    len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2);
 
    /* paranoia ... probably should throw error instead? */
    if (len1 < 0)
        len1 = 0;
    if (len2 < 0)
        len2 = 0;
 
    len = len1 + len2 + VARHDRSZ;
    result = (text *) palloc(len);
 
    /* Set size of result string... */
    SET_VARSIZE(result, len);
 
    /* Fill data field of result string... */
    ptr = VARDATA(result);
    if (len1 > 0)
        memcpy(ptr, VARDATA_ANY(t1), len1);
    if (len2 > 0)
        memcpy(ptr + len1, VARDATA_ANY(t2), len2);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * charlen_to_bytelen()
 *  Compute the number of bytes occupied by n characters starting at *p
 *
 * It is caller's responsibility that there actually are n characters;
 * the string need not be null-terminated.
 */
static int
charlen_to_bytelen(const char *p, int n)
{
    if (pg_database_encoding_max_length() == 1)
    {
        /* Optimization for single-byte encodings */
        return n;
    }
    else
    {
        const char *s;
 
        for (s = p; n > 0; n--)
            s += pg_mblen(s);
 
        return s - p;
    }
}
 
/*
 * text_substr()
 * Return a substring starting at the specified position.
 * - thomas 1997-12-31
 *
 * Input:
 *  - string
 *  - starting position (is one-based)
 *  - string length
 *
 * If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
 *  adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
 * If the length is less than zero, return the remaining string.
 *
 * Added multibyte support.
 * - Tatsuo Ishii 1998-4-21
 * Changed behavior if starting position is less than one to conform to SQL behavior.
 * Formerly returned the entire string; now returns a portion.
 * - Thomas Lockhart 1998-12-10
 * Now uses faster TOAST-slicing interface
 * - John Gray 2002-02-22
 * Remove "#ifdef MULTIBYTE" and test for encoding_max_length instead. Change
 * behaviors conflicting with SQL to meet SQL (if E = S + L < S throw
 * error; if E < 1, return '', not entire string). Fixed MB related bug when
 * S > LC and < LC + 4 sometimes garbage characters are returned.
 * - Joe Conway 2002-08-10
 */
Datum
text_substr(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(text_substring(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0),
                                    PG_GETARG_INT32(1),
                                    PG_GETARG_INT32(2),
                                    false));
}
 
/*
 * text_substr_no_len -
 *    Wrapper to avoid opr_sanity failure due to
 *    one function accepting a different number of args.
 */
Datum
text_substr_no_len(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(text_substring(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0),
                                    PG_GETARG_INT32(1),
                                    -1, true));
}
 
/*
 * text_substring -
 *  Does the real work for text_substr() and text_substr_no_len()
 *
 *  This is broken out so it can be called directly by other string processing
 *  functions.  Note that the argument is passed as a Datum, to indicate that
 *  it may still be in compressed/toasted form.  We can avoid detoasting all
 *  of it in some cases.
 *
 *  The result is always a freshly palloc'd datum.
 */
static text *
text_substring(Datum str, int32 start, int32 length, bool length_not_specified)
{
    int32       eml = pg_database_encoding_max_length();
    int32       S = start;      /* start position */
    int32       S1;             /* adjusted start position */
    int32       L1;             /* adjusted substring length */
    int32       E;              /* end position */
 
    /*
     * SQL99 says S can be zero or negative (which we don't document), but we
     * still must fetch from the start of the string.
     * https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/170905442373.643.11536838320909376197%40wrigleys.postgresql.org
     */
    S1 = Max(S, 1);
 
    /* life is easy if the encoding max length is 1 */
    if (eml == 1)
    {
        if (length_not_specified)   /* special case - get length to end of
                                     * string */
            L1 = -1;
        else if (length < 0)
        {
            /* SQL99 says to throw an error for E < S, i.e., negative length */
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_SUBSTRING_ERROR),
                     errmsg("negative substring length not allowed")));
            L1 = -1;            /* silence stupider compilers */
        }
        else if (pg_add_s32_overflow(S, length, &E))
        {
            /*
             * L could be large enough for S + L to overflow, in which case
             * the substring must run to end of string.
             */
            L1 = -1;
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * A zero or negative value for the end position can happen if the
             * start was negative or one. SQL99 says to return a zero-length
             * string.
             */
            if (E < 1)
                return cstring_to_text("");
 
            L1 = E - S1;
        }
 
        /*
         * If the start position is past the end of the string, SQL99 says to
         * return a zero-length string -- DatumGetTextPSlice() will do that
         * for us.  We need only convert S1 to zero-based starting position.
         */
        return DatumGetTextPSlice(str, S1 - 1, L1);
    }
    else if (eml > 1)
    {
        /*
         * When encoding max length is > 1, we can't get LC without
         * detoasting, so we'll grab a conservatively large slice now and go
         * back later to do the right thing
         */
        int32       slice_start;
        int32       slice_size;
        int32       slice_strlen;
        text       *slice;
        int32       E1;
        int32       i;
        char       *p;
        char       *s;
        text       *ret;
 
        /*
         * We need to start at position zero because there is no way to know
         * in advance which byte offset corresponds to the supplied start
         * position.
         */
        slice_start = 0;
 
        if (length_not_specified)   /* special case - get length to end of
                                     * string */
            slice_size = L1 = -1;
        else if (length < 0)
        {
            /* SQL99 says to throw an error for E < S, i.e., negative length */
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_SUBSTRING_ERROR),
                     errmsg("negative substring length not allowed")));
            slice_size = L1 = -1;   /* silence stupider compilers */
        }
        else if (pg_add_s32_overflow(S, length, &E))
        {
            /*
             * L could be large enough for S + L to overflow, in which case
             * the substring must run to end of string.
             */
            slice_size = L1 = -1;
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * A zero or negative value for the end position can happen if the
             * start was negative or one. SQL99 says to return a zero-length
             * string.
             */
            if (E < 1)
                return cstring_to_text("");
 
            /*
             * if E is past the end of the string, the tuple toaster will
             * truncate the length for us
             */
            L1 = E - S1;
 
            /*
             * Total slice size in bytes can't be any longer than the start
             * position plus substring length times the encoding max length.
             * If that overflows, we can just use -1.
             */
            if (pg_mul_s32_overflow(E, eml, &slice_size))
                slice_size = -1;
        }
 
        /*
         * If we're working with an untoasted source, no need to do an extra
         * copying step.
         */
        if (VARATT_IS_COMPRESSED(DatumGetPointer(str)) ||
            VARATT_IS_EXTERNAL(DatumGetPointer(str)))
            slice = DatumGetTextPSlice(str, slice_start, slice_size);
        else
            slice = (text *) DatumGetPointer(str);
 
        /* see if we got back an empty string */
        if (VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(slice) == 0)
        {
            if (slice != (text *) DatumGetPointer(str))
                pfree(slice);
            return cstring_to_text("");
        }
 
        /* Now we can get the actual length of the slice in MB characters */
        slice_strlen = pg_mbstrlen_with_len(VARDATA_ANY(slice),
                                            VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(slice));
 
        /*
         * Check that the start position wasn't > slice_strlen. If so, SQL99
         * says to return a zero-length string.
         */
        if (S1 > slice_strlen)
        {
            if (slice != (text *) DatumGetPointer(str))
                pfree(slice);
            return cstring_to_text("");
        }
 
        /*
         * Adjust L1 and E1 now that we know the slice string length. Again
         * remember that S1 is one based, and slice_start is zero based.
         */
        if (L1 > -1)
            E1 = Min(S1 + L1, slice_start + 1 + slice_strlen);
        else
            E1 = slice_start + 1 + slice_strlen;
 
        /*
         * Find the start position in the slice; remember S1 is not zero based
         */
        p = VARDATA_ANY(slice);
        for (i = 0; i < S1 - 1; i++)
            p += pg_mblen(p);
 
        /* hang onto a pointer to our start position */
        s = p;
 
        /*
         * Count the actual bytes used by the substring of the requested
         * length.
         */
        for (i = S1; i < E1; i++)
            p += pg_mblen(p);
 
        ret = (text *) palloc(VARHDRSZ + (p - s));
        SET_VARSIZE(ret, VARHDRSZ + (p - s));
        memcpy(VARDATA(ret), s, (p - s));
 
        if (slice != (text *) DatumGetPointer(str))
            pfree(slice);
 
        return ret;
    }
    else
        elog(ERROR, "invalid backend encoding: encoding max length < 1");
 
    /* not reached: suppress compiler warning */
    return NULL;
}
 
/*
 * textoverlay
 *  Replace specified substring of first string with second
 *
 * The SQL standard defines OVERLAY() in terms of substring and concatenation.
 * This code is a direct implementation of what the standard says.
 */
Datum
textoverlay(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *t1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *t2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    int         sp = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);    /* substring start position */
    int         sl = PG_GETARG_INT32(3);    /* substring length */
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(text_overlay(t1, t2, sp, sl));
}
 
Datum
textoverlay_no_len(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *t1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *t2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    int         sp = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);    /* substring start position */
    int         sl;
 
    sl = text_length(PointerGetDatum(t2));  /* defaults to length(t2) */
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(text_overlay(t1, t2, sp, sl));
}
 
static text *
text_overlay(text *t1, text *t2, int sp, int sl)
{
    text       *result;
    text       *s1;
    text       *s2;
    int         sp_pl_sl;
 
    /*
     * Check for possible integer-overflow cases.  For negative sp, throw a
     * "substring length" error because that's what should be expected
     * according to the spec's definition of OVERLAY().
     */
    if (sp <= 0)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_SUBSTRING_ERROR),
                 errmsg("negative substring length not allowed")));
    if (pg_add_s32_overflow(sp, sl, &sp_pl_sl))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
                 errmsg("integer out of range")));
 
    s1 = text_substring(PointerGetDatum(t1), 1, sp - 1, false);
    s2 = text_substring(PointerGetDatum(t1), sp_pl_sl, -1, true);
    result = text_catenate(s1, t2);
    result = text_catenate(result, s2);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * textpos -
 *    Return the position of the specified substring.
 *    Implements the SQL POSITION() function.
 *    Ref: A Guide To The SQL Standard, Date & Darwen, 1997
 * - thomas 1997-07-27
 */
Datum
textpos(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *str = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *search_str = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
 
    PG_RETURN_INT32((int32) text_position(str, search_str, PG_GET_COLLATION()));
}
 
/*
 * text_position -
 *  Does the real work for textpos()
 *
 * Inputs:
 *      t1 - string to be searched
 *      t2 - pattern to match within t1
 * Result:
 *      Character index of the first matched char, starting from 1,
 *      or 0 if no match.
 *
 *  This is broken out so it can be called directly by other string processing
 *  functions.
 */
static int
text_position(text *t1, text *t2, Oid collid)
{
    TextPositionState state;
    int         result;
 
    /* Empty needle always matches at position 1 */
    if (VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2) < 1)
        return 1;
 
    /* Otherwise, can't match if haystack is shorter than needle */
    if (VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1) < VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2))
        return 0;
 
    text_position_setup(t1, t2, collid, &state);
    if (!text_position_next(&state))
        result = 0;
    else
        result = text_position_get_match_pos(&state);
    text_position_cleanup(&state);
    return result;
}
 
 
/*
 * text_position_setup, text_position_next, text_position_cleanup -
 *  Component steps of text_position()
 *
 * These are broken out so that a string can be efficiently searched for
 * multiple occurrences of the same pattern.  text_position_next may be
 * called multiple times, and it advances to the next match on each call.
 * text_position_get_match_ptr() and text_position_get_match_pos() return
 * a pointer or 1-based character position of the last match, respectively.
 *
 * The "state" variable is normally just a local variable in the caller.
 *
 * NOTE: text_position_next skips over the matched portion.  For example,
 * searching for "xx" in "xxx" returns only one match, not two.
 */
 
static void
text_position_setup(text *t1, text *t2, Oid collid, TextPositionState *state)
{
    int         len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1);
    int         len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2);
    pg_locale_t mylocale;
 
    check_collation_set(collid);
 
    mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
 
    if (!mylocale->deterministic)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("nondeterministic collations are not supported for substring searches")));
 
    Assert(len1 > 0);
    Assert(len2 > 0);
 
    /*
     * Even with a multi-byte encoding, we perform the search using the raw
     * byte sequence, ignoring multibyte issues.  For UTF-8, that works fine,
     * because in UTF-8 the byte sequence of one character cannot contain
     * another character.  For other multi-byte encodings, we do the search
     * initially as a simple byte search, ignoring multibyte issues, but
     * verify afterwards that the match we found is at a character boundary,
     * and continue the search if it was a false match.
     */
    if (pg_database_encoding_max_length() == 1)
        state->is_multibyte_char_in_char = false;
    else if (GetDatabaseEncoding() == PG_UTF8)
        state->is_multibyte_char_in_char = false;
    else
        state->is_multibyte_char_in_char = true;
 
    state->str1 = VARDATA_ANY(t1);
    state->str2 = VARDATA_ANY(t2);
    state->len1 = len1;
    state->len2 = len2;
    state->last_match = NULL;
    state->refpoint = state->str1;
    state->refpos = 0;
 
    /*
     * Prepare the skip table for Boyer-Moore-Horspool searching.  In these
     * notes we use the terminology that the "haystack" is the string to be
     * searched (t1) and the "needle" is the pattern being sought (t2).
     *
     * If the needle is empty or bigger than the haystack then there is no
     * point in wasting cycles initializing the table.  We also choose not to
     * use B-M-H for needles of length 1, since the skip table can't possibly
     * save anything in that case.
     */
    if (len1 >= len2 && len2 > 1)
    {
        int         searchlength = len1 - len2;
        int         skiptablemask;
        int         last;
        int         i;
        const char *str2 = state->str2;
 
        /*
         * First we must determine how much of the skip table to use.  The
         * declaration of TextPositionState allows up to 256 elements, but for
         * short search problems we don't really want to have to initialize so
         * many elements --- it would take too long in comparison to the
         * actual search time.  So we choose a useful skip table size based on
         * the haystack length minus the needle length.  The closer the needle
         * length is to the haystack length the less useful skipping becomes.
         *
         * Note: since we use bit-masking to select table elements, the skip
         * table size MUST be a power of 2, and so the mask must be 2^N-1.
         */
        if (searchlength < 16)
            skiptablemask = 3;
        else if (searchlength < 64)
            skiptablemask = 7;
        else if (searchlength < 128)
            skiptablemask = 15;
        else if (searchlength < 512)
            skiptablemask = 31;
        else if (searchlength < 2048)
            skiptablemask = 63;
        else if (searchlength < 4096)
            skiptablemask = 127;
        else
            skiptablemask = 255;
        state->skiptablemask = skiptablemask;
 
        /*
         * Initialize the skip table.  We set all elements to the needle
         * length, since this is the correct skip distance for any character
         * not found in the needle.
         */
        for (i = 0; i <= skiptablemask; i++)
            state->skiptable[i] = len2;
 
        /*
         * Now examine the needle.  For each character except the last one,
         * set the corresponding table element to the appropriate skip
         * distance.  Note that when two characters share the same skip table
         * entry, the one later in the needle must determine the skip
         * distance.
         */
        last = len2 - 1;
 
        for (i = 0; i < last; i++)
            state->skiptable[(unsigned char) str2[i] & skiptablemask] = last - i;
    }
}
 
/*
 * Advance to the next match, starting from the end of the previous match
 * (or the beginning of the string, on first call).  Returns true if a match
 * is found.
 *
 * Note that this refuses to match an empty-string needle.  Most callers
 * will have handled that case specially and we'll never see it here.
 */
static bool
text_position_next(TextPositionState *state)
{
    int         needle_len = state->len2;
    char       *start_ptr;
    char       *matchptr;
 
    if (needle_len <= 0)
        return false;           /* result for empty pattern */
 
    /* Start from the point right after the previous match. */
    if (state->last_match)
        start_ptr = state->last_match + needle_len;
    else
        start_ptr = state->str1;
 
retry:
    matchptr = text_position_next_internal(start_ptr, state);
 
    if (!matchptr)
        return false;
 
    /*
     * Found a match for the byte sequence.  If this is a multibyte encoding,
     * where one character's byte sequence can appear inside a longer
     * multi-byte character, we need to verify that the match was at a
     * character boundary, not in the middle of a multi-byte character.
     */
    if (state->is_multibyte_char_in_char)
    {
        /* Walk one character at a time, until we reach the match. */
 
        /* the search should never move backwards. */
        Assert(state->refpoint <= matchptr);
 
        while (state->refpoint < matchptr)
        {
            /* step to next character. */
            state->refpoint += pg_mblen(state->refpoint);
            state->refpos++;
 
            /*
             * If we stepped over the match's start position, then it was a
             * false positive, where the byte sequence appeared in the middle
             * of a multi-byte character.  Skip it, and continue the search at
             * the next character boundary.
             */
            if (state->refpoint > matchptr)
            {
                start_ptr = state->refpoint;
                goto retry;
            }
        }
    }
 
    state->last_match = matchptr;
    return true;
}
 
/*
 * Subroutine of text_position_next().  This searches for the raw byte
 * sequence, ignoring any multi-byte encoding issues.  Returns the first
 * match starting at 'start_ptr', or NULL if no match is found.
 */
static char *
text_position_next_internal(char *start_ptr, TextPositionState *state)
{
    int         haystack_len = state->len1;
    int         needle_len = state->len2;
    int         skiptablemask = state->skiptablemask;
    const char *haystack = state->str1;
    const char *needle = state->str2;
    const char *haystack_end = &haystack[haystack_len];
    const char *hptr;
 
    Assert(start_ptr >= haystack && start_ptr <= haystack_end);
 
    if (needle_len == 1)
    {
        /* No point in using B-M-H for a one-character needle */
        char        nchar = *needle;
 
        hptr = start_ptr;
        while (hptr < haystack_end)
        {
            if (*hptr == nchar)
                return (char *) hptr;
            hptr++;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        const char *needle_last = &needle[needle_len - 1];
 
        /* Start at startpos plus the length of the needle */
        hptr = start_ptr + needle_len - 1;
        while (hptr < haystack_end)
        {
            /* Match the needle scanning *backward* */
            const char *nptr;
            const char *p;
 
            nptr = needle_last;
            p = hptr;
            while (*nptr == *p)
            {
                /* Matched it all?  If so, return 1-based position */
                if (nptr == needle)
                    return (char *) p;
                nptr--, p--;
            }
 
            /*
             * No match, so use the haystack char at hptr to decide how far to
             * advance.  If the needle had any occurrence of that character
             * (or more precisely, one sharing the same skiptable entry)
             * before its last character, then we advance far enough to align
             * the last such needle character with that haystack position.
             * Otherwise we can advance by the whole needle length.
             */
            hptr += state->skiptable[(unsigned char) *hptr & skiptablemask];
        }
    }
 
    return 0;                   /* not found */
}
 
/*
 * Return a pointer to the current match.
 *
 * The returned pointer points into the original haystack string.
 */
static char *
text_position_get_match_ptr(TextPositionState *state)
{
    return state->last_match;
}
 
/*
 * Return the offset of the current match.
 *
 * The offset is in characters, 1-based.
 */
static int
text_position_get_match_pos(TextPositionState *state)
{
    /* Convert the byte position to char position. */
    state->refpos += pg_mbstrlen_with_len(state->refpoint,
                                          state->last_match - state->refpoint);
    state->refpoint = state->last_match;
    return state->refpos + 1;
}
 
/*
 * Reset search state to the initial state installed by text_position_setup.
 *
 * The next call to text_position_next will search from the beginning
 * of the string.
 */
static void
text_position_reset(TextPositionState *state)
{
    state->last_match = NULL;
    state->refpoint = state->str1;
    state->refpos = 0;
}
 
static void
text_position_cleanup(TextPositionState *state)
{
    /* no cleanup needed */
}
 
 
static void
check_collation_set(Oid collid)
{
    if (!OidIsValid(collid))
    {
        /*
         * This typically means that the parser could not resolve a conflict
         * of implicit collations, so report it that way.
         */
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INDETERMINATE_COLLATION),
                 errmsg("could not determine which collation to use for string comparison"),
                 errhint("Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.")));
    }
}
 
/*
 * varstr_cmp()
 *
 * Comparison function for text strings with given lengths, using the
 * appropriate locale. Returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than
 * zero, indicating whether arg1 is less than, equal to, or greater than arg2.
 *
 * Note: many functions that depend on this are marked leakproof; therefore,
 * avoid reporting the actual contents of the input when throwing errors.
 * All errors herein should be things that can't happen except on corrupt
 * data, anyway; otherwise we will have trouble with indexing strings that
 * would cause them.
 */
int
varstr_cmp(const char *arg1, int len1, const char *arg2, int len2, Oid collid)
{
    int         result;
    pg_locale_t mylocale;
 
    check_collation_set(collid);
 
    mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
 
    if (mylocale->collate_is_c)
    {
        result = memcmp(arg1, arg2, Min(len1, len2));
        if ((result == 0) && (len1 != len2))
            result = (len1 < len2) ? -1 : 1;
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * memcmp() can't tell us which of two unequal strings sorts first,
         * but it's a cheap way to tell if they're equal.  Testing shows that
         * memcmp() followed by strcoll() is only trivially slower than
         * strcoll() by itself, so we don't lose much if this doesn't work out
         * very often, and if it does - for example, because there are many
         * equal strings in the input - then we win big by avoiding expensive
         * collation-aware comparisons.
         */
        if (len1 == len2 && memcmp(arg1, arg2, len1) == 0)
            return 0;
 
        result = pg_strncoll(arg1, len1, arg2, len2, mylocale);
 
        /* Break tie if necessary. */
        if (result == 0 && mylocale->deterministic)
        {
            result = memcmp(arg1, arg2, Min(len1, len2));
            if ((result == 0) && (len1 != len2))
                result = (len1 < len2) ? -1 : 1;
        }
    }
 
    return result;
}
 
/* text_cmp()
 * Internal comparison function for text strings.
 * Returns -1, 0 or 1
 */
static int
text_cmp(text *arg1, text *arg2, Oid collid)
{
    char       *a1p,
               *a2p;
    int         len1,
                len2;
 
    a1p = VARDATA_ANY(arg1);
    a2p = VARDATA_ANY(arg2);
 
    len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
    len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
 
    return varstr_cmp(a1p, len1, a2p, len2, collid);
}
 
/*
 * Comparison functions for text strings.
 *
 * Note: btree indexes need these routines not to leak memory; therefore,
 * be careful to free working copies of toasted datums.  Most places don't
 * need to be so careful.
 */
 
Datum
texteq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Oid         collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
    pg_locale_t mylocale = 0;
    bool        result;
 
    check_collation_set(collid);
 
    mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
 
    if (mylocale->deterministic)
    {
        Datum       arg1 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
        Datum       arg2 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(1);
        Size        len1,
                    len2;
 
        /*
         * Since we only care about equality or not-equality, we can avoid all
         * the expense of strcoll() here, and just do bitwise comparison.  In
         * fact, we don't even have to do a bitwise comparison if we can show
         * the lengths of the strings are unequal; which might save us from
         * having to detoast one or both values.
         */
        len1 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg1);
        len2 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg2);
        if (len1 != len2)
            result = false;
        else
        {
            text       *targ1 = DatumGetTextPP(arg1);
            text       *targ2 = DatumGetTextPP(arg2);
 
            result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(targ1), VARDATA_ANY(targ2),
                             len1 - VARHDRSZ) == 0);
 
            PG_FREE_IF_COPY(targ1, 0);
            PG_FREE_IF_COPY(targ2, 1);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
        text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
 
        result = (text_cmp(arg1, arg2, collid) == 0);
 
        PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
        PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
    }
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
textne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Oid         collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
    pg_locale_t mylocale;
    bool        result;
 
    check_collation_set(collid);
 
    mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
 
    if (mylocale->deterministic)
    {
        Datum       arg1 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
        Datum       arg2 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(1);
        Size        len1,
                    len2;
 
        /* See comment in texteq() */
        len1 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg1);
        len2 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg2);
        if (len1 != len2)
            result = true;
        else
        {
            text       *targ1 = DatumGetTextPP(arg1);
            text       *targ2 = DatumGetTextPP(arg2);
 
            result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(targ1), VARDATA_ANY(targ2),
                             len1 - VARHDRSZ) != 0);
 
            PG_FREE_IF_COPY(targ1, 0);
            PG_FREE_IF_COPY(targ2, 1);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
        text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
 
        result = (text_cmp(arg1, arg2, collid) != 0);
 
        PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
        PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
    }
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
text_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    bool        result;
 
    result = (text_cmp(arg1, arg2, PG_GET_COLLATION()) < 0);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
text_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    bool        result;
 
    result = (text_cmp(arg1, arg2, PG_GET_COLLATION()) <= 0);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
text_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    bool        result;
 
    result = (text_cmp(arg1, arg2, PG_GET_COLLATION()) > 0);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
text_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    bool        result;
 
    result = (text_cmp(arg1, arg2, PG_GET_COLLATION()) >= 0);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
text_starts_with(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Datum       arg1 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
    Datum       arg2 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(1);
    Oid         collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
    pg_locale_t mylocale;
    bool        result;
    Size        len1,
                len2;
 
    check_collation_set(collid);
 
    mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
 
    if (!mylocale->deterministic)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("nondeterministic collations are not supported for substring searches")));
 
    len1 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg1);
    len2 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg2);
    if (len2 > len1)
        result = false;
    else
    {
        text       *targ1 = text_substring(arg1, 1, len2, false);
        text       *targ2 = DatumGetTextPP(arg2);
 
        result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(targ1), VARDATA_ANY(targ2),
                         VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(targ2)) == 0);
 
        PG_FREE_IF_COPY(targ1, 0);
        PG_FREE_IF_COPY(targ2, 1);
    }
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
bttextcmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    int32       result;
 
    result = text_cmp(arg1, arg2, PG_GET_COLLATION());
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_INT32(result);
}
 
Datum
bttextsortsupport(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    SortSupport ssup = (SortSupport) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
    Oid         collid = ssup->ssup_collation;
    MemoryContext oldcontext;
 
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(ssup->ssup_cxt);
 
    /* Use generic string SortSupport */
    varstr_sortsupport(ssup, TEXTOID, collid);
 
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 
    PG_RETURN_VOID();
}
 
/*
 * Generic sortsupport interface for character type's operator classes.
 * Includes locale support, and support for BpChar semantics (i.e. removing
 * trailing spaces before comparison).
 *
 * Relies on the assumption that text, VarChar, BpChar, and bytea all have the
 * same representation.  Callers that always use the C collation (e.g.
 * non-collatable type callers like bytea) may have NUL bytes in their strings;
 * this will not work with any other collation, though.
 */
void
varstr_sortsupport(SortSupport ssup, Oid typid, Oid collid)
{
    bool        abbreviate = ssup->abbreviate;
    bool        collate_c = false;
    VarStringSortSupport *sss;
    pg_locale_t locale;
 
    check_collation_set(collid);
 
    locale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
 
    /*
     * If possible, set ssup->comparator to a function which can be used to
     * directly compare two datums.  If we can do this, we'll avoid the
     * overhead of a trip through the fmgr layer for every comparison, which
     * can be substantial.
     *
     * Most typically, we'll set the comparator to varlenafastcmp_locale,
     * which uses strcoll() to perform comparisons.  We use that for the
     * BpChar case too, but type NAME uses namefastcmp_locale. However, if
     * LC_COLLATE = C, we can make things quite a bit faster with
     * varstrfastcmp_c, bpcharfastcmp_c, or namefastcmp_c, all of which use
     * memcmp() rather than strcoll().
     */
    if (locale->collate_is_c)
    {
        if (typid == BPCHAROID)
            ssup->comparator = bpcharfastcmp_c;
        else if (typid == NAMEOID)
        {
            ssup->comparator = namefastcmp_c;
            /* Not supporting abbreviation with type NAME, for now */
            abbreviate = false;
        }
        else
            ssup->comparator = varstrfastcmp_c;
 
        collate_c = true;
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * We use varlenafastcmp_locale except for type NAME.
         */
        if (typid == NAMEOID)
        {
            ssup->comparator = namefastcmp_locale;
            /* Not supporting abbreviation with type NAME, for now */
            abbreviate = false;
        }
        else
            ssup->comparator = varlenafastcmp_locale;
 
        /*
         * Unfortunately, it seems that abbreviation for non-C collations is
         * broken on many common platforms; see pg_strxfrm_enabled().
         *
         * Even apart from the risk of broken locales, it's possible that
         * there are platforms where the use of abbreviated keys should be
         * disabled at compile time.  Having only 4 byte datums could make
         * worst-case performance drastically more likely, for example.
         * Moreover, macOS's strxfrm() implementation is known to not
         * effectively concentrate a significant amount of entropy from the
         * original string in earlier transformed blobs.  It's possible that
         * other supported platforms are similarly encumbered.  So, if we ever
         * get past disabling this categorically, we may still want or need to
         * disable it for particular platforms.
         */
        if (!pg_strxfrm_enabled(locale))
            abbreviate = false;
    }
 
    /*
     * If we're using abbreviated keys, or if we're using a locale-aware
     * comparison, we need to initialize a VarStringSortSupport object. Both
     * cases will make use of the temporary buffers we initialize here for
     * scratch space (and to detect requirement for BpChar semantics from
     * caller), and the abbreviation case requires additional state.
     */
    if (abbreviate || !collate_c)
    {
        sss = palloc(sizeof(VarStringSortSupport));
        sss->buf1 = palloc(TEXTBUFLEN);
        sss->buflen1 = TEXTBUFLEN;
        sss->buf2 = palloc(TEXTBUFLEN);
        sss->buflen2 = TEXTBUFLEN;
        /* Start with invalid values */
        sss->last_len1 = -1;
        sss->last_len2 = -1;
        /* Initialize */
        sss->last_returned = 0;
        if (collate_c)
            sss->locale = NULL;
        else
            sss->locale = locale;
 
        /*
         * To avoid somehow confusing a strxfrm() blob and an original string,
         * constantly keep track of the variety of data that buf1 and buf2
         * currently contain.
         *
         * Comparisons may be interleaved with conversion calls.  Frequently,
         * conversions and comparisons are batched into two distinct phases,
         * but the correctness of caching cannot hinge upon this.  For
         * comparison caching, buffer state is only trusted if cache_blob is
         * found set to false, whereas strxfrm() caching only trusts the state
         * when cache_blob is found set to true.
         *
         * Arbitrarily initialize cache_blob to true.
         */
        sss->cache_blob = true;
        sss->collate_c = collate_c;
        sss->typid = typid;
        ssup->ssup_extra = sss;
 
        /*
         * If possible, plan to use the abbreviated keys optimization.  The
         * core code may switch back to authoritative comparator should
         * abbreviation be aborted.
         */
        if (abbreviate)
        {
            sss->prop_card = 0.20;
            initHyperLogLog(&sss->abbr_card, 10);
            initHyperLogLog(&sss->full_card, 10);
            ssup->abbrev_full_comparator = ssup->comparator;
            ssup->comparator = ssup_datum_unsigned_cmp;
            ssup->abbrev_converter = varstr_abbrev_convert;
            ssup->abbrev_abort = varstr_abbrev_abort;
        }
    }
}
 
/*
 * sortsupport comparison func (for C locale case)
 */
static int
varstrfastcmp_c(Datum x, Datum y, SortSupport ssup)
{
    VarString  *arg1 = DatumGetVarStringPP(x);
    VarString  *arg2 = DatumGetVarStringPP(y);
    char       *a1p,
               *a2p;
    int         len1,
                len2,
                result;
 
    a1p = VARDATA_ANY(arg1);
    a2p = VARDATA_ANY(arg2);
 
    len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
    len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
 
    result = memcmp(a1p, a2p, Min(len1, len2));
    if ((result == 0) && (len1 != len2))
        result = (len1 < len2) ? -1 : 1;
 
    /* We can't afford to leak memory here. */
    if (PointerGetDatum(arg1) != x)
        pfree(arg1);
    if (PointerGetDatum(arg2) != y)
        pfree(arg2);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * sortsupport comparison func (for BpChar C locale case)
 *
 * BpChar outsources its sortsupport to this module.  Specialization for the
 * varstr_sortsupport BpChar case, modeled on
 * internal_bpchar_pattern_compare().
 */
static int
bpcharfastcmp_c(Datum x, Datum y, SortSupport ssup)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = DatumGetBpCharPP(x);
    BpChar     *arg2 = DatumGetBpCharPP(y);
    char       *a1p,
               *a2p;
    int         len1,
                len2,
                result;
 
    a1p = VARDATA_ANY(arg1);
    a2p = VARDATA_ANY(arg2);
 
    len1 = bpchartruelen(a1p, VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1));
    len2 = bpchartruelen(a2p, VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2));
 
    result = memcmp(a1p, a2p, Min(len1, len2));
    if ((result == 0) && (len1 != len2))
        result = (len1 < len2) ? -1 : 1;
 
    /* We can't afford to leak memory here. */
    if (PointerGetDatum(arg1) != x)
        pfree(arg1);
    if (PointerGetDatum(arg2) != y)
        pfree(arg2);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * sortsupport comparison func (for NAME C locale case)
 */
static int
namefastcmp_c(Datum x, Datum y, SortSupport ssup)
{
    Name        arg1 = DatumGetName(x);
    Name        arg2 = DatumGetName(y);
 
    return strncmp(NameStr(*arg1), NameStr(*arg2), NAMEDATALEN);
}
 
/*
 * sortsupport comparison func (for locale case with all varlena types)
 */
static int
varlenafastcmp_locale(Datum x, Datum y, SortSupport ssup)
{
    VarString  *arg1 = DatumGetVarStringPP(x);
    VarString  *arg2 = DatumGetVarStringPP(y);
    char       *a1p,
               *a2p;
    int         len1,
                len2,
                result;
 
    a1p = VARDATA_ANY(arg1);
    a2p = VARDATA_ANY(arg2);
 
    len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
    len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
 
    result = varstrfastcmp_locale(a1p, len1, a2p, len2, ssup);
 
    /* We can't afford to leak memory here. */
    if (PointerGetDatum(arg1) != x)
        pfree(arg1);
    if (PointerGetDatum(arg2) != y)
        pfree(arg2);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * sortsupport comparison func (for locale case with NAME type)
 */
static int
namefastcmp_locale(Datum x, Datum y, SortSupport ssup)
{
    Name        arg1 = DatumGetName(x);
    Name        arg2 = DatumGetName(y);
 
    return varstrfastcmp_locale(NameStr(*arg1), strlen(NameStr(*arg1)),
                                NameStr(*arg2), strlen(NameStr(*arg2)),
                                ssup);
}
 
/*
 * sortsupport comparison func for locale cases
 */
static int
varstrfastcmp_locale(char *a1p, int len1, char *a2p, int len2, SortSupport ssup)
{
    VarStringSortSupport *sss = (VarStringSortSupport *) ssup->ssup_extra;
    int         result;
    bool        arg1_match;
 
    /* Fast pre-check for equality, as discussed in varstr_cmp() */
    if (len1 == len2 && memcmp(a1p, a2p, len1) == 0)
    {
        /*
         * No change in buf1 or buf2 contents, so avoid changing last_len1 or
         * last_len2.  Existing contents of buffers might still be used by
         * next call.
         *
         * It's fine to allow the comparison of BpChar padding bytes here,
         * even though that implies that the memcmp() will usually be
         * performed for BpChar callers (though multibyte characters could
         * still prevent that from occurring).  The memcmp() is still very
         * cheap, and BpChar's funny semantics have us remove trailing spaces
         * (not limited to padding), so we need make no distinction between
         * padding space characters and "real" space characters.
         */
        return 0;
    }
 
    if (sss->typid == BPCHAROID)
    {
        /* Get true number of bytes, ignoring trailing spaces */
        len1 = bpchartruelen(a1p, len1);
        len2 = bpchartruelen(a2p, len2);
    }
 
    if (len1 >= sss->buflen1)
    {
        sss->buflen1 = Max(len1 + 1, Min(sss->buflen1 * 2, MaxAllocSize));
        sss->buf1 = repalloc(sss->buf1, sss->buflen1);
    }
    if (len2 >= sss->buflen2)
    {
        sss->buflen2 = Max(len2 + 1, Min(sss->buflen2 * 2, MaxAllocSize));
        sss->buf2 = repalloc(sss->buf2, sss->buflen2);
    }
 
    /*
     * We're likely to be asked to compare the same strings repeatedly, and
     * memcmp() is so much cheaper than strcoll() that it pays to try to cache
     * comparisons, even though in general there is no reason to think that
     * that will work out (every string datum may be unique).  Caching does
     * not slow things down measurably when it doesn't work out, and can speed
     * things up by rather a lot when it does.  In part, this is because the
     * memcmp() compares data from cachelines that are needed in L1 cache even
     * when the last comparison's result cannot be reused.
     */
    arg1_match = true;
    if (len1 != sss->last_len1 || memcmp(sss->buf1, a1p, len1) != 0)
    {
        arg1_match = false;
        memcpy(sss->buf1, a1p, len1);
        sss->buf1[len1] = '\0';
        sss->last_len1 = len1;
    }
 
    /*
     * If we're comparing the same two strings as last time, we can return the
     * same answer without calling strcoll() again.  This is more likely than
     * it seems (at least with moderate to low cardinality sets), because
     * quicksort compares the same pivot against many values.
     */
    if (len2 != sss->last_len2 || memcmp(sss->buf2, a2p, len2) != 0)
    {
        memcpy(sss->buf2, a2p, len2);
        sss->buf2[len2] = '\0';
        sss->last_len2 = len2;
    }
    else if (arg1_match && !sss->cache_blob)
    {
        /* Use result cached following last actual strcoll() call */
        return sss->last_returned;
    }
 
    result = pg_strcoll(sss->buf1, sss->buf2, sss->locale);
 
    /* Break tie if necessary. */
    if (result == 0 && sss->locale->deterministic)
        result = strcmp(sss->buf1, sss->buf2);
 
    /* Cache result, perhaps saving an expensive strcoll() call next time */
    sss->cache_blob = false;
    sss->last_returned = result;
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * Conversion routine for sortsupport.  Converts original to abbreviated key
 * representation.  Our encoding strategy is simple -- pack the first 8 bytes
 * of a strxfrm() blob into a Datum (on little-endian machines, the 8 bytes are
 * stored in reverse order), and treat it as an unsigned integer.  When the "C"
 * locale is used, or in case of bytea, just memcpy() from original instead.
 */
static Datum
varstr_abbrev_convert(Datum original, SortSupport ssup)
{
    const size_t max_prefix_bytes = sizeof(Datum);
    VarStringSortSupport *sss = (VarStringSortSupport *) ssup->ssup_extra;
    VarString  *authoritative = DatumGetVarStringPP(original);
    char       *authoritative_data = VARDATA_ANY(authoritative);
 
    /* working state */
    Datum       res;
    char       *pres;
    int         len;
    uint32      hash;
 
    pres = (char *) &res;
    /* memset(), so any non-overwritten bytes are NUL */
    memset(pres, 0, max_prefix_bytes);
    len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(authoritative);
 
    /* Get number of bytes, ignoring trailing spaces */
    if (sss->typid == BPCHAROID)
        len = bpchartruelen(authoritative_data, len);
 
    /*
     * If we're using the C collation, use memcpy(), rather than strxfrm(), to
     * abbreviate keys.  The full comparator for the C locale is always
     * memcmp().  It would be incorrect to allow bytea callers (callers that
     * always force the C collation -- bytea isn't a collatable type, but this
     * approach is convenient) to use strxfrm().  This is because bytea
     * strings may contain NUL bytes.  Besides, this should be faster, too.
     *
     * More generally, it's okay that bytea callers can have NUL bytes in
     * strings because abbreviated cmp need not make a distinction between
     * terminating NUL bytes, and NUL bytes representing actual NULs in the
     * authoritative representation.  Hopefully a comparison at or past one
     * abbreviated key's terminating NUL byte will resolve the comparison
     * without consulting the authoritative representation; specifically, some
     * later non-NUL byte in the longer string can resolve the comparison
     * against a subsequent terminating NUL in the shorter string.  There will
     * usually be what is effectively a "length-wise" resolution there and
     * then.
     *
     * If that doesn't work out -- if all bytes in the longer string
     * positioned at or past the offset of the smaller string's (first)
     * terminating NUL are actually representative of NUL bytes in the
     * authoritative binary string (perhaps with some *terminating* NUL bytes
     * towards the end of the longer string iff it happens to still be small)
     * -- then an authoritative tie-breaker will happen, and do the right
     * thing: explicitly consider string length.
     */
    if (sss->collate_c)
        memcpy(pres, authoritative_data, Min(len, max_prefix_bytes));
    else
    {
        Size        bsize;
 
        /*
         * We're not using the C collation, so fall back on strxfrm or ICU
         * analogs.
         */
 
        /* By convention, we use buffer 1 to store and NUL-terminate */
        if (len >= sss->buflen1)
        {
            sss->buflen1 = Max(len + 1, Min(sss->buflen1 * 2, MaxAllocSize));
            sss->buf1 = repalloc(sss->buf1, sss->buflen1);
        }
 
        /* Might be able to reuse strxfrm() blob from last call */
        if (sss->last_len1 == len && sss->cache_blob &&
            memcmp(sss->buf1, authoritative_data, len) == 0)
        {
            memcpy(pres, sss->buf2, Min(max_prefix_bytes, sss->last_len2));
            /* No change affecting cardinality, so no hashing required */
            goto done;
        }
 
        memcpy(sss->buf1, authoritative_data, len);
 
        /*
         * pg_strxfrm() and pg_strxfrm_prefix expect NUL-terminated strings.
         */
        sss->buf1[len] = '\0';
        sss->last_len1 = len;
 
        if (pg_strxfrm_prefix_enabled(sss->locale))
        {
            if (sss->buflen2 < max_prefix_bytes)
            {
                sss->buflen2 = Max(max_prefix_bytes,
                                   Min(sss->buflen2 * 2, MaxAllocSize));
                sss->buf2 = repalloc(sss->buf2, sss->buflen2);
            }
 
            bsize = pg_strxfrm_prefix(sss->buf2, sss->buf1,
                                      max_prefix_bytes, sss->locale);
            sss->last_len2 = bsize;
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * Loop: Call pg_strxfrm(), possibly enlarge buffer, and try
             * again.  The pg_strxfrm() function leaves the result buffer
             * content undefined if the result did not fit, so we need to
             * retry until everything fits, even though we only need the first
             * few bytes in the end.
             */
            for (;;)
            {
                bsize = pg_strxfrm(sss->buf2, sss->buf1, sss->buflen2,
                                   sss->locale);
 
                sss->last_len2 = bsize;
                if (bsize < sss->buflen2)
                    break;
 
                /*
                 * Grow buffer and retry.
                 */
                sss->buflen2 = Max(bsize + 1,
                                   Min(sss->buflen2 * 2, MaxAllocSize));
                sss->buf2 = repalloc(sss->buf2, sss->buflen2);
            }
        }
 
        /*
         * Every Datum byte is always compared.  This is safe because the
         * strxfrm() blob is itself NUL terminated, leaving no danger of
         * misinterpreting any NUL bytes not intended to be interpreted as
         * logically representing termination.
         *
         * (Actually, even if there were NUL bytes in the blob it would be
         * okay.  See remarks on bytea case above.)
         */
        memcpy(pres, sss->buf2, Min(max_prefix_bytes, bsize));
    }
 
    /*
     * Maintain approximate cardinality of both abbreviated keys and original,
     * authoritative keys using HyperLogLog.  Used as cheap insurance against
     * the worst case, where we do many string transformations for no saving
     * in full strcoll()-based comparisons.  These statistics are used by
     * varstr_abbrev_abort().
     *
     * First, Hash key proper, or a significant fraction of it.  Mix in length
     * in order to compensate for cases where differences are past
     * PG_CACHE_LINE_SIZE bytes, so as to limit the overhead of hashing.
     */
    hash = DatumGetUInt32(hash_any((unsigned char *) authoritative_data,
                                   Min(len, PG_CACHE_LINE_SIZE)));
 
    if (len > PG_CACHE_LINE_SIZE)
        hash ^= DatumGetUInt32(hash_uint32((uint32) len));
 
    addHyperLogLog(&sss->full_card, hash);
 
    /* Hash abbreviated key */
#if SIZEOF_DATUM == 8
    {
        uint32      lohalf,
                    hihalf;
 
        lohalf = (uint32) res;
        hihalf = (uint32) (res >> 32);
        hash = DatumGetUInt32(hash_uint32(lohalf ^ hihalf));
    }
#else                           /* SIZEOF_DATUM != 8 */
    hash = DatumGetUInt32(hash_uint32((uint32) res));
#endif
 
    addHyperLogLog(&sss->abbr_card, hash);
 
    /* Cache result, perhaps saving an expensive strxfrm() call next time */
    sss->cache_blob = true;
done:
 
    /*
     * Byteswap on little-endian machines.
     *
     * This is needed so that ssup_datum_unsigned_cmp() (an unsigned integer
     * 3-way comparator) works correctly on all platforms.  If we didn't do
     * this, the comparator would have to call memcmp() with a pair of
     * pointers to the first byte of each abbreviated key, which is slower.
     */
    res = DatumBigEndianToNative(res);
 
    /* Don't leak memory here */
    if (PointerGetDatum(authoritative) != original)
        pfree(authoritative);
 
    return res;
}
 
/*
 * Callback for estimating effectiveness of abbreviated key optimization, using
 * heuristic rules.  Returns value indicating if the abbreviation optimization
 * should be aborted, based on its projected effectiveness.
 */
static bool
varstr_abbrev_abort(int memtupcount, SortSupport ssup)
{
    VarStringSortSupport *sss = (VarStringSortSupport *) ssup->ssup_extra;
    double      abbrev_distinct,
                key_distinct;
 
    Assert(ssup->abbreviate);
 
    /* Have a little patience */
    if (memtupcount < 100)
        return false;
 
    abbrev_distinct = estimateHyperLogLog(&sss->abbr_card);
    key_distinct = estimateHyperLogLog(&sss->full_card);
 
    /*
     * Clamp cardinality estimates to at least one distinct value.  While
     * NULLs are generally disregarded, if only NULL values were seen so far,
     * that might misrepresent costs if we failed to clamp.
     */
    if (abbrev_distinct <= 1.0)
        abbrev_distinct = 1.0;
 
    if (key_distinct <= 1.0)
        key_distinct = 1.0;
 
    /*
     * In the worst case all abbreviated keys are identical, while at the same
     * time there are differences within full key strings not captured in
     * abbreviations.
     */
    if (trace_sort)
    {
        double      norm_abbrev_card = abbrev_distinct / (double) memtupcount;
 
        elog(LOG, "varstr_abbrev: abbrev_distinct after %d: %f "
             "(key_distinct: %f, norm_abbrev_card: %f, prop_card: %f)",
             memtupcount, abbrev_distinct, key_distinct, norm_abbrev_card,
             sss->prop_card);
    }
 
    /*
     * If the number of distinct abbreviated keys approximately matches the
     * number of distinct authoritative original keys, that's reason enough to
     * proceed.  We can win even with a very low cardinality set if most
     * tie-breakers only memcmp().  This is by far the most important
     * consideration.
     *
     * While comparisons that are resolved at the abbreviated key level are
     * considerably cheaper than tie-breakers resolved with memcmp(), both of
     * those two outcomes are so much cheaper than a full strcoll() once
     * sorting is underway that it doesn't seem worth it to weigh abbreviated
     * cardinality against the overall size of the set in order to more
     * accurately model costs.  Assume that an abbreviated comparison, and an
     * abbreviated comparison with a cheap memcmp()-based authoritative
     * resolution are equivalent.
     */
    if (abbrev_distinct > key_distinct * sss->prop_card)
    {
        /*
         * When we have exceeded 10,000 tuples, decay required cardinality
         * aggressively for next call.
         *
         * This is useful because the number of comparisons required on
         * average increases at a linearithmic rate, and at roughly 10,000
         * tuples that factor will start to dominate over the linear costs of
         * string transformation (this is a conservative estimate).  The decay
         * rate is chosen to be a little less aggressive than halving -- which
         * (since we're called at points at which memtupcount has doubled)
         * would never see the cost model actually abort past the first call
         * following a decay.  This decay rate is mostly a precaution against
         * a sudden, violent swing in how well abbreviated cardinality tracks
         * full key cardinality.  The decay also serves to prevent a marginal
         * case from being aborted too late, when too much has already been
         * invested in string transformation.
         *
         * It's possible for sets of several million distinct strings with
         * mere tens of thousands of distinct abbreviated keys to still
         * benefit very significantly.  This will generally occur provided
         * each abbreviated key is a proxy for a roughly uniform number of the
         * set's full keys. If it isn't so, we hope to catch that early and
         * abort.  If it isn't caught early, by the time the problem is
         * apparent it's probably not worth aborting.
         */
        if (memtupcount > 10000)
            sss->prop_card *= 0.65;
 
        return false;
    }
 
    /*
     * Abort abbreviation strategy.
     *
     * The worst case, where all abbreviated keys are identical while all
     * original strings differ will typically only see a regression of about
     * 10% in execution time for small to medium sized lists of strings.
     * Whereas on modern CPUs where cache stalls are the dominant cost, we can
     * often expect very large improvements, particularly with sets of strings
     * of moderately high to high abbreviated cardinality.  There is little to
     * lose but much to gain, which our strategy reflects.
     */
    if (trace_sort)
        elog(LOG, "varstr_abbrev: aborted abbreviation at %d "
             "(abbrev_distinct: %f, key_distinct: %f, prop_card: %f)",
             memtupcount, abbrev_distinct, key_distinct, sss->prop_card);
 
    return true;
}
 
/*
 * Generic equalimage support function for character type's operator classes.
 * Disables the use of deduplication with nondeterministic collations.
 */
Datum
btvarstrequalimage(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    /* Oid      opcintype = PG_GETARG_OID(0); */
    Oid         collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
    pg_locale_t locale;
 
    check_collation_set(collid);
 
    locale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(locale->deterministic);
}
 
Datum
text_larger(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    text       *result;
 
    result = ((text_cmp(arg1, arg2, PG_GET_COLLATION()) > 0) ? arg1 : arg2);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}
 
Datum
text_smaller(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    text       *result;
 
    result = ((text_cmp(arg1, arg2, PG_GET_COLLATION()) < 0) ? arg1 : arg2);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}
 
 
/*
 * Cross-type comparison functions for types text and name.
 */
 
Datum
nameeqtext(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Name        arg1 = PG_GETARG_NAME(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    size_t      len1 = strlen(NameStr(*arg1));
    size_t      len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
    Oid         collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
    bool        result;
 
    check_collation_set(collid);
 
    if (collid == C_COLLATION_OID)
        result = (len1 == len2 &&
                  memcmp(NameStr(*arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len1) == 0);
    else
        result = (varstr_cmp(NameStr(*arg1), len1,
                             VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
                             collid) == 0);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
texteqname(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    Name        arg2 = PG_GETARG_NAME(1);
    size_t      len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
    size_t      len2 = strlen(NameStr(*arg2));
    Oid         collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
    bool        result;
 
    check_collation_set(collid);
 
    if (collid == C_COLLATION_OID)
        result = (len1 == len2 &&
                  memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), NameStr(*arg2), len1) == 0);
    else
        result = (varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1,
                             NameStr(*arg2), len2,
                             collid) == 0);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
namenetext(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Name        arg1 = PG_GETARG_NAME(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    size_t      len1 = strlen(NameStr(*arg1));
    size_t      len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
    Oid         collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
    bool        result;
 
    check_collation_set(collid);
 
    if (collid == C_COLLATION_OID)
        result = !(len1 == len2 &&
                   memcmp(NameStr(*arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len1) == 0);
    else
        result = !(varstr_cmp(NameStr(*arg1), len1,
                              VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
                              collid) == 0);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
textnename(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    Name        arg2 = PG_GETARG_NAME(1);
    size_t      len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
    size_t      len2 = strlen(NameStr(*arg2));
    Oid         collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
    bool        result;
 
    check_collation_set(collid);
 
    if (collid == C_COLLATION_OID)
        result = !(len1 == len2 &&
                   memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), NameStr(*arg2), len1) == 0);
    else
        result = !(varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1,
                              NameStr(*arg2), len2,
                              collid) == 0);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
btnametextcmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Name        arg1 = PG_GETARG_NAME(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    int32       result;
 
    result = varstr_cmp(NameStr(*arg1), strlen(NameStr(*arg1)),
                        VARDATA_ANY(arg2), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2),
                        PG_GET_COLLATION());
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_INT32(result);
}
 
Datum
bttextnamecmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    Name        arg2 = PG_GETARG_NAME(1);
    int32       result;
 
    result = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1),
                        NameStr(*arg2), strlen(NameStr(*arg2)),
                        PG_GET_COLLATION());
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
 
    PG_RETURN_INT32(result);
}
 
#define CmpCall(cmpfunc) \
    DatumGetInt32(DirectFunctionCall2Coll(cmpfunc, \
                                          PG_GET_COLLATION(), \
                                          PG_GETARG_DATUM(0), \
                                          PG_GETARG_DATUM(1)))
 
Datum
namelttext(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(CmpCall(btnametextcmp) < 0);
}
 
Datum
nameletext(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(CmpCall(btnametextcmp) <= 0);
}
 
Datum
namegttext(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(CmpCall(btnametextcmp) > 0);
}
 
Datum
namegetext(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(CmpCall(btnametextcmp) >= 0);
}
 
Datum
textltname(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(CmpCall(bttextnamecmp) < 0);
}
 
Datum
textlename(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(CmpCall(bttextnamecmp) <= 0);
}
 
Datum
textgtname(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(CmpCall(bttextnamecmp) > 0);
}
 
Datum
textgename(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(CmpCall(bttextnamecmp) >= 0);
}
 
#undef CmpCall
 
 
/*
 * The following operators support character-by-character comparison
 * of text datums, to allow building indexes suitable for LIKE clauses.
 * Note that the regular texteq/textne comparison operators, and regular
 * support functions 1 and 2 with "C" collation are assumed to be
 * compatible with these!
 */
 
static int
internal_text_pattern_compare(text *arg1, text *arg2)
{
    int         result;
    int         len1,
                len2;
 
    len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
    len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
 
    result = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
    if (result != 0)
        return result;
    else if (len1 < len2)
        return -1;
    else if (len1 > len2)
        return 1;
    else
        return 0;
}
 
 
Datum
text_pattern_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    int         result;
 
    result = internal_text_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result < 0);
}
 
 
Datum
text_pattern_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    int         result;
 
    result = internal_text_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result <= 0);
}
 
 
Datum
text_pattern_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    int         result;
 
    result = internal_text_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result >= 0);
}
 
 
Datum
text_pattern_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    int         result;
 
    result = internal_text_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result > 0);
}
 
 
Datum
bttext_pattern_cmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *arg1 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *arg2 = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    int         result;
 
    result = internal_text_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_INT32(result);
}
 
 
Datum
bttext_pattern_sortsupport(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    SortSupport ssup = (SortSupport) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
    MemoryContext oldcontext;
 
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(ssup->ssup_cxt);
 
    /* Use generic string SortSupport, forcing "C" collation */
    varstr_sortsupport(ssup, TEXTOID, C_COLLATION_OID);
 
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 
    PG_RETURN_VOID();
}
 
 
/*-------------------------------------------------------------
 * byteaoctetlen
 *
 * get the number of bytes contained in an instance of type 'bytea'
 *-------------------------------------------------------------
 */
Datum
byteaoctetlen(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Datum       str = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
 
    /* We need not detoast the input at all */
    PG_RETURN_INT32(toast_raw_datum_size(str) - VARHDRSZ);
}
 
/*
 * byteacat -
 *    takes two bytea* and returns a bytea* that is the concatenation of
 *    the two.
 *
 * Cloned from textcat and modified as required.
 */
Datum
byteacat(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    bytea      *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_catenate(t1, t2));
}
 
/*
 * bytea_catenate
 *  Guts of byteacat(), broken out so it can be used by other functions
 *
 * Arguments can be in short-header form, but not compressed or out-of-line
 */
static bytea *
bytea_catenate(bytea *t1, bytea *t2)
{
    bytea      *result;
    int         len1,
                len2,
                len;
    char       *ptr;
 
    len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1);
    len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2);
 
    /* paranoia ... probably should throw error instead? */
    if (len1 < 0)
        len1 = 0;
    if (len2 < 0)
        len2 = 0;
 
    len = len1 + len2 + VARHDRSZ;
    result = (bytea *) palloc(len);
 
    /* Set size of result string... */
    SET_VARSIZE(result, len);
 
    /* Fill data field of result string... */
    ptr = VARDATA(result);
    if (len1 > 0)
        memcpy(ptr, VARDATA_ANY(t1), len1);
    if (len2 > 0)
        memcpy(ptr + len1, VARDATA_ANY(t2), len2);
 
    return result;
}
 
#define PG_STR_GET_BYTEA(str_) \
    DatumGetByteaPP(DirectFunctionCall1(byteain, CStringGetDatum(str_)))
 
/*
 * bytea_substr()
 * Return a substring starting at the specified position.
 * Cloned from text_substr and modified as required.
 *
 * Input:
 *  - string
 *  - starting position (is one-based)
 *  - string length (optional)
 *
 * If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
 * adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
 * If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown. If no third argument
 * (length) is provided, the length to the end of the string is assumed.
 */
Datum
bytea_substr(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_substring(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0),
                                      PG_GETARG_INT32(1),
                                      PG_GETARG_INT32(2),
                                      false));
}
 
/*
 * bytea_substr_no_len -
 *    Wrapper to avoid opr_sanity failure due to
 *    one function accepting a different number of args.
 */
Datum
bytea_substr_no_len(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_substring(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0),
                                      PG_GETARG_INT32(1),
                                      -1,
                                      true));
}
 
static bytea *
bytea_substring(Datum str,
                int S,
                int L,
                bool length_not_specified)
{
    int32       S1;             /* adjusted start position */
    int32       L1;             /* adjusted substring length */
    int32       E;              /* end position */
 
    /*
     * The logic here should generally match text_substring().
     */
    S1 = Max(S, 1);
 
    if (length_not_specified)
    {
        /*
         * Not passed a length - DatumGetByteaPSlice() grabs everything to the
         * end of the string if we pass it a negative value for length.
         */
        L1 = -1;
    }
    else if (L < 0)
    {
        /* SQL99 says to throw an error for E < S, i.e., negative length */
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_SUBSTRING_ERROR),
                 errmsg("negative substring length not allowed")));
        L1 = -1;                /* silence stupider compilers */
    }
    else if (pg_add_s32_overflow(S, L, &E))
    {
        /*
         * L could be large enough for S + L to overflow, in which case the
         * substring must run to end of string.
         */
        L1 = -1;
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * A zero or negative value for the end position can happen if the
         * start was negative or one. SQL99 says to return a zero-length
         * string.
         */
        if (E < 1)
            return PG_STR_GET_BYTEA("");
 
        L1 = E - S1;
    }
 
    /*
     * If the start position is past the end of the string, SQL99 says to
     * return a zero-length string -- DatumGetByteaPSlice() will do that for
     * us.  We need only convert S1 to zero-based starting position.
     */
    return DatumGetByteaPSlice(str, S1 - 1, L1);
}
 
/*
 * byteaoverlay
 *  Replace specified substring of first string with second
 *
 * The SQL standard defines OVERLAY() in terms of substring and concatenation.
 * This code is a direct implementation of what the standard says.
 */
Datum
byteaoverlay(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    bytea      *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
    int         sp = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);    /* substring start position */
    int         sl = PG_GETARG_INT32(3);    /* substring length */
 
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_overlay(t1, t2, sp, sl));
}
 
Datum
byteaoverlay_no_len(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    bytea      *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
    int         sp = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);    /* substring start position */
    int         sl;
 
    sl = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2); /* defaults to length(t2) */
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(bytea_overlay(t1, t2, sp, sl));
}
 
static bytea *
bytea_overlay(bytea *t1, bytea *t2, int sp, int sl)
{
    bytea      *result;
    bytea      *s1;
    bytea      *s2;
    int         sp_pl_sl;
 
    /*
     * Check for possible integer-overflow cases.  For negative sp, throw a
     * "substring length" error because that's what should be expected
     * according to the spec's definition of OVERLAY().
     */
    if (sp <= 0)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_SUBSTRING_ERROR),
                 errmsg("negative substring length not allowed")));
    if (pg_add_s32_overflow(sp, sl, &sp_pl_sl))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
                 errmsg("integer out of range")));
 
    s1 = bytea_substring(PointerGetDatum(t1), 1, sp - 1, false);
    s2 = bytea_substring(PointerGetDatum(t1), sp_pl_sl, -1, true);
    result = bytea_catenate(s1, t2);
    result = bytea_catenate(result, s2);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * bit_count
 */
Datum
bytea_bit_count(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_INT64(pg_popcount(VARDATA_ANY(t1), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1)));
}
 
/*
 * byteapos -
 *    Return the position of the specified substring.
 *    Implements the SQL POSITION() function.
 * Cloned from textpos and modified as required.
 */
Datum
byteapos(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *t1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    bytea      *t2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
    int         pos;
    int         px,
                p;
    int         len1,
                len2;
    char       *p1,
               *p2;
 
    len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t1);
    len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t2);
 
    if (len2 <= 0)
        PG_RETURN_INT32(1);     /* result for empty pattern */
 
    p1 = VARDATA_ANY(t1);
    p2 = VARDATA_ANY(t2);
 
    pos = 0;
    px = (len1 - len2);
    for (p = 0; p <= px; p++)
    {
        if ((*p2 == *p1) && (memcmp(p1, p2, len2) == 0))
        {
            pos = p + 1;
            break;
        };
        p1++;
    };
 
    PG_RETURN_INT32(pos);
}
 
/*-------------------------------------------------------------
 * byteaGetByte
 *
 * this routine treats "bytea" as an array of bytes.
 * It returns the Nth byte (a number between 0 and 255).
 *-------------------------------------------------------------
 */
Datum
byteaGetByte(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    int32       n = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
    int         len;
    int         byte;
 
    len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
 
    if (n < 0 || n >= len)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
                 errmsg("index %d out of valid range, 0..%d",
                        n, len - 1)));
 
    byte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[n];
 
    PG_RETURN_INT32(byte);
}
 
/*-------------------------------------------------------------
 * byteaGetBit
 *
 * This routine treats a "bytea" type like an array of bits.
 * It returns the value of the Nth bit (0 or 1).
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------
 */
Datum
byteaGetBit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *v = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    int64       n = PG_GETARG_INT64(1);
    int         byteNo,
                bitNo;
    int         len;
    int         byte;
 
    len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(v);
 
    if (n < 0 || n >= (int64) len * 8)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
                 errmsg("index %lld out of valid range, 0..%lld",
                        (long long) n, (long long) len * 8 - 1)));
 
    /* n/8 is now known < len, so safe to cast to int */
    byteNo = (int) (n / 8);
    bitNo = (int) (n % 8);
 
    byte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA_ANY(v))[byteNo];
 
    if (byte & (1 << bitNo))
        PG_RETURN_INT32(1);
    else
        PG_RETURN_INT32(0);
}
 
/*-------------------------------------------------------------
 * byteaSetByte
 *
 * Given an instance of type 'bytea' creates a new one with
 * the Nth byte set to the given value.
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------
 */
Datum
byteaSetByte(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *res = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
    int32       n = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
    int32       newByte = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
    int         len;
 
    len = VARSIZE(res) - VARHDRSZ;
 
    if (n < 0 || n >= len)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
                 errmsg("index %d out of valid range, 0..%d",
                        n, len - 1)));
 
    /*
     * Now set the byte.
     */
    ((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[n] = newByte;
 
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(res);
}
 
/*-------------------------------------------------------------
 * byteaSetBit
 *
 * Given an instance of type 'bytea' creates a new one with
 * the Nth bit set to the given value.
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------
 */
Datum
byteaSetBit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *res = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P_COPY(0);
    int64       n = PG_GETARG_INT64(1);
    int32       newBit = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
    int         len;
    int         oldByte,
                newByte;
    int         byteNo,
                bitNo;
 
    len = VARSIZE(res) - VARHDRSZ;
 
    if (n < 0 || n >= (int64) len * 8)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
                 errmsg("index %lld out of valid range, 0..%lld",
                        (long long) n, (long long) len * 8 - 1)));
 
    /* n/8 is now known < len, so safe to cast to int */
    byteNo = (int) (n / 8);
    bitNo = (int) (n % 8);
 
    /*
     * sanity check!
     */
    if (newBit != 0 && newBit != 1)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                 errmsg("new bit must be 0 or 1")));
 
    /*
     * Update the byte.
     */
    oldByte = ((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[byteNo];
 
    if (newBit == 0)
        newByte = oldByte & (~(1 << bitNo));
    else
        newByte = oldByte | (1 << bitNo);
 
    ((unsigned char *) VARDATA(res))[byteNo] = newByte;
 
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(res);
}
 
 
/* text_name()
 * Converts a text type to a Name type.
 */
Datum
text_name(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *s = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    Name        result;
    int         len;
 
    len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(s);
 
    /* Truncate oversize input */
    if (len >= NAMEDATALEN)
        len = pg_mbcliplen(VARDATA_ANY(s), len, NAMEDATALEN - 1);
 
    /* We use palloc0 here to ensure result is zero-padded */
    result = (Name) palloc0(NAMEDATALEN);
    memcpy(NameStr(*result), VARDATA_ANY(s), len);
 
    PG_RETURN_NAME(result);
}
 
/* name_text()
 * Converts a Name type to a text type.
 */
Datum
name_text(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Name        s = PG_GETARG_NAME(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(NameStr(*s)));
}
 
 
/*
 * textToQualifiedNameList - convert a text object to list of names
 *
 * This implements the input parsing needed by nextval() and other
 * functions that take a text parameter representing a qualified name.
 * We split the name at dots, downcase if not double-quoted, and
 * truncate names if they're too long.
 */
List *
textToQualifiedNameList(text *textval)
{
    char       *rawname;
    List       *result = NIL;
    List       *namelist;
    ListCell   *l;
 
    /* Convert to C string (handles possible detoasting). */
    /* Note we rely on being able to modify rawname below. */
    rawname = text_to_cstring(textval);
 
    if (!SplitIdentifierString(rawname, '.', &namelist))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_NAME),
                 errmsg("invalid name syntax")));
 
    if (namelist == NIL)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_NAME),
                 errmsg("invalid name syntax")));
 
    foreach(l, namelist)
    {
        char       *curname = (char *) lfirst(l);
 
        result = lappend(result, makeString(pstrdup(curname)));
    }
 
    pfree(rawname);
    list_free(namelist);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * SplitIdentifierString --- parse a string containing identifiers
 *
 * This is the guts of textToQualifiedNameList, and is exported for use in
 * other situations such as parsing GUC variables.  In the GUC case, it's
 * important to avoid memory leaks, so the API is designed to minimize the
 * amount of stuff that needs to be allocated and freed.
 *
 * Inputs:
 *  rawstring: the input string; must be overwritable!  On return, it's
 *             been modified to contain the separated identifiers.
 *  separator: the separator punctuation expected between identifiers
 *             (typically '.' or ',').  Whitespace may also appear around
 *             identifiers.
 * Outputs:
 *  namelist: filled with a palloc'd list of pointers to identifiers within
 *            rawstring.  Caller should list_free() this even on error return.
 *
 * Returns true if okay, false if there is a syntax error in the string.
 *
 * Note that an empty string is considered okay here, though not in
 * textToQualifiedNameList.
 */
bool
SplitIdentifierString(char *rawstring, char separator,
                      List **namelist)
{
    char       *nextp = rawstring;
    bool        done = false;
 
    *namelist = NIL;
 
    while (scanner_isspace(*nextp))
        nextp++;                /* skip leading whitespace */
 
    if (*nextp == '\0')
        return true;            /* allow empty string */
 
    /* At the top of the loop, we are at start of a new identifier. */
    do
    {
        char       *curname;
        char       *endp;
 
        if (*nextp == '"')
        {
            /* Quoted name --- collapse quote-quote pairs, no downcasing */
            curname = nextp + 1;
            for (;;)
            {
                endp = strchr(nextp + 1, '"');
                if (endp == NULL)
                    return false;   /* mismatched quotes */
                if (endp[1] != '"')
                    break;      /* found end of quoted name */
                /* Collapse adjacent quotes into one quote, and look again */
                memmove(endp, endp + 1, strlen(endp));
                nextp = endp;
            }
            /* endp now points at the terminating quote */
            nextp = endp + 1;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Unquoted name --- extends to separator or whitespace */
            char       *downname;
            int         len;
 
            curname = nextp;
            while (*nextp && *nextp != separator &&
                   !scanner_isspace(*nextp))
                nextp++;
            endp = nextp;
            if (curname == nextp)
                return false;   /* empty unquoted name not allowed */
 
            /*
             * Downcase the identifier, using same code as main lexer does.
             *
             * XXX because we want to overwrite the input in-place, we cannot
             * support a downcasing transformation that increases the string
             * length.  This is not a problem given the current implementation
             * of downcase_truncate_identifier, but we'll probably have to do
             * something about this someday.
             */
            len = endp - curname;
            downname = downcase_truncate_identifier(curname, len, false);
            Assert(strlen(downname) <= len);
            strncpy(curname, downname, len);    /* strncpy is required here */
            pfree(downname);
        }
 
        while (scanner_isspace(*nextp))
            nextp++;            /* skip trailing whitespace */
 
        if (*nextp == separator)
        {
            nextp++;
            while (scanner_isspace(*nextp))
                nextp++;        /* skip leading whitespace for next */
            /* we expect another name, so done remains false */
        }
        else if (*nextp == '\0')
            done = true;
        else
            return false;       /* invalid syntax */
 
        /* Now safe to overwrite separator with a null */
        *endp = '\0';
 
        /* Truncate name if it's overlength */
        truncate_identifier(curname, strlen(curname), false);
 
        /*
         * Finished isolating current name --- add it to list
         */
        *namelist = lappend(*namelist, curname);
 
        /* Loop back if we didn't reach end of string */
    } while (!done);
 
    return true;
}
 
 
/*
 * SplitDirectoriesString --- parse a string containing file/directory names
 *
 * This works fine on file names too; the function name is historical.
 *
 * This is similar to SplitIdentifierString, except that the parsing
 * rules are meant to handle pathnames instead of identifiers: there is
 * no downcasing, embedded spaces are allowed, the max length is MAXPGPATH-1,
 * and we apply canonicalize_path() to each extracted string.  Because of the
 * last, the returned strings are separately palloc'd rather than being
 * pointers into rawstring --- but we still scribble on rawstring.
 *
 * Inputs:
 *  rawstring: the input string; must be modifiable!
 *  separator: the separator punctuation expected between directories
 *             (typically ',' or ';').  Whitespace may also appear around
 *             directories.
 * Outputs:
 *  namelist: filled with a palloc'd list of directory names.
 *            Caller should list_free_deep() this even on error return.
 *
 * Returns true if okay, false if there is a syntax error in the string.
 *
 * Note that an empty string is considered okay here.
 */
bool
SplitDirectoriesString(char *rawstring, char separator,
                       List **namelist)
{
    char       *nextp = rawstring;
    bool        done = false;
 
    *namelist = NIL;
 
    while (scanner_isspace(*nextp))
        nextp++;                /* skip leading whitespace */
 
    if (*nextp == '\0')
        return true;            /* allow empty string */
 
    /* At the top of the loop, we are at start of a new directory. */
    do
    {
        char       *curname;
        char       *endp;
 
        if (*nextp == '"')
        {
            /* Quoted name --- collapse quote-quote pairs */
            curname = nextp + 1;
            for (;;)
            {
                endp = strchr(nextp + 1, '"');
                if (endp == NULL)
                    return false;   /* mismatched quotes */
                if (endp[1] != '"')
                    break;      /* found end of quoted name */
                /* Collapse adjacent quotes into one quote, and look again */
                memmove(endp, endp + 1, strlen(endp));
                nextp = endp;
            }
            /* endp now points at the terminating quote */
            nextp = endp + 1;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Unquoted name --- extends to separator or end of string */
            curname = endp = nextp;
            while (*nextp && *nextp != separator)
            {
                /* trailing whitespace should not be included in name */
                if (!scanner_isspace(*nextp))
                    endp = nextp + 1;
                nextp++;
            }
            if (curname == endp)
                return false;   /* empty unquoted name not allowed */
        }
 
        while (scanner_isspace(*nextp))
            nextp++;            /* skip trailing whitespace */
 
        if (*nextp == separator)
        {
            nextp++;
            while (scanner_isspace(*nextp))
                nextp++;        /* skip leading whitespace for next */
            /* we expect another name, so done remains false */
        }
        else if (*nextp == '\0')
            done = true;
        else
            return false;       /* invalid syntax */
 
        /* Now safe to overwrite separator with a null */
        *endp = '\0';
 
        /* Truncate path if it's overlength */
        if (strlen(curname) >= MAXPGPATH)
            curname[MAXPGPATH - 1] = '\0';
 
        /*
         * Finished isolating current name --- add it to list
         */
        curname = pstrdup(curname);
        canonicalize_path(curname);
        *namelist = lappend(*namelist, curname);
 
        /* Loop back if we didn't reach end of string */
    } while (!done);
 
    return true;
}
 
 
/*
 * SplitGUCList --- parse a string containing identifiers or file names
 *
 * This is used to split the value of a GUC_LIST_QUOTE GUC variable, without
 * presuming whether the elements will be taken as identifiers or file names.
 * We assume the input has already been through flatten_set_variable_args(),
 * so that we need never downcase (if appropriate, that was done already).
 * Nor do we ever truncate, since we don't know the correct max length.
 * We disallow embedded whitespace for simplicity (it shouldn't matter,
 * because any embedded whitespace should have led to double-quoting).
 * Otherwise the API is identical to SplitIdentifierString.
 *
 * XXX it's annoying to have so many copies of this string-splitting logic.
 * However, it's not clear that having one function with a bunch of option
 * flags would be much better.
 *
 * XXX there is a version of this function in src/bin/pg_dump/dumputils.c.
 * Be sure to update that if you have to change this.
 *
 * Inputs:
 *  rawstring: the input string; must be overwritable!  On return, it's
 *             been modified to contain the separated identifiers.
 *  separator: the separator punctuation expected between identifiers
 *             (typically '.' or ',').  Whitespace may also appear around
 *             identifiers.
 * Outputs:
 *  namelist: filled with a palloc'd list of pointers to identifiers within
 *            rawstring.  Caller should list_free() this even on error return.
 *
 * Returns true if okay, false if there is a syntax error in the string.
 */
bool
SplitGUCList(char *rawstring, char separator,
             List **namelist)
{
    char       *nextp = rawstring;
    bool        done = false;
 
    *namelist = NIL;
 
    while (scanner_isspace(*nextp))
        nextp++;                /* skip leading whitespace */
 
    if (*nextp == '\0')
        return true;            /* allow empty string */
 
    /* At the top of the loop, we are at start of a new identifier. */
    do
    {
        char       *curname;
        char       *endp;
 
        if (*nextp == '"')
        {
            /* Quoted name --- collapse quote-quote pairs */
            curname = nextp + 1;
            for (;;)
            {
                endp = strchr(nextp + 1, '"');
                if (endp == NULL)
                    return false;   /* mismatched quotes */
                if (endp[1] != '"')
                    break;      /* found end of quoted name */
                /* Collapse adjacent quotes into one quote, and look again */
                memmove(endp, endp + 1, strlen(endp));
                nextp = endp;
            }
            /* endp now points at the terminating quote */
            nextp = endp + 1;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Unquoted name --- extends to separator or whitespace */
            curname = nextp;
            while (*nextp && *nextp != separator &&
                   !scanner_isspace(*nextp))
                nextp++;
            endp = nextp;
            if (curname == nextp)
                return false;   /* empty unquoted name not allowed */
        }
 
        while (scanner_isspace(*nextp))
            nextp++;            /* skip trailing whitespace */
 
        if (*nextp == separator)
        {
            nextp++;
            while (scanner_isspace(*nextp))
                nextp++;        /* skip leading whitespace for next */
            /* we expect another name, so done remains false */
        }
        else if (*nextp == '\0')
            done = true;
        else
            return false;       /* invalid syntax */
 
        /* Now safe to overwrite separator with a null */
        *endp = '\0';
 
        /*
         * Finished isolating current name --- add it to list
         */
        *namelist = lappend(*namelist, curname);
 
        /* Loop back if we didn't reach end of string */
    } while (!done);
 
    return true;
}
 
 
/*****************************************************************************
 *  Comparison Functions used for bytea
 *
 * Note: btree indexes need these routines not to leak memory; therefore,
 * be careful to free working copies of toasted datums.  Most places don't
 * need to be so careful.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
Datum
byteaeq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Datum       arg1 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
    Datum       arg2 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(1);
    bool        result;
    Size        len1,
                len2;
 
    /*
     * We can use a fast path for unequal lengths, which might save us from
     * having to detoast one or both values.
     */
    len1 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg1);
    len2 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg2);
    if (len1 != len2)
        result = false;
    else
    {
        bytea      *barg1 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg1);
        bytea      *barg2 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg2);
 
        result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(barg1), VARDATA_ANY(barg2),
                         len1 - VARHDRSZ) == 0);
 
        PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg1, 0);
        PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg2, 1);
    }
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
byteane(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Datum       arg1 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
    Datum       arg2 = PG_GETARG_DATUM(1);
    bool        result;
    Size        len1,
                len2;
 
    /*
     * We can use a fast path for unequal lengths, which might save us from
     * having to detoast one or both values.
     */
    len1 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg1);
    len2 = toast_raw_datum_size(arg2);
    if (len1 != len2)
        result = true;
    else
    {
        bytea      *barg1 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg1);
        bytea      *barg2 = DatumGetByteaPP(arg2);
 
        result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(barg1), VARDATA_ANY(barg2),
                         len1 - VARHDRSZ) != 0);
 
        PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg1, 0);
        PG_FREE_IF_COPY(barg2, 1);
    }
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
bytealt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    bytea      *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
    int         len1,
                len2;
    int         cmp;
 
    len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
    len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
 
    cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 < len2)));
}
 
Datum
byteale(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    bytea      *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
    int         len1,
                len2;
    int         cmp;
 
    len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
    len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
 
    cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 <= len2)));
}
 
Datum
byteagt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    bytea      *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
    int         len1,
                len2;
    int         cmp;
 
    len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
    len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
 
    cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 > len2)));
}
 
Datum
byteage(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    bytea      *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
    int         len1,
                len2;
    int         cmp;
 
    len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
    len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
 
    cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 >= len2)));
}
 
Datum
byteacmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    bytea      *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
    int         len1,
                len2;
    int         cmp;
 
    len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
    len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
 
    cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
    if ((cmp == 0) && (len1 != len2))
        cmp = (len1 < len2) ? -1 : 1;
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_INT32(cmp);
}
 
Datum
bytea_larger(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    bytea      *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
    bytea      *result;
    int         len1,
                len2;
    int         cmp;
 
    len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
    len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
 
    cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
    result = ((cmp > 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 > len2)) ? arg1 : arg2);
 
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
}
 
Datum
bytea_smaller(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
    bytea      *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(1);
    bytea      *result;
    int         len1,
                len2;
    int         cmp;
 
    len1 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg1);
    len2 = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg2);
 
    cmp = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
    result = ((cmp < 0) || ((cmp == 0) && (len1 < len2)) ? arg1 : arg2);
 
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
}
 
Datum
bytea_sortsupport(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    SortSupport ssup = (SortSupport) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
    MemoryContext oldcontext;
 
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(ssup->ssup_cxt);
 
    /* Use generic string SortSupport, forcing "C" collation */
    varstr_sortsupport(ssup, BYTEAOID, C_COLLATION_OID);
 
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 
    PG_RETURN_VOID();
}
 
/*
 * appendStringInfoText
 *
 * Append a text to str.
 * Like appendStringInfoString(str, text_to_cstring(t)) but faster.
 */
static void
appendStringInfoText(StringInfo str, const text *t)
{
    appendBinaryStringInfo(str, VARDATA_ANY(t), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(t));
}
 
/*
 * replace_text
 * replace all occurrences of 'old_sub_str' in 'orig_str'
 * with 'new_sub_str' to form 'new_str'
 *
 * returns 'orig_str' if 'old_sub_str' == '' or 'orig_str' == ''
 * otherwise returns 'new_str'
 */
Datum
replace_text(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *src_text = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *from_sub_text = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    text       *to_sub_text = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(2);
    int         src_text_len;
    int         from_sub_text_len;
    TextPositionState state;
    text       *ret_text;
    int         chunk_len;
    char       *curr_ptr;
    char       *start_ptr;
    StringInfoData str;
    bool        found;
 
    src_text_len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(src_text);
    from_sub_text_len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(from_sub_text);
 
    /* Return unmodified source string if empty source or pattern */
    if (src_text_len < 1 || from_sub_text_len < 1)
    {
        PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(src_text);
    }
 
    text_position_setup(src_text, from_sub_text, PG_GET_COLLATION(), &state);
 
    found = text_position_next(&state);
 
    /* When the from_sub_text is not found, there is nothing to do. */
    if (!found)
    {
        text_position_cleanup(&state);
        PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(src_text);
    }
    curr_ptr = text_position_get_match_ptr(&state);
    start_ptr = VARDATA_ANY(src_text);
 
    initStringInfo(&str);
 
    do
    {
        CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
 
        /* copy the data skipped over by last text_position_next() */
        chunk_len = curr_ptr - start_ptr;
        appendBinaryStringInfo(&str, start_ptr, chunk_len);
 
        appendStringInfoText(&str, to_sub_text);
 
        start_ptr = curr_ptr + from_sub_text_len;
 
        found = text_position_next(&state);
        if (found)
            curr_ptr = text_position_get_match_ptr(&state);
    }
    while (found);
 
    /* copy trailing data */
    chunk_len = ((char *) src_text + VARSIZE_ANY(src_text)) - start_ptr;
    appendBinaryStringInfo(&str, start_ptr, chunk_len);
 
    text_position_cleanup(&state);
 
    ret_text = cstring_to_text_with_len(str.data, str.len);
    pfree(str.data);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(ret_text);
}
 
/*
 * check_replace_text_has_escape
 *
 * Returns 0 if text contains no backslashes that need processing.
 * Returns 1 if text contains backslashes, but not regexp submatch specifiers.
 * Returns 2 if text contains regexp submatch specifiers (\1 .. \9).
 */
static int
check_replace_text_has_escape(const text *replace_text)
{
    int         result = 0;
    const char *p = VARDATA_ANY(replace_text);
    const char *p_end = p + VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(replace_text);
 
    while (p < p_end)
    {
        /* Find next escape char, if any. */
        p = memchr(p, '\\', p_end - p);
        if (p == NULL)
            break;
        p++;
        /* Note: a backslash at the end doesn't require extra processing. */
        if (p < p_end)
        {
            if (*p >= '1' && *p <= '9')
                return 2;       /* Found a submatch specifier, so done */
            result = 1;         /* Found some other sequence, keep looking */
            p++;
        }
    }
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * appendStringInfoRegexpSubstr
 *
 * Append replace_text to str, substituting regexp back references for
 * \n escapes.  start_ptr is the start of the match in the source string,
 * at logical character position data_pos.
 */
static void
appendStringInfoRegexpSubstr(StringInfo str, text *replace_text,
                             regmatch_t *pmatch,
                             char *start_ptr, int data_pos)
{
    const char *p = VARDATA_ANY(replace_text);
    const char *p_end = p + VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(replace_text);
 
    while (p < p_end)
    {
        const char *chunk_start = p;
        int         so;
        int         eo;
 
        /* Find next escape char, if any. */
        p = memchr(p, '\\', p_end - p);
        if (p == NULL)
            p = p_end;
 
        /* Copy the text we just scanned over, if any. */
        if (p > chunk_start)
            appendBinaryStringInfo(str, chunk_start, p - chunk_start);
 
        /* Done if at end of string, else advance over escape char. */
        if (p >= p_end)
            break;
        p++;
 
        if (p >= p_end)
        {
            /* Escape at very end of input.  Treat same as unexpected char */
            appendStringInfoChar(str, '\\');
            break;
        }
 
        if (*p >= '1' && *p <= '9')
        {
            /* Use the back reference of regexp. */
            int         idx = *p - '0';
 
            so = pmatch[idx].rm_so;
            eo = pmatch[idx].rm_eo;
            p++;
        }
        else if (*p == '&')
        {
            /* Use the entire matched string. */
            so = pmatch[0].rm_so;
            eo = pmatch[0].rm_eo;
            p++;
        }
        else if (*p == '\\')
        {
            /* \\ means transfer one \ to output. */
            appendStringInfoChar(str, '\\');
            p++;
            continue;
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * If escape char is not followed by any expected char, just treat
             * it as ordinary data to copy.  (XXX would it be better to throw
             * an error?)
             */
            appendStringInfoChar(str, '\\');
            continue;
        }
 
        if (so >= 0 && eo >= 0)
        {
            /*
             * Copy the text that is back reference of regexp.  Note so and eo
             * are counted in characters not bytes.
             */
            char       *chunk_start;
            int         chunk_len;
 
            Assert(so >= data_pos);
            chunk_start = start_ptr;
            chunk_start += charlen_to_bytelen(chunk_start, so - data_pos);
            chunk_len = charlen_to_bytelen(chunk_start, eo - so);
            appendBinaryStringInfo(str, chunk_start, chunk_len);
        }
    }
}
 
/*
 * replace_text_regexp
 *
 * replace substring(s) in src_text that match pattern with replace_text.
 * The replace_text can contain backslash markers to substitute
 * (parts of) the matched text.
 *
 * cflags: regexp compile flags.
 * collation: collation to use.
 * search_start: the character (not byte) offset in src_text at which to
 * begin searching.
 * n: if 0, replace all matches; if > 0, replace only the N'th match.
 */
text *
replace_text_regexp(text *src_text, text *pattern_text,
                    text *replace_text,
                    int cflags, Oid collation,
                    int search_start, int n)
{
    text       *ret_text;
    regex_t    *re;
    int         src_text_len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(src_text);
    int         nmatches = 0;
    StringInfoData buf;
    regmatch_t  pmatch[10];     /* main match, plus \1 to \9 */
    int         nmatch = lengthof(pmatch);
    pg_wchar   *data;
    size_t      data_len;
    int         data_pos;
    char       *start_ptr;
    int         escape_status;
 
    initStringInfo(&buf);
 
    /* Convert data string to wide characters. */
    data = (pg_wchar *) palloc((src_text_len + 1) * sizeof(pg_wchar));
    data_len = pg_mb2wchar_with_len(VARDATA_ANY(src_text), data, src_text_len);
 
    /* Check whether replace_text has escapes, especially regexp submatches. */
    escape_status = check_replace_text_has_escape(replace_text);
 
    /* If no regexp submatches, we can use REG_NOSUB. */
    if (escape_status < 2)
    {
        cflags |= REG_NOSUB;
        /* Also tell pg_regexec we only want the whole-match location. */
        nmatch = 1;
    }
 
    /* Prepare the regexp. */
    re = RE_compile_and_cache(pattern_text, cflags, collation);
 
    /* start_ptr points to the data_pos'th character of src_text */
    start_ptr = (char *) VARDATA_ANY(src_text);
    data_pos = 0;
 
    while (search_start <= data_len)
    {
        int         regexec_result;
 
        CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
 
        regexec_result = pg_regexec(re,
                                    data,
                                    data_len,
                                    search_start,
                                    NULL,   /* no details */
                                    nmatch,
                                    pmatch,
                                    0);
 
        if (regexec_result == REG_NOMATCH)
            break;
 
        if (regexec_result != REG_OKAY)
        {
            char        errMsg[100];
 
            pg_regerror(regexec_result, re, errMsg, sizeof(errMsg));
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_REGULAR_EXPRESSION),
                     errmsg("regular expression failed: %s", errMsg)));
        }
 
        /*
         * Count matches, and decide whether to replace this match.
         */
        nmatches++;
        if (n > 0 && nmatches != n)
        {
            /*
             * No, so advance search_start, but not start_ptr/data_pos. (Thus,
             * we treat the matched text as if it weren't matched, and copy it
             * to the output later.)
             */
            search_start = pmatch[0].rm_eo;
            if (pmatch[0].rm_so == pmatch[0].rm_eo)
                search_start++;
            continue;
        }
 
        /*
         * Copy the text to the left of the match position.  Note we are given
         * character not byte indexes.
         */
        if (pmatch[0].rm_so - data_pos > 0)
        {
            int         chunk_len;
 
            chunk_len = charlen_to_bytelen(start_ptr,
                                           pmatch[0].rm_so - data_pos);
            appendBinaryStringInfo(&buf, start_ptr, chunk_len);
 
            /*
             * Advance start_ptr over that text, to avoid multiple rescans of
             * it if the replace_text contains multiple back-references.
             */
            start_ptr += chunk_len;
            data_pos = pmatch[0].rm_so;
        }
 
        /*
         * Copy the replace_text, processing escapes if any are present.
         */
        if (escape_status > 0)
            appendStringInfoRegexpSubstr(&buf, replace_text, pmatch,
                                         start_ptr, data_pos);
        else
            appendStringInfoText(&buf, replace_text);
 
        /* Advance start_ptr and data_pos over the matched text. */
        start_ptr += charlen_to_bytelen(start_ptr,
                                        pmatch[0].rm_eo - data_pos);
        data_pos = pmatch[0].rm_eo;
 
        /*
         * If we only want to replace one occurrence, we're done.
         */
        if (n > 0)
            break;
 
        /*
         * Advance search position.  Normally we start the next search at the
         * end of the previous match; but if the match was of zero length, we
         * have to advance by one character, or we'd just find the same match
         * again.
         */
        search_start = data_pos;
        if (pmatch[0].rm_so == pmatch[0].rm_eo)
            search_start++;
    }
 
    /*
     * Copy the text to the right of the last match.
     */
    if (data_pos < data_len)
    {
        int         chunk_len;
 
        chunk_len = ((char *) src_text + VARSIZE_ANY(src_text)) - start_ptr;
        appendBinaryStringInfo(&buf, start_ptr, chunk_len);
    }
 
    ret_text = cstring_to_text_with_len(buf.data, buf.len);
    pfree(buf.data);
    pfree(data);
 
    return ret_text;
}
 
/*
 * split_part
 * parse input string based on provided field separator
 * return N'th item (1 based, negative counts from end)
 */
Datum
split_part(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *inputstring = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    text       *fldsep = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    int         fldnum = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
    int         inputstring_len;
    int         fldsep_len;
    TextPositionState state;
    char       *start_ptr;
    char       *end_ptr;
    text       *result_text;
    bool        found;
 
    /* field number is 1 based */
    if (fldnum == 0)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                 errmsg("field position must not be zero")));
 
    inputstring_len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(inputstring);
    fldsep_len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(fldsep);
 
    /* return empty string for empty input string */
    if (inputstring_len < 1)
        PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(""));
 
    /* handle empty field separator */
    if (fldsep_len < 1)
    {
        /* if first or last field, return input string, else empty string */
        if (fldnum == 1 || fldnum == -1)
            PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(inputstring);
        else
            PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(""));
    }
 
    /* find the first field separator */
    text_position_setup(inputstring, fldsep, PG_GET_COLLATION(), &state);
 
    found = text_position_next(&state);
 
    /* special case if fldsep not found at all */
    if (!found)
    {
        text_position_cleanup(&state);
        /* if first or last field, return input string, else empty string */
        if (fldnum == 1 || fldnum == -1)
            PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(inputstring);
        else
            PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(""));
    }
 
    /*
     * take care of a negative field number (i.e. count from the right) by
     * converting to a positive field number; we need total number of fields
     */
    if (fldnum < 0)
    {
        /* we found a fldsep, so there are at least two fields */
        int         numfields = 2;
 
        while (text_position_next(&state))
            numfields++;
 
        /* special case of last field does not require an extra pass */
        if (fldnum == -1)
        {
            start_ptr = text_position_get_match_ptr(&state) + fldsep_len;
            end_ptr = VARDATA_ANY(inputstring) + inputstring_len;
            text_position_cleanup(&state);
            PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text_with_len(start_ptr,
                                                      end_ptr - start_ptr));
        }
 
        /* else, convert fldnum to positive notation */
        fldnum += numfields + 1;
 
        /* if nonexistent field, return empty string */
        if (fldnum <= 0)
        {
            text_position_cleanup(&state);
            PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(""));
        }
 
        /* reset to pointing at first match, but now with positive fldnum */
        text_position_reset(&state);
        found = text_position_next(&state);
        Assert(found);
    }
 
    /* identify bounds of first field */
    start_ptr = VARDATA_ANY(inputstring);
    end_ptr = text_position_get_match_ptr(&state);
 
    while (found && --fldnum > 0)
    {
        /* identify bounds of next field */
        start_ptr = end_ptr + fldsep_len;
        found = text_position_next(&state);
        if (found)
            end_ptr = text_position_get_match_ptr(&state);
    }
 
    text_position_cleanup(&state);
 
    if (fldnum > 0)
    {
        /* N'th field separator not found */
        /* if last field requested, return it, else empty string */
        if (fldnum == 1)
        {
            int         last_len = start_ptr - VARDATA_ANY(inputstring);
 
            result_text = cstring_to_text_with_len(start_ptr,
                                                   inputstring_len - last_len);
        }
        else
            result_text = cstring_to_text("");
    }
    else
    {
        /* non-last field requested */
        result_text = cstring_to_text_with_len(start_ptr, end_ptr - start_ptr);
    }
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result_text);
}
 
/*
 * Convenience function to return true when two text params are equal.
 */
static bool
text_isequal(text *txt1, text *txt2, Oid collid)
{
    return DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall2Coll(texteq,
                                                collid,
                                                PointerGetDatum(txt1),
                                                PointerGetDatum(txt2)));
}
 
/*
 * text_to_array
 * parse input string and return text array of elements,
 * based on provided field separator
 */
Datum
text_to_array(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    SplitTextOutputData tstate;
 
    /* For array output, tstate should start as all zeroes */
    memset(&tstate, 0, sizeof(tstate));
 
    if (!split_text(fcinfo, &tstate))
        PG_RETURN_NULL();
 
    if (tstate.astate == NULL)
        PG_RETURN_ARRAYTYPE_P(construct_empty_array(TEXTOID));
 
    PG_RETURN_DATUM(makeArrayResult(tstate.astate,
                                    CurrentMemoryContext));
}
 
/*
 * text_to_array_null
 * parse input string and return text array of elements,
 * based on provided field separator and null string
 *
 * This is a separate entry point only to prevent the regression tests from
 * complaining about different argument sets for the same internal function.
 */
Datum
text_to_array_null(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    return text_to_array(fcinfo);
}
 
/*
 * text_to_table
 * parse input string and return table of elements,
 * based on provided field separator
 */
Datum
text_to_table(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    ReturnSetInfo *rsi = (ReturnSetInfo *) fcinfo->resultinfo;
    SplitTextOutputData tstate;
 
    tstate.astate = NULL;
    InitMaterializedSRF(fcinfo, MAT_SRF_USE_EXPECTED_DESC);
    tstate.tupstore = rsi->setResult;
    tstate.tupdesc = rsi->setDesc;
 
    (void) split_text(fcinfo, &tstate);
 
    return (Datum) 0;
}
 
/*
 * text_to_table_null
 * parse input string and return table of elements,
 * based on provided field separator and null string
 *
 * This is a separate entry point only to prevent the regression tests from
 * complaining about different argument sets for the same internal function.
 */
Datum
text_to_table_null(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    return text_to_table(fcinfo);
}
 
/*
 * Common code for text_to_array, text_to_array_null, text_to_table
 * and text_to_table_null functions.
 *
 * These are not strict so we have to test for null inputs explicitly.
 * Returns false if result is to be null, else returns true.
 *
 * Note that if the result is valid but empty (zero elements), we return
 * without changing *tstate --- caller must handle that case, too.
 */
static bool
split_text(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, SplitTextOutputData *tstate)
{
    text       *inputstring;
    text       *fldsep;
    text       *null_string;
    Oid         collation = PG_GET_COLLATION();
    int         inputstring_len;
    int         fldsep_len;
    char       *start_ptr;
    text       *result_text;
 
    /* when input string is NULL, then result is NULL too */
    if (PG_ARGISNULL(0))
        return false;
 
    inputstring = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
 
    /* fldsep can be NULL */
    if (!PG_ARGISNULL(1))
        fldsep = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
    else
        fldsep = NULL;
 
    /* null_string can be NULL or omitted */
    if (PG_NARGS() > 2 && !PG_ARGISNULL(2))
        null_string = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(2);
    else
        null_string = NULL;
 
    if (fldsep != NULL)
    {
        /*
         * Normal case with non-null fldsep.  Use the text_position machinery
         * to search for occurrences of fldsep.
         */
        TextPositionState state;
 
        inputstring_len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(inputstring);
        fldsep_len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(fldsep);
 
        /* return empty set for empty input string */
        if (inputstring_len < 1)
            return true;
 
        /* empty field separator: return input string as a one-element set */
        if (fldsep_len < 1)
        {
            split_text_accum_result(tstate, inputstring,
                                    null_string, collation);
            return true;
        }
 
        text_position_setup(inputstring, fldsep, collation, &state);
 
        start_ptr = VARDATA_ANY(inputstring);
 
        for (;;)
        {
            bool        found;
            char       *end_ptr;
            int         chunk_len;
 
            CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
 
            found = text_position_next(&state);
            if (!found)
            {
                /* fetch last field */
                chunk_len = ((char *) inputstring + VARSIZE_ANY(inputstring)) - start_ptr;
                end_ptr = NULL; /* not used, but some compilers complain */
            }
            else
            {
                /* fetch non-last field */
                end_ptr = text_position_get_match_ptr(&state);
                chunk_len = end_ptr - start_ptr;
            }
 
            /* build a temp text datum to pass to split_text_accum_result */
            result_text = cstring_to_text_with_len(start_ptr, chunk_len);
 
            /* stash away this field */
            split_text_accum_result(tstate, result_text,
                                    null_string, collation);
 
            pfree(result_text);
 
            if (!found)
                break;
 
            start_ptr = end_ptr + fldsep_len;
        }
 
        text_position_cleanup(&state);
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * When fldsep is NULL, each character in the input string becomes a
         * separate element in the result set.  The separator is effectively
         * the space between characters.
         */
        inputstring_len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(inputstring);
 
        start_ptr = VARDATA_ANY(inputstring);
 
        while (inputstring_len > 0)
        {
            int         chunk_len = pg_mblen(start_ptr);
 
            CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
 
            /* build a temp text datum to pass to split_text_accum_result */
            result_text = cstring_to_text_with_len(start_ptr, chunk_len);
 
            /* stash away this field */
            split_text_accum_result(tstate, result_text,
                                    null_string, collation);
 
            pfree(result_text);
 
            start_ptr += chunk_len;
            inputstring_len -= chunk_len;
        }
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
/*
 * Add text item to result set (table or array).
 *
 * This is also responsible for checking to see if the item matches
 * the null_string, in which case we should emit NULL instead.
 */
static void
split_text_accum_result(SplitTextOutputData *tstate,
                        text *field_value,
                        text *null_string,
                        Oid collation)
{
    bool        is_null = false;
 
    if (null_string && text_isequal(field_value, null_string, collation))
        is_null = true;
 
    if (tstate->tupstore)
    {
        Datum       values[1];
        bool        nulls[1];
 
        values[0] = PointerGetDatum(field_value);
        nulls[0] = is_null;
 
        tuplestore_putvalues(tstate->tupstore,
                             tstate->tupdesc,
                             values,
                             nulls);
    }
    else
    {
        tstate->astate = accumArrayResult(tstate->astate,
                                          PointerGetDatum(field_value),
                                          is_null,
                                          TEXTOID,
                                          CurrentMemoryContext);
    }
}
 
/*
 * array_to_text
 * concatenate Cstring representation of input array elements
 * using provided field separator
 */
Datum
array_to_text(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    ArrayType  *v = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
    char       *fldsep = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1));
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(array_to_text_internal(fcinfo, v, fldsep, NULL));
}
 
/*
 * array_to_text_null
 * concatenate Cstring representation of input array elements
 * using provided field separator and null string
 *
 * This version is not strict so we have to test for null inputs explicitly.
 */
Datum
array_to_text_null(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    ArrayType  *v;
    char       *fldsep;
    char       *null_string;
 
    /* returns NULL when first or second parameter is NULL */
    if (PG_ARGISNULL(0) || PG_ARGISNULL(1))
        PG_RETURN_NULL();
 
    v = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
    fldsep = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1));
 
    /* NULL null string is passed through as a null pointer */
    if (!PG_ARGISNULL(2))
        null_string = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(2));
    else
        null_string = NULL;
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(array_to_text_internal(fcinfo, v, fldsep, null_string));
}
 
/*
 * common code for array_to_text and array_to_text_null functions
 */
static text *
array_to_text_internal(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, ArrayType *v,
                       const char *fldsep, const char *null_string)
{
    text       *result;
    int         nitems,
               *dims,
                ndims;
    Oid         element_type;
    int         typlen;
    bool        typbyval;
    char        typalign;
    StringInfoData buf;
    bool        printed = false;
    char       *p;
    bits8      *bitmap;
    int         bitmask;
    int         i;
    ArrayMetaState *my_extra;
 
    ndims = ARR_NDIM(v);
    dims = ARR_DIMS(v);
    nitems = ArrayGetNItems(ndims, dims);
 
    /* if there are no elements, return an empty string */
    if (nitems == 0)
        return cstring_to_text_with_len("", 0);
 
    element_type = ARR_ELEMTYPE(v);
    initStringInfo(&buf);
 
    /*
     * We arrange to look up info about element type, including its output
     * conversion proc, only once per series of calls, assuming the element
     * type doesn't change underneath us.
     */
    my_extra = (ArrayMetaState *) fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra;
    if (my_extra == NULL)
    {
        fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra = MemoryContextAlloc(fcinfo->flinfo->fn_mcxt,
                                                      sizeof(ArrayMetaState));
        my_extra = (ArrayMetaState *) fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra;
        my_extra->element_type = ~element_type;
    }
 
    if (my_extra->element_type != element_type)
    {
        /*
         * Get info about element type, including its output conversion proc
         */
        get_type_io_data(element_type, IOFunc_output,
                         &my_extra->typlen, &my_extra->typbyval,
                         &my_extra->typalign, &my_extra->typdelim,
                         &my_extra->typioparam, &my_extra->typiofunc);
        fmgr_info_cxt(my_extra->typiofunc, &my_extra->proc,
                      fcinfo->flinfo->fn_mcxt);
        my_extra->element_type = element_type;
    }
    typlen = my_extra->typlen;
    typbyval = my_extra->typbyval;
    typalign = my_extra->typalign;
 
    p = ARR_DATA_PTR(v);
    bitmap = ARR_NULLBITMAP(v);
    bitmask = 1;
 
    for (i = 0; i < nitems; i++)
    {
        Datum       itemvalue;
        char       *value;
 
        /* Get source element, checking for NULL */
        if (bitmap && (*bitmap & bitmask) == 0)
        {
            /* if null_string is NULL, we just ignore null elements */
            if (null_string != NULL)
            {
                if (printed)
                    appendStringInfo(&buf, "%s%s", fldsep, null_string);
                else
                    appendStringInfoString(&buf, null_string);
                printed = true;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            itemvalue = fetch_att(p, typbyval, typlen);
 
            value = OutputFunctionCall(&my_extra->proc, itemvalue);
 
            if (printed)
                appendStringInfo(&buf, "%s%s", fldsep, value);
            else
                appendStringInfoString(&buf, value);
            printed = true;
 
            p = att_addlength_pointer(p, typlen, p);
            p = (char *) att_align_nominal(p, typalign);
        }
 
        /* advance bitmap pointer if any */
        if (bitmap)
        {
            bitmask <<= 1;
            if (bitmask == 0x100)
            {
                bitmap++;
                bitmask = 1;
            }
        }
    }
 
    result = cstring_to_text_with_len(buf.data, buf.len);
    pfree(buf.data);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * Workhorse for to_bin, to_oct, and to_hex.  Note that base must be > 1 and <=
 * 16.
 */
static inline text *
convert_to_base(uint64 value, int base)
{
    const char *digits = "0123456789abcdef";
 
    /* We size the buffer for to_bin's longest possible return value. */
    char        buf[sizeof(uint64) * BITS_PER_BYTE];
    char       *const end = buf + sizeof(buf);
    char       *ptr = end;
 
    Assert(base > 1);
    Assert(base <= 16);
 
    do
    {
        *--ptr = digits[value % base];
        value /= base;
    } while (ptr > buf && value);
 
    return cstring_to_text_with_len(ptr, end - ptr);
}
 
/*
 * Convert an integer to a string containing a base-2 (binary) representation
 * of the number.
 */
Datum
to_bin32(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    uint64      value = (uint32) PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(convert_to_base(value, 2));
}
Datum
to_bin64(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    uint64      value = (uint64) PG_GETARG_INT64(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(convert_to_base(value, 2));
}
 
/*
 * Convert an integer to a string containing a base-8 (oct) representation of
 * the number.
 */
Datum
to_oct32(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    uint64      value = (uint32) PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(convert_to_base(value, 8));
}
Datum
to_oct64(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    uint64      value = (uint64) PG_GETARG_INT64(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(convert_to_base(value, 8));
}
 
/*
 * Convert an integer to a string containing a base-16 (hex) representation of
 * the number.
 */
Datum
to_hex32(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    uint64      value = (uint32) PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(convert_to_base(value, 16));
}
Datum
to_hex64(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    uint64      value = (uint64) PG_GETARG_INT64(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(convert_to_base(value, 16));
}
 
/*
 * Return the size of a datum, possibly compressed
 *
 * Works on any data type
 */
Datum
pg_column_size(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Datum       value = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
    int32       result;
    int         typlen;
 
    /* On first call, get the input type's typlen, and save at *fn_extra */
    if (fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra == NULL)
    {
        /* Lookup the datatype of the supplied argument */
        Oid         argtypeid = get_fn_expr_argtype(fcinfo->flinfo, 0);
 
        typlen = get_typlen(argtypeid);
        if (typlen == 0)        /* should not happen */
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u", argtypeid);
 
        fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra = MemoryContextAlloc(fcinfo->flinfo->fn_mcxt,
                                                      sizeof(int));
        *((int *) fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra) = typlen;
    }
    else
        typlen = *((int *) fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra);
 
    if (typlen == -1)
    {
        /* varlena type, possibly toasted */
        result = toast_datum_size(value);
    }
    else if (typlen == -2)
    {
        /* cstring */
        result = strlen(DatumGetCString(value)) + 1;
    }
    else
    {
        /* ordinary fixed-width type */
        result = typlen;
    }
 
    PG_RETURN_INT32(result);
}
 
/*
 * Return the compression method stored in the compressed attribute.  Return
 * NULL for non varlena type or uncompressed data.
 */
Datum
pg_column_compression(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    int         typlen;
    char       *result;
    ToastCompressionId cmid;
 
    /* On first call, get the input type's typlen, and save at *fn_extra */
    if (fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra == NULL)
    {
        /* Lookup the datatype of the supplied argument */
        Oid         argtypeid = get_fn_expr_argtype(fcinfo->flinfo, 0);
 
        typlen = get_typlen(argtypeid);
        if (typlen == 0)        /* should not happen */
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u", argtypeid);
 
        fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra = MemoryContextAlloc(fcinfo->flinfo->fn_mcxt,
                                                      sizeof(int));
        *((int *) fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra) = typlen;
    }
    else
        typlen = *((int *) fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra);
 
    if (typlen != -1)
        PG_RETURN_NULL();
 
    /* get the compression method id stored in the compressed varlena */
    cmid = toast_get_compression_id((struct varlena *)
                                    DatumGetPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0)));
    if (cmid == TOAST_INVALID_COMPRESSION_ID)
        PG_RETURN_NULL();
 
    /* convert compression method id to compression method name */
    switch (cmid)
    {
        case TOAST_PGLZ_COMPRESSION_ID:
            result = "pglz";
            break;
        case TOAST_LZ4_COMPRESSION_ID:
            result = "lz4";
            break;
        default:
            elog(ERROR, "invalid compression method id %d", cmid);
    }
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(result));
}
 
/*
 * Return the chunk_id of the on-disk TOASTed value.  Return NULL if the value
 * is un-TOASTed or not on-disk.
 */
Datum
pg_column_toast_chunk_id(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    int         typlen;
    struct varlena *attr;
    struct varatt_external toast_pointer;
 
    /* On first call, get the input type's typlen, and save at *fn_extra */
    if (fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra == NULL)
    {
        /* Lookup the datatype of the supplied argument */
        Oid         argtypeid = get_fn_expr_argtype(fcinfo->flinfo, 0);
 
        typlen = get_typlen(argtypeid);
        if (typlen == 0)        /* should not happen */
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u", argtypeid);
 
        fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra = MemoryContextAlloc(fcinfo->flinfo->fn_mcxt,
                                                      sizeof(int));
        *((int *) fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra) = typlen;
    }
    else
        typlen = *((int *) fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra);
 
    if (typlen != -1)
        PG_RETURN_NULL();
 
    attr = (struct varlena *) DatumGetPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0));
 
    if (!VARATT_IS_EXTERNAL_ONDISK(attr))
        PG_RETURN_NULL();
 
    VARATT_EXTERNAL_GET_POINTER(toast_pointer, attr);
 
    PG_RETURN_OID(toast_pointer.va_valueid);
}
 
/*
 * string_agg - Concatenates values and returns string.
 *
 * Syntax: string_agg(value text, delimiter text) RETURNS text
 *
 * Note: Any NULL values are ignored. The first-call delimiter isn't
 * actually used at all, and on subsequent calls the delimiter precedes
 * the associated value.
 */
 
/* subroutine to initialize state */
static StringInfo
makeStringAggState(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo)
{
    StringInfo  state;
    MemoryContext aggcontext;
    MemoryContext oldcontext;
 
    if (!AggCheckCallContext(fcinfo, &aggcontext))
    {
        /* cannot be called directly because of internal-type argument */
        elog(ERROR, "string_agg_transfn called in non-aggregate context");
    }
 
    /*
     * Create state in aggregate context.  It'll stay there across subsequent
     * calls.
     */
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(aggcontext);
    state = makeStringInfo();
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 
    return state;
}
 
Datum
string_agg_transfn(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    StringInfo  state;
 
    state = PG_ARGISNULL(0) ? NULL : (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
 
    /* Append the value unless null, preceding it with the delimiter. */
    if (!PG_ARGISNULL(1))
    {
        text       *value = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
        bool        isfirst = false;
 
        /*
         * You might think we can just throw away the first delimiter, however
         * we must keep it as we may be a parallel worker doing partial
         * aggregation building a state to send to the main process.  We need
         * to keep the delimiter of every aggregation so that the combine
         * function can properly join up the strings of two separately
         * partially aggregated results.  The first delimiter is only stripped
         * off in the final function.  To know how much to strip off the front
         * of the string, we store the length of the first delimiter in the
         * StringInfo's cursor field, which we don't otherwise need here.
         */
        if (state == NULL)
        {
            state = makeStringAggState(fcinfo);
            isfirst = true;
        }
 
        if (!PG_ARGISNULL(2))
        {
            text       *delim = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(2);
 
            appendStringInfoText(state, delim);
            if (isfirst)
                state->cursor = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(delim);
        }
 
        appendStringInfoText(state, value);
    }
 
    /*
     * The transition type for string_agg() is declared to be "internal",
     * which is a pass-by-value type the same size as a pointer.
     */
    if (state)
        PG_RETURN_POINTER(state);
    PG_RETURN_NULL();
}
 
/*
 * string_agg_combine
 *      Aggregate combine function for string_agg(text) and string_agg(bytea)
 */
Datum
string_agg_combine(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    StringInfo  state1;
    StringInfo  state2;
    MemoryContext agg_context;
 
    if (!AggCheckCallContext(fcinfo, &agg_context))
        elog(ERROR, "aggregate function called in non-aggregate context");
 
    state1 = PG_ARGISNULL(0) ? NULL : (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
    state2 = PG_ARGISNULL(1) ? NULL : (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1);
 
    if (state2 == NULL)
    {
        /*
         * NULL state2 is easy, just return state1, which we know is already
         * in the agg_context
         */
        if (state1 == NULL)
            PG_RETURN_NULL();
        PG_RETURN_POINTER(state1);
    }
 
    if (state1 == NULL)
    {
        /* We must copy state2's data into the agg_context */
        MemoryContext old_context;
 
        old_context = MemoryContextSwitchTo(agg_context);
        state1 = makeStringAggState(fcinfo);
        appendBinaryStringInfo(state1, state2->data, state2->len);
        state1->cursor = state2->cursor;
        MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context);
    }
    else if (state2->len > 0)
    {
        /* Combine ... state1->cursor does not change in this case */
        appendBinaryStringInfo(state1, state2->data, state2->len);
    }
 
    PG_RETURN_POINTER(state1);
}
 
/*
 * string_agg_serialize
 *      Aggregate serialize function for string_agg(text) and string_agg(bytea)
 *
 * This is strict, so we need not handle NULL input
 */
Datum
string_agg_serialize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    StringInfo  state;
    StringInfoData buf;
    bytea      *result;
 
    /* cannot be called directly because of internal-type argument */
    Assert(AggCheckCallContext(fcinfo, NULL));
 
    state = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
 
    pq_begintypsend(&buf);
 
    /* cursor */
    pq_sendint(&buf, state->cursor, 4);
 
    /* data */
    pq_sendbytes(&buf, state->data, state->len);
 
    result = pq_endtypsend(&buf);
 
    PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(result);
}
 
/*
 * string_agg_deserialize
 *      Aggregate deserial function for string_agg(text) and string_agg(bytea)
 *
 * This is strict, so we need not handle NULL input
 */
Datum
string_agg_deserialize(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    bytea      *sstate;
    StringInfo  result;
    StringInfoData buf;
    char       *data;
    int         datalen;
 
    /* cannot be called directly because of internal-type argument */
    Assert(AggCheckCallContext(fcinfo, NULL));
 
    sstate = PG_GETARG_BYTEA_PP(0);
 
    /*
     * Initialize a StringInfo so that we can "receive" it using the standard
     * recv-function infrastructure.
     */
    initReadOnlyStringInfo(&buf, VARDATA_ANY(sstate),
                           VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(sstate));
 
    result = makeStringAggState(fcinfo);
 
    /* cursor */
    result->cursor = pq_getmsgint(&buf, 4);
 
    /* data */
    datalen = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(sstate) - 4;
    data = (char *) pq_getmsgbytes(&buf, datalen);
    appendBinaryStringInfo(result, data, datalen);
 
    pq_getmsgend(&buf);
 
    PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
}
 
Datum
string_agg_finalfn(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    StringInfo  state;
 
    /* cannot be called directly because of internal-type argument */
    Assert(AggCheckCallContext(fcinfo, NULL));
 
    state = PG_ARGISNULL(0) ? NULL : (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
 
    if (state != NULL)
    {
        /* As per comment in transfn, strip data before the cursor position */
        PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text_with_len(&state->data[state->cursor],
                                                  state->len - state->cursor));
    }
    else
        PG_RETURN_NULL();
}
 
/*
 * Prepare cache with fmgr info for the output functions of the datatypes of
 * the arguments of a concat-like function, beginning with argument "argidx".
 * (Arguments before that will have corresponding slots in the resulting
 * FmgrInfo array, but we don't fill those slots.)
 */
static FmgrInfo *
build_concat_foutcache(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, int argidx)
{
    FmgrInfo   *foutcache;
    int         i;
 
    /* We keep the info in fn_mcxt so it survives across calls */
    foutcache = (FmgrInfo *) MemoryContextAlloc(fcinfo->flinfo->fn_mcxt,
                                                PG_NARGS() * sizeof(FmgrInfo));
 
    for (i = argidx; i < PG_NARGS(); i++)
    {
        Oid         valtype;
        Oid         typOutput;
        bool        typIsVarlena;
 
        valtype = get_fn_expr_argtype(fcinfo->flinfo, i);
        if (!OidIsValid(valtype))
            elog(ERROR, "could not determine data type of concat() input");
 
        getTypeOutputInfo(valtype, &typOutput, &typIsVarlena);
        fmgr_info_cxt(typOutput, &foutcache[i], fcinfo->flinfo->fn_mcxt);
    }
 
    fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra = foutcache;
 
    return foutcache;
}
 
/*
 * Implementation of both concat() and concat_ws().
 *
 * sepstr is the separator string to place between values.
 * argidx identifies the first argument to concatenate (counting from zero);
 * note that this must be constant across any one series of calls.
 *
 * Returns NULL if result should be NULL, else text value.
 */
static text *
concat_internal(const char *sepstr, int argidx,
                FunctionCallInfo fcinfo)
{
    text       *result;
    StringInfoData str;
    FmgrInfo   *foutcache;
    bool        first_arg = true;
    int         i;
 
    /*
     * concat(VARIADIC some-array) is essentially equivalent to
     * array_to_text(), ie concat the array elements with the given separator.
     * So we just pass the case off to that code.
     */
    if (get_fn_expr_variadic(fcinfo->flinfo))
    {
        ArrayType  *arr;
 
        /* Should have just the one argument */
        Assert(argidx == PG_NARGS() - 1);
 
        /* concat(VARIADIC NULL) is defined as NULL */
        if (PG_ARGISNULL(argidx))
            return NULL;
 
        /*
         * Non-null argument had better be an array.  We assume that any call
         * context that could let get_fn_expr_variadic return true will have
         * checked that a VARIADIC-labeled parameter actually is an array.  So
         * it should be okay to just Assert that it's an array rather than
         * doing a full-fledged error check.
         */
        Assert(OidIsValid(get_base_element_type(get_fn_expr_argtype(fcinfo->flinfo, argidx))));
 
        /* OK, safe to fetch the array value */
        arr = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(argidx);
 
        /*
         * And serialize the array.  We tell array_to_text to ignore null
         * elements, which matches the behavior of the loop below.
         */
        return array_to_text_internal(fcinfo, arr, sepstr, NULL);
    }
 
    /* Normal case without explicit VARIADIC marker */
    initStringInfo(&str);
 
    /* Get output function info, building it if first time through */
    foutcache = (FmgrInfo *) fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra;
    if (foutcache == NULL)
        foutcache = build_concat_foutcache(fcinfo, argidx);
 
    for (i = argidx; i < PG_NARGS(); i++)
    {
        if (!PG_ARGISNULL(i))
        {
            Datum       value = PG_GETARG_DATUM(i);
 
            /* add separator if appropriate */
            if (first_arg)
                first_arg = false;
            else
                appendStringInfoString(&str, sepstr);
 
            /* call the appropriate type output function, append the result */
            appendStringInfoString(&str,
                                   OutputFunctionCall(&foutcache[i], value));
        }
    }
 
    result = cstring_to_text_with_len(str.data, str.len);
    pfree(str.data);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * Concatenate all arguments. NULL arguments are ignored.
 */
Datum
text_concat(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *result;
 
    result = concat_internal("", 0, fcinfo);
    if (result == NULL)
        PG_RETURN_NULL();
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}
 
/*
 * Concatenate all but first argument value with separators. The first
 * parameter is used as the separator. NULL arguments are ignored.
 */
Datum
text_concat_ws(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    char       *sep;
    text       *result;
 
    /* return NULL when separator is NULL */
    if (PG_ARGISNULL(0))
        PG_RETURN_NULL();
    sep = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
 
    result = concat_internal(sep, 1, fcinfo);
    if (result == NULL)
        PG_RETURN_NULL();
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}
 
/*
 * Return first n characters in the string. When n is negative,
 * return all but last |n| characters.
 */
Datum
text_left(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    int         n = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
 
    if (n < 0)
    {
        text       *str = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
        const char *p = VARDATA_ANY(str);
        int         len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(str);
        int         rlen;
 
        n = pg_mbstrlen_with_len(p, len) + n;
        rlen = pg_mbcharcliplen(p, len, n);
        PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text_with_len(p, rlen));
    }
    else
        PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(text_substring(PG_GETARG_DATUM(0), 1, n, false));
}
 
/*
 * Return last n characters in the string. When n is negative,
 * return all but first |n| characters.
 */
Datum
text_right(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *str = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    const char *p = VARDATA_ANY(str);
    int         len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(str);
    int         n = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
    int         off;
 
    if (n < 0)
        n = -n;
    else
        n = pg_mbstrlen_with_len(p, len) - n;
    off = pg_mbcharcliplen(p, len, n);
 
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text_with_len(p + off, len - off));
}
 
/*
 * Return reversed string
 */
Datum
text_reverse(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    text       *str = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
    const char *p = VARDATA_ANY(str);
    int         len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(str);
    const char *endp = p + len;
    text       *result;
    char       *dst;
 
    result = palloc(len + VARHDRSZ);
    dst = (char *) VARDATA(result) +