smgr.c

Go to the documentation of this file.

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * smgr.c
 *    public interface routines to storage manager switch.
 *
 *    All file system operations in POSTGRES dispatch through these
 *    routines.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2021, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/storage/smgr/smgr.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include "access/xlog.h"
#include "lib/ilist.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "storage/ipc.h"
#include "storage/md.h"
#include "storage/smgr.h"
#include "utils/hsearch.h"
#include "utils/inval.h"


/*
 * This struct of function pointers defines the API between smgr.c and
 * any individual storage manager module.  Note that smgr subfunctions are
 * generally expected to report problems via elog(ERROR).  An exception is
 * that smgr_unlink should use elog(WARNING), rather than erroring out,
 * because we normally unlink relations during post-commit/abort cleanup,
 * and so it's too late to raise an error.  Also, various conditions that
 * would normally be errors should be allowed during bootstrap and/or WAL
 * recovery --- see comments in md.c for details.
 */
typedef struct f_smgr
{
    void        (*smgr_init) (void);    /* may be NULL */
    void        (*smgr_shutdown) (void);    /* may be NULL */
    void        (*smgr_open) (SMgrRelation reln);
    void        (*smgr_close) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
    void        (*smgr_create) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
                                bool isRedo);
    bool        (*smgr_exists) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
    void        (*smgr_unlink) (RelFileNodeBackend rnode, ForkNumber forknum,
                                bool isRedo);
    void        (*smgr_extend) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
                                BlockNumber blocknum, char *buffer, bool skipFsync);
    bool        (*smgr_prefetch) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
                                  BlockNumber blocknum);
    void        (*smgr_read) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
                              BlockNumber blocknum, char *buffer);
    void        (*smgr_write) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
                               BlockNumber blocknum, char *buffer, bool skipFsync);
    void        (*smgr_writeback) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
                                   BlockNumber blocknum, BlockNumber nblocks);
    BlockNumber (*smgr_nblocks) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
    void        (*smgr_truncate) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
                                  BlockNumber nblocks);
    void        (*smgr_immedsync) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
} f_smgr;

static const f_smgr smgrsw[] = {
    /* magnetic disk */
    {
        .smgr_init = mdinit,
        .smgr_shutdown = NULL,
        .smgr_open = mdopen,
        .smgr_close = mdclose,
        .smgr_create = mdcreate,
        .smgr_exists = mdexists,
        .smgr_unlink = mdunlink,
        .smgr_extend = mdextend,
        .smgr_prefetch = mdprefetch,
        .smgr_read = mdread,
        .smgr_write = mdwrite,
        .smgr_writeback = mdwriteback,
        .smgr_nblocks = mdnblocks,
        .smgr_truncate = mdtruncate,
        .smgr_immedsync = mdimmedsync,
    }
};

static const int NSmgr = lengthof(smgrsw);

/*
 * Each backend has a hashtable that stores all extant SMgrRelation objects.
 * In addition, "unowned" SMgrRelation objects are chained together in a list.
 */
static HTAB *SMgrRelationHash = NULL;

static dlist_head unowned_relns;

/* local function prototypes */
static void smgrshutdown(int code, Datum arg);


/*
 *  smgrinit(), smgrshutdown() -- Initialize or shut down storage
 *                                managers.
 *
 * Note: smgrinit is called during backend startup (normal or standalone
 * case), *not* during postmaster start.  Therefore, any resources created
 * here or destroyed in smgrshutdown are backend-local.
 */
void
smgrinit(void)
{
    int         i;

    for (i = 0; i < NSmgr; i++)
    {
        if (smgrsw[i].smgr_init)
            smgrsw[i].smgr_init();
    }

    /* register the shutdown proc */
    on_proc_exit(smgrshutdown, 0);
}

/*
 * on_proc_exit hook for smgr cleanup during backend shutdown
 */
static void
smgrshutdown(int code, Datum arg)
{
    int         i;

    for (i = 0; i < NSmgr; i++)
    {
        if (smgrsw[i].smgr_shutdown)
            smgrsw[i].smgr_shutdown();
    }
}

/*
 *  smgropen() -- Return an SMgrRelation object, creating it if need be.
 *
 *      This does not attempt to actually open the underlying file.
 */
SMgrRelation
smgropen(RelFileNode rnode, BackendId backend)
{
    RelFileNodeBackend brnode;
    SMgrRelation reln;
    bool        found;

    if (SMgrRelationHash == NULL)
    {
        /* First time through: initialize the hash table */
        HASHCTL     ctl;

        ctl.keysize = sizeof(RelFileNodeBackend);
        ctl.entrysize = sizeof(SMgrRelationData);
        SMgrRelationHash = hash_create("smgr relation table", 400,
                                       &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
        dlist_init(&unowned_relns);
    }

    /* Look up or create an entry */
    brnode.node = rnode;
    brnode.backend = backend;
    reln = (SMgrRelation) hash_search(SMgrRelationHash,
                                      (void *) &brnode,
                                      HASH_ENTER, &found);

    /* Initialize it if not present before */
    if (!found)
    {
        /* hash_search already filled in the lookup key */
        reln->smgr_owner = NULL;
        reln->smgr_targblock = InvalidBlockNumber;
        for (int i = 0; i <= MAX_FORKNUM; ++i)
            reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[i] = InvalidBlockNumber;
        reln->smgr_which = 0;   /* we only have md.c at present */

        /* implementation-specific initialization */
        smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_open(reln);

        /* it has no owner yet */
        dlist_push_tail(&unowned_relns, &reln->node);
    }

    return reln;
}

/*
 * smgrsetowner() -- Establish a long-lived reference to an SMgrRelation object
 *
 * There can be only one owner at a time; this is sufficient since currently
 * the only such owners exist in the relcache.
 */
void
smgrsetowner(SMgrRelation *owner, SMgrRelation reln)
{
    /* We don't support "disowning" an SMgrRelation here, use smgrclearowner */
    Assert(owner != NULL);

    /*
     * First, unhook any old owner.  (Normally there shouldn't be any, but it
     * seems possible that this can happen during swap_relation_files()
     * depending on the order of processing.  It's ok to close the old
     * relcache entry early in that case.)
     *
     * If there isn't an old owner, then the reln should be in the unowned
     * list, and we need to remove it.
     */
    if (reln->smgr_owner)
        *(reln->smgr_owner) = NULL;
    else
        dlist_delete(&reln->node);

    /* Now establish the ownership relationship. */
    reln->smgr_owner = owner;
    *owner = reln;
}

/*
 * smgrclearowner() -- Remove long-lived reference to an SMgrRelation object
 *                     if one exists
 */
void
smgrclearowner(SMgrRelation *owner, SMgrRelation reln)
{
    /* Do nothing if the SMgrRelation object is not owned by the owner */
    if (reln->smgr_owner != owner)
        return;

    /* unset the owner's reference */
    *owner = NULL;

    /* unset our reference to the owner */
    reln->smgr_owner = NULL;

    /* add to list of unowned relations */
    dlist_push_tail(&unowned_relns, &reln->node);
}

/*
 *  smgrexists() -- Does the underlying file for a fork exist?
 */
bool
smgrexists(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum)
{
    return smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_exists(reln, forknum);
}

/*
 *  smgrclose() -- Close and delete an SMgrRelation object.
 */
void
smgrclose(SMgrRelation reln)
{
    SMgrRelation *owner;
    ForkNumber  forknum;

    for (forknum = 0; forknum <= MAX_FORKNUM; forknum++)
        smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_close(reln, forknum);

    owner = reln->smgr_owner;

    if (!owner)
        dlist_delete(&reln->node);

    if (hash_search(SMgrRelationHash,
                    (void *) &(reln->smgr_rnode),
                    HASH_REMOVE, NULL) == NULL)
        elog(ERROR, "SMgrRelation hashtable corrupted");

    /*
     * Unhook the owner pointer, if any.  We do this last since in the remote
     * possibility of failure above, the SMgrRelation object will still exist.
     */
    if (owner)
        *owner = NULL;
}

/*
 *  smgrcloseall() -- Close all existing SMgrRelation objects.
 */
void
smgrcloseall(void)
{
    HASH_SEQ_STATUS status;
    SMgrRelation reln;

    /* Nothing to do if hashtable not set up */
    if (SMgrRelationHash == NULL)
        return;

    hash_seq_init(&status, SMgrRelationHash);

    while ((reln = (SMgrRelation) hash_seq_search(&status)) != NULL)
        smgrclose(reln);
}

/*
 *  smgrclosenode() -- Close SMgrRelation object for given RelFileNode,
 *                     if one exists.
 *
 * This has the same effects as smgrclose(smgropen(rnode)), but it avoids
 * uselessly creating a hashtable entry only to drop it again when no
 * such entry exists already.
 */
void
smgrclosenode(RelFileNodeBackend rnode)
{
    SMgrRelation reln;

    /* Nothing to do if hashtable not set up */
    if (SMgrRelationHash == NULL)
        return;

    reln = (SMgrRelation) hash_search(SMgrRelationHash,
                                      (void *) &rnode,
                                      HASH_FIND, NULL);
    if (reln != NULL)
        smgrclose(reln);
}

/*
 *  smgrcreate() -- Create a new relation.
 *
 *      Given an already-created (but presumably unused) SMgrRelation,
 *      cause the underlying disk file or other storage for the fork
 *      to be created.
 */
void
smgrcreate(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, bool isRedo)
{
    smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_create(reln, forknum, isRedo);
}

/*
 *  smgrdosyncall() -- Immediately sync all forks of all given relations
 *
 *      All forks of all given relations are synced out to the store.
 *
 *      This is equivalent to FlushRelationBuffers() for each smgr relation,
 *      then calling smgrimmedsync() for all forks of each relation, but it's
 *      significantly quicker so should be preferred when possible.
 */
void
smgrdosyncall(SMgrRelation *rels, int nrels)
{
    int         i = 0;
    ForkNumber  forknum;

    if (nrels == 0)
        return;

    FlushRelationsAllBuffers(rels, nrels);

    /*
     * Sync the physical file(s).
     */
    for (i = 0; i < nrels; i++)
    {
        int         which = rels[i]->smgr_which;

        for (forknum = 0; forknum <= MAX_FORKNUM; forknum++)
        {
            if (smgrsw[which].smgr_exists(rels[i], forknum))
                smgrsw[which].smgr_immedsync(rels[i], forknum);
        }
    }
}

/*
 *  smgrdounlinkall() -- Immediately unlink all forks of all given relations
 *
 *      All forks of all given relations are removed from the store.  This
 *      should not be used during transactional operations, since it can't be
 *      undone.
 *
 *      If isRedo is true, it is okay for the underlying file(s) to be gone
 *      already.
 */
void
smgrdounlinkall(SMgrRelation *rels, int nrels, bool isRedo)
{
    int         i = 0;
    RelFileNodeBackend *rnodes;
    ForkNumber  forknum;

    if (nrels == 0)
        return;

    /*
     * Get rid of any remaining buffers for the relations.  bufmgr will just
     * drop them without bothering to write the contents.
     */
    DropRelFileNodesAllBuffers(rels, nrels);

    /*
     * create an array which contains all relations to be dropped, and close
     * each relation's forks at the smgr level while at it
     */
    rnodes = palloc(sizeof(RelFileNodeBackend) * nrels);
    for (i = 0; i < nrels; i++)
    {
        RelFileNodeBackend rnode = rels[i]->smgr_rnode;
        int         which = rels[i]->smgr_which;

        rnodes[i] = rnode;

        /* Close the forks at smgr level */
        for (forknum = 0; forknum <= MAX_FORKNUM; forknum++)
            smgrsw[which].smgr_close(rels[i], forknum);
    }

    /*
     * It'd be nice to tell the stats collector to forget them immediately,
     * too. But we can't because we don't know the OIDs.
     */

    /*
     * Send a shared-inval message to force other backends to close any
     * dangling smgr references they may have for these rels.  We should do
     * this before starting the actual unlinking, in case we fail partway
     * through that step.  Note that the sinval messages will eventually come
     * back to this backend, too, and thereby provide a backstop that we
     * closed our own smgr rel.
     */
    for (i = 0; i < nrels; i++)
        CacheInvalidateSmgr(rnodes[i]);

    /*
     * Delete the physical file(s).
     *
     * Note: smgr_unlink must treat deletion failure as a WARNING, not an
     * ERROR, because we've already decided to commit or abort the current
     * xact.
     */

    for (i = 0; i < nrels; i++)
    {
        int         which = rels[i]->smgr_which;

        for (forknum = 0; forknum <= MAX_FORKNUM; forknum++)
            smgrsw[which].smgr_unlink(rnodes[i], forknum, isRedo);
    }

    pfree(rnodes);
}


/*
 *  smgrextend() -- Add a new block to a file.
 *
 *      The semantics are nearly the same as smgrwrite(): write at the
 *      specified position.  However, this is to be used for the case of
 *      extending a relation (i.e., blocknum is at or beyond the current
 *      EOF).  Note that we assume writing a block beyond current EOF
 *      causes intervening file space to become filled with zeroes.
 */
void
smgrextend(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum,
           char *buffer, bool skipFsync)
{
    smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_extend(reln, forknum, blocknum,
                                         buffer, skipFsync);

    /*
     * Normally we expect this to increase nblocks by one, but if the cached
     * value isn't as expected, just invalidate it so the next call asks the
     * kernel.
     */
    if (reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum] == blocknum)
        reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum] = blocknum + 1;
    else
        reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum] = InvalidBlockNumber;
}

/*
 *  smgrprefetch() -- Initiate asynchronous read of the specified block of a relation.
 *
 *      In recovery only, this can return false to indicate that a file
 *      doesn't exist (presumably it has been dropped by a later WAL
 *      record).
 */
bool
smgrprefetch(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum)
{
    return smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_prefetch(reln, forknum, blocknum);
}

/*
 *  smgrread() -- read a particular block from a relation into the supplied
 *                buffer.
 *
 *      This routine is called from the buffer manager in order to
 *      instantiate pages in the shared buffer cache.  All storage managers
 *      return pages in the format that POSTGRES expects.
 */
void
smgrread(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum,
         char *buffer)
{
    smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_read(reln, forknum, blocknum, buffer);
}

/*
 *  smgrwrite() -- Write the supplied buffer out.
 *
 *      This is to be used only for updating already-existing blocks of a
 *      relation (ie, those before the current EOF).  To extend a relation,
 *      use smgrextend().
 *
 *      This is not a synchronous write -- the block is not necessarily
 *      on disk at return, only dumped out to the kernel.  However,
 *      provisions will be made to fsync the write before the next checkpoint.
 *
 *      skipFsync indicates that the caller will make other provisions to
 *      fsync the relation, so we needn't bother.  Temporary relations also
 *      do not require fsync.
 */
void
smgrwrite(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum,
          char *buffer, bool skipFsync)
{
    smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_write(reln, forknum, blocknum,
                                        buffer, skipFsync);
}


/*
 *  smgrwriteback() -- Trigger kernel writeback for the supplied range of
 *                     blocks.
 */
void
smgrwriteback(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum,
              BlockNumber nblocks)
{
    smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_writeback(reln, forknum, blocknum,
                                            nblocks);
}

/*
 *  smgrnblocks() -- Calculate the number of blocks in the
 *                   supplied relation.
 */
BlockNumber
smgrnblocks(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum)
{
    BlockNumber result;

    /* Check and return if we get the cached value for the number of blocks. */
    result = smgrnblocks_cached(reln, forknum);
    if (result != InvalidBlockNumber)
        return result;

    result = smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_nblocks(reln, forknum);

    reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum] = result;

    return result;
}

/*
 *  smgrnblocks_cached() -- Get the cached number of blocks in the supplied
 *                          relation.
 *
 * Returns an InvalidBlockNumber when not in recovery and when the relation
 * fork size is not cached.
 */
BlockNumber
smgrnblocks_cached(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum)
{
    /*
     * For now, we only use cached values in recovery due to lack of a shared
     * invalidation mechanism for changes in file size.
     */
    if (InRecovery && reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum] != InvalidBlockNumber)
        return reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum];

    return InvalidBlockNumber;
}

/*
 *  smgrtruncate() -- Truncate the given forks of supplied relation to
 *                    each specified numbers of blocks
 *
 * The truncation is done immediately, so this can't be rolled back.
 *
 * The caller must hold AccessExclusiveLock on the relation, to ensure that
 * other backends receive the smgr invalidation event that this function sends
 * before they access any forks of the relation again.
 */
void
smgrtruncate(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber *forknum, int nforks, BlockNumber *nblocks)
{
    int         i;

    /*
     * Get rid of any buffers for the about-to-be-deleted blocks. bufmgr will
     * just drop them without bothering to write the contents.
     */
    DropRelFileNodeBuffers(reln, forknum, nforks, nblocks);

    /*
     * Send a shared-inval message to force other backends to close any smgr
     * references they may have for this rel.  This is useful because they
     * might have open file pointers to segments that got removed, and/or
     * smgr_targblock variables pointing past the new rel end.  (The inval
     * message will come back to our backend, too, causing a
     * probably-unnecessary local smgr flush.  But we don't expect that this
     * is a performance-critical path.)  As in the unlink code, we want to be
     * sure the message is sent before we start changing things on-disk.
     */
    CacheInvalidateSmgr(reln->smgr_rnode);

    /* Do the truncation */
    for (i = 0; i < nforks; i++)
    {
        /* Make the cached size is invalid if we encounter an error. */
        reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum[i]] = InvalidBlockNumber;

        smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_truncate(reln, forknum[i], nblocks[i]);

        /*
         * We might as well update the local smgr_cached_nblocks values. The
         * smgr cache inval message that this function sent will cause other
         * backends to invalidate their copies of smgr_fsm_nblocks and
         * smgr_vm_nblocks, and these ones too at the next command boundary.
         * But these ensure they aren't outright wrong until then.
         */
        reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum[i]] = nblocks[i];
    }
}

/*
 *  smgrimmedsync() -- Force the specified relation to stable storage.
 *
 *      Synchronously force all previous writes to the specified relation
 *      down to disk.
 *
 *      This is useful for building completely new relations (eg, new
 *      indexes).  Instead of incrementally WAL-logging the index build
 *      steps, we can just write completed index pages to disk with smgrwrite
 *      or smgrextend, and then fsync the completed index file before
 *      committing the transaction.  (This is sufficient for purposes of
 *      crash recovery, since it effectively duplicates forcing a checkpoint
 *      for the completed index.  But it is *not* sufficient if one wishes
 *      to use the WAL log for PITR or replication purposes: in that case
 *      we have to make WAL entries as well.)
 *
 *      The preceding writes should specify skipFsync = true to avoid
 *      duplicative fsyncs.
 *
 *      Note that you need to do FlushRelationBuffers() first if there is
 *      any possibility that there are dirty buffers for the relation;
 *      otherwise the sync is not very meaningful.
 */
void
smgrimmedsync(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum)
{
    smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_immedsync(reln, forknum);
}

/*
 * AtEOXact_SMgr
 *
 * This routine is called during transaction commit or abort (it doesn't
 * particularly care which).  All transient SMgrRelation objects are closed.
 *
 * We do this as a compromise between wanting transient SMgrRelations to
 * live awhile (to amortize the costs of blind writes of multiple blocks)
 * and needing them to not live forever (since we're probably holding open
 * a kernel file descriptor for the underlying file, and we need to ensure
 * that gets closed reasonably soon if the file gets deleted).
 */
void
AtEOXact_SMgr(void)
{
    dlist_mutable_iter iter;

    /*
     * Zap all unowned SMgrRelations.  We rely on smgrclose() to remove each
     * one from the list.
     */
    dlist_foreach_modify(iter, &unowned_relns)
    {
        SMgrRelation rel = dlist_container(SMgrRelationData, node,
                                           iter.cur);

        Assert(rel->smgr_owner == NULL);

        smgrclose(rel);
    }
}