method_io_uring.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * method_io_uring.c
 *    AIO - perform AIO using Linux' io_uring
 *
 * For now we create one io_uring instance for each backend. These io_uring
 * instances have to be created in postmaster, during startup, to allow other
 * backends to process IO completions, if the issuing backend is currently
 * busy doing other things. Other backends may not use another backend's
 * io_uring instance to submit IO, that'd require additional locking that
 * would likely be harmful for performance.
 *
 * We likely will want to introduce a backend-local io_uring instance in the
 * future, e.g. for FE/BE network IO.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/storage/aio/method_io_uring.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
 
#include "postgres.h"
 
/* included early, for IOMETHOD_IO_URING_ENABLED */
#include "storage/aio.h"
 
#ifdef IOMETHOD_IO_URING_ENABLED
 
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <unistd.h>
 
#include <liburing.h>
 
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "storage/aio_internal.h"
#include "storage/fd.h"
#include "storage/proc.h"
#include "storage/shmem.h"
#include "storage/lwlock.h"
#include "storage/procnumber.h"
#include "utils/wait_event.h"
 
 
/* number of completions processed at once */
#define PGAIO_MAX_LOCAL_COMPLETED_IO 32
 
 
/* Entry points for IoMethodOps. */
static size_t pgaio_uring_shmem_size(void);
static void pgaio_uring_shmem_init(bool first_time);
static void pgaio_uring_init_backend(void);
static int  pgaio_uring_submit(uint16 num_staged_ios, PgAioHandle **staged_ios);
static void pgaio_uring_wait_one(PgAioHandle *ioh, uint64 ref_generation);
static void pgaio_uring_check_one(PgAioHandle *ioh, uint64 ref_generation);
 
/* helper functions */
static void pgaio_uring_sq_from_io(PgAioHandle *ioh, struct io_uring_sqe *sqe);
 
 
const IoMethodOps pgaio_uring_ops = {
    /*
     * While io_uring mostly is OK with FDs getting closed while the IO is in
     * flight, that is not true for IOs submitted with IOSQE_ASYNC.
     *
     * See
     * https://postgr.es/m/5ons2rtmwarqqhhexb3dnqulw5rjgwgoct57vpdau4rujlrffj%403fls6d2mkiwc
     */
    .wait_on_fd_before_close = true,
 
    .shmem_size = pgaio_uring_shmem_size,
    .shmem_init = pgaio_uring_shmem_init,
    .init_backend = pgaio_uring_init_backend,
 
    .submit = pgaio_uring_submit,
    .wait_one = pgaio_uring_wait_one,
    .check_one = pgaio_uring_check_one,
};
 
/*
 * Per-backend state when using io_method=io_uring
 */
typedef struct PgAioUringContext
{
    /*
     * Align the whole struct to a cacheline boundary, to prevent false
     * sharing between completion_lock and prior backend's io_uring_ring.
     */
    alignas(PG_CACHE_LINE_SIZE)
 
    /*
     * Multiple backends can process completions for this backend's io_uring
     * instance (e.g. when the backend issuing IO is busy doing something
     * else).  To make that safe we have to ensure that only a single backend
     * gets io completions from the io_uring instance at a time.
     */
    LWLock      completion_lock;
 
    struct io_uring io_uring_ring;
} PgAioUringContext;
 
/*
 * Information about the capabilities that io_uring has.
 *
 * Depending on liburing and kernel version different features are
 * supported. At least for the kernel a kernel version check does not suffice
 * as various vendors do backport features to older kernels :(.
 */
typedef struct PgAioUringCaps
{
    bool        checked;
    /* -1 if io_uring_queue_init_mem() is unsupported */
    int         mem_init_size;
} PgAioUringCaps;
 
 
/* PgAioUringContexts for all backends */
static PgAioUringContext *pgaio_uring_contexts;
 
/* the current backend's context */
static PgAioUringContext *pgaio_my_uring_context;
 
static PgAioUringCaps pgaio_uring_caps =
{
    .checked = false,
    .mem_init_size = -1,
};
 
static uint32
pgaio_uring_procs(void)
{
    /*
     * We can subtract MAX_IO_WORKERS here as io workers are never used at the
     * same time as io_method=io_uring.
     */
    return MaxBackends + NUM_AUXILIARY_PROCS - MAX_IO_WORKERS;
}
 
/*
 * Initializes pgaio_uring_caps, unless that's already done.
 */
static void
pgaio_uring_check_capabilities(void)
{
    if (pgaio_uring_caps.checked)
        return;
 
    /*
     * By default io_uring creates a shared memory mapping for each io_uring
     * instance, leading to a large number of memory mappings. Unfortunately a
     * large number of memory mappings slows things down, backend exit is
     * particularly affected.  To address that, newer kernels (6.5) support
     * using user-provided memory for the memory, by putting the relevant
     * memory into shared memory we don't need any additional mappings.
     *
     * To know whether this is supported, we unfortunately need to probe the
     * kernel by trying to create a ring with userspace-provided memory. This
     * also has a secondary benefit: We can determine precisely how much
     * memory we need for each io_uring instance.
     */
#if defined(HAVE_IO_URING_QUEUE_INIT_MEM) && defined(IORING_SETUP_NO_MMAP)
    {
        struct io_uring test_ring;
        size_t      ring_size;
        void       *ring_ptr;
        struct io_uring_params p = {0};
        int         ret;
 
        /*
         * Liburing does not yet provide an API to query how much memory a
         * ring will need. So we over-estimate it here. As the memory is freed
         * just below that's small temporary waste of memory.
         *
         * 1MB is more than enough for rings within io_max_concurrency's
         * range.
         */
        ring_size = 1024 * 1024;
 
        /*
         * Hard to believe a system exists where 1MB would not be a multiple
         * of the page size. But it's cheap to ensure...
         */
        ring_size -= ring_size % sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
 
        ring_ptr = mmap(NULL, ring_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
        if (ring_ptr == MAP_FAILED)
            elog(ERROR,
                 "mmap(%zu) to determine io_uring_queue_init_mem() support failed: %m",
                 ring_size);
 
        ret = io_uring_queue_init_mem(io_max_concurrency, &test_ring, &p, ring_ptr, ring_size);
        if (ret > 0)
        {
            pgaio_uring_caps.mem_init_size = ret;
 
            elog(DEBUG1,
                 "can use combined memory mapping for io_uring, each ring needs %d bytes",
                 ret);
 
            /* clean up the created ring, it was just for a test */
            io_uring_queue_exit(&test_ring);
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * There are different reasons for ring creation to fail, but it's
             * ok to treat that just as io_uring_queue_init_mem() not being
             * supported. We'll report a more detailed error in
             * pgaio_uring_shmem_init().
             */
            errno = -ret;
            elog(DEBUG1,
                 "cannot use combined memory mapping for io_uring, ring creation failed: %m");
 
        }
 
        if (munmap(ring_ptr, ring_size) != 0)
            elog(ERROR, "munmap() failed: %m");
    }
#else
    {
        elog(DEBUG1,
             "can't use combined memory mapping for io_uring, kernel or liburing too old");
    }
#endif
 
    pgaio_uring_caps.checked = true;
}
 
/*
 * Memory for all PgAioUringContext instances
 */
static size_t
pgaio_uring_context_shmem_size(void)
{
    return mul_size(pgaio_uring_procs(), sizeof(PgAioUringContext));
}
 
/*
 * Memory for the combined memory used by io_uring instances. Returns 0 if
 * that is not supported by kernel/liburing.
 */
static size_t
pgaio_uring_ring_shmem_size(void)
{
    size_t      sz = 0;
 
    if (pgaio_uring_caps.mem_init_size > 0)
    {
        /*
         * Memory for rings needs to be allocated to the page boundary,
         * reserve space. Luckily it does not need to be aligned to hugepage
         * boundaries, even if huge pages are used.
         */
        sz = add_size(sz, sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE));
        sz = add_size(sz, mul_size(pgaio_uring_procs(),
                                   pgaio_uring_caps.mem_init_size));
    }
 
    return sz;
}
 
static size_t
pgaio_uring_shmem_size(void)
{
    size_t      sz;
 
    /*
     * Kernel and liburing support for various features influences how much
     * shmem we need, perform the necessary checks.
     */
    pgaio_uring_check_capabilities();
 
    sz = pgaio_uring_context_shmem_size();
    sz = add_size(sz, pgaio_uring_ring_shmem_size());
 
    return sz;
}
 
static void
pgaio_uring_shmem_init(bool first_time)
{
    int         TotalProcs = pgaio_uring_procs();
    bool        found;
    char       *shmem;
    size_t      ring_mem_remain = 0;
    char       *ring_mem_next = 0;
 
    /*
     * We allocate memory for all PgAioUringContext instances and, if
     * supported, the memory required for each of the io_uring instances, in
     * one ShmemInitStruct().
     */
    shmem = ShmemInitStruct("AioUringContext", pgaio_uring_shmem_size(), &found);
    if (found)
        return;
 
    pgaio_uring_contexts = (PgAioUringContext *) shmem;
    shmem += pgaio_uring_context_shmem_size();
 
    /* if supported, handle memory alignment / sizing for io_uring memory */
    if (pgaio_uring_caps.mem_init_size > 0)
    {
        ring_mem_remain = pgaio_uring_ring_shmem_size();
        ring_mem_next = shmem;
 
        /* align to page boundary, see also pgaio_uring_ring_shmem_size() */
        ring_mem_next = (char *) TYPEALIGN(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE), ring_mem_next);
 
        /* account for alignment */
        ring_mem_remain -= ring_mem_next - shmem;
        shmem += ring_mem_next - shmem;
 
        shmem += ring_mem_remain;
    }
 
    for (int contextno = 0; contextno < TotalProcs; contextno++)
    {
        PgAioUringContext *context = &pgaio_uring_contexts[contextno];
        int         ret;
 
        /*
         * Right now a high TotalProcs will cause problems in two ways:
         *
         * - RLIMIT_NOFILE needs to be big enough to allow all
         * io_uring_queue_init() calls to succeed.
         *
         * - RLIMIT_NOFILE needs to be big enough to still have enough file
         * descriptors to satisfy set_max_safe_fds() left over. Or, even
         * better, have max_files_per_process left over FDs.
         *
         * We probably should adjust the soft RLIMIT_NOFILE to ensure that.
         *
         *
         * XXX: Newer versions of io_uring support sharing the workers that
         * execute some asynchronous IOs between io_uring instances. It might
         * be worth using that - also need to evaluate if that causes
         * noticeable additional contention?
         */
 
        /*
         * If supported (c.f. pgaio_uring_check_capabilities()), create ring
         * with its data in shared memory. Otherwise fall back io_uring
         * creating a memory mapping for each ring.
         */
#if defined(HAVE_IO_URING_QUEUE_INIT_MEM) && defined(IORING_SETUP_NO_MMAP)
        if (pgaio_uring_caps.mem_init_size > 0)
        {
            struct io_uring_params p = {0};
 
            ret = io_uring_queue_init_mem(io_max_concurrency, &context->io_uring_ring, &p, ring_mem_next, ring_mem_remain);
 
            ring_mem_remain -= ret;
            ring_mem_next += ret;
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            ret = io_uring_queue_init(io_max_concurrency, &context->io_uring_ring, 0);
        }
 
        if (ret < 0)
        {
            char       *hint = NULL;
            int         err = ERRCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR;
 
            /* add hints for some failures that errno explains sufficiently */
            if (-ret == EPERM)
            {
                err = ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE;
                hint = _("Check if io_uring is disabled via /proc/sys/kernel/io_uring_disabled.");
            }
            else if (-ret == EMFILE)
            {
                err = ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES;
                hint = psprintf(_("Consider increasing \"ulimit -n\" to at least %d."),
                                TotalProcs + max_files_per_process);
            }
            else if (-ret == ENOSYS)
            {
                err = ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED;
                hint = _("The kernel does not support io_uring.");
            }
 
            /* update errno to allow %m to work */
            errno = -ret;
 
            ereport(ERROR,
                    errcode(err),
                    errmsg("could not setup io_uring queue: %m"),
                    hint != NULL ? errhint("%s", hint) : 0);
        }
 
        LWLockInitialize(&context->completion_lock, LWTRANCHE_AIO_URING_COMPLETION);
    }
}
 
static void
pgaio_uring_init_backend(void)
{
    Assert(MyProcNumber < pgaio_uring_procs());
 
    pgaio_my_uring_context = &pgaio_uring_contexts[MyProcNumber];
}
 
static int
pgaio_uring_submit(uint16 num_staged_ios, PgAioHandle **staged_ios)
{
    struct io_uring *uring_instance = &pgaio_my_uring_context->io_uring_ring;
    int         in_flight_before = dclist_count(&pgaio_my_backend->in_flight_ios);
 
    Assert(num_staged_ios <= PGAIO_SUBMIT_BATCH_SIZE);
 
    for (int i = 0; i < num_staged_ios; i++)
    {
        PgAioHandle *ioh = staged_ios[i];
        struct io_uring_sqe *sqe;
 
        sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(uring_instance);
 
        if (!sqe)
            elog(ERROR, "io_uring submission queue is unexpectedly full");
 
        pgaio_io_prepare_submit(ioh);
        pgaio_uring_sq_from_io(ioh, sqe);
 
        /*
         * io_uring executes IO in process context if possible. That's
         * generally good, as it reduces context switching. When performing a
         * lot of buffered IO that means that copying between page cache and
         * userspace memory happens in the foreground, as it can't be
         * offloaded to DMA hardware as is possible when using direct IO. When
         * executing a lot of buffered IO this causes io_uring to be slower
         * than worker mode, as worker mode parallelizes the copying. io_uring
         * can be told to offload work to worker threads instead.
         *
         * If an IO is buffered IO and we already have IOs in flight or
         * multiple IOs are being submitted, we thus tell io_uring to execute
         * the IO in the background. We don't do so for the first few IOs
         * being submitted as executing in this process' context has lower
         * latency.
         */
        if (in_flight_before > 4 && (ioh->flags & PGAIO_HF_BUFFERED))
            io_uring_sqe_set_flags(sqe, IOSQE_ASYNC);
 
        in_flight_before++;
    }
 
    while (true)
    {
        int         ret;
 
        pgstat_report_wait_start(WAIT_EVENT_AIO_IO_URING_SUBMIT);
        ret = io_uring_submit(uring_instance);
        pgstat_report_wait_end();
 
        if (ret == -EINTR)
        {
            pgaio_debug(DEBUG3,
                        "aio method uring: submit EINTR, nios: %d",
                        num_staged_ios);
        }
        else if (ret < 0)
        {
            /*
             * The io_uring_enter() manpage suggests that the appropriate
             * reaction to EAGAIN is:
             *
             * "The application should wait for some completions and try
             * again"
             *
             * However, it seems unlikely that that would help in our case, as
             * we apply a low limit to the number of outstanding IOs and thus
             * also outstanding completions, making it unlikely that we'd get
             * EAGAIN while the OS is in good working order.
             *
             * Additionally, it would be problematic to just wait here, our
             * caller might hold critical locks. It'd possibly lead to
             * delaying the crash-restart that seems likely to occur when the
             * kernel is under such heavy memory pressure.
             *
             * Update errno to allow %m to work.
             */
            errno = -ret;
            elog(PANIC, "io_uring submit failed: %m");
        }
        else if (ret != num_staged_ios)
        {
            /* likely unreachable, but if it is, we would need to re-submit */
            elog(PANIC, "io_uring submit submitted only %d of %d",
                 ret, num_staged_ios);
        }
        else
        {
            pgaio_debug(DEBUG4,
                        "aio method uring: submitted %d IOs",
                        num_staged_ios);
            break;
        }
    }
 
    return num_staged_ios;
}
 
static void
pgaio_uring_completion_error_callback(void *arg)
{
    ProcNumber  owner;
    PGPROC     *owner_proc;
    int32       owner_pid;
    PgAioHandle *ioh = arg;
 
    if (!ioh)
        return;
 
    /* No need for context if a backend is completing the IO for itself */
    if (ioh->owner_procno == MyProcNumber)
        return;
 
    owner = ioh->owner_procno;
    owner_proc = GetPGProcByNumber(owner);
    owner_pid = owner_proc->pid;
 
    errcontext("completing I/O on behalf of process %d", owner_pid);
}
 
static void
pgaio_uring_drain_locked(PgAioUringContext *context)
{
    int         ready;
    int         orig_ready;
    ErrorContextCallback errcallback = {0};
 
    Assert(LWLockHeldByMeInMode(&context->completion_lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE));
 
    errcallback.callback = pgaio_uring_completion_error_callback;
    errcallback.previous = error_context_stack;
    error_context_stack = &errcallback;
 
    /*
     * Don't drain more events than available right now. Otherwise it's
     * plausible that one backend could get stuck, for a while, receiving CQEs
     * without actually processing them.
     */
    orig_ready = ready = io_uring_cq_ready(&context->io_uring_ring);
 
    while (ready > 0)
    {
        struct io_uring_cqe *cqes[PGAIO_MAX_LOCAL_COMPLETED_IO];
        uint32      ncqes;
 
        START_CRIT_SECTION();
        ncqes =
            io_uring_peek_batch_cqe(&context->io_uring_ring,
                                    cqes,
                                    Min(PGAIO_MAX_LOCAL_COMPLETED_IO, ready));
        Assert(ncqes <= ready);
 
        ready -= ncqes;
 
        for (int i = 0; i < ncqes; i++)
        {
            struct io_uring_cqe *cqe = cqes[i];
            PgAioHandle *ioh = io_uring_cqe_get_data(cqe);
            int         result = cqe->res;
 
            errcallback.arg = ioh;
 
            io_uring_cqe_seen(&context->io_uring_ring, cqe);
 
            pgaio_io_process_completion(ioh, result);
            errcallback.arg = NULL;
        }
 
        END_CRIT_SECTION();
 
        pgaio_debug(DEBUG3,
                    "drained %d/%d, now expecting %d",
                    ncqes, orig_ready, io_uring_cq_ready(&context->io_uring_ring));
    }
 
    error_context_stack = errcallback.previous;
}
 
static void
pgaio_uring_wait_one(PgAioHandle *ioh, uint64 ref_generation)
{
    PgAioHandleState state;
    ProcNumber  owner_procno = ioh->owner_procno;
    PgAioUringContext *owner_context = &pgaio_uring_contexts[owner_procno];
    bool        expect_cqe;
    int         waited = 0;
 
    /*
     * XXX: It would be nice to have a smarter locking scheme, nearly all the
     * time the backend owning the ring will consume the completions, making
     * the locking unnecessarily expensive.
     */
    LWLockAcquire(&owner_context->completion_lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
    while (true)
    {
        pgaio_debug_io(DEBUG3, ioh,
                       "wait_one io_gen: %" PRIu64 ", ref_gen: %" PRIu64 ", cycle %d",
                       ioh->generation,
                       ref_generation,
                       waited);
 
        if (pgaio_io_was_recycled(ioh, ref_generation, &state) ||
            state != PGAIO_HS_SUBMITTED)
        {
            /* the IO was completed by another backend */
            break;
        }
        else if (io_uring_cq_ready(&owner_context->io_uring_ring))
        {
            /* no need to wait in the kernel, io_uring has a completion */
            expect_cqe = true;
        }
        else
        {
            int         ret;
            struct io_uring_cqe *cqes;
 
            /* need to wait in the kernel */
            pgstat_report_wait_start(WAIT_EVENT_AIO_IO_URING_EXECUTION);
            ret = io_uring_wait_cqes(&owner_context->io_uring_ring, &cqes, 1, NULL, NULL);
            pgstat_report_wait_end();
 
            if (ret == -EINTR)
            {
                continue;
            }
            else if (ret != 0)
            {
                /* see comment after io_uring_submit() */
                errno = -ret;
                elog(PANIC, "io_uring wait failed: %m");
            }
            else
            {
                Assert(cqes != NULL);
                expect_cqe = true;
                waited++;
            }
        }
 
        if (expect_cqe)
        {
            pgaio_uring_drain_locked(owner_context);
        }
    }
 
    LWLockRelease(&owner_context->completion_lock);
 
    pgaio_debug(DEBUG3,
                "wait_one with %d sleeps",
                waited);
}
 
static void
pgaio_uring_check_one(PgAioHandle *ioh, uint64 ref_generation)
{
    ProcNumber  owner_procno = ioh->owner_procno;
    PgAioUringContext *owner_context = &pgaio_uring_contexts[owner_procno];
 
    /*
     * This check is not reliable when not holding the completion lock, but
     * it's a useful cheap pre-check to see if it's worth trying to get the
     * completion lock.
     */
    if (!io_uring_cq_ready(&owner_context->io_uring_ring))
        return;
 
    /*
     * If the completion lock is currently held, the holder will likely
     * process any pending completions, give up.
     */
    if (!LWLockConditionalAcquire(&owner_context->completion_lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE))
        return;
 
    pgaio_debug_io(DEBUG3, ioh,
                   "check_one io_gen: %" PRIu64 ", ref_gen: %" PRIu64,
                   ioh->generation,
                   ref_generation);
 
    /*
     * Recheck if there are any completions, another backend could have
     * processed them since we checked above, or our unlocked pre-check could
     * have been reading outdated values.
     *
     * It is possible that the IO handle has been reused since the start of
     * the call, but now that we have the lock, we can just as well drain all
     * completions.
     */
    if (io_uring_cq_ready(&owner_context->io_uring_ring))
        pgaio_uring_drain_locked(owner_context);
 
    LWLockRelease(&owner_context->completion_lock);
}
 
static void
pgaio_uring_sq_from_io(PgAioHandle *ioh, struct io_uring_sqe *sqe)
{
    struct iovec *iov;
 
    switch ((PgAioOp) ioh->op)
    {
        case PGAIO_OP_READV:
            iov = &pgaio_ctl->iovecs[ioh->iovec_off];
            if (ioh->op_data.read.iov_length == 1)
            {
                io_uring_prep_read(sqe,
                                   ioh->op_data.read.fd,
                                   iov->iov_base,
                                   iov->iov_len,
                                   ioh->op_data.read.offset);
            }
            else
            {
                io_uring_prep_readv(sqe,
                                    ioh->op_data.read.fd,
                                    iov,
                                    ioh->op_data.read.iov_length,
                                    ioh->op_data.read.offset);
 
            }
            break;
 
        case PGAIO_OP_WRITEV:
            iov = &pgaio_ctl->iovecs[ioh->iovec_off];
            if (ioh->op_data.write.iov_length == 1)
            {
                io_uring_prep_write(sqe,
                                    ioh->op_data.write.fd,
                                    iov->iov_base,
                                    iov->iov_len,
                                    ioh->op_data.write.offset);
            }
            else
            {
                io_uring_prep_writev(sqe,
                                     ioh->op_data.write.fd,
                                     iov,
                                     ioh->op_data.write.iov_length,
                                     ioh->op_data.write.offset);
            }
            break;
 
        case PGAIO_OP_INVALID:
            elog(ERROR, "trying to prepare invalid IO operation for execution");
    }
 
    io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, ioh);
}
 
#endif                          /* IOMETHOD_IO_URING_ENABLED */