string_utils.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * String-processing utility routines for frontend code
 *
 * Assorted utility functions that are useful in constructing SQL queries
 * and interpreting backend output.
 *
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * src/fe_utils/string_utils.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres_fe.h"
 
#include <ctype.h>
 
#include "common/keywords.h"
#include "fe_utils/string_utils.h"
#include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
 
static PQExpBuffer defaultGetLocalPQExpBuffer(void);
 
/* Globals exported by this file */
int         quote_all_identifiers = 0;
PQExpBuffer (*getLocalPQExpBuffer) (void) = defaultGetLocalPQExpBuffer;
 
static int  fmtIdEncoding = -1;
 
 
/*
 * Returns a temporary PQExpBuffer, valid until the next call to the function.
 * This is used by fmtId and fmtQualifiedId.
 *
 * Non-reentrant and non-thread-safe but reduces memory leakage. You can
 * replace this with a custom version by setting the getLocalPQExpBuffer
 * function pointer.
 */
static PQExpBuffer
defaultGetLocalPQExpBuffer(void)
{
    static PQExpBuffer id_return = NULL;
 
    if (id_return)              /* first time through? */
    {
        /* same buffer, just wipe contents */
        resetPQExpBuffer(id_return);
    }
    else
    {
        /* new buffer */
        id_return = createPQExpBuffer();
    }
 
    return id_return;
}
 
/*
 * Set the encoding that fmtId() and fmtQualifiedId() use.
 *
 * This is not safe against multiple connections having different encodings,
 * but there is no real other way to address the need to know the encoding for
 * fmtId()/fmtQualifiedId() input for safe escaping. Eventually we should get
 * rid of fmtId().
 */
void
setFmtEncoding(int encoding)
{
    fmtIdEncoding = encoding;
}
 
/*
 * Return the currently configured encoding for fmtId() and fmtQualifiedId().
 */
static int
getFmtEncoding(void)
{
    if (fmtIdEncoding != -1)
        return fmtIdEncoding;
 
    /*
     * In assertion builds it seems best to fail hard if the encoding was not
     * set, to make it easier to find places with missing calls. But in
     * production builds that seems like a bad idea, thus we instead just
     * default to UTF-8.
     */
    Assert(fmtIdEncoding != -1);
 
    return PG_UTF8;
}
 
/*
 *  Quotes input string if it's not a legitimate SQL identifier as-is.
 *
 *  Note that the returned string must be used before calling fmtIdEnc again,
 *  since we re-use the same return buffer each time.
 */
const char *
fmtIdEnc(const char *rawid, int encoding)
{
    PQExpBuffer id_return = getLocalPQExpBuffer();
 
    const char *cp;
    bool        need_quotes = false;
    size_t      remaining = strlen(rawid);
 
    /*
     * These checks need to match the identifier production in scan.l. Don't
     * use islower() etc.
     */
    if (quote_all_identifiers)
        need_quotes = true;
    /* slightly different rules for first character */
    else if (!((rawid[0] >= 'a' && rawid[0] <= 'z') || rawid[0] == '_'))
        need_quotes = true;
    else
    {
        /* otherwise check the entire string */
        cp = rawid;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < remaining; i++, cp++)
        {
            if (!((*cp >= 'a' && *cp <= 'z')
                  || (*cp >= '0' && *cp <= '9')
                  || (*cp == '_')))
            {
                need_quotes = true;
                break;
            }
        }
    }
 
    if (!need_quotes)
    {
        /*
         * Check for keyword.  We quote keywords except for unreserved ones.
         * (In some cases we could avoid quoting a col_name or type_func_name
         * keyword, but it seems much harder than it's worth to tell that.)
         *
         * Note: ScanKeywordLookup() does case-insensitive comparison, but
         * that's fine, since we already know we have all-lower-case.
         */
        int         kwnum = ScanKeywordLookup(rawid, &ScanKeywords);
 
        if (kwnum >= 0 && ScanKeywordCategories[kwnum] != UNRESERVED_KEYWORD)
            need_quotes = true;
    }
 
    if (!need_quotes)
    {
        /* no quoting needed */
        appendPQExpBufferStr(id_return, rawid);
    }
    else
    {
        appendPQExpBufferChar(id_return, '"');
 
        cp = &rawid[0];
        while (remaining > 0)
        {
            int         charlen;
 
            /* Fast path for plain ASCII */
            if (!IS_HIGHBIT_SET(*cp))
            {
                /*
                 * Did we find a double-quote in the string? Then make this a
                 * double double-quote per SQL99. Before, we put in a
                 * backslash/double-quote pair. - thomas 2000-08-05
                 */
                if (*cp == '"')
                    appendPQExpBufferChar(id_return, '"');
                appendPQExpBufferChar(id_return, *cp);
                remaining--;
                cp++;
                continue;
            }
 
            /* Slow path for possible multibyte characters */
            charlen = pg_encoding_mblen(encoding, cp);
 
            if (remaining < charlen ||
                pg_encoding_verifymbchar(encoding, cp, charlen) == -1)
            {
                /*
                 * Multibyte character is invalid.  It's important to verify
                 * that as invalid multibyte characters could e.g. be used to
                 * "skip" over quote characters, e.g. when parsing
                 * character-by-character.
                 *
                 * Replace the character's first byte with an invalid
                 * sequence. The invalid sequence ensures that the escaped
                 * string will trigger an error on the server-side, even if we
                 * can't directly report an error here.
                 *
                 * It would be a bit faster to verify the whole string the
                 * first time we encounter a set highbit, but this way we can
                 * replace just the invalid data, which probably makes it
                 * easier for users to find the invalidly encoded portion of a
                 * larger string.
                 */
                if (enlargePQExpBuffer(id_return, 2))
                {
                    pg_encoding_set_invalid(encoding,
                                            id_return->data + id_return->len);
                    id_return->len += 2;
                    id_return->data[id_return->len] = '\0';
                }
 
                /*
                 * Handle the following bytes as if this byte didn't exist.
                 * That's safer in case the subsequent bytes contain
                 * characters that are significant for the caller (e.g. '>' in
                 * html).
                 */
                remaining--;
                cp++;
            }
            else
            {
                for (int i = 0; i < charlen; i++)
                {
                    appendPQExpBufferChar(id_return, *cp);
                    remaining--;
                    cp++;
                }
            }
        }
 
        appendPQExpBufferChar(id_return, '"');
    }
 
    return id_return->data;
}
 
/*
 *  Quotes input string if it's not a legitimate SQL identifier as-is.
 *
 *  Note that the returned string must be used before calling fmtId again,
 *  since we re-use the same return buffer each time.
 *
 *  NB: This assumes setFmtEncoding() previously has been called to configure
 *  the encoding of rawid. It is preferable to use fmtIdEnc() with an
 *  explicit encoding.
 */
const char *
fmtId(const char *rawid)
{
    return fmtIdEnc(rawid, getFmtEncoding());
}
 
/*
 * fmtQualifiedIdEnc - construct a schema-qualified name, with quoting as
 * needed.
 *
 * Like fmtId, use the result before calling again.
 *
 * Since we call fmtId and it also uses getLocalPQExpBuffer() we cannot
 * use that buffer until we're finished with calling fmtId().
 */
const char *
fmtQualifiedIdEnc(const char *schema, const char *id, int encoding)
{
    PQExpBuffer id_return;
    PQExpBuffer lcl_pqexp = createPQExpBuffer();
 
    /* Some callers might fail to provide a schema name */
    if (schema && *schema)
    {
        appendPQExpBuffer(lcl_pqexp, "%s.", fmtIdEnc(schema, encoding));
    }
    appendPQExpBufferStr(lcl_pqexp, fmtIdEnc(id, encoding));
 
    id_return = getLocalPQExpBuffer();
 
    appendPQExpBufferStr(id_return, lcl_pqexp->data);
    destroyPQExpBuffer(lcl_pqexp);
 
    return id_return->data;
}
 
/*
 * fmtQualifiedId - construct a schema-qualified name, with quoting as needed.
 *
 * Like fmtId, use the result before calling again.
 *
 * Since we call fmtId and it also uses getLocalPQExpBuffer() we cannot
 * use that buffer until we're finished with calling fmtId().
 *
 * NB: This assumes setFmtEncoding() previously has been called to configure
 * the encoding of schema/id. It is preferable to use fmtQualifiedIdEnc()
 * with an explicit encoding.
 */
const char *
fmtQualifiedId(const char *schema, const char *id)
{
    return fmtQualifiedIdEnc(schema, id, getFmtEncoding());
}
 
 
/*
 * Format a Postgres version number (in the PG_VERSION_NUM integer format
 * returned by PQserverVersion()) as a string.  This exists mainly to
 * encapsulate knowledge about two-part vs. three-part version numbers.
 *
 * For reentrancy, caller must supply the buffer the string is put in.
 * Recommended size of the buffer is 32 bytes.
 *
 * Returns address of 'buf', as a notational convenience.
 */
char *
formatPGVersionNumber(int version_number, bool include_minor,
                      char *buf, size_t buflen)
{
    if (version_number >= 100000)
    {
        /* New two-part style */
        if (include_minor)
            snprintf(buf, buflen, "%d.%d", version_number / 10000,
                     version_number % 10000);
        else
            snprintf(buf, buflen, "%d", version_number / 10000);
    }
    else
    {
        /* Old three-part style */
        if (include_minor)
            snprintf(buf, buflen, "%d.%d.%d", version_number / 10000,
                     (version_number / 100) % 100,
                     version_number % 100);
        else
            snprintf(buf, buflen, "%d.%d", version_number / 10000,
                     (version_number / 100) % 100);
    }
    return buf;
}
 
 
/*
 * Convert a string value to an SQL string literal and append it to
 * the given buffer.  We assume the specified client_encoding and
 * standard_conforming_strings settings.
 *
 * This is essentially equivalent to libpq's PQescapeStringInternal,
 * except for the output buffer structure.  We need it in situations
 * where we do not have a PGconn available.  Where we do,
 * appendStringLiteralConn is a better choice.
 */
void
appendStringLiteral(PQExpBuffer buf, const char *str,
                    int encoding, bool std_strings)
{
    size_t      length = strlen(str);
    const char *source = str;
    char       *target;
    size_t      remaining = length;
 
    if (!enlargePQExpBuffer(buf, 2 * length + 2))
        return;
 
    target = buf->data + buf->len;
    *target++ = '\'';
 
    while (remaining > 0)
    {
        char        c = *source;
        int         charlen;
        int         i;
 
        /* Fast path for plain ASCII */
        if (!IS_HIGHBIT_SET(c))
        {
            /* Apply quoting if needed */
            if (SQL_STR_DOUBLE(c, !std_strings))
                *target++ = c;
            /* Copy the character */
            *target++ = c;
            source++;
            remaining--;
            continue;
        }
 
        /* Slow path for possible multibyte characters */
        charlen = PQmblen(source, encoding);
 
        if (remaining < charlen ||
            pg_encoding_verifymbchar(encoding, source, charlen) == -1)
        {
            /*
             * Multibyte character is invalid.  It's important to verify that
             * as invalid multibyte characters could e.g. be used to "skip"
             * over quote characters, e.g. when parsing
             * character-by-character.
             *
             * Replace the character's first byte with an invalid sequence.
             * The invalid sequence ensures that the escaped string will
             * trigger an error on the server-side, even if we can't directly
             * report an error here.
             *
             * We know there's enough space for the invalid sequence because
             * the "target" buffer is 2 * length + 2 long, and at worst we're
             * replacing a single input byte with two invalid bytes.
             *
             * It would be a bit faster to verify the whole string the first
             * time we encounter a set highbit, but this way we can replace
             * just the invalid data, which probably makes it easier for users
             * to find the invalidly encoded portion of a larger string.
             */
            pg_encoding_set_invalid(encoding, target);
            target += 2;
 
            /*
             * Handle the following bytes as if this byte didn't exist. That's
             * safer in case the subsequent bytes contain important characters
             * for the caller (e.g. '>' in html).
             */
            source++;
            remaining--;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Copy the character */
            for (i = 0; i < charlen; i++)
            {
                *target++ = *source++;
                remaining--;
            }
        }
    }
 
    /* Write the terminating quote and NUL character. */
    *target++ = '\'';
    *target = '\0';
 
    buf->len = target - buf->data;
}
 
 
/*
 * Convert a string value to an SQL string literal and append it to
 * the given buffer.  Encoding and string syntax rules are as indicated
 * by current settings of the PGconn.
 */
void
appendStringLiteralConn(PQExpBuffer buf, const char *str, PGconn *conn)
{
    size_t      length = strlen(str);
 
    /*
     * XXX This is a kluge to silence escape_string_warning in our utility
     * programs.  It can go away once pre-v19 servers are out of support.
     */
    if (strchr(str, '\\') != NULL && PQserverVersion(conn) < 190000)
    {
        /* ensure we are not adjacent to an identifier */
        if (buf->len > 0 && buf->data[buf->len - 1] != ' ')
            appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, ' ');
        appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, ESCAPE_STRING_SYNTAX);
        appendStringLiteral(buf, str, PQclientEncoding(conn), false);
        return;
    }
    /* XXX end kluge */
 
    if (!enlargePQExpBuffer(buf, 2 * length + 2))
        return;
    appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\'');
    buf->len += PQescapeStringConn(conn, buf->data + buf->len,
                                   str, length, NULL);
    appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\'');
}
 
 
/*
 * Convert a string value to a dollar quoted literal and append it to
 * the given buffer. If the dqprefix parameter is not NULL then the
 * dollar quote delimiter will begin with that (after the opening $).
 *
 * No escaping is done at all on str, in compliance with the rules
 * for parsing dollar quoted strings.  Also, we need not worry about
 * encoding issues.
 */
void
appendStringLiteralDQ(PQExpBuffer buf, const char *str, const char *dqprefix)
{
    static const char suffixes[] = "_XXXXXXX";
    int         nextchar = 0;
    PQExpBuffer delimBuf = createPQExpBuffer();
 
    /* start with $ + dqprefix if not NULL */
    appendPQExpBufferChar(delimBuf, '$');
    if (dqprefix)
        appendPQExpBufferStr(delimBuf, dqprefix);
 
    /*
     * Make sure we choose a delimiter which (without the trailing $) is not
     * present in the string being quoted. We don't check with the trailing $
     * because a string ending in $foo must not be quoted with $foo$.
     */
    while (strstr(str, delimBuf->data) != NULL)
    {
        appendPQExpBufferChar(delimBuf, suffixes[nextchar++]);
        nextchar %= sizeof(suffixes) - 1;
    }
 
    /* add trailing $ */
    appendPQExpBufferChar(delimBuf, '$');
 
    /* quote it and we are all done */
    appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, delimBuf->data);
    appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, str);
    appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, delimBuf->data);
 
    destroyPQExpBuffer(delimBuf);
}
 
 
/*
 * Convert a bytea value (presented as raw bytes) to an SQL string literal
 * and append it to the given buffer.  We assume the specified
 * standard_conforming_strings setting.
 *
 * This is needed in situations where we do not have a PGconn available.
 * Where we do, PQescapeByteaConn is a better choice.
 */
void
appendByteaLiteral(PQExpBuffer buf, const unsigned char *str, size_t length,
                   bool std_strings)
{
    const unsigned char *source = str;
    char       *target;
 
    static const char hextbl[] = "0123456789abcdef";
 
    /*
     * This implementation is hard-wired to produce hex-format output. We do
     * not know the server version the output will be loaded into, so making
     * an intelligent format choice is impossible.  It might be better to
     * always use the old escaped format.
     */
    if (!enlargePQExpBuffer(buf, 2 * length + 5))
        return;
 
    target = buf->data + buf->len;
    *target++ = '\'';
    if (!std_strings)
        *target++ = '\\';
    *target++ = '\\';
    *target++ = 'x';
 
    while (length-- > 0)
    {
        unsigned char c = *source++;
 
        *target++ = hextbl[(c >> 4) & 0xF];
        *target++ = hextbl[c & 0xF];
    }
 
    /* Write the terminating quote and NUL character. */
    *target++ = '\'';
    *target = '\0';
 
    buf->len = target - buf->data;
}
 
 
/*
 * Append the given string to the shell command being built in the buffer,
 * with shell-style quoting as needed to create exactly one argument.
 *
 * Forbid LF or CR characters, which have scant practical use beyond designing
 * security breaches.  The Windows command shell is unusable as a conduit for
 * arguments containing LF or CR characters.
 *
 * appendShellString() simply prints an error and dies if LF or CR appears.
 * appendShellStringNoError() omits those characters from the result, and
 * returns false if there were any.
 */
void
appendShellString(PQExpBuffer buf, const char *str)
{
    if (!appendShellStringNoError(buf, str))
    {
        fprintf(stderr,
                _("shell command argument contains a newline or carriage return: \"%s\"\n"),
                str);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}
 
bool
appendShellStringNoError(PQExpBuffer buf, const char *str)
{
#ifdef WIN32
    int         backslash_run_length = 0;
#endif
    bool        ok = true;
    const char *p;
 
    /*
     * Don't bother with adding quotes if the string is nonempty and clearly
     * contains only safe characters.
     */
    if (*str != '\0' &&
        strspn(str, "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789-_./:") == strlen(str))
    {
        appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, str);
        return ok;
    }
 
#ifndef WIN32
    appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\'');
    for (p = str; *p; p++)
    {
        if (*p == '\n' || *p == '\r')
        {
            ok = false;
            continue;
        }
 
        if (*p == '\'')
            appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, "'\"'\"'");
        else
            appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, *p);
    }
    appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\'');
#else                           /* WIN32 */
 
    /*
     * A Windows system() argument experiences two layers of interpretation.
     * First, cmd.exe interprets the string.  Its behavior is undocumented,
     * but a caret escapes any byte except LF or CR that would otherwise have
     * special meaning.  Handling of a caret before LF or CR differs between
     * "cmd.exe /c" and other modes, and it is unusable here.
     *
     * Second, the new process parses its command line to construct argv (see
     * https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/17w5ykft.aspx).  This treats
     * backslash-double quote sequences specially.
     */
    appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, "^\"");
    for (p = str; *p; p++)
    {
        if (*p == '\n' || *p == '\r')
        {
            ok = false;
            continue;
        }
 
        /* Change N backslashes before a double quote to 2N+1 backslashes. */
        if (*p == '"')
        {
            while (backslash_run_length)
            {
                appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, "^\\");
                backslash_run_length--;
            }
            appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, "^\\");
        }
        else if (*p == '\\')
            backslash_run_length++;
        else
            backslash_run_length = 0;
 
        /*
         * Decline to caret-escape the most mundane characters, to ease
         * debugging and lest we approach the command length limit.
         */
        if (!((*p >= 'a' && *p <= 'z') ||
              (*p >= 'A' && *p <= 'Z') ||
              (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9')))
            appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '^');
        appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, *p);
    }
 
    /*
     * Change N backslashes at end of argument to 2N backslashes, because they
     * precede the double quote that terminates the argument.
     */
    while (backslash_run_length)
    {
        appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, "^\\");
        backslash_run_length--;
    }
    appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, "^\"");
#endif                          /* WIN32 */
 
    return ok;
}
 
 
/*
 * Append the given string to the buffer, with suitable quoting for passing
 * the string as a value in a keyword/value pair in a libpq connection string.
 */
void
appendConnStrVal(PQExpBuffer buf, const char *str)
{
    const char *s;
    bool        needquotes;
 
    /*
     * If the string is one or more plain ASCII characters, no need to quote
     * it. This is quite conservative, but better safe than sorry.
     */
    needquotes = true;
    for (s = str; *s; s++)
    {
        if (!((*s >= 'a' && *s <= 'z') || (*s >= 'A' && *s <= 'Z') ||
              (*s >= '0' && *s <= '9') || *s == '_' || *s == '.'))
        {
            needquotes = true;
            break;
        }
        needquotes = false;
    }
 
    if (needquotes)
    {
        appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\'');
        while (*str)
        {
            /* ' and \ must be escaped by to \' and \\ */
            if (*str == '\'' || *str == '\\')
                appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\\');
 
            appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, *str);
            str++;
        }
        appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\'');
    }
    else
        appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, str);
}
 
 
/*
 * Append a psql meta-command that connects to the given database with the
 * then-current connection's user, host and port.
 */
void
appendPsqlMetaConnect(PQExpBuffer buf, const char *dbname)
{
    const char *s;
    bool complex;
 
    /*
     * If the name is plain ASCII characters, emit a trivial "\connect "foo"".
     * For other names, even many not technically requiring it, skip to the
     * general case.  No database has a zero-length name.
     */
    complex = false;
 
    for (s = dbname; *s; s++)
    {
        if (*s == '\n' || *s == '\r')
        {
            fprintf(stderr,
                    _("database name contains a newline or carriage return: \"%s\"\n"),
                    dbname);
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
 
        if (!((*s >= 'a' && *s <= 'z') || (*s >= 'A' && *s <= 'Z') ||
              (*s >= '0' && *s <= '9') || *s == '_' || *s == '.'))
        {
            complex = true;
        }
    }
 
    if (complex)
    {
        PQExpBufferData connstr;
 
        initPQExpBuffer(&connstr);
 
        /*
         * Force the target psql's encoding to SQL_ASCII.  We don't really
         * know the encoding of the database name, and it doesn't matter as
         * long as psql will forward it to the server unchanged.
         */
        appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, "\\encoding SQL_ASCII\n");
        appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, "\\connect -reuse-previous=on ");
 
        appendPQExpBufferStr(&connstr, "dbname=");
        appendConnStrVal(&connstr, dbname);
 
        /*
         * As long as the name does not contain a newline, SQL identifier
         * quoting satisfies the psql meta-command parser.  Prefer not to
         * involve psql-interpreted single quotes, which behaved differently
         * before PostgreSQL 9.2.
         */
        appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, fmtIdEnc(connstr.data, PG_SQL_ASCII));
 
        termPQExpBuffer(&connstr);
    }
    else
    {
        appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, "\\connect ");
        appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, fmtIdEnc(dbname, PG_SQL_ASCII));
    }
    appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\n');
}
 
 
/*
 * Deconstruct the text representation of a 1-dimensional Postgres array
 * into individual items.
 *
 * On success, returns true and sets *itemarray and *nitems to describe
 * an array of individual strings.  On parse failure, returns false;
 * *itemarray may exist or be NULL.
 *
 * NOTE: free'ing itemarray is sufficient to deallocate the working storage.
 */
bool
parsePGArray(const char *atext, char ***itemarray, int *nitems)
{
    int         inputlen;
    char      **items;
    char       *strings;
    int         curitem;
 
    /*
     * We expect input in the form of "{item,item,item}" where any item is
     * either raw data, or surrounded by double quotes (in which case embedded
     * characters including backslashes and quotes are backslashed).
     *
     * We build the result as an array of pointers followed by the actual
     * string data, all in one malloc block for convenience of deallocation.
     * The worst-case storage need is not more than one pointer and one
     * character for each input character (consider "{,,,,,,,,,,}").
     */
    *itemarray = NULL;
    *nitems = 0;
    inputlen = strlen(atext);
    if (inputlen < 2 || atext[0] != '{' || atext[inputlen - 1] != '}')
        return false;           /* bad input */
    items = (char **) malloc(inputlen * (sizeof(char *) + sizeof(char)));
    if (items == NULL)
        return false;           /* out of memory */
    *itemarray = items;
    strings = (char *) (items + inputlen);
 
    atext++;                    /* advance over initial '{' */
    curitem = 0;
    while (*atext != '}')
    {
        if (*atext == '\0')
            return false;       /* premature end of string */
        items[curitem] = strings;
        while (*atext != '}' && *atext != ',')
        {
            if (*atext == '\0')
                return false;   /* premature end of string */
            if (*atext != '"')
                *strings++ = *atext++;  /* copy unquoted data */
            else
            {
                /* process quoted substring */
                atext++;
                while (*atext != '"')
                {
                    if (*atext == '\0')
                        return false;   /* premature end of string */
                    if (*atext == '\\')
                    {
                        atext++;
                        if (*atext == '\0')
                            return false;   /* premature end of string */
                    }
                    *strings++ = *atext++;  /* copy quoted data */
                }
                atext++;
            }
        }
        *strings++ = '\0';
        if (*atext == ',')
            atext++;
        curitem++;
    }
    if (atext[1] != '\0')
        return false;           /* bogus syntax (embedded '}') */
    *nitems = curitem;
    return true;
}
 
 
/*
 * Append one element to the text representation of a 1-dimensional Postgres
 * array.
 *
 * The caller must provide the initial '{' and closing '}' of the array.
 * This function handles all else, including insertion of commas and
 * quoting of values.
 *
 * We assume that typdelim is ','.
 */
void
appendPGArray(PQExpBuffer buffer, const char *value)
{
    bool        needquote;
    const char *tmp;
 
    if (buffer->data[buffer->len - 1] != '{')
        appendPQExpBufferChar(buffer, ',');
 
    /* Decide if we need quotes; this should match array_out()'s choices. */
    if (value[0] == '\0')
        needquote = true;       /* force quotes for empty string */
    else if (pg_strcasecmp(value, "NULL") == 0)
        needquote = true;       /* force quotes for literal NULL */
    else
        needquote = false;
 
    if (!needquote)
    {
        for (tmp = value; *tmp; tmp++)
        {
            char        ch = *tmp;
 
            if (ch == '"' || ch == '\\' ||
                ch == '{' || ch == '}' || ch == ',' ||
            /* these match scanner_isspace(): */
                ch == ' ' || ch == '\t' || ch == '\n' ||
                ch == '\r' || ch == '\v' || ch == '\f')
            {
                needquote = true;
                break;
            }
        }
    }
 
    if (needquote)
    {
        appendPQExpBufferChar(buffer, '"');
        for (tmp = value; *tmp; tmp++)
        {
            char        ch = *tmp;
 
            if (ch == '"' || ch == '\\')
                appendPQExpBufferChar(buffer, '\\');
            appendPQExpBufferChar(buffer, ch);
        }
        appendPQExpBufferChar(buffer, '"');
    }
    else
        appendPQExpBufferStr(buffer, value);
}
 
 
/*
 * Format a reloptions array and append it to the given buffer.
 *
 * "prefix" is prepended to the option names; typically it's "" or "toast.".
 *
 * Returns false if the reloptions array could not be parsed (in which case
 * nothing will have been appended to the buffer), or true on success.
 *
 * Note: this logic should generally match the backend's flatten_reloptions()
 * (in adt/ruleutils.c).
 */
bool
appendReloptionsArray(PQExpBuffer buffer, const char *reloptions,
                      const char *prefix, int encoding, bool std_strings)
{
    char      **options;
    int         noptions;
    int         i;
 
    if (!parsePGArray(reloptions, &options, &noptions))
    {
        free(options);
        return false;
    }
 
    for (i = 0; i < noptions; i++)
    {
        char       *option = options[i];
        char       *name;
        char       *separator;
        char       *value;
 
        /*
         * Each array element should have the form name=value.  If the "=" is
         * missing for some reason, treat it like an empty value.
         */
        name = option;
        separator = strchr(option, '=');
        if (separator)
        {
            *separator = '\0';
            value = separator + 1;
        }
        else
            value = "";
 
        if (i > 0)
            appendPQExpBufferStr(buffer, ", ");
        appendPQExpBuffer(buffer, "%s%s=", prefix, fmtId(name));
 
        /*
         * In general we need to quote the value; but to avoid unnecessary
         * clutter, do not quote if it is an identifier that would not need
         * quoting.  (We could also allow numbers, but that is a bit trickier
         * than it looks --- for example, are leading zeroes significant?  We
         * don't want to assume very much here about what custom reloptions
         * might mean.)
         */
        if (strcmp(fmtId(value), value) == 0)
            appendPQExpBufferStr(buffer, value);
        else
            appendStringLiteral(buffer, value, encoding, std_strings);
    }
 
    free(options);
 
    return true;
}
 
 
/*
 * processSQLNamePattern
 *
 * Scan a wildcard-pattern string and generate appropriate WHERE clauses
 * to limit the set of objects returned.  The WHERE clauses are appended
 * to the already-partially-constructed query in buf.  Returns whether
 * any clause was added.
 *
 * conn: connection query will be sent to (consulted for escaping rules).
 * buf: output parameter.
 * pattern: user-specified pattern option, or NULL if none ("*" is implied).
 * have_where: true if caller already emitted "WHERE" (clauses will be ANDed
 * onto the existing WHERE clause).
 * force_escape: always quote regexp special characters, even outside
 * double quotes (else they are quoted only between double quotes).
 * schemavar: name of query variable to match against a schema-name pattern.
 * Can be NULL if no schema.
 * namevar: name of query variable to match against an object-name pattern.
 * altnamevar: NULL, or name of an alternative variable to match against name.
 * visibilityrule: clause to use if we want to restrict to visible objects
 * (for example, "pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(p.oid)").  Can be NULL.
 * dbnamebuf: output parameter receiving the database name portion of the
 * pattern, if any.  Can be NULL.
 * dotcnt: how many separators were parsed from the pattern, by reference.
 *
 * Formatting note: the text already present in buf should end with a newline.
 * The appended text, if any, will end with one too.
 */
bool
processSQLNamePattern(PGconn *conn, PQExpBuffer buf, const char *pattern,
                      bool have_where, bool force_escape,
                      const char *schemavar, const char *namevar,
                      const char *altnamevar, const char *visibilityrule,
                      PQExpBuffer dbnamebuf, int *dotcnt)
{
    PQExpBufferData schemabuf;
    PQExpBufferData namebuf;
    bool        added_clause = false;
    int         dcnt;
 
#define WHEREAND() \
    (appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, have_where ? "  AND " : "WHERE "), \
     have_where = true, added_clause = true)
 
    if (dotcnt == NULL)
        dotcnt = &dcnt;
    *dotcnt = 0;
    if (pattern == NULL)
    {
        /* Default: select all visible objects */
        if (visibilityrule)
        {
            WHEREAND();
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "%s\n", visibilityrule);
        }
        return added_clause;
    }
 
    initPQExpBuffer(&schemabuf);
    initPQExpBuffer(&namebuf);
 
    /*
     * Convert shell-style 'pattern' into the regular expression(s) we want to
     * execute.  Quoting/escaping into SQL literal format will be done below
     * using appendStringLiteralConn().
     *
     * If the caller provided a schemavar, we want to split the pattern on
     * ".", otherwise not.
     */
    patternToSQLRegex(PQclientEncoding(conn),
                      (schemavar ? dbnamebuf : NULL),
                      (schemavar ? &schemabuf : NULL),
                      &namebuf,
                      pattern, force_escape, true, dotcnt);
 
    /*
     * Now decide what we need to emit.  We may run under a hostile
     * search_path, so qualify EVERY name.  Note there will be a leading "^("
     * in the patterns in any case.
     *
     * We want the regex matches to use the database's default collation where
     * collation-sensitive behavior is required (for example, which characters
     * match '\w').  That happened by default before PG v12, but if the server
     * is >= v12 then we need to force it through explicit COLLATE clauses,
     * otherwise the "C" collation attached to "name" catalog columns wins.
     */
    if (namevar && namebuf.len > 2)
    {
        /* We have a name pattern, so constrain the namevar(s) */
 
        /* Optimize away a "*" pattern */
        if (strcmp(namebuf.data, "^(.*)$") != 0)
        {
            WHEREAND();
            if (altnamevar)
            {
                appendPQExpBuffer(buf,
                                  "(%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.~) ", namevar);
                appendStringLiteralConn(buf, namebuf.data, conn);
                if (PQserverVersion(conn) >= 120000)
                    appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, " COLLATE pg_catalog.default");
                appendPQExpBuffer(buf,
                                  "\n        OR %s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.~) ",
                                  altnamevar);
                appendStringLiteralConn(buf, namebuf.data, conn);
                if (PQserverVersion(conn) >= 120000)
                    appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, " COLLATE pg_catalog.default");
                appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, ")\n");
            }
            else
            {
                appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.~) ", namevar);
                appendStringLiteralConn(buf, namebuf.data, conn);
                if (PQserverVersion(conn) >= 120000)
                    appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, " COLLATE pg_catalog.default");
                appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\n');
            }
        }
    }
 
    if (schemavar && schemabuf.len > 2)
    {
        /* We have a schema pattern, so constrain the schemavar */
 
        /* Optimize away a "*" pattern */
        if (strcmp(schemabuf.data, "^(.*)$") != 0 && schemavar)
        {
            WHEREAND();
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.~) ", schemavar);
            appendStringLiteralConn(buf, schemabuf.data, conn);
            if (PQserverVersion(conn) >= 120000)
                appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, " COLLATE pg_catalog.default");
            appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\n');
        }
    }
    else
    {
        /* No schema pattern given, so select only visible objects */
        if (visibilityrule)
        {
            WHEREAND();
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "%s\n", visibilityrule);
        }
    }
 
    termPQExpBuffer(&schemabuf);
    termPQExpBuffer(&namebuf);
 
    return added_clause;
#undef WHEREAND
}
 
/*
 * Transform a possibly qualified shell-style object name pattern into up to
 * three SQL-style regular expressions, converting quotes, lower-casing
 * unquoted letters, and adjusting shell-style wildcard characters into regexp
 * notation.
 *
 * If the dbnamebuf and schemabuf arguments are non-NULL, and the pattern
 * contains two or more dbname/schema/name separators, we parse the portions of
 * the pattern prior to the first and second separators into dbnamebuf and
 * schemabuf, and the rest into namebuf.
 *
 * If dbnamebuf is NULL and schemabuf is non-NULL, and the pattern contains at
 * least one separator, we parse the first portion into schemabuf and the rest
 * into namebuf.
 *
 * Otherwise, we parse all the pattern into namebuf.
 *
 * If the pattern contains more dotted parts than buffers to parse into, the
 * extra dots will be treated as literal characters and written into the
 * namebuf, though they will be counted.  Callers should always check the value
 * returned by reference in dotcnt and handle this error case appropriately.
 *
 * We surround the regexps with "^(...)$" to force them to match whole strings,
 * as per SQL practice.  We have to have parens in case strings contain "|",
 * else the "^" and "$" will be bound into the first and last alternatives
 * which is not what we want.  Whether this is done for dbnamebuf is controlled
 * by the want_literal_dbname parameter.
 *
 * The regexps we parse into the buffers are appended to the data (if any)
 * already present.  If we parse fewer fields than the number of buffers we
 * were given, the extra buffers are unaltered.
 *
 * encoding: the character encoding for the given pattern
 * dbnamebuf: output parameter receiving the database name portion of the
 * pattern, if any.  Can be NULL.
 * schemabuf: output parameter receiving the schema name portion of the
 * pattern, if any.  Can be NULL.
 * namebuf: output parameter receiving the database name portion of the
 * pattern, if any.  Can be NULL.
 * pattern: user-specified pattern option, or NULL if none ("*" is implied).
 * force_escape: always quote regexp special characters, even outside
 * double quotes (else they are quoted only between double quotes).
 * want_literal_dbname: if true, regexp special characters within the database
 * name portion of the pattern will not be escaped, nor will the dbname be
 * converted into a regular expression.
 * dotcnt: output parameter receiving the number of separators parsed from the
 * pattern.
 */
void
patternToSQLRegex(int encoding, PQExpBuffer dbnamebuf, PQExpBuffer schemabuf,
                  PQExpBuffer namebuf, const char *pattern, bool force_escape,
                  bool want_literal_dbname, int *dotcnt)
{
    PQExpBufferData buf[3];
    PQExpBufferData left_literal;
    PQExpBuffer curbuf;
    PQExpBuffer maxbuf;
    int         i;
    bool        inquotes;
    bool        left;
    const char *cp;
 
    Assert(pattern != NULL);
    Assert(namebuf != NULL);
 
    /* callers should never expect "dbname.relname" format */
    Assert(dbnamebuf == NULL || schemabuf != NULL);
    Assert(dotcnt != NULL);
 
    *dotcnt = 0;
    inquotes = false;
    cp = pattern;
 
    if (dbnamebuf != NULL)
        maxbuf = &buf[2];
    else if (schemabuf != NULL)
        maxbuf = &buf[1];
    else
        maxbuf = &buf[0];
 
    curbuf = &buf[0];
    if (want_literal_dbname)
    {
        left = true;
        initPQExpBuffer(&left_literal);
    }
    else
        left = false;
    initPQExpBuffer(curbuf);
    appendPQExpBufferStr(curbuf, "^(");
    while (*cp)
    {
        char        ch = *cp;
 
        if (ch == '"')
        {
            if (inquotes && cp[1] == '"')
            {
                /* emit one quote, stay in inquotes mode */
                appendPQExpBufferChar(curbuf, '"');
                if (left)
                    appendPQExpBufferChar(&left_literal, '"');
                cp++;
            }
            else
                inquotes = !inquotes;
            cp++;
        }
        else if (!inquotes && isupper((unsigned char) ch))
        {
            appendPQExpBufferChar(curbuf,
                                  pg_tolower((unsigned char) ch));
            if (left)
                appendPQExpBufferChar(&left_literal,
                                      pg_tolower((unsigned char) ch));
            cp++;
        }
        else if (!inquotes && ch == '*')
        {
            appendPQExpBufferStr(curbuf, ".*");
            if (left)
                appendPQExpBufferChar(&left_literal, '*');
            cp++;
        }
        else if (!inquotes && ch == '?')
        {
            appendPQExpBufferChar(curbuf, '.');
            if (left)
                appendPQExpBufferChar(&left_literal, '?');
            cp++;
        }
        else if (!inquotes && ch == '.')
        {
            left = false;
            if (dotcnt)
                (*dotcnt)++;
            if (curbuf < maxbuf)
            {
                appendPQExpBufferStr(curbuf, ")$");
                curbuf++;
                initPQExpBuffer(curbuf);
                appendPQExpBufferStr(curbuf, "^(");
                cp++;
            }
            else
                appendPQExpBufferChar(curbuf, *cp++);
        }
        else if (ch == '$')
        {
            /*
             * Dollar is always quoted, whether inside quotes or not. The
             * reason is that it's allowed in SQL identifiers, so there's a
             * significant use-case for treating it literally, while because
             * we anchor the pattern automatically there is no use-case for
             * having it possess its regexp meaning.
             */
            appendPQExpBufferStr(curbuf, "\\$");
            if (left)
                appendPQExpBufferChar(&left_literal, '$');
            cp++;
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * Ordinary data character, transfer to pattern
             *
             * Inside double quotes, or at all times if force_escape is true,
             * quote regexp special characters with a backslash to avoid
             * regexp errors.  Outside quotes, however, let them pass through
             * as-is; this lets knowledgeable users build regexp expressions
             * that are more powerful than shell-style patterns.
             *
             * As an exception to that, though, always quote "[]", as that's
             * much more likely to be an attempt to write an array type name
             * than it is to be the start of a regexp bracket expression.
             */
            if ((inquotes || force_escape) &&
                strchr("|*+?()[]{}.^$\\", ch))
                appendPQExpBufferChar(curbuf, '\\');
            else if (ch == '[' && cp[1] == ']')
                appendPQExpBufferChar(curbuf, '\\');
            i = PQmblenBounded(cp, encoding);
            while (i--)
            {
                if (left)
                    appendPQExpBufferChar(&left_literal, *cp);
                appendPQExpBufferChar(curbuf, *cp++);
            }
        }
    }
    appendPQExpBufferStr(curbuf, ")$");
 
    if (namebuf)
    {
        appendPQExpBufferStr(namebuf, curbuf->data);
        termPQExpBuffer(curbuf);
        curbuf--;
    }
 
    if (schemabuf && curbuf >= buf)
    {
        appendPQExpBufferStr(schemabuf, curbuf->data);
        termPQExpBuffer(curbuf);
        curbuf--;
    }
 
    if (dbnamebuf && curbuf >= buf)
    {
        if (want_literal_dbname)
            appendPQExpBufferStr(dbnamebuf, left_literal.data);
        else
            appendPQExpBufferStr(dbnamebuf, curbuf->data);
        termPQExpBuffer(curbuf);
    }
 
    if (want_literal_dbname)
        termPQExpBuffer(&left_literal);
}