varchar.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * varchar.c
 *    Functions for the built-in types char(n) and varchar(n).
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/utils/adt/varchar.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include "access/detoast.h"
#include "access/htup_details.h"
#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "common/hashfn.h"
#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
#include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "nodes/supportnodes.h"
#include "utils/array.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/pg_locale.h"
#include "utils/varlena.h"
 
/* common code for bpchartypmodin and varchartypmodin */
static int32
anychar_typmodin(ArrayType *ta, const char *typename)
{
    int32       typmod;
    int32      *tl;
    int         n;
 
    tl = ArrayGetIntegerTypmods(ta, &n);
 
    /*
     * we're not too tense about good error message here because grammar
     * shouldn't allow wrong number of modifiers for CHAR
     */
    if (n != 1)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                 errmsg("invalid type modifier")));
 
    if (*tl < 1)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                 errmsg("length for type %s must be at least 1", typename)));
    if (*tl > MaxAttrSize)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                 errmsg("length for type %s cannot exceed %d",
                        typename, MaxAttrSize)));
 
    /*
     * For largely historical reasons, the typmod is VARHDRSZ plus the number
     * of characters; there is enough client-side code that knows about that
     * that we'd better not change it.
     */
    typmod = VARHDRSZ + *tl;
 
    return typmod;
}
 
/* common code for bpchartypmodout and varchartypmodout */
static char *
anychar_typmodout(int32 typmod)
{
    char       *res = (char *) palloc(64);
 
    if (typmod > VARHDRSZ)
        snprintf(res, 64, "(%d)", (int) (typmod - VARHDRSZ));
    else
        *res = '\0';
 
    return res;
}
 
 
/*
 * CHAR() and VARCHAR() types are part of the SQL standard. CHAR()
 * is for blank-padded string whose length is specified in CREATE TABLE.
 * VARCHAR is for storing string whose length is at most the length specified
 * at CREATE TABLE time.
 *
 * It's hard to implement these types because we cannot figure out
 * the length of the type from the type itself. I changed (hopefully all) the
 * fmgr calls that invoke input functions of a data type to supply the
 * length also. (eg. in INSERTs, we have the tupleDescriptor which contains
 * the length of the attributes and hence the exact length of the char() or
 * varchar(). We pass this to bpcharin() or varcharin().) In the case where
 * we cannot determine the length, we pass in -1 instead and the input
 * converter does not enforce any length check.
 *
 * We actually implement this as a varlena so that we don't have to pass in
 * the length for the comparison functions. (The difference between these
 * types and "text" is that we truncate and possibly blank-pad the string
 * at insertion time.)
 *
 *                                                            - ay 6/95
 */
 
 
/*****************************************************************************
 *   bpchar - char()                                                         *
 *****************************************************************************/
 
/*
 * bpchar_input -- common guts of bpcharin and bpcharrecv
 *
 * s is the input text of length len (may not be null-terminated)
 * atttypmod is the typmod value to apply
 *
 * Note that atttypmod is measured in characters, which
 * is not necessarily the same as the number of bytes.
 *
 * If the input string is too long, raise an error, unless the extra
 * characters are spaces, in which case they're truncated.  (per SQL)
 *
 * If escontext points to an ErrorSaveContext node, that is filled instead
 * of throwing an error; the caller must check SOFT_ERROR_OCCURRED()
 * to detect errors.
 */
static BpChar *
bpchar_input(const char *s, size_t len, int32 atttypmod, Node *escontext)
{
    BpChar     *result;
    char       *r;
    size_t      maxlen;
 
    /* If typmod is -1 (or invalid), use the actual string length */
    if (atttypmod < (int32) VARHDRSZ)
        maxlen = len;
    else
    {
        size_t      charlen;    /* number of CHARACTERS in the input */
 
        maxlen = atttypmod - VARHDRSZ;
        charlen = pg_mbstrlen_with_len(s, len);
        if (charlen > maxlen)
        {
            /* Verify that extra characters are spaces, and clip them off */
            size_t      mbmaxlen = pg_mbcharcliplen(s, len, maxlen);
            size_t      j;
 
            /*
             * at this point, len is the actual BYTE length of the input
             * string, maxlen is the max number of CHARACTERS allowed for this
             * bpchar type, mbmaxlen is the length in BYTES of those chars.
             */
            for (j = mbmaxlen; j < len; j++)
            {
                if (s[j] != ' ')
                    ereturn(escontext, NULL,
                            (errcode(ERRCODE_STRING_DATA_RIGHT_TRUNCATION),
                             errmsg("value too long for type character(%zu)",
                                    maxlen)));
            }
 
            /*
             * Now we set maxlen to the necessary byte length, not the number
             * of CHARACTERS!
             */
            maxlen = len = mbmaxlen;
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * Now we set maxlen to the necessary byte length, not the number
             * of CHARACTERS!
             */
            maxlen = len + (maxlen - charlen);
        }
    }
 
    result = (BpChar *) palloc(maxlen + VARHDRSZ);
    SET_VARSIZE(result, maxlen + VARHDRSZ);
    r = VARDATA(result);
    memcpy(r, s, len);
 
    /* blank pad the string if necessary */
    if (maxlen > len)
        memset(r + len, ' ', maxlen - len);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * Convert a C string to CHARACTER internal representation.  atttypmod
 * is the declared length of the type plus VARHDRSZ.
 */
Datum
bpcharin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    char       *s = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
#ifdef NOT_USED
    Oid         typelem = PG_GETARG_OID(1);
#endif
    int32       atttypmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
    BpChar     *result;
 
    result = bpchar_input(s, strlen(s), atttypmod, fcinfo->context);
    PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P(result);
}
 
 
/*
 * Convert a CHARACTER value to a C string.
 *
 * Uses the text conversion functions, which is only appropriate if BpChar
 * and text are equivalent types.
 */
Datum
bpcharout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Datum       txt = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_CSTRING(TextDatumGetCString(txt));
}
 
/*
 *      bpcharrecv          - converts external binary format to bpchar
 */
Datum
bpcharrecv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    StringInfo  buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
#ifdef NOT_USED
    Oid         typelem = PG_GETARG_OID(1);
#endif
    int32       atttypmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
    BpChar     *result;
    char       *str;
    int         nbytes;
 
    str = pq_getmsgtext(buf, buf->len - buf->cursor, &nbytes);
    result = bpchar_input(str, nbytes, atttypmod, NULL);
    pfree(str);
    PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P(result);
}
 
/*
 *      bpcharsend          - converts bpchar to binary format
 */
Datum
bpcharsend(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    /* Exactly the same as textsend, so share code */
    return textsend(fcinfo);
}
 
 
/*
 * Converts a CHARACTER type to the specified size.
 *
 * maxlen is the typmod, ie, declared length plus VARHDRSZ bytes.
 * isExplicit is true if this is for an explicit cast to char(N).
 *
 * Truncation rules: for an explicit cast, silently truncate to the given
 * length; for an implicit cast, raise error unless extra characters are
 * all spaces.  (This is sort-of per SQL: the spec would actually have us
 * raise a "completion condition" for the explicit cast case, but Postgres
 * hasn't got such a concept.)
 */
Datum
bpchar(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *source = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    int32       maxlen = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
    bool        isExplicit = PG_GETARG_BOOL(2);
    BpChar     *result;
    int32       len;
    char       *r;
    char       *s;
    int         i;
    int         charlen;        /* number of characters in the input string +
                                 * VARHDRSZ */
 
    /* No work if typmod is invalid */
    if (maxlen < (int32) VARHDRSZ)
        PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P(source);
 
    maxlen -= VARHDRSZ;
 
    len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(source);
    s = VARDATA_ANY(source);
 
    charlen = pg_mbstrlen_with_len(s, len);
 
    /* No work if supplied data matches typmod already */
    if (charlen == maxlen)
        PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P(source);
 
    if (charlen > maxlen)
    {
        /* Verify that extra characters are spaces, and clip them off */
        size_t      maxmblen;
 
        maxmblen = pg_mbcharcliplen(s, len, maxlen);
 
        if (!isExplicit)
        {
            for (i = maxmblen; i < len; i++)
                if (s[i] != ' ')
                    ereturn(fcinfo->context, (Datum) 0,
                            (errcode(ERRCODE_STRING_DATA_RIGHT_TRUNCATION),
                             errmsg("value too long for type character(%d)",
                                    maxlen)));
        }
 
        len = maxmblen;
 
        /*
         * At this point, maxlen is the necessary byte length, not the number
         * of CHARACTERS!
         */
        maxlen = len;
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * At this point, maxlen is the necessary byte length, not the number
         * of CHARACTERS!
         */
        maxlen = len + (maxlen - charlen);
    }
 
    Assert(maxlen >= len);
 
    result = palloc(maxlen + VARHDRSZ);
    SET_VARSIZE(result, maxlen + VARHDRSZ);
    r = VARDATA(result);
 
    memcpy(r, s, len);
 
    /* blank pad the string if necessary */
    if (maxlen > len)
        memset(r + len, ' ', maxlen - len);
 
    PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P(result);
}
 
 
/*
 * char_bpchar()
 * Convert char to bpchar(1).
 */
Datum
char_bpchar(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    char        c = PG_GETARG_CHAR(0);
    BpChar     *result;
 
    result = (BpChar *) palloc(VARHDRSZ + 1);
 
    SET_VARSIZE(result, VARHDRSZ + 1);
    *(VARDATA(result)) = c;
 
    PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P(result);
}
 
 
/*
 * bpchar_name()
 * Converts a bpchar() type to a NameData type.
 */
Datum
bpchar_name(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *s = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    char       *s_data;
    Name        result;
    int         len;
 
    len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(s);
    s_data = VARDATA_ANY(s);
 
    /* Truncate oversize input */
    if (len >= NAMEDATALEN)
        len = pg_mbcliplen(s_data, len, NAMEDATALEN - 1);
 
    /* Remove trailing blanks */
    while (len > 0)
    {
        if (s_data[len - 1] != ' ')
            break;
        len--;
    }
 
    /* We use palloc0 here to ensure result is zero-padded */
    result = (Name) palloc0(NAMEDATALEN);
    memcpy(NameStr(*result), s_data, len);
 
    PG_RETURN_NAME(result);
}
 
/*
 * name_bpchar()
 * Converts a NameData type to a bpchar type.
 *
 * Uses the text conversion functions, which is only appropriate if BpChar
 * and text are equivalent types.
 */
Datum
name_bpchar(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Name        s = PG_GETARG_NAME(0);
    BpChar     *result;
 
    result = (BpChar *) cstring_to_text(NameStr(*s));
    PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P(result);
}
 
Datum
bpchartypmodin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    ArrayType  *ta = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_INT32(anychar_typmodin(ta, "char"));
}
 
Datum
bpchartypmodout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    int32       typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_CSTRING(anychar_typmodout(typmod));
}
 
 
/*****************************************************************************
 *   varchar - varchar(n)
 *
 * Note: varchar piggybacks on type text for most operations, and so has no
 * C-coded functions except for I/O and typmod checking.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
/*
 * varchar_input -- common guts of varcharin and varcharrecv
 *
 * s is the input text of length len (may not be null-terminated)
 * atttypmod is the typmod value to apply
 *
 * Note that atttypmod is measured in characters, which
 * is not necessarily the same as the number of bytes.
 *
 * If the input string is too long, raise an error, unless the extra
 * characters are spaces, in which case they're truncated.  (per SQL)
 *
 * If escontext points to an ErrorSaveContext node, that is filled instead
 * of throwing an error; the caller must check SOFT_ERROR_OCCURRED()
 * to detect errors.
 */
static VarChar *
varchar_input(const char *s, size_t len, int32 atttypmod, Node *escontext)
{
    VarChar    *result;
    size_t      maxlen;
 
    maxlen = atttypmod - VARHDRSZ;
 
    if (atttypmod >= (int32) VARHDRSZ && len > maxlen)
    {
        /* Verify that extra characters are spaces, and clip them off */
        size_t      mbmaxlen = pg_mbcharcliplen(s, len, maxlen);
        size_t      j;
 
        for (j = mbmaxlen; j < len; j++)
        {
            if (s[j] != ' ')
                ereturn(escontext, NULL,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_STRING_DATA_RIGHT_TRUNCATION),
                         errmsg("value too long for type character varying(%zu)",
                                maxlen)));
        }
 
        len = mbmaxlen;
    }
 
    /*
     * We can use cstring_to_text_with_len because VarChar and text are
     * binary-compatible types.
     */
    result = (VarChar *) cstring_to_text_with_len(s, len);
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * Convert a C string to VARCHAR internal representation.  atttypmod
 * is the declared length of the type plus VARHDRSZ.
 */
Datum
varcharin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    char       *s = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
#ifdef NOT_USED
    Oid         typelem = PG_GETARG_OID(1);
#endif
    int32       atttypmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
    VarChar    *result;
 
    result = varchar_input(s, strlen(s), atttypmod, fcinfo->context);
    PG_RETURN_VARCHAR_P(result);
}
 
 
/*
 * Convert a VARCHAR value to a C string.
 *
 * Uses the text to C string conversion function, which is only appropriate
 * if VarChar and text are equivalent types.
 */
Datum
varcharout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Datum       txt = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_CSTRING(TextDatumGetCString(txt));
}
 
/*
 *      varcharrecv         - converts external binary format to varchar
 */
Datum
varcharrecv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    StringInfo  buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
#ifdef NOT_USED
    Oid         typelem = PG_GETARG_OID(1);
#endif
    int32       atttypmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(2);
    VarChar    *result;
    char       *str;
    int         nbytes;
 
    str = pq_getmsgtext(buf, buf->len - buf->cursor, &nbytes);
    result = varchar_input(str, nbytes, atttypmod, NULL);
    pfree(str);
    PG_RETURN_VARCHAR_P(result);
}
 
/*
 *      varcharsend         - converts varchar to binary format
 */
Datum
varcharsend(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    /* Exactly the same as textsend, so share code */
    return textsend(fcinfo);
}
 
 
/*
 * varchar_support()
 *
 * Planner support function for the varchar() length coercion function.
 *
 * Currently, the only interesting thing we can do is flatten calls that set
 * the new maximum length >= the previous maximum length.  We can ignore the
 * isExplicit argument, since that only affects truncation cases.
 */
Datum
varchar_support(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Node       *rawreq = (Node *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
    Node       *ret = NULL;
 
    if (IsA(rawreq, SupportRequestSimplify))
    {
        SupportRequestSimplify *req = (SupportRequestSimplify *) rawreq;
        FuncExpr   *expr = req->fcall;
        Node       *typmod;
 
        Assert(list_length(expr->args) >= 2);
 
        typmod = (Node *) lsecond(expr->args);
 
        if (IsA(typmod, Const) && !((Const *) typmod)->constisnull)
        {
            Node       *source = (Node *) linitial(expr->args);
            int32       old_typmod = exprTypmod(source);
            int32       new_typmod = DatumGetInt32(((Const *) typmod)->constvalue);
            int32       old_max = old_typmod - VARHDRSZ;
            int32       new_max = new_typmod - VARHDRSZ;
 
            if (new_typmod < 0 || (old_typmod >= 0 && old_max <= new_max))
                ret = relabel_to_typmod(source, new_typmod);
        }
    }
 
    PG_RETURN_POINTER(ret);
}
 
/*
 * Converts a VARCHAR type to the specified size.
 *
 * maxlen is the typmod, ie, declared length plus VARHDRSZ bytes.
 * isExplicit is true if this is for an explicit cast to varchar(N).
 *
 * Truncation rules: for an explicit cast, silently truncate to the given
 * length; for an implicit cast, raise error unless extra characters are
 * all spaces.  (This is sort-of per SQL: the spec would actually have us
 * raise a "completion condition" for the explicit cast case, but Postgres
 * hasn't got such a concept.)
 */
Datum
varchar(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    VarChar    *source = PG_GETARG_VARCHAR_PP(0);
    int32       typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
    bool        isExplicit = PG_GETARG_BOOL(2);
    int32       len,
                maxlen;
    size_t      maxmblen;
    int         i;
    char       *s_data;
 
    len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(source);
    s_data = VARDATA_ANY(source);
    maxlen = typmod - VARHDRSZ;
 
    /* No work if typmod is invalid or supplied data fits it already */
    if (maxlen < 0 || len <= maxlen)
        PG_RETURN_VARCHAR_P(source);
 
    /* only reach here if string is too long... */
 
    /* truncate multibyte string preserving multibyte boundary */
    maxmblen = pg_mbcharcliplen(s_data, len, maxlen);
 
    if (!isExplicit)
    {
        for (i = maxmblen; i < len; i++)
            if (s_data[i] != ' ')
                ereturn(fcinfo->context, (Datum) 0,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_STRING_DATA_RIGHT_TRUNCATION),
                         errmsg("value too long for type character varying(%d)",
                                maxlen)));
    }
 
    PG_RETURN_VARCHAR_P((VarChar *) cstring_to_text_with_len(s_data,
                                                             maxmblen));
}
 
Datum
varchartypmodin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    ArrayType  *ta = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_INT32(anychar_typmodin(ta, "varchar"));
}
 
Datum
varchartypmodout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    int32       typmod = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
 
    PG_RETURN_CSTRING(anychar_typmodout(typmod));
}
 
 
/*****************************************************************************
 * Exported functions
 *****************************************************************************/
 
/* "True" length (not counting trailing blanks) of a BpChar */
static inline int
bcTruelen(BpChar *arg)
{
    return bpchartruelen(VARDATA_ANY(arg), VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(arg));
}
 
int
bpchartruelen(char *s, int len)
{
    int         i;
 
    /*
     * Note that we rely on the assumption that ' ' is a singleton unit on
     * every supported multibyte server encoding.
     */
    for (i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--)
    {
        if (s[i] != ' ')
            break;
    }
    return i + 1;
}
 
Datum
bpcharlen(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    int         len;
 
    /* get number of bytes, ignoring trailing spaces */
    len = bcTruelen(arg);
 
    /* in multibyte encoding, convert to number of characters */
    if (pg_database_encoding_max_length() != 1)
        len = pg_mbstrlen_with_len(VARDATA_ANY(arg), len);
 
    PG_RETURN_INT32(len);
}
 
Datum
bpcharoctetlen(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    Datum       arg = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
 
    /* We need not detoast the input at all */
    PG_RETURN_INT32(toast_raw_datum_size(arg) - VARHDRSZ);
}
 
 
/*****************************************************************************
 *  Comparison Functions used for bpchar
 *
 * Note: btree indexes need these routines not to leak memory; therefore,
 * be careful to free working copies of toasted datums.  Most places don't
 * need to be so careful.
 *****************************************************************************/
 
static void
check_collation_set(Oid collid)
{
    if (!OidIsValid(collid))
    {
        /*
         * This typically means that the parser could not resolve a conflict
         * of implicit collations, so report it that way.
         */
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INDETERMINATE_COLLATION),
                 errmsg("could not determine which collation to use for string comparison"),
                 errhint("Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.")));
    }
}
 
Datum
bpchareq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    BpChar     *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
    int         len1,
                len2;
    bool        result;
    Oid         collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
    pg_locale_t mylocale;
 
    check_collation_set(collid);
 
    len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
    len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);
 
    mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
 
    if (mylocale->deterministic)
    {
        /*
         * Since we only care about equality or not-equality, we can avoid all
         * the expense of strcoll() here, and just do bitwise comparison.
         */
        if (len1 != len2)
            result = false;
        else
            result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len1) == 0);
    }
    else
    {
        result = (varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
                             collid) == 0);
    }
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
bpcharne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    BpChar     *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
    int         len1,
                len2;
    bool        result;
    Oid         collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
    pg_locale_t mylocale;
 
    check_collation_set(collid);
 
    len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
    len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);
 
    mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
 
    if (mylocale->deterministic)
    {
        /*
         * Since we only care about equality or not-equality, we can avoid all
         * the expense of strcoll() here, and just do bitwise comparison.
         */
        if (len1 != len2)
            result = true;
        else
            result = (memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len1) != 0);
    }
    else
    {
        result = (varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
                             collid) != 0);
    }
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
}
 
Datum
bpcharlt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    BpChar     *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
    int         len1,
                len2;
    int         cmp;
 
    len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
    len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);
 
    cmp = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
                     PG_GET_COLLATION());
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(cmp < 0);
}
 
Datum
bpcharle(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    BpChar     *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
    int         len1,
                len2;
    int         cmp;
 
    len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
    len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);
 
    cmp = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
                     PG_GET_COLLATION());
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(cmp <= 0);
}
 
Datum
bpchargt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    BpChar     *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
    int         len1,
                len2;
    int         cmp;
 
    len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
    len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);
 
    cmp = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
                     PG_GET_COLLATION());
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(cmp > 0);
}
 
Datum
bpcharge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    BpChar     *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
    int         len1,
                len2;
    int         cmp;
 
    len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
    len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);
 
    cmp = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
                     PG_GET_COLLATION());
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(cmp >= 0);
}
 
Datum
bpcharcmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    BpChar     *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
    int         len1,
                len2;
    int         cmp;
 
    len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
    len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);
 
    cmp = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
                     PG_GET_COLLATION());
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_INT32(cmp);
}
 
Datum
bpchar_sortsupport(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    SortSupport ssup = (SortSupport) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
    Oid         collid = ssup->ssup_collation;
    MemoryContext oldcontext;
 
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(ssup->ssup_cxt);
 
    /* Use generic string SortSupport */
    varstr_sortsupport(ssup, BPCHAROID, collid);
 
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 
    PG_RETURN_VOID();
}
 
Datum
bpchar_larger(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    BpChar     *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
    int         len1,
                len2;
    int         cmp;
 
    len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
    len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);
 
    cmp = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
                     PG_GET_COLLATION());
 
    PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P((cmp >= 0) ? arg1 : arg2);
}
 
Datum
bpchar_smaller(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    BpChar     *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
    int         len1,
                len2;
    int         cmp;
 
    len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
    len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);
 
    cmp = varstr_cmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), len1, VARDATA_ANY(arg2), len2,
                     PG_GET_COLLATION());
 
    PG_RETURN_BPCHAR_P((cmp <= 0) ? arg1 : arg2);
}
 
 
/*
 * bpchar needs a specialized hash function because we want to ignore
 * trailing blanks in comparisons.
 */
Datum
hashbpchar(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *key = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    Oid         collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
    char       *keydata;
    int         keylen;
    pg_locale_t mylocale;
    Datum       result;
 
    if (!collid)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INDETERMINATE_COLLATION),
                 errmsg("could not determine which collation to use for string hashing"),
                 errhint("Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.")));
 
    keydata = VARDATA_ANY(key);
    keylen = bcTruelen(key);
 
    mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
 
    if (mylocale->deterministic)
    {
        result = hash_any((unsigned char *) keydata, keylen);
    }
    else
    {
        Size        bsize,
                    rsize;
        char       *buf;
 
        bsize = pg_strnxfrm(NULL, 0, keydata, keylen, mylocale);
        buf = palloc(bsize + 1);
 
        rsize = pg_strnxfrm(buf, bsize + 1, keydata, keylen, mylocale);
 
        /* the second call may return a smaller value than the first */
        if (rsize > bsize)
            elog(ERROR, "pg_strnxfrm() returned unexpected result");
 
        /*
         * In principle, there's no reason to include the terminating NUL
         * character in the hash, but it was done before and the behavior must
         * be preserved.
         */
        result = hash_any((uint8_t *) buf, bsize + 1);
 
        pfree(buf);
    }
 
    /* Avoid leaking memory for toasted inputs */
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(key, 0);
 
    return result;
}
 
Datum
hashbpcharextended(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *key = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    Oid         collid = PG_GET_COLLATION();
    char       *keydata;
    int         keylen;
    pg_locale_t mylocale;
    Datum       result;
 
    if (!collid)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INDETERMINATE_COLLATION),
                 errmsg("could not determine which collation to use for string hashing"),
                 errhint("Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.")));
 
    keydata = VARDATA_ANY(key);
    keylen = bcTruelen(key);
 
    mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
 
    if (mylocale->deterministic)
    {
        result = hash_any_extended((unsigned char *) keydata, keylen,
                                   PG_GETARG_INT64(1));
    }
    else
    {
        Size        bsize,
                    rsize;
        char       *buf;
 
        bsize = pg_strnxfrm(NULL, 0, keydata, keylen, mylocale);
        buf = palloc(bsize + 1);
 
        rsize = pg_strnxfrm(buf, bsize + 1, keydata, keylen, mylocale);
 
        /* the second call may return a smaller value than the first */
        if (rsize > bsize)
            elog(ERROR, "pg_strnxfrm() returned unexpected result");
 
        /*
         * In principle, there's no reason to include the terminating NUL
         * character in the hash, but it was done before and the behavior must
         * be preserved.
         */
        result = hash_any_extended((uint8_t *) buf, bsize + 1,
                                   PG_GETARG_INT64(1));
 
        pfree(buf);
    }
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(key, 0);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * The following operators support character-by-character comparison
 * of bpchar datums, to allow building indexes suitable for LIKE clauses.
 * Note that the regular bpchareq/bpcharne comparison operators, and
 * regular support functions 1 and 2 with "C" collation are assumed to be
 * compatible with these!
 */
 
static int
internal_bpchar_pattern_compare(BpChar *arg1, BpChar *arg2)
{
    int         result;
    int         len1,
                len2;
 
    len1 = bcTruelen(arg1);
    len2 = bcTruelen(arg2);
 
    result = memcmp(VARDATA_ANY(arg1), VARDATA_ANY(arg2), Min(len1, len2));
    if (result != 0)
        return result;
    else if (len1 < len2)
        return -1;
    else if (len1 > len2)
        return 1;
    else
        return 0;
}
 
 
Datum
bpchar_pattern_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    BpChar     *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
    int         result;
 
    result = internal_bpchar_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result < 0);
}
 
 
Datum
bpchar_pattern_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    BpChar     *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
    int         result;
 
    result = internal_bpchar_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result <= 0);
}
 
 
Datum
bpchar_pattern_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    BpChar     *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
    int         result;
 
    result = internal_bpchar_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result >= 0);
}
 
 
Datum
bpchar_pattern_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    BpChar     *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
    int         result;
 
    result = internal_bpchar_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_BOOL(result > 0);
}
 
 
Datum
btbpchar_pattern_cmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    BpChar     *arg1 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(0);
    BpChar     *arg2 = PG_GETARG_BPCHAR_PP(1);
    int         result;
 
    result = internal_bpchar_pattern_compare(arg1, arg2);
 
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg1, 0);
    PG_FREE_IF_COPY(arg2, 1);
 
    PG_RETURN_INT32(result);
}
 
 
Datum
btbpchar_pattern_sortsupport(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    SortSupport ssup = (SortSupport) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
    MemoryContext oldcontext;
 
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(ssup->ssup_cxt);
 
    /* Use generic string SortSupport, forcing "C" collation */
    varstr_sortsupport(ssup, BPCHAROID, C_COLLATION_OID);
 
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 
    PG_RETURN_VOID();
}