lwlock.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * lwlock.c
 *    Lightweight lock manager
 *
 * Lightweight locks are intended primarily to provide mutual exclusion of
 * access to shared-memory data structures.  Therefore, they offer both
 * exclusive and shared lock modes (to support read/write and read-only
 * access to a shared object).  There are few other frammishes.  User-level
 * locking should be done with the full lock manager --- which depends on
 * LWLocks to protect its shared state.
 *
 * In addition to exclusive and shared modes, lightweight locks can be used to
 * wait until a variable changes value.  The variable is initially not set
 * when the lock is acquired with LWLockAcquire, i.e. it remains set to the
 * value it was set to when the lock was released last, and can be updated
 * without releasing the lock by calling LWLockUpdateVar.  LWLockWaitForVar
 * waits for the variable to be updated, or until the lock is free.  When
 * releasing the lock with LWLockReleaseClearVar() the value can be set to an
 * appropriate value for a free lock.  The meaning of the variable is up to
 * the caller, the lightweight lock code just assigns and compares it.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/storage/lmgr/lwlock.c
 *
 * NOTES:
 *
 * This used to be a pretty straight forward reader-writer lock
 * implementation, in which the internal state was protected by a
 * spinlock. Unfortunately the overhead of taking the spinlock proved to be
 * too high for workloads/locks that were taken in shared mode very
 * frequently. Often we were spinning in the (obviously exclusive) spinlock,
 * while trying to acquire a shared lock that was actually free.
 *
 * Thus a new implementation was devised that provides wait-free shared lock
 * acquisition for locks that aren't exclusively locked.
 *
 * The basic idea is to have a single atomic variable 'lockcount' instead of
 * the formerly separate shared and exclusive counters and to use atomic
 * operations to acquire the lock. That's fairly easy to do for plain
 * rw-spinlocks, but a lot harder for something like LWLocks that want to wait
 * in the OS.
 *
 * For lock acquisition we use an atomic compare-and-exchange on the lockcount
 * variable. For exclusive lock we swap in a sentinel value
 * (LW_VAL_EXCLUSIVE), for shared locks we count the number of holders.
 *
 * To release the lock we use an atomic decrement to release the lock. If the
 * new value is zero (we get that atomically), we know we can/have to release
 * waiters.
 *
 * Obviously it is important that the sentinel value for exclusive locks
 * doesn't conflict with the maximum number of possible share lockers -
 * luckily MAX_BACKENDS makes that easily possible.
 *
 *
 * The attentive reader might have noticed that naively doing the above has a
 * glaring race condition: We try to lock using the atomic operations and
 * notice that we have to wait. Unfortunately by the time we have finished
 * queuing, the former locker very well might have already finished its
 * work. That's problematic because we're now stuck waiting inside the OS.
 
 * To mitigate those races we use a two phased attempt at locking:
 *   Phase 1: Try to do it atomically, if we succeed, nice
 *   Phase 2: Add ourselves to the waitqueue of the lock
 *   Phase 3: Try to grab the lock again, if we succeed, remove ourselves from
 *            the queue
 *   Phase 4: Sleep till wake-up, goto Phase 1
 *
 * This protects us against the problem from above as nobody can release too
 *    quick, before we're queued, since after Phase 2 we're already queued.
 * -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "pg_trace.h"
#include "pgstat.h"
#include "port/pg_bitutils.h"
#include "storage/proc.h"
#include "storage/proclist.h"
#include "storage/procnumber.h"
#include "storage/spin.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
 
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
#include "utils/hsearch.h"
#endif
 
 
#define LW_FLAG_HAS_WAITERS         ((uint32) 1 << 31)
#define LW_FLAG_WAKE_IN_PROGRESS    ((uint32) 1 << 30)
#define LW_FLAG_LOCKED              ((uint32) 1 << 29)
#define LW_FLAG_BITS                3
#define LW_FLAG_MASK                (((1<<LW_FLAG_BITS)-1)<<(32-LW_FLAG_BITS))
 
/* assumes MAX_BACKENDS is a (power of 2) - 1, checked below */
#define LW_VAL_EXCLUSIVE            (MAX_BACKENDS + 1)
#define LW_VAL_SHARED               1
 
/* already (power of 2)-1, i.e. suitable for a mask */
#define LW_SHARED_MASK              MAX_BACKENDS
#define LW_LOCK_MASK                (MAX_BACKENDS | LW_VAL_EXCLUSIVE)
 
 
StaticAssertDecl(((MAX_BACKENDS + 1) & MAX_BACKENDS) == 0,
                 "MAX_BACKENDS + 1 needs to be a power of 2");
 
StaticAssertDecl((MAX_BACKENDS & LW_FLAG_MASK) == 0,
                 "MAX_BACKENDS and LW_FLAG_MASK overlap");
 
StaticAssertDecl((LW_VAL_EXCLUSIVE & LW_FLAG_MASK) == 0,
                 "LW_VAL_EXCLUSIVE and LW_FLAG_MASK overlap");
 
/*
 * There are three sorts of LWLock "tranches":
 *
 * 1. The individually-named locks defined in lwlocklist.h each have their
 * own tranche.  We absorb the names of these tranches from there into
 * BuiltinTrancheNames here.
 *
 * 2. There are some predefined tranches for built-in groups of locks defined
 * in lwlocklist.h.  We absorb the names of these tranches, too.
 *
 * 3. Extensions can create new tranches, via either RequestNamedLWLockTranche
 * or LWLockNewTrancheId.  These names are stored in shared memory and can be
 * accessed via LWLockTrancheNames.
 *
 * All these names are user-visible as wait event names, so choose with care
 * ... and do not forget to update the documentation's list of wait events.
 */
static const char *const BuiltinTrancheNames[] = {
#define PG_LWLOCK(id, lockname) [id] = CppAsString(lockname),
#define PG_LWLOCKTRANCHE(id, lockname) [LWTRANCHE_##id] = CppAsString(lockname),
#include "storage/lwlocklist.h"
#undef PG_LWLOCK
#undef PG_LWLOCKTRANCHE
};
 
StaticAssertDecl(lengthof(BuiltinTrancheNames) ==
                 LWTRANCHE_FIRST_USER_DEFINED,
                 "missing entries in BuiltinTrancheNames[]");
 
/*
 * This is indexed by tranche ID minus LWTRANCHE_FIRST_USER_DEFINED, and
 * points to the shared memory locations of the names of all
 * dynamically-created tranches.  Backends inherit the pointer by fork from the
 * postmaster (except in the EXEC_BACKEND case, where we have special measures
 * to pass it down).
 */
char      **LWLockTrancheNames = NULL;
 
/*
 * This points to the main array of LWLocks in shared memory.  Backends inherit
 * the pointer by fork from the postmaster (except in the EXEC_BACKEND case,
 * where we have special measures to pass it down).
 */
LWLockPadded *MainLWLockArray = NULL;
 
/*
 * We use this structure to keep track of locked LWLocks for release
 * during error recovery.  Normally, only a few will be held at once, but
 * occasionally the number can be much higher.
 */
#define MAX_SIMUL_LWLOCKS   200
 
/* struct representing the LWLocks we're holding */
typedef struct LWLockHandle
{
    LWLock     *lock;
    LWLockMode  mode;
} LWLockHandle;
 
static int  num_held_lwlocks = 0;
static LWLockHandle held_lwlocks[MAX_SIMUL_LWLOCKS];
 
/* struct representing the LWLock tranche request for named tranche */
typedef struct NamedLWLockTrancheRequest
{
    char        tranche_name[NAMEDATALEN];
    int         num_lwlocks;
} NamedLWLockTrancheRequest;
 
/*
 * NamedLWLockTrancheRequests is the valid length of the request array.  These
 * variables are non-static so that launch_backend.c can copy them to child
 * processes in EXEC_BACKEND builds.
 */
int         NamedLWLockTrancheRequests = 0;
NamedLWLockTrancheRequest *NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray = NULL;
 
/* postmaster's local copy of the request array */
static NamedLWLockTrancheRequest *LocalNamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray = NULL;
 
/* shared memory counter of registered tranches */
int        *LWLockCounter = NULL;
 
/* backend-local counter of registered tranches */
static int  LocalLWLockCounter;
 
#define MAX_NAMED_TRANCHES 256
 
static void InitializeLWLocks(void);
static inline void LWLockReportWaitStart(LWLock *lock);
static inline void LWLockReportWaitEnd(void);
static const char *GetLWTrancheName(uint16 trancheId);
 
#define T_NAME(lock) \
    GetLWTrancheName((lock)->tranche)
 
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
typedef struct lwlock_stats_key
{
    int         tranche;
    void       *instance;
}           lwlock_stats_key;
 
typedef struct lwlock_stats
{
    lwlock_stats_key key;
    int         sh_acquire_count;
    int         ex_acquire_count;
    int         block_count;
    int         dequeue_self_count;
    int         spin_delay_count;
}           lwlock_stats;
 
static HTAB *lwlock_stats_htab;
static lwlock_stats lwlock_stats_dummy;
#endif
 
#ifdef LOCK_DEBUG
bool        Trace_lwlocks = false;
 
inline static void
PRINT_LWDEBUG(const char *where, LWLock *lock, LWLockMode mode)
{
    /* hide statement & context here, otherwise the log is just too verbose */
    if (Trace_lwlocks)
    {
        uint32      state = pg_atomic_read_u32(&lock->state);
 
        ereport(LOG,
                (errhidestmt(true),
                 errhidecontext(true),
                 errmsg_internal("%d: %s(%s %p): excl %u shared %u haswaiters %u waiters %u waking %d",
                                 MyProcPid,
                                 where, T_NAME(lock), lock,
                                 (state & LW_VAL_EXCLUSIVE) != 0,
                                 state & LW_SHARED_MASK,
                                 (state & LW_FLAG_HAS_WAITERS) != 0,
                                 pg_atomic_read_u32(&lock->nwaiters),
                                 (state & LW_FLAG_WAKE_IN_PROGRESS) != 0)));
    }
}
 
inline static void
LOG_LWDEBUG(const char *where, LWLock *lock, const char *msg)
{
    /* hide statement & context here, otherwise the log is just too verbose */
    if (Trace_lwlocks)
    {
        ereport(LOG,
                (errhidestmt(true),
                 errhidecontext(true),
                 errmsg_internal("%s(%s %p): %s", where,
                                 T_NAME(lock), lock, msg)));
    }
}
 
#else                           /* not LOCK_DEBUG */
#define PRINT_LWDEBUG(a,b,c) ((void)0)
#define LOG_LWDEBUG(a,b,c) ((void)0)
#endif                          /* LOCK_DEBUG */
 
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
 
static void init_lwlock_stats(void);
static void print_lwlock_stats(int code, Datum arg);
static lwlock_stats * get_lwlock_stats_entry(LWLock *lock);
 
static void
init_lwlock_stats(void)
{
    HASHCTL     ctl;
    static MemoryContext lwlock_stats_cxt = NULL;
    static bool exit_registered = false;
 
    if (lwlock_stats_cxt != NULL)
        MemoryContextDelete(lwlock_stats_cxt);
 
    /*
     * The LWLock stats will be updated within a critical section, which
     * requires allocating new hash entries. Allocations within a critical
     * section are normally not allowed because running out of memory would
     * lead to a PANIC, but LWLOCK_STATS is debugging code that's not normally
     * turned on in production, so that's an acceptable risk. The hash entries
     * are small, so the risk of running out of memory is minimal in practice.
     */
    lwlock_stats_cxt = AllocSetContextCreate(TopMemoryContext,
                                             "LWLock stats",
                                             ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
    MemoryContextAllowInCriticalSection(lwlock_stats_cxt, true);
 
    ctl.keysize = sizeof(lwlock_stats_key);
    ctl.entrysize = sizeof(lwlock_stats);
    ctl.hcxt = lwlock_stats_cxt;
    lwlock_stats_htab = hash_create("lwlock stats", 16384, &ctl,
                                    HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS | HASH_CONTEXT);
    if (!exit_registered)
    {
        on_shmem_exit(print_lwlock_stats, 0);
        exit_registered = true;
    }
}
 
static void
print_lwlock_stats(int code, Datum arg)
{
    HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
    lwlock_stats *lwstats;
 
    hash_seq_init(&scan, lwlock_stats_htab);
 
    /* Grab an LWLock to keep different backends from mixing reports */
    LWLockAcquire(&MainLWLockArray[0].lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
    while ((lwstats = (lwlock_stats *) hash_seq_search(&scan)) != NULL)
    {
        fprintf(stderr,
                "PID %d lwlock %s %p: shacq %u exacq %u blk %u spindelay %u dequeue self %u\n",
                MyProcPid, GetLWTrancheName(lwstats->key.tranche),
                lwstats->key.instance, lwstats->sh_acquire_count,
                lwstats->ex_acquire_count, lwstats->block_count,
                lwstats->spin_delay_count, lwstats->dequeue_self_count);
    }
 
    LWLockRelease(&MainLWLockArray[0].lock);
}
 
static lwlock_stats *
get_lwlock_stats_entry(LWLock *lock)
{
    lwlock_stats_key key;
    lwlock_stats *lwstats;
    bool        found;
 
    /*
     * During shared memory initialization, the hash table doesn't exist yet.
     * Stats of that phase aren't very interesting, so just collect operations
     * on all locks in a single dummy entry.
     */
    if (lwlock_stats_htab == NULL)
        return &lwlock_stats_dummy;
 
    /* Fetch or create the entry. */
    MemSet(&key, 0, sizeof(key));
    key.tranche = lock->tranche;
    key.instance = lock;
    lwstats = hash_search(lwlock_stats_htab, &key, HASH_ENTER, &found);
    if (!found)
    {
        lwstats->sh_acquire_count = 0;
        lwstats->ex_acquire_count = 0;
        lwstats->block_count = 0;
        lwstats->dequeue_self_count = 0;
        lwstats->spin_delay_count = 0;
    }
    return lwstats;
}
#endif                          /* LWLOCK_STATS */
 
 
/*
 * Compute number of LWLocks required by named tranches.  These will be
 * allocated in the main array.
 */
static int
NumLWLocksForNamedTranches(void)
{
    int         numLocks = 0;
    int         i;
 
    for (i = 0; i < NamedLWLockTrancheRequests; i++)
        numLocks += NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray[i].num_lwlocks;
 
    return numLocks;
}
 
/*
 * Compute shmem space needed for LWLocks and named tranches.
 */
Size
LWLockShmemSize(void)
{
    Size        size;
    int         numLocks = NUM_FIXED_LWLOCKS;
 
    /*
     * If re-initializing shared memory, the request array will no longer be
     * accessible, so switch to the copy in postmaster's local memory.  We'll
     * copy it back into shared memory later when CreateLWLocks() is called
     * again.
     */
    if (LocalNamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray)
        NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray = LocalNamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray;
 
    /* Calculate total number of locks needed in the main array. */
    numLocks += NumLWLocksForNamedTranches();
 
    /* Space for dynamic allocation counter. */
    size = MAXALIGN(sizeof(int));
 
    /* Space for named tranches. */
    size = add_size(size, mul_size(MAX_NAMED_TRANCHES, sizeof(char *)));
    size = add_size(size, mul_size(MAX_NAMED_TRANCHES, NAMEDATALEN));
 
    /*
     * Make space for named tranche requests.  This is done for the benefit of
     * EXEC_BACKEND builds, which otherwise wouldn't be able to call
     * GetNamedLWLockTranche() outside postmaster.
     */
    size = add_size(size, mul_size(NamedLWLockTrancheRequests,
                                   sizeof(NamedLWLockTrancheRequest)));
 
    /* Space for the LWLock array, plus room for cache line alignment. */
    size = add_size(size, LWLOCK_PADDED_SIZE);
    size = add_size(size, mul_size(numLocks, sizeof(LWLockPadded)));
 
    return size;
}
 
/*
 * Allocate shmem space for the main LWLock array and all tranches and
 * initialize it.
 */
void
CreateLWLocks(void)
{
    if (!IsUnderPostmaster)
    {
        Size        spaceLocks = LWLockShmemSize();
        char       *ptr;
 
        /* Allocate space */
        ptr = (char *) ShmemAlloc(spaceLocks);
 
        /* Initialize the dynamic-allocation counter for tranches */
        LWLockCounter = (int *) ptr;
        *LWLockCounter = LWTRANCHE_FIRST_USER_DEFINED;
        ptr += MAXALIGN(sizeof(int));
 
        /* Initialize tranche names */
        LWLockTrancheNames = (char **) ptr;
        ptr += MAX_NAMED_TRANCHES * sizeof(char *);
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_NAMED_TRANCHES; i++)
        {
            LWLockTrancheNames[i] = ptr;
            ptr += NAMEDATALEN;
        }
 
        /*
         * Move named tranche requests to shared memory.  This is done for the
         * benefit of EXEC_BACKEND builds, which otherwise wouldn't be able to
         * call GetNamedLWLockTranche() outside postmaster.
         */
        if (NamedLWLockTrancheRequests > 0)
        {
            /*
             * Save the pointer to the request array in postmaster's local
             * memory.  We'll need it if we ever need to re-initialize shared
             * memory after a crash.
             */
            LocalNamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray = NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray;
 
            memcpy(ptr, NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray,
                   NamedLWLockTrancheRequests * sizeof(NamedLWLockTrancheRequest));
            NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray = (NamedLWLockTrancheRequest *) ptr;
            ptr += NamedLWLockTrancheRequests * sizeof(NamedLWLockTrancheRequest);
        }
 
        /* Ensure desired alignment of LWLock array */
        ptr += LWLOCK_PADDED_SIZE - ((uintptr_t) ptr) % LWLOCK_PADDED_SIZE;
        MainLWLockArray = (LWLockPadded *) ptr;
 
        /* Initialize all LWLocks */
        InitializeLWLocks();
    }
}
 
/*
 * Initialize LWLocks that are fixed and those belonging to named tranches.
 */
static void
InitializeLWLocks(void)
{
    int         id;
    int         i;
    int         j;
    LWLockPadded *lock;
 
    /* Initialize all individual LWLocks in main array */
    for (id = 0, lock = MainLWLockArray; id < NUM_INDIVIDUAL_LWLOCKS; id++, lock++)
        LWLockInitialize(&lock->lock, id);
 
    /* Initialize buffer mapping LWLocks in main array */
    lock = MainLWLockArray + BUFFER_MAPPING_LWLOCK_OFFSET;
    for (id = 0; id < NUM_BUFFER_PARTITIONS; id++, lock++)
        LWLockInitialize(&lock->lock, LWTRANCHE_BUFFER_MAPPING);
 
    /* Initialize lmgrs' LWLocks in main array */
    lock = MainLWLockArray + LOCK_MANAGER_LWLOCK_OFFSET;
    for (id = 0; id < NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS; id++, lock++)
        LWLockInitialize(&lock->lock, LWTRANCHE_LOCK_MANAGER);
 
    /* Initialize predicate lmgrs' LWLocks in main array */
    lock = MainLWLockArray + PREDICATELOCK_MANAGER_LWLOCK_OFFSET;
    for (id = 0; id < NUM_PREDICATELOCK_PARTITIONS; id++, lock++)
        LWLockInitialize(&lock->lock, LWTRANCHE_PREDICATE_LOCK_MANAGER);
 
    /*
     * Copy the info about any named tranches into shared memory (so that
     * other processes can see it), and initialize the requested LWLocks.
     */
    if (NamedLWLockTrancheRequests > 0)
    {
        lock = &MainLWLockArray[NUM_FIXED_LWLOCKS];
 
        for (i = 0; i < NamedLWLockTrancheRequests; i++)
        {
            NamedLWLockTrancheRequest *request;
            int         tranche;
 
            request = &NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray[i];
            tranche = LWLockNewTrancheId(request->tranche_name);
 
            for (j = 0; j < request->num_lwlocks; j++, lock++)
                LWLockInitialize(&lock->lock, tranche);
        }
    }
}
 
/*
 * InitLWLockAccess - initialize backend-local state needed to hold LWLocks
 */
void
InitLWLockAccess(void)
{
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
    init_lwlock_stats();
#endif
}
 
/*
 * GetNamedLWLockTranche - returns the base address of LWLock from the
 *      specified tranche.
 *
 * Caller needs to retrieve the requested number of LWLocks starting from
 * the base lock address returned by this API.  This can be used for
 * tranches that are requested by using RequestNamedLWLockTranche() API.
 */
LWLockPadded *
GetNamedLWLockTranche(const char *tranche_name)
{
    int         lock_pos;
    int         i;
 
    /*
     * Obtain the position of base address of LWLock belonging to requested
     * tranche_name in MainLWLockArray.  LWLocks for named tranches are placed
     * in MainLWLockArray after fixed locks.
     */
    lock_pos = NUM_FIXED_LWLOCKS;
    for (i = 0; i < NamedLWLockTrancheRequests; i++)
    {
        if (strcmp(NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray[i].tranche_name,
                   tranche_name) == 0)
            return &MainLWLockArray[lock_pos];
 
        lock_pos += NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray[i].num_lwlocks;
    }
 
    elog(ERROR, "requested tranche is not registered");
 
    /* just to keep compiler quiet */
    return NULL;
}
 
/*
 * Allocate a new tranche ID with the provided name.
 */
int
LWLockNewTrancheId(const char *name)
{
    int         result;
 
    if (!name)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_NAME),
                 errmsg("tranche name cannot be NULL")));
 
    if (strlen(name) >= NAMEDATALEN)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
                 errmsg("tranche name too long"),
                 errdetail("LWLock tranche names must be no longer than %d bytes.",
                           NAMEDATALEN - 1)));
 
    /*
     * We use the ShmemLock spinlock to protect LWLockCounter and
     * LWLockTrancheNames.
     */
    SpinLockAcquire(ShmemLock);
 
    if (*LWLockCounter - LWTRANCHE_FIRST_USER_DEFINED >= MAX_NAMED_TRANCHES)
    {
        SpinLockRelease(ShmemLock);
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errmsg("maximum number of tranches already registered"),
                 errdetail("No more than %d tranches may be registered.",
                           MAX_NAMED_TRANCHES)));
    }
 
    result = (*LWLockCounter)++;
    LocalLWLockCounter = *LWLockCounter;
    strlcpy(LWLockTrancheNames[result - LWTRANCHE_FIRST_USER_DEFINED], name, NAMEDATALEN);
 
    SpinLockRelease(ShmemLock);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * RequestNamedLWLockTranche
 *      Request that extra LWLocks be allocated during postmaster
 *      startup.
 *
 * This may only be called via the shmem_request_hook of a library that is
 * loaded into the postmaster via shared_preload_libraries.  Calls from
 * elsewhere will fail.
 *
 * The tranche name will be user-visible as a wait event name, so try to
 * use a name that fits the style for those.
 */
void
RequestNamedLWLockTranche(const char *tranche_name, int num_lwlocks)
{
    NamedLWLockTrancheRequest *request;
    static int  NamedLWLockTrancheRequestsAllocated;
 
    if (!process_shmem_requests_in_progress)
        elog(FATAL, "cannot request additional LWLocks outside shmem_request_hook");
 
    if (!tranche_name)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_NAME),
                 errmsg("tranche name cannot be NULL")));
 
    if (strlen(tranche_name) >= NAMEDATALEN)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
                 errmsg("tranche name too long"),
                 errdetail("LWLock tranche names must be no longer than %d bytes.",
                           NAMEDATALEN - 1)));
 
    if (NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray == NULL)
    {
        NamedLWLockTrancheRequestsAllocated = 16;
        NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray = (NamedLWLockTrancheRequest *)
            MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext,
                               NamedLWLockTrancheRequestsAllocated
                               * sizeof(NamedLWLockTrancheRequest));
    }
 
    if (NamedLWLockTrancheRequests >= NamedLWLockTrancheRequestsAllocated)
    {
        int         i = pg_nextpower2_32(NamedLWLockTrancheRequests + 1);
 
        NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray = (NamedLWLockTrancheRequest *)
            repalloc(NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray,
                     i * sizeof(NamedLWLockTrancheRequest));
        NamedLWLockTrancheRequestsAllocated = i;
    }
 
    request = &NamedLWLockTrancheRequestArray[NamedLWLockTrancheRequests];
    strlcpy(request->tranche_name, tranche_name, NAMEDATALEN);
    request->num_lwlocks = num_lwlocks;
    NamedLWLockTrancheRequests++;
}
 
/*
 * LWLockInitialize - initialize a new lwlock; it's initially unlocked
 */
void
LWLockInitialize(LWLock *lock, int tranche_id)
{
    /* verify the tranche_id is valid */
    (void) GetLWTrancheName(tranche_id);
 
    pg_atomic_init_u32(&lock->state, 0);
#ifdef LOCK_DEBUG
    pg_atomic_init_u32(&lock->nwaiters, 0);
#endif
    lock->tranche = tranche_id;
    proclist_init(&lock->waiters);
}
 
/*
 * Report start of wait event for light-weight locks.
 *
 * This function will be used by all the light-weight lock calls which
 * needs to wait to acquire the lock.  This function distinguishes wait
 * event based on tranche and lock id.
 */
static inline void
LWLockReportWaitStart(LWLock *lock)
{
    pgstat_report_wait_start(PG_WAIT_LWLOCK | lock->tranche);
}
 
/*
 * Report end of wait event for light-weight locks.
 */
static inline void
LWLockReportWaitEnd(void)
{
    pgstat_report_wait_end();
}
 
/*
 * Return the name of an LWLock tranche.
 */
static const char *
GetLWTrancheName(uint16 trancheId)
{
    /* Built-in tranche or individual LWLock? */
    if (trancheId < LWTRANCHE_FIRST_USER_DEFINED)
        return BuiltinTrancheNames[trancheId];
 
    /*
     * We only ever add new entries to LWLockTrancheNames, so most lookups can
     * avoid taking the spinlock as long as the backend-local counter
     * (LocalLWLockCounter) is greater than the requested tranche ID.  Else,
     * we need to first update the backend-local counter with ShmemLock held
     * before attempting the lookup again.  In practice, the latter case is
     * probably rare.
     */
    if (trancheId >= LocalLWLockCounter)
    {
        SpinLockAcquire(ShmemLock);
        LocalLWLockCounter = *LWLockCounter;
        SpinLockRelease(ShmemLock);
 
        if (trancheId >= LocalLWLockCounter)
            elog(ERROR, "tranche %d is not registered", trancheId);
    }
 
    /*
     * It's an extension tranche, so look in LWLockTrancheNames.
     */
    trancheId -= LWTRANCHE_FIRST_USER_DEFINED;
 
    return LWLockTrancheNames[trancheId];
}
 
/*
 * Return an identifier for an LWLock based on the wait class and event.
 */
const char *
GetLWLockIdentifier(uint32 classId, uint16 eventId)
{
    Assert(classId == PG_WAIT_LWLOCK);
    /* The event IDs are just tranche numbers. */
    return GetLWTrancheName(eventId);
}
 
/*
 * Internal function that tries to atomically acquire the lwlock in the passed
 * in mode.
 *
 * This function will not block waiting for a lock to become free - that's the
 * caller's job.
 *
 * Returns true if the lock isn't free and we need to wait.
 */
static bool
LWLockAttemptLock(LWLock *lock, LWLockMode mode)
{
    uint32      old_state;
 
    Assert(mode == LW_EXCLUSIVE || mode == LW_SHARED);
 
    /*
     * Read once outside the loop, later iterations will get the newer value
     * via compare & exchange.
     */
    old_state = pg_atomic_read_u32(&lock->state);
 
    /* loop until we've determined whether we could acquire the lock or not */
    while (true)
    {
        uint32      desired_state;
        bool        lock_free;
 
        desired_state = old_state;
 
        if (mode == LW_EXCLUSIVE)
        {
            lock_free = (old_state & LW_LOCK_MASK) == 0;
            if (lock_free)
                desired_state += LW_VAL_EXCLUSIVE;
        }
        else
        {
            lock_free = (old_state & LW_VAL_EXCLUSIVE) == 0;
            if (lock_free)
                desired_state += LW_VAL_SHARED;
        }
 
        /*
         * Attempt to swap in the state we are expecting. If we didn't see
         * lock to be free, that's just the old value. If we saw it as free,
         * we'll attempt to mark it acquired. The reason that we always swap
         * in the value is that this doubles as a memory barrier. We could try
         * to be smarter and only swap in values if we saw the lock as free,
         * but benchmark haven't shown it as beneficial so far.
         *
         * Retry if the value changed since we last looked at it.
         */
        if (pg_atomic_compare_exchange_u32(&lock->state,
                                           &old_state, desired_state))
        {
            if (lock_free)
            {
                /* Great! Got the lock. */
#ifdef LOCK_DEBUG
                if (mode == LW_EXCLUSIVE)
                    lock->owner = MyProc;
#endif
                return false;
            }
            else
                return true;    /* somebody else has the lock */
        }
    }
    pg_unreachable();
}
 
/*
 * Lock the LWLock's wait list against concurrent activity.
 *
 * NB: even though the wait list is locked, non-conflicting lock operations
 * may still happen concurrently.
 *
 * Time spent holding mutex should be short!
 */
static void
LWLockWaitListLock(LWLock *lock)
{
    uint32      old_state;
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
    lwlock_stats *lwstats;
    uint32      delays = 0;
 
    lwstats = get_lwlock_stats_entry(lock);
#endif
 
    while (true)
    {
        /*
         * Always try once to acquire the lock directly, without setting up
         * the spin-delay infrastructure. The work necessary for that shows up
         * in profiles and is rarely necessary.
         */
        old_state = pg_atomic_fetch_or_u32(&lock->state, LW_FLAG_LOCKED);
        if (likely(!(old_state & LW_FLAG_LOCKED)))
            break;              /* got lock */
 
        /* and then spin without atomic operations until lock is released */
        {
            SpinDelayStatus delayStatus;
 
            init_local_spin_delay(&delayStatus);
 
            while (old_state & LW_FLAG_LOCKED)
            {
                perform_spin_delay(&delayStatus);
                old_state = pg_atomic_read_u32(&lock->state);
            }
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
            delays += delayStatus.delays;
#endif
            finish_spin_delay(&delayStatus);
        }
 
        /*
         * Retry. The lock might obviously already be re-acquired by the time
         * we're attempting to get it again.
         */
    }
 
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
    lwstats->spin_delay_count += delays;
#endif
}
 
/*
 * Unlock the LWLock's wait list.
 *
 * Note that it can be more efficient to manipulate flags and release the
 * locks in a single atomic operation.
 */
static void
LWLockWaitListUnlock(LWLock *lock)
{
    uint32      old_state PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY;
 
    old_state = pg_atomic_fetch_and_u32(&lock->state, ~LW_FLAG_LOCKED);
 
    Assert(old_state & LW_FLAG_LOCKED);
}
 
/*
 * Wakeup all the lockers that currently have a chance to acquire the lock.
 */
static void
LWLockWakeup(LWLock *lock)
{
    bool        new_wake_in_progress = false;
    bool        wokeup_somebody = false;
    proclist_head wakeup;
    proclist_mutable_iter iter;
 
    proclist_init(&wakeup);
 
    /* lock wait list while collecting backends to wake up */
    LWLockWaitListLock(lock);
 
    proclist_foreach_modify(iter, &lock->waiters, lwWaitLink)
    {
        PGPROC     *waiter = GetPGProcByNumber(iter.cur);
 
        if (wokeup_somebody && waiter->lwWaitMode == LW_EXCLUSIVE)
            continue;
 
        proclist_delete(&lock->waiters, iter.cur, lwWaitLink);
        proclist_push_tail(&wakeup, iter.cur, lwWaitLink);
 
        if (waiter->lwWaitMode != LW_WAIT_UNTIL_FREE)
        {
            /*
             * Prevent additional wakeups until retryer gets to run. Backends
             * that are just waiting for the lock to become free don't retry
             * automatically.
             */
            new_wake_in_progress = true;
 
            /*
             * Don't wakeup (further) exclusive locks.
             */
            wokeup_somebody = true;
        }
 
        /*
         * Signal that the process isn't on the wait list anymore. This allows
         * LWLockDequeueSelf() to remove itself of the waitlist with a
         * proclist_delete(), rather than having to check if it has been
         * removed from the list.
         */
        Assert(waiter->lwWaiting == LW_WS_WAITING);
        waiter->lwWaiting = LW_WS_PENDING_WAKEUP;
 
        /*
         * Once we've woken up an exclusive lock, there's no point in waking
         * up anybody else.
         */
        if (waiter->lwWaitMode == LW_EXCLUSIVE)
            break;
    }
 
    Assert(proclist_is_empty(&wakeup) || pg_atomic_read_u32(&lock->state) & LW_FLAG_HAS_WAITERS);
 
    /* unset required flags, and release lock, in one fell swoop */
    {
        uint32      old_state;
        uint32      desired_state;
 
        old_state = pg_atomic_read_u32(&lock->state);
        while (true)
        {
            desired_state = old_state;
 
            /* compute desired flags */
 
            if (new_wake_in_progress)
                desired_state |= LW_FLAG_WAKE_IN_PROGRESS;
            else
                desired_state &= ~LW_FLAG_WAKE_IN_PROGRESS;
 
            if (proclist_is_empty(&lock->waiters))
                desired_state &= ~LW_FLAG_HAS_WAITERS;
 
            desired_state &= ~LW_FLAG_LOCKED;   /* release lock */
 
            if (pg_atomic_compare_exchange_u32(&lock->state, &old_state,
                                               desired_state))
                break;
        }
    }
 
    /* Awaken any waiters I removed from the queue. */
    proclist_foreach_modify(iter, &wakeup, lwWaitLink)
    {
        PGPROC     *waiter = GetPGProcByNumber(iter.cur);
 
        LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockRelease", lock, "release waiter");
        proclist_delete(&wakeup, iter.cur, lwWaitLink);
 
        /*
         * Guarantee that lwWaiting being unset only becomes visible once the
         * unlink from the link has completed. Otherwise the target backend
         * could be woken up for other reason and enqueue for a new lock - if
         * that happens before the list unlink happens, the list would end up
         * being corrupted.
         *
         * The barrier pairs with the LWLockWaitListLock() when enqueuing for
         * another lock.
         */
        pg_write_barrier();
        waiter->lwWaiting = LW_WS_NOT_WAITING;
        PGSemaphoreUnlock(waiter->sem);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Add ourselves to the end of the queue.
 *
 * NB: Mode can be LW_WAIT_UNTIL_FREE here!
 */
static void
LWLockQueueSelf(LWLock *lock, LWLockMode mode)
{
    /*
     * If we don't have a PGPROC structure, there's no way to wait. This
     * should never occur, since MyProc should only be null during shared
     * memory initialization.
     */
    if (MyProc == NULL)
        elog(PANIC, "cannot wait without a PGPROC structure");
 
    if (MyProc->lwWaiting != LW_WS_NOT_WAITING)
        elog(PANIC, "queueing for lock while waiting on another one");
 
    LWLockWaitListLock(lock);
 
    /* setting the flag is protected by the spinlock */
    pg_atomic_fetch_or_u32(&lock->state, LW_FLAG_HAS_WAITERS);
 
    MyProc->lwWaiting = LW_WS_WAITING;
    MyProc->lwWaitMode = mode;
 
    /* LW_WAIT_UNTIL_FREE waiters are always at the front of the queue */
    if (mode == LW_WAIT_UNTIL_FREE)
        proclist_push_head(&lock->waiters, MyProcNumber, lwWaitLink);
    else
        proclist_push_tail(&lock->waiters, MyProcNumber, lwWaitLink);
 
    /* Can release the mutex now */
    LWLockWaitListUnlock(lock);
 
#ifdef LOCK_DEBUG
    pg_atomic_fetch_add_u32(&lock->nwaiters, 1);
#endif
}
 
/*
 * Remove ourselves from the waitlist.
 *
 * This is used if we queued ourselves because we thought we needed to sleep
 * but, after further checking, we discovered that we don't actually need to
 * do so.
 */
static void
LWLockDequeueSelf(LWLock *lock)
{
    bool        on_waitlist;
 
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
    lwlock_stats *lwstats;
 
    lwstats = get_lwlock_stats_entry(lock);
 
    lwstats->dequeue_self_count++;
#endif
 
    LWLockWaitListLock(lock);
 
    /*
     * Remove ourselves from the waitlist, unless we've already been removed.
     * The removal happens with the wait list lock held, so there's no race in
     * this check.
     */
    on_waitlist = MyProc->lwWaiting == LW_WS_WAITING;
    if (on_waitlist)
        proclist_delete(&lock->waiters, MyProcNumber, lwWaitLink);
 
    if (proclist_is_empty(&lock->waiters) &&
        (pg_atomic_read_u32(&lock->state) & LW_FLAG_HAS_WAITERS) != 0)
    {
        pg_atomic_fetch_and_u32(&lock->state, ~LW_FLAG_HAS_WAITERS);
    }
 
    /* XXX: combine with fetch_and above? */
    LWLockWaitListUnlock(lock);
 
    /* clear waiting state again, nice for debugging */
    if (on_waitlist)
        MyProc->lwWaiting = LW_WS_NOT_WAITING;
    else
    {
        int         extraWaits = 0;
 
        /*
         * Somebody else dequeued us and has or will wake us up. Deal with the
         * superfluous absorption of a wakeup.
         */
 
        /*
         * Clear LW_FLAG_WAKE_IN_PROGRESS if somebody woke us before we
         * removed ourselves - they'll have set it.
         */
        pg_atomic_fetch_and_u32(&lock->state, ~LW_FLAG_WAKE_IN_PROGRESS);
 
        /*
         * Now wait for the scheduled wakeup, otherwise our ->lwWaiting would
         * get reset at some inconvenient point later. Most of the time this
         * will immediately return.
         */
        for (;;)
        {
            PGSemaphoreLock(MyProc->sem);
            if (MyProc->lwWaiting == LW_WS_NOT_WAITING)
                break;
            extraWaits++;
        }
 
        /*
         * Fix the process wait semaphore's count for any absorbed wakeups.
         */
        while (extraWaits-- > 0)
            PGSemaphoreUnlock(MyProc->sem);
    }
 
#ifdef LOCK_DEBUG
    {
        /* not waiting anymore */
        uint32      nwaiters PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY = pg_atomic_fetch_sub_u32(&lock->nwaiters, 1);
 
        Assert(nwaiters < MAX_BACKENDS);
    }
#endif
}
 
/*
 * LWLockAcquire - acquire a lightweight lock in the specified mode
 *
 * If the lock is not available, sleep until it is.  Returns true if the lock
 * was available immediately, false if we had to sleep.
 *
 * Side effect: cancel/die interrupts are held off until lock release.
 */
bool
LWLockAcquire(LWLock *lock, LWLockMode mode)
{
    PGPROC     *proc = MyProc;
    bool        result = true;
    int         extraWaits = 0;
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
    lwlock_stats *lwstats;
 
    lwstats = get_lwlock_stats_entry(lock);
#endif
 
    Assert(mode == LW_SHARED || mode == LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
    PRINT_LWDEBUG("LWLockAcquire", lock, mode);
 
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
    /* Count lock acquisition attempts */
    if (mode == LW_EXCLUSIVE)
        lwstats->ex_acquire_count++;
    else
        lwstats->sh_acquire_count++;
#endif                          /* LWLOCK_STATS */
 
    /*
     * We can't wait if we haven't got a PGPROC.  This should only occur
     * during bootstrap or shared memory initialization.  Put an Assert here
     * to catch unsafe coding practices.
     */
    Assert(!(proc == NULL && IsUnderPostmaster));
 
    /* Ensure we will have room to remember the lock */
    if (num_held_lwlocks >= MAX_SIMUL_LWLOCKS)
        elog(ERROR, "too many LWLocks taken");
 
    /*
     * Lock out cancel/die interrupts until we exit the code section protected
     * by the LWLock.  This ensures that interrupts will not interfere with
     * manipulations of data structures in shared memory.
     */
    HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
 
    /*
     * Loop here to try to acquire lock after each time we are signaled by
     * LWLockRelease.
     *
     * NOTE: it might seem better to have LWLockRelease actually grant us the
     * lock, rather than retrying and possibly having to go back to sleep. But
     * in practice that is no good because it means a process swap for every
     * lock acquisition when two or more processes are contending for the same
     * lock.  Since LWLocks are normally used to protect not-very-long
     * sections of computation, a process needs to be able to acquire and
     * release the same lock many times during a single CPU time slice, even
     * in the presence of contention.  The efficiency of being able to do that
     * outweighs the inefficiency of sometimes wasting a process dispatch
     * cycle because the lock is not free when a released waiter finally gets
     * to run.  See pgsql-hackers archives for 29-Dec-01.
     */
    for (;;)
    {
        bool        mustwait;
 
        /*
         * Try to grab the lock the first time, we're not in the waitqueue
         * yet/anymore.
         */
        mustwait = LWLockAttemptLock(lock, mode);
 
        if (!mustwait)
        {
            LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockAcquire", lock, "immediately acquired lock");
            break;              /* got the lock */
        }
 
        /*
         * Ok, at this point we couldn't grab the lock on the first try. We
         * cannot simply queue ourselves to the end of the list and wait to be
         * woken up because by now the lock could long have been released.
         * Instead add us to the queue and try to grab the lock again. If we
         * succeed we need to revert the queuing and be happy, otherwise we
         * recheck the lock. If we still couldn't grab it, we know that the
         * other locker will see our queue entries when releasing since they
         * existed before we checked for the lock.
         */
 
        /* add to the queue */
        LWLockQueueSelf(lock, mode);
 
        /* we're now guaranteed to be woken up if necessary */
        mustwait = LWLockAttemptLock(lock, mode);
 
        /* ok, grabbed the lock the second time round, need to undo queueing */
        if (!mustwait)
        {
            LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockAcquire", lock, "acquired, undoing queue");
 
            LWLockDequeueSelf(lock);
            break;
        }
 
        /*
         * Wait until awakened.
         *
         * It is possible that we get awakened for a reason other than being
         * signaled by LWLockRelease.  If so, loop back and wait again.  Once
         * we've gotten the LWLock, re-increment the sema by the number of
         * additional signals received.
         */
        LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockAcquire", lock, "waiting");
 
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
        lwstats->block_count++;
#endif
 
        LWLockReportWaitStart(lock);
        if (TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_WAIT_START_ENABLED())
            TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_WAIT_START(T_NAME(lock), mode);
 
        for (;;)
        {
            PGSemaphoreLock(proc->sem);
            if (proc->lwWaiting == LW_WS_NOT_WAITING)
                break;
            extraWaits++;
        }
 
        /* Retrying, allow LWLockRelease to release waiters again. */
        pg_atomic_fetch_and_u32(&lock->state, ~LW_FLAG_WAKE_IN_PROGRESS);
 
#ifdef LOCK_DEBUG
        {
            /* not waiting anymore */
            uint32      nwaiters PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY = pg_atomic_fetch_sub_u32(&lock->nwaiters, 1);
 
            Assert(nwaiters < MAX_BACKENDS);
        }
#endif
 
        if (TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_WAIT_DONE_ENABLED())
            TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_WAIT_DONE(T_NAME(lock), mode);
        LWLockReportWaitEnd();
 
        LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockAcquire", lock, "awakened");
 
        /* Now loop back and try to acquire lock again. */
        result = false;
    }
 
    if (TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_ACQUIRE_ENABLED())
        TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_ACQUIRE(T_NAME(lock), mode);
 
    /* Add lock to list of locks held by this backend */
    held_lwlocks[num_held_lwlocks].lock = lock;
    held_lwlocks[num_held_lwlocks++].mode = mode;
 
    /*
     * Fix the process wait semaphore's count for any absorbed wakeups.
     */
    while (extraWaits-- > 0)
        PGSemaphoreUnlock(proc->sem);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * LWLockConditionalAcquire - acquire a lightweight lock in the specified mode
 *
 * If the lock is not available, return false with no side-effects.
 *
 * If successful, cancel/die interrupts are held off until lock release.
 */
bool
LWLockConditionalAcquire(LWLock *lock, LWLockMode mode)
{
    bool        mustwait;
 
    Assert(mode == LW_SHARED || mode == LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
    PRINT_LWDEBUG("LWLockConditionalAcquire", lock, mode);
 
    /* Ensure we will have room to remember the lock */
    if (num_held_lwlocks >= MAX_SIMUL_LWLOCKS)
        elog(ERROR, "too many LWLocks taken");
 
    /*
     * Lock out cancel/die interrupts until we exit the code section protected
     * by the LWLock.  This ensures that interrupts will not interfere with
     * manipulations of data structures in shared memory.
     */
    HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
 
    /* Check for the lock */
    mustwait = LWLockAttemptLock(lock, mode);
 
    if (mustwait)
    {
        /* Failed to get lock, so release interrupt holdoff */
        RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
 
        LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockConditionalAcquire", lock, "failed");
        if (TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_CONDACQUIRE_FAIL_ENABLED())
            TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_CONDACQUIRE_FAIL(T_NAME(lock), mode);
    }
    else
    {
        /* Add lock to list of locks held by this backend */
        held_lwlocks[num_held_lwlocks].lock = lock;
        held_lwlocks[num_held_lwlocks++].mode = mode;
        if (TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_CONDACQUIRE_ENABLED())
            TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_CONDACQUIRE(T_NAME(lock), mode);
    }
    return !mustwait;
}
 
/*
 * LWLockAcquireOrWait - Acquire lock, or wait until it's free
 *
 * The semantics of this function are a bit funky.  If the lock is currently
 * free, it is acquired in the given mode, and the function returns true.  If
 * the lock isn't immediately free, the function waits until it is released
 * and returns false, but does not acquire the lock.
 *
 * This is currently used for WALWriteLock: when a backend flushes the WAL,
 * holding WALWriteLock, it can flush the commit records of many other
 * backends as a side-effect.  Those other backends need to wait until the
 * flush finishes, but don't need to acquire the lock anymore.  They can just
 * wake up, observe that their records have already been flushed, and return.
 */
bool
LWLockAcquireOrWait(LWLock *lock, LWLockMode mode)
{
    PGPROC     *proc = MyProc;
    bool        mustwait;
    int         extraWaits = 0;
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
    lwlock_stats *lwstats;
 
    lwstats = get_lwlock_stats_entry(lock);
#endif
 
    Assert(mode == LW_SHARED || mode == LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
    PRINT_LWDEBUG("LWLockAcquireOrWait", lock, mode);
 
    /* Ensure we will have room to remember the lock */
    if (num_held_lwlocks >= MAX_SIMUL_LWLOCKS)
        elog(ERROR, "too many LWLocks taken");
 
    /*
     * Lock out cancel/die interrupts until we exit the code section protected
     * by the LWLock.  This ensures that interrupts will not interfere with
     * manipulations of data structures in shared memory.
     */
    HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
 
    /*
     * NB: We're using nearly the same twice-in-a-row lock acquisition
     * protocol as LWLockAcquire(). Check its comments for details.
     */
    mustwait = LWLockAttemptLock(lock, mode);
 
    if (mustwait)
    {
        LWLockQueueSelf(lock, LW_WAIT_UNTIL_FREE);
 
        mustwait = LWLockAttemptLock(lock, mode);
 
        if (mustwait)
        {
            /*
             * Wait until awakened.  Like in LWLockAcquire, be prepared for
             * bogus wakeups.
             */
            LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockAcquireOrWait", lock, "waiting");
 
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
            lwstats->block_count++;
#endif
 
            LWLockReportWaitStart(lock);
            if (TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_WAIT_START_ENABLED())
                TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_WAIT_START(T_NAME(lock), mode);
 
            for (;;)
            {
                PGSemaphoreLock(proc->sem);
                if (proc->lwWaiting == LW_WS_NOT_WAITING)
                    break;
                extraWaits++;
            }
 
#ifdef LOCK_DEBUG
            {
                /* not waiting anymore */
                uint32      nwaiters PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY = pg_atomic_fetch_sub_u32(&lock->nwaiters, 1);
 
                Assert(nwaiters < MAX_BACKENDS);
            }
#endif
            if (TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_WAIT_DONE_ENABLED())
                TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_WAIT_DONE(T_NAME(lock), mode);
            LWLockReportWaitEnd();
 
            LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockAcquireOrWait", lock, "awakened");
        }
        else
        {
            LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockAcquireOrWait", lock, "acquired, undoing queue");
 
            /*
             * Got lock in the second attempt, undo queueing. We need to treat
             * this as having successfully acquired the lock, otherwise we'd
             * not necessarily wake up people we've prevented from acquiring
             * the lock.
             */
            LWLockDequeueSelf(lock);
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * Fix the process wait semaphore's count for any absorbed wakeups.
     */
    while (extraWaits-- > 0)
        PGSemaphoreUnlock(proc->sem);
 
    if (mustwait)
    {
        /* Failed to get lock, so release interrupt holdoff */
        RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
        LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockAcquireOrWait", lock, "failed");
        if (TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_ACQUIRE_OR_WAIT_FAIL_ENABLED())
            TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_ACQUIRE_OR_WAIT_FAIL(T_NAME(lock), mode);
    }
    else
    {
        LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockAcquireOrWait", lock, "succeeded");
        /* Add lock to list of locks held by this backend */
        held_lwlocks[num_held_lwlocks].lock = lock;
        held_lwlocks[num_held_lwlocks++].mode = mode;
        if (TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_ACQUIRE_OR_WAIT_ENABLED())
            TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_ACQUIRE_OR_WAIT(T_NAME(lock), mode);
    }
 
    return !mustwait;
}
 
/*
 * Does the lwlock in its current state need to wait for the variable value to
 * change?
 *
 * If we don't need to wait, and it's because the value of the variable has
 * changed, store the current value in newval.
 *
 * *result is set to true if the lock was free, and false otherwise.
 */
static bool
LWLockConflictsWithVar(LWLock *lock, pg_atomic_uint64 *valptr, uint64 oldval,
                       uint64 *newval, bool *result)
{
    bool        mustwait;
    uint64      value;
 
    /*
     * Test first to see if it the slot is free right now.
     *
     * XXX: the unique caller of this routine, WaitXLogInsertionsToFinish()
     * via LWLockWaitForVar(), uses an implied barrier with a spinlock before
     * this, so we don't need a memory barrier here as far as the current
     * usage is concerned.  But that might not be safe in general.
     */
    mustwait = (pg_atomic_read_u32(&lock->state) & LW_VAL_EXCLUSIVE) != 0;
 
    if (!mustwait)
    {
        *result = true;
        return false;
    }
 
    *result = false;
 
    /*
     * Reading this value atomically is safe even on platforms where uint64
     * cannot be read without observing a torn value.
     */
    value = pg_atomic_read_u64(valptr);
 
    if (value != oldval)
    {
        mustwait = false;
        *newval = value;
    }
    else
    {
        mustwait = true;
    }
 
    return mustwait;
}
 
/*
 * LWLockWaitForVar - Wait until lock is free, or a variable is updated.
 *
 * If the lock is held and *valptr equals oldval, waits until the lock is
 * either freed, or the lock holder updates *valptr by calling
 * LWLockUpdateVar.  If the lock is free on exit (immediately or after
 * waiting), returns true.  If the lock is still held, but *valptr no longer
 * matches oldval, returns false and sets *newval to the current value in
 * *valptr.
 *
 * Note: this function ignores shared lock holders; if the lock is held
 * in shared mode, returns 'true'.
 *
 * Be aware that LWLockConflictsWithVar() does not include a memory barrier,
 * hence the caller of this function may want to rely on an explicit barrier or
 * an implied barrier via spinlock or LWLock to avoid memory ordering issues.
 */
bool
LWLockWaitForVar(LWLock *lock, pg_atomic_uint64 *valptr, uint64 oldval,
                 uint64 *newval)
{
    PGPROC     *proc = MyProc;
    int         extraWaits = 0;
    bool        result = false;
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
    lwlock_stats *lwstats;
 
    lwstats = get_lwlock_stats_entry(lock);
#endif
 
    PRINT_LWDEBUG("LWLockWaitForVar", lock, LW_WAIT_UNTIL_FREE);
 
    /*
     * Lock out cancel/die interrupts while we sleep on the lock.  There is no
     * cleanup mechanism to remove us from the wait queue if we got
     * interrupted.
     */
    HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
 
    /*
     * Loop here to check the lock's status after each time we are signaled.
     */
    for (;;)
    {
        bool        mustwait;
 
        mustwait = LWLockConflictsWithVar(lock, valptr, oldval, newval,
                                          &result);
 
        if (!mustwait)
            break;              /* the lock was free or value didn't match */
 
        /*
         * Add myself to wait queue. Note that this is racy, somebody else
         * could wakeup before we're finished queuing. NB: We're using nearly
         * the same twice-in-a-row lock acquisition protocol as
         * LWLockAcquire(). Check its comments for details. The only
         * difference is that we also have to check the variable's values when
         * checking the state of the lock.
         */
        LWLockQueueSelf(lock, LW_WAIT_UNTIL_FREE);
 
        /*
         * Clear LW_FLAG_WAKE_IN_PROGRESS flag, to make sure we get woken up
         * as soon as the lock is released.
         */
        pg_atomic_fetch_and_u32(&lock->state, ~LW_FLAG_WAKE_IN_PROGRESS);
 
        /*
         * We're now guaranteed to be woken up if necessary. Recheck the lock
         * and variables state.
         */
        mustwait = LWLockConflictsWithVar(lock, valptr, oldval, newval,
                                          &result);
 
        /* Ok, no conflict after we queued ourselves. Undo queueing. */
        if (!mustwait)
        {
            LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockWaitForVar", lock, "free, undoing queue");
 
            LWLockDequeueSelf(lock);
            break;
        }
 
        /*
         * Wait until awakened.
         *
         * It is possible that we get awakened for a reason other than being
         * signaled by LWLockRelease.  If so, loop back and wait again.  Once
         * we've gotten the LWLock, re-increment the sema by the number of
         * additional signals received.
         */
        LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockWaitForVar", lock, "waiting");
 
#ifdef LWLOCK_STATS
        lwstats->block_count++;
#endif
 
        LWLockReportWaitStart(lock);
        if (TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_WAIT_START_ENABLED())
            TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_WAIT_START(T_NAME(lock), LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
        for (;;)
        {
            PGSemaphoreLock(proc->sem);
            if (proc->lwWaiting == LW_WS_NOT_WAITING)
                break;
            extraWaits++;
        }
 
#ifdef LOCK_DEBUG
        {
            /* not waiting anymore */
            uint32      nwaiters PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY = pg_atomic_fetch_sub_u32(&lock->nwaiters, 1);
 
            Assert(nwaiters < MAX_BACKENDS);
        }
#endif
 
        if (TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_WAIT_DONE_ENABLED())
            TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_WAIT_DONE(T_NAME(lock), LW_EXCLUSIVE);
        LWLockReportWaitEnd();
 
        LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockWaitForVar", lock, "awakened");
 
        /* Now loop back and check the status of the lock again. */
    }
 
    /*
     * Fix the process wait semaphore's count for any absorbed wakeups.
     */
    while (extraWaits-- > 0)
        PGSemaphoreUnlock(proc->sem);
 
    /*
     * Now okay to allow cancel/die interrupts.
     */
    RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
 
    return result;
}
 
 
/*
 * LWLockUpdateVar - Update a variable and wake up waiters atomically
 *
 * Sets *valptr to 'val', and wakes up all processes waiting for us with
 * LWLockWaitForVar().  It first sets the value atomically and then wakes up
 * waiting processes so that any process calling LWLockWaitForVar() on the same
 * lock is guaranteed to see the new value, and act accordingly.
 *
 * The caller must be holding the lock in exclusive mode.
 */
void
LWLockUpdateVar(LWLock *lock, pg_atomic_uint64 *valptr, uint64 val)
{
    proclist_head wakeup;
    proclist_mutable_iter iter;
 
    PRINT_LWDEBUG("LWLockUpdateVar", lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
    /*
     * Note that pg_atomic_exchange_u64 is a full barrier, so we're guaranteed
     * that the variable is updated before waking up waiters.
     */
    pg_atomic_exchange_u64(valptr, val);
 
    proclist_init(&wakeup);
 
    LWLockWaitListLock(lock);
 
    Assert(pg_atomic_read_u32(&lock->state) & LW_VAL_EXCLUSIVE);
 
    /*
     * See if there are any LW_WAIT_UNTIL_FREE waiters that need to be woken
     * up. They are always in the front of the queue.
     */
    proclist_foreach_modify(iter, &lock->waiters, lwWaitLink)
    {
        PGPROC     *waiter = GetPGProcByNumber(iter.cur);
 
        if (waiter->lwWaitMode != LW_WAIT_UNTIL_FREE)
            break;
 
        proclist_delete(&lock->waiters, iter.cur, lwWaitLink);
        proclist_push_tail(&wakeup, iter.cur, lwWaitLink);
 
        /* see LWLockWakeup() */
        Assert(waiter->lwWaiting == LW_WS_WAITING);
        waiter->lwWaiting = LW_WS_PENDING_WAKEUP;
    }
 
    /* We are done updating shared state of the lock itself. */
    LWLockWaitListUnlock(lock);
 
    /*
     * Awaken any waiters I removed from the queue.
     */
    proclist_foreach_modify(iter, &wakeup, lwWaitLink)
    {
        PGPROC     *waiter = GetPGProcByNumber(iter.cur);
 
        proclist_delete(&wakeup, iter.cur, lwWaitLink);
        /* check comment in LWLockWakeup() about this barrier */
        pg_write_barrier();
        waiter->lwWaiting = LW_WS_NOT_WAITING;
        PGSemaphoreUnlock(waiter->sem);
    }
}
 
 
/*
 * LWLockRelease - release a previously acquired lock
 *
 * NB: This will leave lock->owner pointing to the current backend (if
 * LOCK_DEBUG is set). This is somewhat intentional, as it makes it easier to
 * debug cases of missing wakeups during lock release.
 */
void
LWLockRelease(LWLock *lock)
{
    LWLockMode  mode;
    uint32      oldstate;
    bool        check_waiters;
    int         i;
 
    /*
     * Remove lock from list of locks held.  Usually, but not always, it will
     * be the latest-acquired lock; so search array backwards.
     */
    for (i = num_held_lwlocks; --i >= 0;)
        if (lock == held_lwlocks[i].lock)
            break;
 
    if (i < 0)
        elog(ERROR, "lock %s is not held", T_NAME(lock));
 
    mode = held_lwlocks[i].mode;
 
    num_held_lwlocks--;
    for (; i < num_held_lwlocks; i++)
        held_lwlocks[i] = held_lwlocks[i + 1];
 
    PRINT_LWDEBUG("LWLockRelease", lock, mode);
 
    /*
     * Release my hold on lock, after that it can immediately be acquired by
     * others, even if we still have to wakeup other waiters.
     */
    if (mode == LW_EXCLUSIVE)
        oldstate = pg_atomic_sub_fetch_u32(&lock->state, LW_VAL_EXCLUSIVE);
    else
        oldstate = pg_atomic_sub_fetch_u32(&lock->state, LW_VAL_SHARED);
 
    /* nobody else can have that kind of lock */
    Assert(!(oldstate & LW_VAL_EXCLUSIVE));
 
    if (TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_RELEASE_ENABLED())
        TRACE_POSTGRESQL_LWLOCK_RELEASE(T_NAME(lock));
 
    /*
     * Check if we're still waiting for backends to get scheduled, if so,
     * don't wake them up again.
     */
    if ((oldstate & LW_FLAG_HAS_WAITERS) &&
        !(oldstate & LW_FLAG_WAKE_IN_PROGRESS) &&
        (oldstate & LW_LOCK_MASK) == 0)
        check_waiters = true;
    else
        check_waiters = false;
 
    /*
     * As waking up waiters requires the spinlock to be acquired, only do so
     * if necessary.
     */
    if (check_waiters)
    {
        /* XXX: remove before commit? */
        LOG_LWDEBUG("LWLockRelease", lock, "releasing waiters");
        LWLockWakeup(lock);
    }
 
    /*
     * Now okay to allow cancel/die interrupts.
     */
    RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
 
/*
 * LWLockReleaseClearVar - release a previously acquired lock, reset variable
 */
void
LWLockReleaseClearVar(LWLock *lock, pg_atomic_uint64 *valptr, uint64 val)
{
    /*
     * Note that pg_atomic_exchange_u64 is a full barrier, so we're guaranteed
     * that the variable is updated before releasing the lock.
     */
    pg_atomic_exchange_u64(valptr, val);
 
    LWLockRelease(lock);
}
 
 
/*
 * LWLockReleaseAll - release all currently-held locks
 *
 * Used to clean up after ereport(ERROR). An important difference between this
 * function and retail LWLockRelease calls is that InterruptHoldoffCount is
 * unchanged by this operation.  This is necessary since InterruptHoldoffCount
 * has been set to an appropriate level earlier in error recovery. We could
 * decrement it below zero if we allow it to drop for each released lock!
 *
 * Note that this function must be safe to call even before the LWLock
 * subsystem has been initialized (e.g., during early startup failures).
 * In that case, num_held_lwlocks will be 0 and we do nothing.
 */
void
LWLockReleaseAll(void)
{
    while (num_held_lwlocks > 0)
    {
        HOLD_INTERRUPTS();      /* match the upcoming RESUME_INTERRUPTS */
 
        LWLockRelease(held_lwlocks[num_held_lwlocks - 1].lock);
    }
 
    Assert(num_held_lwlocks == 0);
}
 
 
/*
 * LWLockHeldByMe - test whether my process holds a lock in any mode
 *
 * This is meant as debug support only.
 */
bool
LWLockHeldByMe(LWLock *lock)
{
    int         i;
 
    for (i = 0; i < num_held_lwlocks; i++)
    {
        if (held_lwlocks[i].lock == lock)
            return true;
    }
    return false;
}
 
/*
 * LWLockAnyHeldByMe - test whether my process holds any of an array of locks
 *
 * This is meant as debug support only.
 */
bool
LWLockAnyHeldByMe(LWLock *lock, int nlocks, size_t stride)
{
    char       *held_lock_addr;
    char       *begin;
    char       *end;
    int         i;
 
    begin = (char *) lock;
    end = begin + nlocks * stride;
    for (i = 0; i < num_held_lwlocks; i++)
    {
        held_lock_addr = (char *) held_lwlocks[i].lock;
        if (held_lock_addr >= begin &&
            held_lock_addr < end &&
            (held_lock_addr - begin) % stride == 0)
            return true;
    }
    return false;
}
 
/*
 * LWLockHeldByMeInMode - test whether my process holds a lock in given mode
 *
 * This is meant as debug support only.
 */
bool
LWLockHeldByMeInMode(LWLock *lock, LWLockMode mode)
{
    int         i;
 
    for (i = 0; i < num_held_lwlocks; i++)
    {
        if (held_lwlocks[i].lock == lock && held_lwlocks[i].mode == mode)
            return true;
    }
    return false;
}