dshash.c

Go to the documentation of this file.

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * dshash.c
 *    Concurrent hash tables backed by dynamic shared memory areas.
 *
 * This is an open hashing hash table, with a linked list at each table
 * entry.  It supports dynamic resizing, as required to prevent the linked
 * lists from growing too long on average.  Currently, only growing is
 * supported: the hash table never becomes smaller.
 *
 * To deal with concurrency, it has a fixed size set of partitions, each of
 * which is independently locked.  Each bucket maps to a partition; so insert,
 * find and iterate operations normally only acquire one lock.  Therefore,
 * good concurrency is achieved whenever such operations don't collide at the
 * lock partition level.  However, when a resize operation begins, all
 * partition locks must be acquired simultaneously for a brief period.  This
 * is only expected to happen a small number of times until a stable size is
 * found, since growth is geometric.
 *
 * Future versions may support iterators and incremental resizing; for now
 * the implementation is minimalist.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2021, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/lib/dshash.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#include "postgres.h"

#include "common/hashfn.h"
#include "lib/dshash.h"
#include "storage/ipc.h"
#include "storage/lwlock.h"
#include "utils/dsa.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"

/*
 * An item in the hash table.  This wraps the user's entry object in an
 * envelop that holds a pointer back to the bucket and a pointer to the next
 * item in the bucket.
 */
struct dshash_table_item
{
    /* The next item in the same bucket. */
    dsa_pointer next;
    /* The hashed key, to avoid having to recompute it. */
    dshash_hash hash;
    /* The user's entry object follows here.  See ENTRY_FROM_ITEM(item). */
};

/*
 * The number of partitions for locking purposes.  This is set to match
 * NUM_BUFFER_PARTITIONS for now, on the basis that whatever's good enough for
 * the buffer pool must be good enough for any other purpose.  This could
 * become a runtime parameter in future.
 */
#define DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS_LOG2 7
#define DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS (1 << DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS_LOG2)

/* A magic value used to identify our hash tables. */
#define DSHASH_MAGIC 0x75ff6a20

/*
 * Tracking information for each lock partition.  Initially, each partition
 * corresponds to one bucket, but each time the hash table grows, the buckets
 * covered by each partition split so the number of buckets covered doubles.
 *
 * We might want to add padding here so that each partition is on a different
 * cache line, but doing so would bloat this structure considerably.
 */
typedef struct dshash_partition
{
    LWLock      lock;           /* Protects all buckets in this partition. */
    size_t      count;          /* # of items in this partition's buckets */
} dshash_partition;

/*
 * The head object for a hash table.  This will be stored in dynamic shared
 * memory.
 */
typedef struct dshash_table_control
{
    dshash_table_handle handle;
    uint32      magic;
    dshash_partition partitions[DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS];
    int         lwlock_tranche_id;

    /*
     * The following members are written to only when ALL partitions locks are
     * held.  They can be read when any one partition lock is held.
     */

    /* Number of buckets expressed as power of 2 (8 = 256 buckets). */
    size_t      size_log2;      /* log2(number of buckets) */
    dsa_pointer buckets;        /* current bucket array */
} dshash_table_control;

/*
 * Per-backend state for a dynamic hash table.
 */
struct dshash_table
{
    dsa_area   *area;           /* Backing dynamic shared memory area. */
    dshash_parameters params;   /* Parameters. */
    void       *arg;            /* User-supplied data pointer. */
    dshash_table_control *control;  /* Control object in DSM. */
    dsa_pointer *buckets;       /* Current bucket pointers in DSM. */
    size_t      size_log2;      /* log2(number of buckets) */
    bool        find_locked;    /* Is any partition lock held by 'find'? */
    bool        find_exclusively_locked;    /* ... exclusively? */
};

/* Given a pointer to an item, find the entry (user data) it holds. */
#define ENTRY_FROM_ITEM(item) \
    ((char *)(item) + MAXALIGN(sizeof(dshash_table_item)))

/* Given a pointer to an entry, find the item that holds it. */
#define ITEM_FROM_ENTRY(entry)                                          \
    ((dshash_table_item *)((char *)(entry) -                            \
                             MAXALIGN(sizeof(dshash_table_item))))

/* How many resize operations (bucket splits) have there been? */
#define NUM_SPLITS(size_log2)                   \
    (size_log2 - DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS_LOG2)

/* How many buckets are there in each partition at a given size? */
#define BUCKETS_PER_PARTITION(size_log2)        \
    (((size_t) 1) << NUM_SPLITS(size_log2))

/* Max entries before we need to grow.  Half + quarter = 75% load factor. */
#define MAX_COUNT_PER_PARTITION(hash_table)             \
    (BUCKETS_PER_PARTITION(hash_table->size_log2) / 2 + \
     BUCKETS_PER_PARTITION(hash_table->size_log2) / 4)

/* Choose partition based on the highest order bits of the hash. */
#define PARTITION_FOR_HASH(hash)                                        \
    (hash >> ((sizeof(dshash_hash) * CHAR_BIT) - DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS_LOG2))

/*
 * Find the bucket index for a given hash and table size.  Each time the table
 * doubles in size, the appropriate bucket for a given hash value doubles and
 * possibly adds one, depending on the newly revealed bit, so that all buckets
 * are split.
 */
#define BUCKET_INDEX_FOR_HASH_AND_SIZE(hash, size_log2)     \
    (hash >> ((sizeof(dshash_hash) * CHAR_BIT) - (size_log2)))

/* The index of the first bucket in a given partition. */
#define BUCKET_INDEX_FOR_PARTITION(partition, size_log2)    \
    ((partition) << NUM_SPLITS(size_log2))

/* The head of the active bucket for a given hash value (lvalue). */
#define BUCKET_FOR_HASH(hash_table, hash)                               \
    (hash_table->buckets[                                               \
        BUCKET_INDEX_FOR_HASH_AND_SIZE(hash,                            \
                                       hash_table->size_log2)])

static void delete_item(dshash_table *hash_table,
                        dshash_table_item *item);
static void resize(dshash_table *hash_table, size_t new_size);
static inline void ensure_valid_bucket_pointers(dshash_table *hash_table);
static inline dshash_table_item *find_in_bucket(dshash_table *hash_table,
                                                const void *key,
                                                dsa_pointer item_pointer);
static void insert_item_into_bucket(dshash_table *hash_table,
                                    dsa_pointer item_pointer,
                                    dshash_table_item *item,
                                    dsa_pointer *bucket);
static dshash_table_item *insert_into_bucket(dshash_table *hash_table,
                                             const void *key,
                                             dsa_pointer *bucket);
static bool delete_key_from_bucket(dshash_table *hash_table,
                                   const void *key,
                                   dsa_pointer *bucket_head);
static bool delete_item_from_bucket(dshash_table *hash_table,
                                    dshash_table_item *item,
                                    dsa_pointer *bucket_head);
static inline dshash_hash hash_key(dshash_table *hash_table, const void *key);
static inline bool equal_keys(dshash_table *hash_table,
                              const void *a, const void *b);

#define PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, i)           \
    (&(hash_table)->control->partitions[(i)].lock)

/*
 * Create a new hash table backed by the given dynamic shared area, with the
 * given parameters.  The returned object is allocated in backend-local memory
 * using the current MemoryContext.  'arg' will be passed through to the
 * compare and hash functions.
 */
dshash_table *
dshash_create(dsa_area *area, const dshash_parameters *params, void *arg)
{
    dshash_table *hash_table;
    dsa_pointer control;

    /* Allocate the backend-local object representing the hash table. */
    hash_table = palloc(sizeof(dshash_table));

    /* Allocate the control object in shared memory. */
    control = dsa_allocate(area, sizeof(dshash_table_control));

    /* Set up the local and shared hash table structs. */
    hash_table->area = area;
    hash_table->params = *params;
    hash_table->arg = arg;
    hash_table->control = dsa_get_address(area, control);
    hash_table->control->handle = control;
    hash_table->control->magic = DSHASH_MAGIC;
    hash_table->control->lwlock_tranche_id = params->tranche_id;

    /* Set up the array of lock partitions. */
    {
        dshash_partition *partitions = hash_table->control->partitions;
        int         tranche_id = hash_table->control->lwlock_tranche_id;
        int         i;

        for (i = 0; i < DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS; ++i)
        {
            LWLockInitialize(&partitions[i].lock, tranche_id);
            partitions[i].count = 0;
        }
    }

    hash_table->find_locked = false;
    hash_table->find_exclusively_locked = false;

    /*
     * Set up the initial array of buckets.  Our initial size is the same as
     * the number of partitions.
     */
    hash_table->control->size_log2 = DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS_LOG2;
    hash_table->control->buckets =
        dsa_allocate_extended(area,
                              sizeof(dsa_pointer) * DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS,
                              DSA_ALLOC_NO_OOM | DSA_ALLOC_ZERO);
    if (!DsaPointerIsValid(hash_table->control->buckets))
    {
        dsa_free(area, control);
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
                 errmsg("out of memory"),
                 errdetail("Failed on DSA request of size %zu.",
                           sizeof(dsa_pointer) * DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS)));
    }
    hash_table->buckets = dsa_get_address(area,
                                          hash_table->control->buckets);
    hash_table->size_log2 = hash_table->control->size_log2;

    return hash_table;
}

/*
 * Attach to an existing hash table using a handle.  The returned object is
 * allocated in backend-local memory using the current MemoryContext.  'arg'
 * will be passed through to the compare and hash functions.
 */
dshash_table *
dshash_attach(dsa_area *area, const dshash_parameters *params,
              dshash_table_handle handle, void *arg)
{
    dshash_table *hash_table;
    dsa_pointer control;

    /* Allocate the backend-local object representing the hash table. */
    hash_table = palloc(sizeof(dshash_table));

    /* Find the control object in shared memory. */
    control = handle;

    /* Set up the local hash table struct. */
    hash_table->area = area;
    hash_table->params = *params;
    hash_table->arg = arg;
    hash_table->control = dsa_get_address(area, control);
    hash_table->find_locked = false;
    hash_table->find_exclusively_locked = false;
    Assert(hash_table->control->magic == DSHASH_MAGIC);

    /*
     * These will later be set to the correct values by
     * ensure_valid_bucket_pointers(), at which time we'll be holding a
     * partition lock for interlocking against concurrent resizing.
     */
    hash_table->buckets = NULL;
    hash_table->size_log2 = 0;

    return hash_table;
}

/*
 * Detach from a hash table.  This frees backend-local resources associated
 * with the hash table, but the hash table will continue to exist until it is
 * either explicitly destroyed (by a backend that is still attached to it), or
 * the area that backs it is returned to the operating system.
 */
void
dshash_detach(dshash_table *hash_table)
{
    Assert(!hash_table->find_locked);

    /* The hash table may have been destroyed.  Just free local memory. */
    pfree(hash_table);
}

/*
 * Destroy a hash table, returning all memory to the area.  The caller must be
 * certain that no other backend will attempt to access the hash table before
 * calling this function.  Other backend must explicitly call dshash_detach to
 * free up backend-local memory associated with the hash table.  The backend
 * that calls dshash_destroy must not call dshash_detach.
 */
void
dshash_destroy(dshash_table *hash_table)
{
    size_t      size;
    size_t      i;

    Assert(hash_table->control->magic == DSHASH_MAGIC);
    ensure_valid_bucket_pointers(hash_table);

    /* Free all the entries. */
    size = ((size_t) 1) << hash_table->size_log2;
    for (i = 0; i < size; ++i)
    {
        dsa_pointer item_pointer = hash_table->buckets[i];

        while (DsaPointerIsValid(item_pointer))
        {
            dshash_table_item *item;
            dsa_pointer next_item_pointer;

            item = dsa_get_address(hash_table->area, item_pointer);
            next_item_pointer = item->next;
            dsa_free(hash_table->area, item_pointer);
            item_pointer = next_item_pointer;
        }
    }

    /*
     * Vandalize the control block to help catch programming errors where
     * other backends access the memory formerly occupied by this hash table.
     */
    hash_table->control->magic = 0;

    /* Free the active table and control object. */
    dsa_free(hash_table->area, hash_table->control->buckets);
    dsa_free(hash_table->area, hash_table->control->handle);

    pfree(hash_table);
}

/*
 * Get a handle that can be used by other processes to attach to this hash
 * table.
 */
dshash_table_handle
dshash_get_hash_table_handle(dshash_table *hash_table)
{
    Assert(hash_table->control->magic == DSHASH_MAGIC);

    return hash_table->control->handle;
}

/*
 * Look up an entry, given a key.  Returns a pointer to an entry if one can be
 * found with the given key.  Returns NULL if the key is not found.  If a
 * non-NULL value is returned, the entry is locked and must be released by
 * calling dshash_release_lock.  If an error is raised before
 * dshash_release_lock is called, the lock will be released automatically, but
 * the caller must take care to ensure that the entry is not left corrupted.
 * The lock mode is either shared or exclusive depending on 'exclusive'.
 *
 * The caller must not lock a lock already.
 *
 * Note that the lock held is in fact an LWLock, so interrupts will be held on
 * return from this function, and not resumed until dshash_release_lock is
 * called.  It is a very good idea for the caller to release the lock quickly.
 */
void *
dshash_find(dshash_table *hash_table, const void *key, bool exclusive)
{
    dshash_hash hash;
    size_t      partition;
    dshash_table_item *item;

    hash = hash_key(hash_table, key);
    partition = PARTITION_FOR_HASH(hash);

    Assert(hash_table->control->magic == DSHASH_MAGIC);
    Assert(!hash_table->find_locked);

    LWLockAcquire(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, partition),
                  exclusive ? LW_EXCLUSIVE : LW_SHARED);
    ensure_valid_bucket_pointers(hash_table);

    /* Search the active bucket. */
    item = find_in_bucket(hash_table, key, BUCKET_FOR_HASH(hash_table, hash));

    if (!item)
    {
        /* Not found. */
        LWLockRelease(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, partition));
        return NULL;
    }
    else
    {
        /* The caller will free the lock by calling dshash_release_lock. */
        hash_table->find_locked = true;
        hash_table->find_exclusively_locked = exclusive;
        return ENTRY_FROM_ITEM(item);
    }
}

/*
 * Returns a pointer to an exclusively locked item which must be released with
 * dshash_release_lock.  If the key is found in the hash table, 'found' is set
 * to true and a pointer to the existing entry is returned.  If the key is not
 * found, 'found' is set to false, and a pointer to a newly created entry is
 * returned.
 *
 * Notes above dshash_find() regarding locking and error handling equally
 * apply here.
 */
void *
dshash_find_or_insert(dshash_table *hash_table,
                      const void *key,
                      bool *found)
{
    dshash_hash hash;
    size_t      partition_index;
    dshash_partition *partition;
    dshash_table_item *item;

    hash = hash_key(hash_table, key);
    partition_index = PARTITION_FOR_HASH(hash);
    partition = &hash_table->control->partitions[partition_index];

    Assert(hash_table->control->magic == DSHASH_MAGIC);
    Assert(!hash_table->find_locked);

restart:
    LWLockAcquire(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, partition_index),
                  LW_EXCLUSIVE);
    ensure_valid_bucket_pointers(hash_table);

    /* Search the active bucket. */
    item = find_in_bucket(hash_table, key, BUCKET_FOR_HASH(hash_table, hash));

    if (item)
        *found = true;
    else
    {
        *found = false;

        /* Check if we are getting too full. */
        if (partition->count > MAX_COUNT_PER_PARTITION(hash_table))
        {
            /*
             * The load factor (= keys / buckets) for all buckets protected by
             * this partition is > 0.75.  Presumably the same applies
             * generally across the whole hash table (though we don't attempt
             * to track that directly to avoid contention on some kind of
             * central counter; we just assume that this partition is
             * representative).  This is a good time to resize.
             *
             * Give up our existing lock first, because resizing needs to
             * reacquire all the locks in the right order to avoid deadlocks.
             */
            LWLockRelease(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, partition_index));
            resize(hash_table, hash_table->size_log2 + 1);

            goto restart;
        }

        /* Finally we can try to insert the new item. */
        item = insert_into_bucket(hash_table, key,
                                  &BUCKET_FOR_HASH(hash_table, hash));
        item->hash = hash;
        /* Adjust per-lock-partition counter for load factor knowledge. */
        ++partition->count;
    }

    /* The caller must release the lock with dshash_release_lock. */
    hash_table->find_locked = true;
    hash_table->find_exclusively_locked = true;
    return ENTRY_FROM_ITEM(item);
}

/*
 * Remove an entry by key.  Returns true if the key was found and the
 * corresponding entry was removed.
 *
 * To delete an entry that you already have a pointer to, see
 * dshash_delete_entry.
 */
bool
dshash_delete_key(dshash_table *hash_table, const void *key)
{
    dshash_hash hash;
    size_t      partition;
    bool        found;

    Assert(hash_table->control->magic == DSHASH_MAGIC);
    Assert(!hash_table->find_locked);

    hash = hash_key(hash_table, key);
    partition = PARTITION_FOR_HASH(hash);

    LWLockAcquire(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, partition), LW_EXCLUSIVE);
    ensure_valid_bucket_pointers(hash_table);

    if (delete_key_from_bucket(hash_table, key,
                               &BUCKET_FOR_HASH(hash_table, hash)))
    {
        Assert(hash_table->control->partitions[partition].count > 0);
        found = true;
        --hash_table->control->partitions[partition].count;
    }
    else
        found = false;

    LWLockRelease(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, partition));

    return found;
}

/*
 * Remove an entry.  The entry must already be exclusively locked, and must
 * have been obtained by dshash_find or dshash_find_or_insert.  Note that this
 * function releases the lock just like dshash_release_lock.
 *
 * To delete an entry by key, see dshash_delete_key.
 */
void
dshash_delete_entry(dshash_table *hash_table, void *entry)
{
    dshash_table_item *item = ITEM_FROM_ENTRY(entry);
    size_t      partition = PARTITION_FOR_HASH(item->hash);

    Assert(hash_table->control->magic == DSHASH_MAGIC);
    Assert(hash_table->find_locked);
    Assert(hash_table->find_exclusively_locked);
    Assert(LWLockHeldByMeInMode(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, partition),
                                LW_EXCLUSIVE));

    delete_item(hash_table, item);
    hash_table->find_locked = false;
    hash_table->find_exclusively_locked = false;
    LWLockRelease(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, partition));
}

/*
 * Unlock an entry which was locked by dshash_find or dshash_find_or_insert.
 */
void
dshash_release_lock(dshash_table *hash_table, void *entry)
{
    dshash_table_item *item = ITEM_FROM_ENTRY(entry);
    size_t      partition_index = PARTITION_FOR_HASH(item->hash);

    Assert(hash_table->control->magic == DSHASH_MAGIC);
    Assert(hash_table->find_locked);
    Assert(LWLockHeldByMeInMode(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, partition_index),
                                hash_table->find_exclusively_locked
                                ? LW_EXCLUSIVE : LW_SHARED));

    hash_table->find_locked = false;
    hash_table->find_exclusively_locked = false;
    LWLockRelease(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, partition_index));
}

/*
 * A compare function that forwards to memcmp.
 */
int
dshash_memcmp(const void *a, const void *b, size_t size, void *arg)
{
    return memcmp(a, b, size);
}

/*
 * A hash function that forwards to tag_hash.
 */
dshash_hash
dshash_memhash(const void *v, size_t size, void *arg)
{
    return tag_hash(v, size);
}

/*
 * Print debugging information about the internal state of the hash table to
 * stderr.  The caller must hold no partition locks.
 */
void
dshash_dump(dshash_table *hash_table)
{
    size_t      i;
    size_t      j;

    Assert(hash_table->control->magic == DSHASH_MAGIC);
    Assert(!hash_table->find_locked);

    for (i = 0; i < DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS; ++i)
    {
        Assert(!LWLockHeldByMe(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, i)));
        LWLockAcquire(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, i), LW_SHARED);
    }

    ensure_valid_bucket_pointers(hash_table);

    fprintf(stderr,
            "hash table size = %zu\n", (size_t) 1 << hash_table->size_log2);
    for (i = 0; i < DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS; ++i)
    {
        dshash_partition *partition = &hash_table->control->partitions[i];
        size_t      begin = BUCKET_INDEX_FOR_PARTITION(i, hash_table->size_log2);
        size_t      end = BUCKET_INDEX_FOR_PARTITION(i + 1, hash_table->size_log2);

        fprintf(stderr, "  partition %zu\n", i);
        fprintf(stderr,
                "    active buckets (key count = %zu)\n", partition->count);

        for (j = begin; j < end; ++j)
        {
            size_t      count = 0;
            dsa_pointer bucket = hash_table->buckets[j];

            while (DsaPointerIsValid(bucket))
            {
                dshash_table_item *item;

                item = dsa_get_address(hash_table->area, bucket);

                bucket = item->next;
                ++count;
            }
            fprintf(stderr, "      bucket %zu (key count = %zu)\n", j, count);
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS; ++i)
        LWLockRelease(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, i));
}

/*
 * Delete a locked item to which we have a pointer.
 */
static void
delete_item(dshash_table *hash_table, dshash_table_item *item)
{
    size_t      hash = item->hash;
    size_t      partition = PARTITION_FOR_HASH(hash);

    Assert(LWLockHeldByMe(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, partition)));

    if (delete_item_from_bucket(hash_table, item,
                                &BUCKET_FOR_HASH(hash_table, hash)))
    {
        Assert(hash_table->control->partitions[partition].count > 0);
        --hash_table->control->partitions[partition].count;
    }
    else
    {
        Assert(false);
    }
}

/*
 * Grow the hash table if necessary to the requested number of buckets.  The
 * requested size must be double some previously observed size.
 *
 * Must be called without any partition lock held.
 */
static void
resize(dshash_table *hash_table, size_t new_size_log2)
{
    dsa_pointer old_buckets;
    dsa_pointer new_buckets_shared;
    dsa_pointer *new_buckets;
    size_t      size;
    size_t      new_size = ((size_t) 1) << new_size_log2;
    size_t      i;

    /*
     * Acquire the locks for all lock partitions.  This is expensive, but we
     * shouldn't have to do it many times.
     */
    for (i = 0; i < DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS; ++i)
    {
        Assert(!LWLockHeldByMe(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, i)));

        LWLockAcquire(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, i), LW_EXCLUSIVE);
        if (i == 0 && hash_table->control->size_log2 >= new_size_log2)
        {
            /*
             * Another backend has already increased the size; we can avoid
             * obtaining all the locks and return early.
             */
            LWLockRelease(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, 0));
            return;
        }
    }

    Assert(new_size_log2 == hash_table->control->size_log2 + 1);

    /* Allocate the space for the new table. */
    new_buckets_shared = dsa_allocate0(hash_table->area,
                                       sizeof(dsa_pointer) * new_size);
    new_buckets = dsa_get_address(hash_table->area, new_buckets_shared);

    /*
     * We've allocated the new bucket array; all that remains to do now is to
     * reinsert all items, which amounts to adjusting all the pointers.
     */
    size = ((size_t) 1) << hash_table->control->size_log2;
    for (i = 0; i < size; ++i)
    {
        dsa_pointer item_pointer = hash_table->buckets[i];

        while (DsaPointerIsValid(item_pointer))
        {
            dshash_table_item *item;
            dsa_pointer next_item_pointer;

            item = dsa_get_address(hash_table->area, item_pointer);
            next_item_pointer = item->next;
            insert_item_into_bucket(hash_table, item_pointer, item,
                                    &new_buckets[BUCKET_INDEX_FOR_HASH_AND_SIZE(item->hash,
                                                                                new_size_log2)]);
            item_pointer = next_item_pointer;
        }
    }

    /* Swap the hash table into place and free the old one. */
    old_buckets = hash_table->control->buckets;
    hash_table->control->buckets = new_buckets_shared;
    hash_table->control->size_log2 = new_size_log2;
    hash_table->buckets = new_buckets;
    dsa_free(hash_table->area, old_buckets);

    /* Release all the locks. */
    for (i = 0; i < DSHASH_NUM_PARTITIONS; ++i)
        LWLockRelease(PARTITION_LOCK(hash_table, i));
}

/*
 * Make sure that our backend-local bucket pointers are up to date.  The
 * caller must have locked one lock partition, which prevents resize() from
 * running concurrently.
 */
static inline void
ensure_valid_bucket_pointers(dshash_table *hash_table)
{
    if (hash_table->size_log2 != hash_table->control->size_log2)
    {
        hash_table->buckets = dsa_get_address(hash_table->area,
                                              hash_table->control->buckets);
        hash_table->size_log2 = hash_table->control->size_log2;
    }
}

/*
 * Scan a locked bucket for a match, using the provided compare function.
 */
static inline dshash_table_item *
find_in_bucket(dshash_table *hash_table, const void *key,
               dsa_pointer item_pointer)
{
    while (DsaPointerIsValid(item_pointer))
    {
        dshash_table_item *item;

        item = dsa_get_address(hash_table->area, item_pointer);
        if (equal_keys(hash_table, key, ENTRY_FROM_ITEM(item)))
            return item;
        item_pointer = item->next;
    }
    return NULL;
}

/*
 * Insert an already-allocated item into a bucket.
 */
static void
insert_item_into_bucket(dshash_table *hash_table,
                        dsa_pointer item_pointer,
                        dshash_table_item *item,
                        dsa_pointer *bucket)
{
    Assert(item == dsa_get_address(hash_table->area, item_pointer));

    item->next = *bucket;
    *bucket = item_pointer;
}

/*
 * Allocate space for an entry with the given key and insert it into the
 * provided bucket.
 */
static dshash_table_item *
insert_into_bucket(dshash_table *hash_table,
                   const void *key,
                   dsa_pointer *bucket)
{
    dsa_pointer item_pointer;
    dshash_table_item *item;

    item_pointer = dsa_allocate(hash_table->area,
                                hash_table->params.entry_size +
                                MAXALIGN(sizeof(dshash_table_item)));
    item = dsa_get_address(hash_table->area, item_pointer);
    memcpy(ENTRY_FROM_ITEM(item), key, hash_table->params.key_size);
    insert_item_into_bucket(hash_table, item_pointer, item, bucket);
    return item;
}

/*
 * Search a bucket for a matching key and delete it.
 */
static bool
delete_key_from_bucket(dshash_table *hash_table,
                       const void *key,
                       dsa_pointer *bucket_head)
{
    while (DsaPointerIsValid(*bucket_head))
    {
        dshash_table_item *item;

        item = dsa_get_address(hash_table->area, *bucket_head);

        if (equal_keys(hash_table, key, ENTRY_FROM_ITEM(item)))
        {
            dsa_pointer next;

            next = item->next;
            dsa_free(hash_table->area, *bucket_head);
            *bucket_head = next;

            return true;
        }
        bucket_head = &item->next;
    }
    return false;
}

/*
 * Delete the specified item from the bucket.
 */
static bool
delete_item_from_bucket(dshash_table *hash_table,
                        dshash_table_item *item,
                        dsa_pointer *bucket_head)
{
    while (DsaPointerIsValid(*bucket_head))
    {
        dshash_table_item *bucket_item;

        bucket_item = dsa_get_address(hash_table->area, *bucket_head);

        if (bucket_item == item)
        {
            dsa_pointer next;

            next = item->next;
            dsa_free(hash_table->area, *bucket_head);
            *bucket_head = next;
            return true;
        }
        bucket_head = &bucket_item->next;
    }
    return false;
}

/*
 * Compute the hash value for a key.
 */
static inline dshash_hash
hash_key(dshash_table *hash_table, const void *key)
{
    return hash_table->params.hash_function(key,
                                            hash_table->params.key_size,
                                            hash_table->arg);
}

/*
 * Check whether two keys compare equal.
 */
static inline bool
equal_keys(dshash_table *hash_table, const void *a, const void *b)
{
    return hash_table->params.compare_function(a, b,
                                               hash_table->params.key_size,
                                               hash_table->arg) == 0;
}