sinvaladt.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * sinvaladt.c
 *    POSTGRES shared cache invalidation data manager.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/storage/ipc/sinvaladt.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include <signal.h>
#include <unistd.h>
 
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "storage/ipc.h"
#include "storage/proc.h"
#include "storage/procnumber.h"
#include "storage/procsignal.h"
#include "storage/shmem.h"
#include "storage/sinvaladt.h"
#include "storage/spin.h"
#include "storage/subsystems.h"
 
/*
 * Conceptually, the shared cache invalidation messages are stored in an
 * infinite array, where maxMsgNum is the next array subscript to store a
 * submitted message in, minMsgNum is the smallest array subscript containing
 * a message not yet read by all backends, and we always have maxMsgNum >=
 * minMsgNum.  (They are equal when there are no messages pending.)  For each
 * active backend, there is a nextMsgNum pointer indicating the next message it
 * needs to read; we have maxMsgNum >= nextMsgNum >= minMsgNum for every
 * backend.
 *
 * (In the current implementation, minMsgNum is a lower bound for the
 * per-process nextMsgNum values, but it isn't rigorously kept equal to the
 * smallest nextMsgNum --- it may lag behind.  We only update it when
 * SICleanupQueue is called, and we try not to do that often.)
 *
 * In reality, the messages are stored in a circular buffer of MAXNUMMESSAGES
 * entries.  We translate MsgNum values into circular-buffer indexes by
 * computing MsgNum % MAXNUMMESSAGES (this should be fast as long as
 * MAXNUMMESSAGES is a constant and a power of 2).  As long as maxMsgNum
 * doesn't exceed minMsgNum by more than MAXNUMMESSAGES, we have enough space
 * in the buffer.  If the buffer does overflow, we recover by setting the
 * "reset" flag for each backend that has fallen too far behind.  A backend
 * that is in "reset" state is ignored while determining minMsgNum.  When
 * it does finally attempt to receive inval messages, it must discard all
 * its invalidatable state, since it won't know what it missed.
 *
 * To reduce the probability of needing resets, we send a "catchup" interrupt
 * to any backend that seems to be falling unreasonably far behind.  The
 * normal behavior is that at most one such interrupt is in flight at a time;
 * when a backend completes processing a catchup interrupt, it executes
 * SICleanupQueue, which will signal the next-furthest-behind backend if
 * needed.  This avoids undue contention from multiple backends all trying
 * to catch up at once.  However, the furthest-back backend might be stuck
 * in a state where it can't catch up.  Eventually it will get reset, so it
 * won't cause any more problems for anyone but itself.  But we don't want
 * to find that a bunch of other backends are now too close to the reset
 * threshold to be saved.  So SICleanupQueue is designed to occasionally
 * send extra catchup interrupts as the queue gets fuller, to backends that
 * are far behind and haven't gotten one yet.  As long as there aren't a lot
 * of "stuck" backends, we won't need a lot of extra interrupts, since ones
 * that aren't stuck will propagate their interrupts to the next guy.
 *
 * We would have problems if the MsgNum values overflow an integer, so
 * whenever minMsgNum exceeds MSGNUMWRAPAROUND, we subtract MSGNUMWRAPAROUND
 * from all the MsgNum variables simultaneously.  MSGNUMWRAPAROUND can be
 * large so that we don't need to do this often.  It must be a multiple of
 * MAXNUMMESSAGES so that the existing circular-buffer entries don't need
 * to be moved when we do it.
 *
 * Access to the shared sinval array is protected by two locks, SInvalReadLock
 * and SInvalWriteLock.  Readers take SInvalReadLock in shared mode; this
 * authorizes them to modify their own ProcState but not to modify or even
 * look at anyone else's.  When we need to perform array-wide updates,
 * such as in SICleanupQueue, we take SInvalReadLock in exclusive mode to
 * lock out all readers.  Writers take SInvalWriteLock (always in exclusive
 * mode) to serialize adding messages to the queue.  Note that a writer
 * can operate in parallel with one or more readers, because the writer
 * has no need to touch anyone's ProcState, except in the infrequent cases
 * when SICleanupQueue is needed.  The only point of overlap is that
 * the writer wants to change maxMsgNum while readers need to read it.
 * We deal with that by having a spinlock that readers must take for just
 * long enough to read maxMsgNum, while writers take it for just long enough
 * to write maxMsgNum.  (The exact rule is that you need the spinlock to
 * read maxMsgNum if you are not holding SInvalWriteLock, and you need the
 * spinlock to write maxMsgNum unless you are holding both locks.)
 *
 * Note: since maxMsgNum is an int and hence presumably atomically readable/
 * writable, the spinlock might seem unnecessary.  The reason it is needed
 * is to provide a memory barrier: we need to be sure that messages written
 * to the array are actually there before maxMsgNum is increased, and that
 * readers will see that data after fetching maxMsgNum.  Multiprocessors
 * that have weak memory-ordering guarantees can fail without the memory
 * barrier instructions that are included in the spinlock sequences.
 */
 
 
/*
 * Configurable parameters.
 *
 * MAXNUMMESSAGES: max number of shared-inval messages we can buffer.
 * Must be a power of 2 for speed.
 *
 * MSGNUMWRAPAROUND: how often to reduce MsgNum variables to avoid overflow.
 * Must be a multiple of MAXNUMMESSAGES.  Should be large.
 *
 * CLEANUP_MIN: the minimum number of messages that must be in the buffer
 * before we bother to call SICleanupQueue.
 *
 * CLEANUP_QUANTUM: how often (in messages) to call SICleanupQueue once
 * we exceed CLEANUP_MIN.  Should be a power of 2 for speed.
 *
 * SIG_THRESHOLD: the minimum number of messages a backend must have fallen
 * behind before we'll send it PROCSIG_CATCHUP_INTERRUPT.
 *
 * WRITE_QUANTUM: the max number of messages to push into the buffer per
 * iteration of SIInsertDataEntries.  Noncritical but should be less than
 * CLEANUP_QUANTUM, because we only consider calling SICleanupQueue once
 * per iteration.
 */
 
#define MAXNUMMESSAGES 4096
#define MSGNUMWRAPAROUND (MAXNUMMESSAGES * 262144)
#define CLEANUP_MIN (MAXNUMMESSAGES / 2)
#define CLEANUP_QUANTUM (MAXNUMMESSAGES / 16)
#define SIG_THRESHOLD (MAXNUMMESSAGES / 2)
#define WRITE_QUANTUM 64
 
/* Per-backend state in shared invalidation structure */
typedef struct ProcState
{
    /* procPid is zero in an inactive ProcState array entry. */
    pid_t       procPid;        /* PID of backend, for signaling */
    /* nextMsgNum is meaningless if procPid == 0 or resetState is true. */
    int         nextMsgNum;     /* next message number to read */
    bool        resetState;     /* backend needs to reset its state */
    bool        signaled;       /* backend has been sent catchup signal */
    bool        hasMessages;    /* backend has unread messages */
 
    /*
     * Backend only sends invalidations, never receives them. This only makes
     * sense for Startup process during recovery because it doesn't maintain a
     * relcache, yet it fires inval messages to allow query backends to see
     * schema changes.
     */
    bool        sendOnly;       /* backend only sends, never receives */
 
    /*
     * Next LocalTransactionId to use for each idle backend slot.  We keep
     * this here because it is indexed by ProcNumber and it is convenient to
     * copy the value to and from local memory when MyProcNumber is set. It's
     * meaningless in an active ProcState entry.
     */
    LocalTransactionId nextLXID;
} ProcState;
 
/* Shared cache invalidation memory segment */
typedef struct SISeg
{
    /*
     * General state information
     */
    int         minMsgNum;      /* oldest message still needed */
    int         maxMsgNum;      /* next message number to be assigned */
    int         nextThreshold;  /* # of messages to call SICleanupQueue */
 
    slock_t     msgnumLock;     /* spinlock protecting maxMsgNum */
 
    /*
     * Circular buffer holding shared-inval messages
     */
    SharedInvalidationMessage buffer[MAXNUMMESSAGES];
 
    /*
     * Per-backend invalidation state info.
     *
     * 'procState' has NumProcStateSlots entries, and is indexed by pgprocno.
     * 'numProcs' is the number of slots currently in use, and 'pgprocnos' is
     * a dense array of their indexes, to speed up scanning all in-use slots.
     *
     * 'pgprocnos' is largely redundant with ProcArrayStruct->pgprocnos, but
     * having our separate copy avoids contention on ProcArrayLock, and allows
     * us to track only the processes that participate in shared cache
     * invalidations.
     */
    int         numProcs;
    int        *pgprocnos;
    ProcState   procState[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
} SISeg;
 
/*
 * We reserve a slot for each possible ProcNumber, plus one for each
 * possible auxiliary process type.  (This scheme assumes there is not
 * more than one of any auxiliary process type at a time, except for
 * IO workers.)
 */
#define NumProcStateSlots   (MaxBackends + NUM_AUXILIARY_PROCS)
 
static SISeg *shmInvalBuffer;   /* pointer to the shared inval buffer */
 
static void SharedInvalShmemRequest(void *arg);
static void SharedInvalShmemInit(void *arg);
 
const ShmemCallbacks SharedInvalShmemCallbacks = {
    .request_fn = SharedInvalShmemRequest,
    .init_fn = SharedInvalShmemInit,
};
 
 
static LocalTransactionId nextLocalTransactionId;
 
static void CleanupInvalidationState(int status, Datum arg);
 
 
/*
 * SharedInvalShmemRequest
 *      Register shared memory needs for the SI message buffer
 */
static void
SharedInvalShmemRequest(void *arg)
{
    Size        size;
 
    size = offsetof(SISeg, procState);
    size = add_size(size, mul_size(sizeof(ProcState), NumProcStateSlots));  /* procState */
    size = add_size(size, mul_size(sizeof(int), NumProcStateSlots));    /* pgprocnos */
 
    ShmemRequestStruct(.name = "shmInvalBuffer",
                       .size = size,
                       .ptr = (void **) &shmInvalBuffer,
        );
}
 
static void
SharedInvalShmemInit(void *arg)
{
    int         i;
 
    /* Clear message counters, init spinlock */
    shmInvalBuffer->minMsgNum = 0;
    shmInvalBuffer->maxMsgNum = 0;
    shmInvalBuffer->nextThreshold = CLEANUP_MIN;
    SpinLockInit(&shmInvalBuffer->msgnumLock);
 
    /* The buffer[] array is initially all unused, so we need not fill it */
 
    /* Mark all backends inactive, and initialize nextLXID */
    for (i = 0; i < NumProcStateSlots; i++)
    {
        shmInvalBuffer->procState[i].procPid = 0;   /* inactive */
        shmInvalBuffer->procState[i].nextMsgNum = 0;    /* meaningless */
        shmInvalBuffer->procState[i].resetState = false;
        shmInvalBuffer->procState[i].signaled = false;
        shmInvalBuffer->procState[i].hasMessages = false;
        shmInvalBuffer->procState[i].nextLXID = InvalidLocalTransactionId;
    }
    shmInvalBuffer->numProcs = 0;
    shmInvalBuffer->pgprocnos = (int *) &shmInvalBuffer->procState[i];
}
 
/*
 * SharedInvalBackendInit
 *      Initialize a new backend to operate on the sinval buffer
 */
void
SharedInvalBackendInit(bool sendOnly)
{
    ProcState  *stateP;
    pid_t       oldPid;
    SISeg      *segP = shmInvalBuffer;
 
    if (MyProcNumber < 0)
        elog(ERROR, "MyProcNumber not set");
    if (MyProcNumber >= NumProcStateSlots)
        elog(PANIC, "unexpected MyProcNumber %d in SharedInvalBackendInit (max %d)",
             MyProcNumber, NumProcStateSlots);
    stateP = &segP->procState[MyProcNumber];
 
    /*
     * This can run in parallel with read operations, but not with write
     * operations, since SIInsertDataEntries relies on the pgprocnos array to
     * set hasMessages appropriately.
     */
    LWLockAcquire(SInvalWriteLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
    oldPid = stateP->procPid;
    if (oldPid != 0)
    {
        LWLockRelease(SInvalWriteLock);
        elog(ERROR, "sinval slot for backend %d is already in use by process %d",
             MyProcNumber, (int) oldPid);
    }
 
    shmInvalBuffer->pgprocnos[shmInvalBuffer->numProcs++] = MyProcNumber;
 
    /* Fetch next local transaction ID into local memory */
    nextLocalTransactionId = stateP->nextLXID;
 
    /* mark myself active, with all extant messages already read */
    stateP->procPid = MyProcPid;
    stateP->nextMsgNum = segP->maxMsgNum;
    stateP->resetState = false;
    stateP->signaled = false;
    stateP->hasMessages = false;
    stateP->sendOnly = sendOnly;
 
    LWLockRelease(SInvalWriteLock);
 
    /* register exit routine to mark my entry inactive at exit */
    on_shmem_exit(CleanupInvalidationState, PointerGetDatum(segP));
}
 
/*
 * CleanupInvalidationState
 *      Mark the current backend as no longer active.
 *
 * This function is called via on_shmem_exit() during backend shutdown.
 *
 * arg is really of type "SISeg*".
 */
static void
CleanupInvalidationState(int status, Datum arg)
{
    SISeg      *segP = (SISeg *) DatumGetPointer(arg);
    ProcState  *stateP;
    int         i;
 
    Assert(segP);
 
    LWLockAcquire(SInvalWriteLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
    stateP = &segP->procState[MyProcNumber];
 
    /* Update next local transaction ID for next holder of this proc number */
    stateP->nextLXID = nextLocalTransactionId;
 
    /* Mark myself inactive */
    stateP->procPid = 0;
    stateP->nextMsgNum = 0;
    stateP->resetState = false;
    stateP->signaled = false;
 
    for (i = segP->numProcs - 1; i >= 0; i--)
    {
        if (segP->pgprocnos[i] == MyProcNumber)
        {
            if (i != segP->numProcs - 1)
                segP->pgprocnos[i] = segP->pgprocnos[segP->numProcs - 1];
            break;
        }
    }
    if (i < 0)
        elog(PANIC, "could not find entry in sinval array");
    segP->numProcs--;
 
    LWLockRelease(SInvalWriteLock);
}
 
/*
 * SIInsertDataEntries
 *      Add new invalidation message(s) to the buffer.
 */
void
SIInsertDataEntries(const SharedInvalidationMessage *data, int n)
{
    SISeg      *segP = shmInvalBuffer;
 
    /*
     * N can be arbitrarily large.  We divide the work into groups of no more
     * than WRITE_QUANTUM messages, to be sure that we don't hold the lock for
     * an unreasonably long time.  (This is not so much because we care about
     * letting in other writers, as that some just-caught-up backend might be
     * trying to do SICleanupQueue to pass on its signal, and we don't want it
     * to have to wait a long time.)  Also, we need to consider calling
     * SICleanupQueue every so often.
     */
    while (n > 0)
    {
        int         nthistime = Min(n, WRITE_QUANTUM);
        int         numMsgs;
        int         max;
        int         i;
 
        n -= nthistime;
 
        LWLockAcquire(SInvalWriteLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
        /*
         * If the buffer is full, we *must* acquire some space.  Clean the
         * queue and reset anyone who is preventing space from being freed.
         * Otherwise, clean the queue only when it's exceeded the next
         * fullness threshold.  We have to loop and recheck the buffer state
         * after any call of SICleanupQueue.
         */
        for (;;)
        {
            numMsgs = segP->maxMsgNum - segP->minMsgNum;
            if (numMsgs + nthistime > MAXNUMMESSAGES ||
                numMsgs >= segP->nextThreshold)
                SICleanupQueue(true, nthistime);
            else
                break;
        }
 
        /*
         * Insert new message(s) into proper slot of circular buffer
         */
        max = segP->maxMsgNum;
        while (nthistime-- > 0)
        {
            segP->buffer[max % MAXNUMMESSAGES] = *data++;
            max++;
        }
 
        /* Update current value of maxMsgNum using spinlock */
        SpinLockAcquire(&segP->msgnumLock);
        segP->maxMsgNum = max;
        SpinLockRelease(&segP->msgnumLock);
 
        /*
         * Now that the maxMsgNum change is globally visible, we give everyone
         * a swift kick to make sure they read the newly added messages.
         * Releasing SInvalWriteLock will enforce a full memory barrier, so
         * these (unlocked) changes will be committed to memory before we exit
         * the function.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < segP->numProcs; i++)
        {
            ProcState  *stateP = &segP->procState[segP->pgprocnos[i]];
 
            stateP->hasMessages = true;
        }
 
        LWLockRelease(SInvalWriteLock);
    }
}
 
/*
 * SIGetDataEntries
 *      get next SI message(s) for current backend, if there are any
 *
 * Possible return values:
 *  0:   no SI message available
 *  n>0: next n SI messages have been extracted into data[]
 * -1:   SI reset message extracted
 *
 * If the return value is less than the array size "datasize", the caller
 * can assume that there are no more SI messages after the one(s) returned.
 * Otherwise, another call is needed to collect more messages.
 *
 * NB: this can run in parallel with other instances of SIGetDataEntries
 * executing on behalf of other backends, since each instance will modify only
 * fields of its own backend's ProcState, and no instance will look at fields
 * of other backends' ProcStates.  We express this by grabbing SInvalReadLock
 * in shared mode.  Note that this is not exactly the normal (read-only)
 * interpretation of a shared lock! Look closely at the interactions before
 * allowing SInvalReadLock to be grabbed in shared mode for any other reason!
 *
 * NB: this can also run in parallel with SIInsertDataEntries.  It is not
 * guaranteed that we will return any messages added after the routine is
 * entered.
 *
 * Note: we assume that "datasize" is not so large that it might be important
 * to break our hold on SInvalReadLock into segments.
 */
int
SIGetDataEntries(SharedInvalidationMessage *data, int datasize)
{
    SISeg      *segP;
    ProcState  *stateP;
    int         max;
    int         n;
 
    segP = shmInvalBuffer;
    stateP = &segP->procState[MyProcNumber];
 
    /*
     * Before starting to take locks, do a quick, unlocked test to see whether
     * there can possibly be anything to read.  On a multiprocessor system,
     * it's possible that this load could migrate backwards and occur before
     * we actually enter this function, so we might miss a sinval message that
     * was just added by some other processor.  But they can't migrate
     * backwards over a preceding lock acquisition, so it should be OK.  If we
     * haven't acquired a lock preventing against further relevant
     * invalidations, any such occurrence is not much different than if the
     * invalidation had arrived slightly later in the first place.
     */
    if (!stateP->hasMessages)
        return 0;
 
    LWLockAcquire(SInvalReadLock, LW_SHARED);
 
    /*
     * We must reset hasMessages before determining how many messages we're
     * going to read.  That way, if new messages arrive after we have
     * determined how many we're reading, the flag will get reset and we'll
     * notice those messages part-way through.
     *
     * Note that, if we don't end up reading all of the messages, we had
     * better be certain to reset this flag before exiting!
     */
    stateP->hasMessages = false;
 
    /* Fetch current value of maxMsgNum using spinlock */
    SpinLockAcquire(&segP->msgnumLock);
    max = segP->maxMsgNum;
    SpinLockRelease(&segP->msgnumLock);
 
    if (stateP->resetState)
    {
        /*
         * Force reset.  We can say we have dealt with any messages added
         * since the reset, as well; and that means we should clear the
         * signaled flag, too.
         */
        stateP->nextMsgNum = max;
        stateP->resetState = false;
        stateP->signaled = false;
        LWLockRelease(SInvalReadLock);
        return -1;
    }
 
    /*
     * Retrieve messages and advance backend's counter, until data array is
     * full or there are no more messages.
     *
     * There may be other backends that haven't read the message(s), so we
     * cannot delete them here.  SICleanupQueue() will eventually remove them
     * from the queue.
     */
    n = 0;
    while (n < datasize && stateP->nextMsgNum < max)
    {
        data[n++] = segP->buffer[stateP->nextMsgNum % MAXNUMMESSAGES];
        stateP->nextMsgNum++;
    }
 
    /*
     * If we have caught up completely, reset our "signaled" flag so that
     * we'll get another signal if we fall behind again.
     *
     * If we haven't caught up completely, reset the hasMessages flag so that
     * we see the remaining messages next time.
     */
    if (stateP->nextMsgNum >= max)
        stateP->signaled = false;
    else
        stateP->hasMessages = true;
 
    LWLockRelease(SInvalReadLock);
    return n;
}
 
/*
 * SICleanupQueue
 *      Remove messages that have been consumed by all active backends
 *
 * callerHasWriteLock is true if caller is holding SInvalWriteLock.
 * minFree is the minimum number of message slots to make free.
 *
 * Possible side effects of this routine include marking one or more
 * backends as "reset" in the array, and sending PROCSIG_CATCHUP_INTERRUPT
 * to some backend that seems to be getting too far behind.  We signal at
 * most one backend at a time, for reasons explained at the top of the file.
 *
 * Caution: because we transiently release write lock when we have to signal
 * some other backend, it is NOT guaranteed that there are still minFree
 * free message slots at exit.  Caller must recheck and perhaps retry.
 */
void
SICleanupQueue(bool callerHasWriteLock, int minFree)
{
    SISeg      *segP = shmInvalBuffer;
    int         min,
                minsig,
                lowbound,
                numMsgs,
                i;
    ProcState  *needSig = NULL;
 
    /* Lock out all writers and readers */
    if (!callerHasWriteLock)
        LWLockAcquire(SInvalWriteLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
    LWLockAcquire(SInvalReadLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
    /*
     * Recompute minMsgNum = minimum of all backends' nextMsgNum, identify the
     * furthest-back backend that needs signaling (if any), and reset any
     * backends that are too far back.  Note that because we ignore sendOnly
     * backends here it is possible for them to keep sending messages without
     * a problem even when they are the only active backend.
     */
    min = segP->maxMsgNum;
    minsig = min - SIG_THRESHOLD;
    lowbound = min - MAXNUMMESSAGES + minFree;
 
    for (i = 0; i < segP->numProcs; i++)
    {
        ProcState  *stateP = &segP->procState[segP->pgprocnos[i]];
        int         n = stateP->nextMsgNum;
 
        /* Ignore if already in reset state */
        Assert(stateP->procPid != 0);
        if (stateP->resetState || stateP->sendOnly)
            continue;
 
        /*
         * If we must free some space and this backend is preventing it, force
         * him into reset state and then ignore until he catches up.
         */
        if (n < lowbound)
        {
            stateP->resetState = true;
            /* no point in signaling him ... */
            continue;
        }
 
        /* Track the global minimum nextMsgNum */
        if (n < min)
            min = n;
 
        /* Also see who's furthest back of the unsignaled backends */
        if (n < minsig && !stateP->signaled)
        {
            minsig = n;
            needSig = stateP;
        }
    }
    segP->minMsgNum = min;
 
    /*
     * When minMsgNum gets really large, decrement all message counters so as
     * to forestall overflow of the counters.  This happens seldom enough that
     * folding it into the previous loop would be a loser.
     */
    if (min >= MSGNUMWRAPAROUND)
    {
        segP->minMsgNum -= MSGNUMWRAPAROUND;
        segP->maxMsgNum -= MSGNUMWRAPAROUND;
        for (i = 0; i < segP->numProcs; i++)
            segP->procState[segP->pgprocnos[i]].nextMsgNum -= MSGNUMWRAPAROUND;
    }
 
    /*
     * Determine how many messages are still in the queue, and set the
     * threshold at which we should repeat SICleanupQueue().
     */
    numMsgs = segP->maxMsgNum - segP->minMsgNum;
    if (numMsgs < CLEANUP_MIN)
        segP->nextThreshold = CLEANUP_MIN;
    else
        segP->nextThreshold = (numMsgs / CLEANUP_QUANTUM + 1) * CLEANUP_QUANTUM;
 
    /*
     * Lastly, signal anyone who needs a catchup interrupt.  Since
     * SendProcSignal() might not be fast, we don't want to hold locks while
     * executing it.
     */
    if (needSig)
    {
        pid_t       his_pid = needSig->procPid;
        ProcNumber  his_procNumber = (needSig - &segP->procState[0]);
 
        needSig->signaled = true;
        LWLockRelease(SInvalReadLock);
        LWLockRelease(SInvalWriteLock);
        elog(DEBUG4, "sending sinval catchup signal to PID %d", (int) his_pid);
        SendProcSignal(his_pid, PROCSIG_CATCHUP_INTERRUPT, his_procNumber);
        if (callerHasWriteLock)
            LWLockAcquire(SInvalWriteLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
    }
    else
    {
        LWLockRelease(SInvalReadLock);
        if (!callerHasWriteLock)
            LWLockRelease(SInvalWriteLock);
    }
}
 
 
/*
 * GetNextLocalTransactionId --- allocate a new LocalTransactionId
 *
 * We split VirtualTransactionIds into two parts so that it is possible
 * to allocate a new one without any contention for shared memory, except
 * for a bit of additional overhead during backend startup/shutdown.
 * The high-order part of a VirtualTransactionId is a ProcNumber, and the
 * low-order part is a LocalTransactionId, which we assign from a local
 * counter.  To avoid the risk of a VirtualTransactionId being reused
 * within a short interval, successive procs occupying the same PGPROC slot
 * should use a consecutive sequence of local IDs, which is implemented
 * by copying nextLocalTransactionId as seen above.
 */
LocalTransactionId
GetNextLocalTransactionId(void)
{
    LocalTransactionId result;
 
    /* loop to avoid returning InvalidLocalTransactionId at wraparound */
    do
    {
        result = nextLocalTransactionId++;
    } while (!LocalTransactionIdIsValid(result));
 
    return result;
}