execute.c

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/* src/interfaces/ecpg/ecpglib/execute.c */

/*
 * The aim is to get a simpler interface to the database routines.
 * All the tedious messing around with tuples is supposed to be hidden
 * by this function.
 */
/* Author: Linus Tolke
   (actually most if the code is "borrowed" from the distribution and just
   slightly modified)
 */

/* Taken over as part of PostgreSQL by Michael Meskes <meskes@postgresql.org>
   on Feb. 5th, 1998 */

#define POSTGRES_ECPG_INTERNAL
#include "postgres_fe.h"

#include <float.h>
#include <math.h>

#include "pg_type.h"

#include "ecpgtype.h"
#include "ecpglib.h"
#include "ecpgerrno.h"
#include "extern.h"
#include "sqlca.h"
#include "sqlda-native.h"
#include "sqlda-compat.h"
#include "sql3types.h"
#include "pgtypes_numeric.h"
#include "pgtypes_date.h"
#include "pgtypes_timestamp.h"
#include "pgtypes_interval.h"

/*
 *  This function returns a newly malloced string that has ' and \
 *  escaped.
 */
static char *
quote_postgres(char *arg, bool quote, int lineno)
{
    char       *res;
    size_t      length;
    size_t      escaped_len;
    size_t      buffer_len;

    /*
     * if quote is false we just need to store things in a descriptor they
     * will be quoted once they are inserted in a statement
     */
    if (!quote)
        return arg;
    else
    {
        length = strlen(arg);
        buffer_len = 2 * length + 1;
        res = (char *) ecpg_alloc(buffer_len + 3, lineno);
        if (!res)
            return (res);
        escaped_len = PQescapeString(res + 1, arg, buffer_len);
        if (length == escaped_len)
        {
            res[0] = res[escaped_len + 1] = '\'';
            res[escaped_len + 2] = '\0';
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * We don't know if the target database is using
             * standard_conforming_strings, so we always use E'' strings.
             */
            memmove(res + 2, res + 1, escaped_len);
            res[0] = ESCAPE_STRING_SYNTAX;
            res[1] = res[escaped_len + 2] = '\'';
            res[escaped_len + 3] = '\0';
        }
        ecpg_free(arg);
        return res;
    }
}

static void
free_variable(struct variable *var)
{
    struct variable *var_next;

    while (var)
    {
        var_next = var->next;
        ecpg_free(var);
        var = var_next;
    }
}

static void
free_statement(struct statement *stmt)
{
    if (stmt == NULL)
        return;
    free_variable(stmt->inlist);
    free_variable(stmt->outlist);
    ecpg_free(stmt->command);
    ecpg_free(stmt->name);
    ecpg_free(stmt->oldlocale);
    ecpg_free(stmt);
}

static int
next_insert(char *text, int pos, bool questionmarks)
{
    bool        string = false;
    int         p = pos;

    for (; text[p] != '\0'; p++)
    {
        if (text[p] == '\\')    /* escape character */
            p++;
        else if (text[p] == '\'')
            string = string ? false : true;
        else if (!string)
        {
            if (text[p] == '$' && isdigit((unsigned char) text[p + 1]))
            {
                /* this can be either a dollar quote or a variable */
                int         i;

                for (i = p + 1; isdigit((unsigned char) text[i]); i++)
                     /* empty loop body */ ;
                if (!isalpha((unsigned char) text[i]) &&
                    isascii((unsigned char) text[i]) &&text[i] != '_')
                    /* not dollar delimited quote */
                    return p;
            }
            else if (questionmarks && text[p] == '?')
            {
                /* also allow old style placeholders */
                return p;
            }
        }
    }

    return -1;
}

static bool
ecpg_type_infocache_push(struct ECPGtype_information_cache **cache, int oid, enum ARRAY_TYPE isarray, int lineno)
{
    struct ECPGtype_information_cache *new_entry
    = (struct ECPGtype_information_cache *) ecpg_alloc(sizeof(struct ECPGtype_information_cache), lineno);

    if (new_entry == NULL)
        return (false);

    new_entry->oid = oid;
    new_entry->isarray = isarray;
    new_entry->next = *cache;
    *cache = new_entry;
    return (true);
}

static enum ARRAY_TYPE
ecpg_is_type_an_array(int type, const struct statement *stmt, const struct variable *var)
{
    char       *array_query;
    enum ARRAY_TYPE isarray = ECPG_ARRAY_NOT_SET;
    PGresult   *query;
    struct ECPGtype_information_cache *cache_entry;

    if ((stmt->connection->cache_head) == NULL)
    {
        /*
         * Text like types are not an array for ecpg, but postgres counts them
         * as an array. This define reminds you to not 'correct' these values.
         */
#define not_an_array_in_ecpg ECPG_ARRAY_NONE

        /* populate cache with well known types to speed things up */
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), BOOLOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), BYTEAOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), CHAROID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), NAMEOID, not_an_array_in_ecpg, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), INT8OID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), INT2OID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), INT2VECTOROID, ECPG_ARRAY_VECTOR, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), INT4OID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), REGPROCOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), TEXTOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), OIDOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), TIDOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), XIDOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), CIDOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), OIDVECTOROID, ECPG_ARRAY_VECTOR, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), POINTOID, ECPG_ARRAY_VECTOR, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), LSEGOID, ECPG_ARRAY_VECTOR, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), PATHOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), BOXOID, ECPG_ARRAY_VECTOR, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), POLYGONOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), LINEOID, ECPG_ARRAY_VECTOR, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), FLOAT4OID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), FLOAT8OID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), ABSTIMEOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), RELTIMEOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), TINTERVALOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), UNKNOWNOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), CIRCLEOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), CASHOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), INETOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), CIDROID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), BPCHAROID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), VARCHAROID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), DATEOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), TIMEOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), TIMESTAMPOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), TIMESTAMPTZOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), INTERVALOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), TIMETZOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), ZPBITOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), VARBITOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
        if (!ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), NUMERICOID, ECPG_ARRAY_NONE, stmt->lineno))
            return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
    }

    for (cache_entry = (stmt->connection->cache_head); cache_entry != NULL; cache_entry = cache_entry->next)
    {
        if (cache_entry->oid == type)
            return cache_entry->isarray;
    }

    array_query = (char *) ecpg_alloc(strlen("select typlen from pg_type where oid= and typelem<>0") + 11, stmt->lineno);
    if (array_query == NULL)
        return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);

    sprintf(array_query, "select typlen from pg_type where oid=%d and typelem<>0", type);
    query = PQexec(stmt->connection->connection, array_query);
    ecpg_free(array_query);
    if (!ecpg_check_PQresult(query, stmt->lineno, stmt->connection->connection, stmt->compat))
        return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);
    else if (PQresultStatus(query) == PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
    {
        if (PQntuples(query) == 0)
            isarray = ECPG_ARRAY_NONE;
        else
        {
            isarray = (atol((char *) PQgetvalue(query, 0, 0)) == -1) ? ECPG_ARRAY_ARRAY : ECPG_ARRAY_VECTOR;
            if (ecpg_dynamic_type(type) == SQL3_CHARACTER ||
                ecpg_dynamic_type(type) == SQL3_CHARACTER_VARYING)
            {
                /*
                 * arrays of character strings are not yet implemented
                 */
                isarray = ECPG_ARRAY_NONE;
            }
        }
        PQclear(query);
    }
    else
        return (ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR);

    ecpg_type_infocache_push(&(stmt->connection->cache_head), type, isarray, stmt->lineno);
    ecpg_log("ecpg_is_type_an_array on line %d: type (%d); C (%d); array (%s)\n", stmt->lineno, type, var->type, ECPG_IS_ARRAY(isarray) ? "yes" : "no");
    return isarray;
}


bool
ecpg_store_result(const PGresult *results, int act_field,
                  const struct statement *stmt, struct variable *var)
{
    enum ARRAY_TYPE isarray;
    int         act_tuple,
                ntuples = PQntuples(results);
    bool        status = true;

    if ((isarray = ecpg_is_type_an_array(PQftype(results, act_field), stmt, var)) == ECPG_ARRAY_ERROR)
    {
        ecpg_raise(stmt->lineno, ECPG_OUT_OF_MEMORY, ECPG_SQLSTATE_ECPG_OUT_OF_MEMORY, NULL);
        return false;
    }

    if (isarray == ECPG_ARRAY_NONE)
    {
        /*
         * if we don't have enough space, we cannot read all tuples
         */
        if ((var->arrsize > 0 && ntuples > var->arrsize) || (var->ind_arrsize > 0 && ntuples > var->ind_arrsize))
        {
            ecpg_log("ecpg_store_result on line %d: incorrect number of matches; %d don't fit into array of %ld\n",
                     stmt->lineno, ntuples, var->arrsize);
            ecpg_raise(stmt->lineno, INFORMIX_MODE(stmt->compat) ? ECPG_INFORMIX_SUBSELECT_NOT_ONE : ECPG_TOO_MANY_MATCHES, ECPG_SQLSTATE_CARDINALITY_VIOLATION, NULL);
            return false;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * since we read an array, the variable has to be an array too
         */
        if (var->arrsize == 0)
        {
            ecpg_raise(stmt->lineno, ECPG_NO_ARRAY, ECPG_SQLSTATE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH, NULL);
            return false;
        }
    }

    /*
     * allocate memory for NULL pointers
     */
    if ((var->arrsize == 0 || var->varcharsize == 0) && var->value == NULL)
    {
        int         len = 0;

        if (!PQfformat(results, act_field))
        {
            switch (var->type)
            {
                case ECPGt_char:
                case ECPGt_unsigned_char:
                case ECPGt_string:
                    if (!var->varcharsize && !var->arrsize)
                    {
                        /* special mode for handling char**foo=0 */
                        for (act_tuple = 0; act_tuple < ntuples; act_tuple++)
                            len += strlen(PQgetvalue(results, act_tuple, act_field)) + 1;
                        len *= var->offset; /* should be 1, but YMNK */
                        len += (ntuples + 1) * sizeof(char *);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        var->varcharsize = 0;
                        /* check strlen for each tuple */
                        for (act_tuple = 0; act_tuple < ntuples; act_tuple++)
                        {
                            int         len = strlen(PQgetvalue(results, act_tuple, act_field)) + 1;

                            if (len > var->varcharsize)
                                var->varcharsize = len;
                        }
                        var->offset *= var->varcharsize;
                        len = var->offset * ntuples;
                    }
                    break;
                case ECPGt_varchar:
                    len = ntuples * (var->varcharsize + sizeof(int));
                    break;
                default:
                    len = var->offset * ntuples;
                    break;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            for (act_tuple = 0; act_tuple < ntuples; act_tuple++)
                len += PQgetlength(results, act_tuple, act_field);
        }

        ecpg_log("ecpg_store_result on line %d: allocating memory for %d tuples\n", stmt->lineno, ntuples);
        var->value = (char *) ecpg_auto_alloc(len, stmt->lineno);
        if (!var->value)
            return false;
        *((char **) var->pointer) = var->value;
    }

    /* allocate indicator variable if needed */
    if ((var->ind_arrsize == 0 || var->ind_varcharsize == 0) && var->ind_value == NULL && var->ind_pointer != NULL)
    {
        int         len = var->ind_offset * ntuples;

        var->ind_value = (char *) ecpg_auto_alloc(len, stmt->lineno);
        if (!var->ind_value)
            return false;
        *((char **) var->ind_pointer) = var->ind_value;
    }

    /* fill the variable with the tuple(s) */
    if (!var->varcharsize && !var->arrsize &&
        (var->type == ECPGt_char || var->type == ECPGt_unsigned_char || var->type == ECPGt_string))
    {
        /* special mode for handling char**foo=0 */

        /* filling the array of (char*)s */
        char      **current_string = (char **) var->value;

        /* storing the data (after the last array element) */
        char       *current_data_location = (char *) &current_string[ntuples + 1];

        for (act_tuple = 0; act_tuple < ntuples && status; act_tuple++)
        {
            int         len = strlen(PQgetvalue(results, act_tuple, act_field)) + 1;

            if (!ecpg_get_data(results, act_tuple, act_field, stmt->lineno,
                               var->type, var->ind_type, current_data_location,
                               var->ind_value, len, 0, var->ind_offset, isarray, stmt->compat, stmt->force_indicator))
                status = false;
            else
            {
                *current_string = current_data_location;
                current_data_location += len;
                current_string++;
            }
        }

        /* terminate the list */
        *current_string = NULL;
    }
    else
    {
        for (act_tuple = 0; act_tuple < ntuples && status; act_tuple++)
        {
            if (!ecpg_get_data(results, act_tuple, act_field, stmt->lineno,
                               var->type, var->ind_type, var->value,
                               var->ind_value, var->varcharsize, var->offset, var->ind_offset, isarray, stmt->compat, stmt->force_indicator))
                status = false;
        }
    }
    return status;
}

static void
sprintf_double_value(char *ptr, double value, const char *delim)
{
    if (isnan(value))
        sprintf(ptr, "%s%s", "NaN", delim);
    else if (isinf(value))
    {
        if (value < 0)
            sprintf(ptr, "%s%s", "-Infinity", delim);
        else
            sprintf(ptr, "%s%s", "Infinity", delim);
    }
    else
        sprintf(ptr, "%.15g%s", value, delim);
}

static void
sprintf_float_value(char *ptr, float value, const char *delim)
{
    if (isnan(value))
        sprintf(ptr, "%s%s", "NaN", delim);
    else if (isinf(value))
    {
        if (value < 0)
            sprintf(ptr, "%s%s", "-Infinity", delim);
        else
            sprintf(ptr, "%s%s", "Infinity", delim);
    }
    else
        sprintf(ptr, "%.15g%s", value, delim);
}

bool
ecpg_store_input(const int lineno, const bool force_indicator, const struct variable *var,
                 char **tobeinserted_p, bool quote)
{
    char       *mallocedval = NULL;
    char       *newcopy = NULL;

    /*
     * arrays are not possible unless the column is an array, too FIXME: we do
     * not know if the column is an array here array input to singleton column
     * will result in a runtime error
     */

    /*
     * Some special treatment is needed for records since we want their
     * contents to arrive in a comma-separated list on insert (I think).
     */

    *tobeinserted_p = "";

    /* check for null value and set input buffer accordingly */
    switch (var->ind_type)
    {
        case ECPGt_short:
        case ECPGt_unsigned_short:
            if (*(short *) var->ind_value < 0)
                *tobeinserted_p = NULL;
            break;
        case ECPGt_int:
        case ECPGt_unsigned_int:
            if (*(int *) var->ind_value < 0)
                *tobeinserted_p = NULL;
            break;
        case ECPGt_long:
        case ECPGt_unsigned_long:
            if (*(long *) var->ind_value < 0L)
                *tobeinserted_p = NULL;
            break;
#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG_INT
        case ECPGt_long_long:
        case ECPGt_unsigned_long_long:
            if (*(long long int *) var->ind_value < (long long) 0)
                *tobeinserted_p = NULL;
            break;
#endif                          /* HAVE_LONG_LONG_INT */
        case ECPGt_NO_INDICATOR:
            if (force_indicator == false)
            {
                if (ECPGis_noind_null(var->type, var->value))
                    *tobeinserted_p = NULL;
            }
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
    if (*tobeinserted_p != NULL)
    {
        int         asize = var->arrsize ? var->arrsize : 1;

        switch (var->type)
        {
                int         element;

            case ECPGt_short:
                if (!(mallocedval = ecpg_alloc(asize * 20, lineno)))
                    return false;

                if (asize > 1)
                {
                    strcpy(mallocedval, "{");

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                        sprintf(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), "%hd,", ((short *) var->value)[element]);

                    strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");
                }
                else
                    sprintf(mallocedval, "%hd", *((short *) var->value));

                *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                break;

            case ECPGt_int:
                if (!(mallocedval = ecpg_alloc(asize * 20, lineno)))
                    return false;

                if (asize > 1)
                {
                    strcpy(mallocedval, "{");

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                        sprintf(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), "%d,", ((int *) var->value)[element]);

                    strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");
                }
                else
                    sprintf(mallocedval, "%d", *((int *) var->value));

                *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                break;

            case ECPGt_unsigned_short:
                if (!(mallocedval = ecpg_alloc(asize * 20, lineno)))
                    return false;

                if (asize > 1)
                {
                    strcpy(mallocedval, "{");

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                        sprintf(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), "%hu,", ((unsigned short *) var->value)[element]);

                    strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");
                }
                else
                    sprintf(mallocedval, "%hu", *((unsigned short *) var->value));

                *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                break;

            case ECPGt_unsigned_int:
                if (!(mallocedval = ecpg_alloc(asize * 20, lineno)))
                    return false;

                if (asize > 1)
                {
                    strcpy(mallocedval, "{");

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                        sprintf(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), "%u,", ((unsigned int *) var->value)[element]);

                    strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");
                }
                else
                    sprintf(mallocedval, "%u", *((unsigned int *) var->value));

                *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                break;

            case ECPGt_long:
                if (!(mallocedval = ecpg_alloc(asize * 20, lineno)))
                    return false;

                if (asize > 1)
                {
                    strcpy(mallocedval, "{");

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                        sprintf(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), "%ld,", ((long *) var->value)[element]);

                    strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");
                }
                else
                    sprintf(mallocedval, "%ld", *((long *) var->value));

                *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                break;

            case ECPGt_unsigned_long:
                if (!(mallocedval = ecpg_alloc(asize * 20, lineno)))
                    return false;

                if (asize > 1)
                {
                    strcpy(mallocedval, "{");

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                        sprintf(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), "%lu,", ((unsigned long *) var->value)[element]);

                    strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");
                }
                else
                    sprintf(mallocedval, "%lu", *((unsigned long *) var->value));

                *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                break;
#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG_INT
            case ECPGt_long_long:
                if (!(mallocedval = ecpg_alloc(asize * 30, lineno)))
                    return false;

                if (asize > 1)
                {
                    strcpy(mallocedval, "{");

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                        sprintf(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), "%lld,", ((long long int *) var->value)[element]);

                    strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");
                }
                else
                    sprintf(mallocedval, "%lld", *((long long int *) var->value));

                *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                break;

            case ECPGt_unsigned_long_long:
                if (!(mallocedval = ecpg_alloc(asize * 30, lineno)))
                    return false;

                if (asize > 1)
                {
                    strcpy(mallocedval, "{");

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                        sprintf(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), "%llu,", ((unsigned long long int *) var->value)[element]);

                    strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");
                }
                else
                    sprintf(mallocedval, "%llu", *((unsigned long long int *) var->value));

                *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                break;
#endif                          /* HAVE_LONG_LONG_INT */
            case ECPGt_float:
                if (!(mallocedval = ecpg_alloc(asize * 25, lineno)))
                    return false;

                if (asize > 1)
                {
                    strcpy(mallocedval, "{");

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                        sprintf_float_value(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), ((float *) var->value)[element], ",");

                    strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");
                }
                else
                    sprintf_float_value(mallocedval, *((float *) var->value), "");

                *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                break;

            case ECPGt_double:
                if (!(mallocedval = ecpg_alloc(asize * 25, lineno)))
                    return false;

                if (asize > 1)
                {
                    strcpy(mallocedval, "{");

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                        sprintf_double_value(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), ((double *) var->value)[element], ",");

                    strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");
                }
                else
                    sprintf_double_value(mallocedval, *((double *) var->value), "");

                *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                break;

            case ECPGt_bool:
                if (!(mallocedval = ecpg_alloc(var->arrsize + sizeof("{}"), lineno)))
                    return false;

                if (var->arrsize > 1)
                {
                    strcpy(mallocedval, "{");

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                        sprintf(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), "%c,", (((bool *) var->value)[element]) ? 't' : 'f');

                    strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");
                }
                else
                {
                    if (var->offset == sizeof(char))
                        sprintf(mallocedval, "%c", (*((char *) var->value)) ? 't' : 'f');
                    else if (var->offset == sizeof(int))
                        sprintf(mallocedval, "%c", (*((int *) var->value)) ? 't' : 'f');
                    else
                        ecpg_raise(lineno, ECPG_CONVERT_BOOL, ECPG_SQLSTATE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH, NULL);
                }

                *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                break;

            case ECPGt_char:
            case ECPGt_unsigned_char:
            case ECPGt_string:
                {
                    /* set slen to string length if type is char * */
                    int         slen = (var->varcharsize == 0) ? strlen((char *) var->value) : (unsigned int) var->varcharsize;

                    if (!(newcopy = ecpg_alloc(slen + 1, lineno)))
                        return false;

                    strncpy(newcopy, (char *) var->value, slen);
                    newcopy[slen] = '\0';

                    mallocedval = quote_postgres(newcopy, quote, lineno);
                    if (!mallocedval)
                    {
                        ecpg_free(newcopy);
                        return false;
                    }

                    *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                }
                break;
            case ECPGt_const:
            case ECPGt_char_variable:
                {
                    int         slen = strlen((char *) var->value);

                    if (!(mallocedval = ecpg_alloc(slen + 1, lineno)))
                        return false;

                    strncpy(mallocedval, (char *) var->value, slen);
                    mallocedval[slen] = '\0';

                    *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                }
                break;
            case ECPGt_varchar:
                {
                    struct ECPGgeneric_varchar *variable =
                    (struct ECPGgeneric_varchar *) (var->value);

                    if (!(newcopy = (char *) ecpg_alloc(variable->len + 1, lineno)))
                        return false;

                    strncpy(newcopy, variable->arr, variable->len);
                    newcopy[variable->len] = '\0';

                    mallocedval = quote_postgres(newcopy, quote, lineno);
                    if (!mallocedval)
                    {
                        ecpg_free(newcopy);
                        return false;
                    }

                    *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                }
                break;

            case ECPGt_decimal:
            case ECPGt_numeric:
                {
                    char       *str = NULL;
                    int         slen;
                    numeric    *nval;

                    if (var->arrsize > 1)
                        mallocedval = ecpg_strdup("{", lineno);
                    else
                        mallocedval = ecpg_strdup("", lineno);

                    if (!mallocedval)
                        return false;

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                    {
                        int         result;

                        nval = PGTYPESnumeric_new();
                        if (!nval)
                        {
                            ecpg_free(mallocedval);
                            return false;
                        }

                        if (var->type == ECPGt_numeric)
                            result = PGTYPESnumeric_copy(&(((numeric *) (var->value))[element]), nval);
                        else
                            result = PGTYPESnumeric_from_decimal(&(((decimal *) (var->value))[element]), nval);

                        if (result != 0)
                        {
                            PGTYPESnumeric_free(nval);
                            ecpg_free(mallocedval);
                            return false;
                        }

                        str = PGTYPESnumeric_to_asc(nval, nval->dscale);
                        slen = strlen(str);
                        PGTYPESnumeric_free(nval);

                        if (!(newcopy = ecpg_realloc(mallocedval, strlen(mallocedval) + slen + 2, lineno)))
                        {
                            ecpg_free(mallocedval);
                            ecpg_free(str);
                            return false;
                        }
                        mallocedval = newcopy;

                        /* also copy trailing '\0' */
                        memcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), str, slen + 1);
                        if (var->arrsize > 1)
                            strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), ",");

                        ecpg_free(str);
                    }

                    if (var->arrsize > 1)
                        strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");

                    *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                }
                break;

            case ECPGt_interval:
                {
                    char       *str = NULL;
                    int         slen;

                    if (var->arrsize > 1)
                        mallocedval = ecpg_strdup("{", lineno);
                    else
                        mallocedval = ecpg_strdup("", lineno);

                    if (!mallocedval)
                        return false;

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                    {
                        str = quote_postgres(PGTYPESinterval_to_asc(&(((interval *) (var->value))[element])), quote, lineno);
                        if (!str)
                        {
                            ecpg_free(mallocedval);
                            return false;
                        }

                        slen = strlen(str);

                        if (!(newcopy = ecpg_realloc(mallocedval, strlen(mallocedval) + slen + 2, lineno)))
                        {
                            ecpg_free(mallocedval);
                            ecpg_free(str);
                            return false;
                        }
                        mallocedval = newcopy;

                        /* also copy trailing '\0' */
                        memcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), str, slen + 1);
                        if (var->arrsize > 1)
                            strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), ",");

                        ecpg_free(str);
                    }

                    if (var->arrsize > 1)
                        strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");

                    *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                }
                break;

            case ECPGt_date:
                {
                    char       *str = NULL;
                    int         slen;

                    if (var->arrsize > 1)
                        mallocedval = ecpg_strdup("{", lineno);
                    else
                        mallocedval = ecpg_strdup("", lineno);

                    if (!mallocedval)
                        return false;

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                    {
                        str = quote_postgres(PGTYPESdate_to_asc(((date *) (var->value))[element]), quote, lineno);
                        if (!str)
                        {
                            ecpg_free(mallocedval);
                            return false;
                        }

                        slen = strlen(str);

                        if (!(newcopy = ecpg_realloc(mallocedval, strlen(mallocedval) + slen + 2, lineno)))
                        {
                            ecpg_free(mallocedval);
                            ecpg_free(str);
                            return false;
                        }
                        mallocedval = newcopy;

                        /* also copy trailing '\0' */
                        memcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), str, slen + 1);
                        if (var->arrsize > 1)
                            strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), ",");

                        ecpg_free(str);
                    }

                    if (var->arrsize > 1)
                        strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");

                    *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                }
                break;

            case ECPGt_timestamp:
                {
                    char       *str = NULL;
                    int         slen;

                    if (var->arrsize > 1)
                        mallocedval = ecpg_strdup("{", lineno);
                    else
                        mallocedval = ecpg_strdup("", lineno);

                    if (!mallocedval)
                        return false;

                    for (element = 0; element < asize; element++)
                    {
                        str = quote_postgres(PGTYPEStimestamp_to_asc(((timestamp *) (var->value))[element]), quote, lineno);
                        if (!str)
                        {
                            ecpg_free(mallocedval);
                            return false;
                        }

                        slen = strlen(str);

                        if (!(newcopy = ecpg_realloc(mallocedval, strlen(mallocedval) + slen + 2, lineno)))
                        {
                            ecpg_free(mallocedval);
                            ecpg_free(str);
                            return false;
                        }
                        mallocedval = newcopy;

                        /* also copy trailing '\0' */
                        memcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), str, slen + 1);
                        if (var->arrsize > 1)
                            strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval), ",");

                        ecpg_free(str);
                    }

                    if (var->arrsize > 1)
                        strcpy(mallocedval + strlen(mallocedval) - 1, "}");

                    *tobeinserted_p = mallocedval;
                }
                break;

            case ECPGt_descriptor:
            case ECPGt_sqlda:
                break;

            default:
                /* Not implemented yet */
                ecpg_raise(lineno, ECPG_UNSUPPORTED, ECPG_SQLSTATE_ECPG_INTERNAL_ERROR, ecpg_type_name(var->type));
                return false;
                break;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

void
ecpg_free_params(struct statement *stmt, bool print)
{
    int         n;

    for (n = 0; n < stmt->nparams; n++)
    {
        if (print)
            ecpg_log("ecpg_free_params on line %d: parameter %d = %s\n", stmt->lineno, n + 1, stmt->paramvalues[n] ? stmt->paramvalues[n] : "null");
        ecpg_free(stmt->paramvalues[n]);
    }
    ecpg_free(stmt->paramvalues);
    stmt->paramvalues = NULL;
    stmt->nparams = 0;
}

static bool
insert_tobeinserted(int position, int ph_len, struct statement *stmt, char *tobeinserted)
{
    char       *newcopy;

    if (!(newcopy = (char *) ecpg_alloc(strlen(stmt->command)
                                        + strlen(tobeinserted)
                                        + 1, stmt->lineno)))
    {
        ecpg_free(tobeinserted);
        return false;
    }

    strcpy(newcopy, stmt->command);
    strcpy(newcopy + position - 1, tobeinserted);

    /*
     * The strange thing in the second argument is the rest of the string from
     * the old string
     */
    strcat(newcopy,
           stmt->command
           + position
           + ph_len - 1);

    ecpg_free(stmt->command);
    stmt->command = newcopy;

    ecpg_free((char *) tobeinserted);
    return true;
}

/*
 * ecpg_build_params
 *      Build statement parameters
 *
 * The input values are taken from user variables, and the results are stored
 * in arrays which can be used by PQexecParams().
 */
bool
ecpg_build_params(struct statement *stmt)
{
    struct variable *var;
    int         desc_counter = 0;
    int         position = 0;

    /*
     * If the type is one of the fill in types then we take the argument and
     * enter it to our parameter array at the first position. Then if there
     * are any more fill in types we add more parameters.
     */
    var = stmt->inlist;
    while (var)
    {
        char       *tobeinserted;
        int         counter = 1;

        tobeinserted = NULL;

        /*
         * A descriptor is a special case since it contains many variables but
         * is listed only once.
         */
        if (var->type == ECPGt_descriptor)
        {
            /*
             * We create an additional variable list here, so the same logic
             * applies.
             */
            struct variable desc_inlist;
            struct descriptor *desc;
            struct descriptor_item *desc_item;

            desc = ecpg_find_desc(stmt->lineno, var->pointer);
            if (desc == NULL)
                return false;

            desc_counter++;
            for (desc_item = desc->items; desc_item; desc_item = desc_item->next)
            {
                if (desc_item->num == desc_counter)
                {
                    desc_inlist.type = ECPGt_char;
                    desc_inlist.value = desc_item->data;
                    desc_inlist.pointer = &(desc_item->data);
                    desc_inlist.varcharsize = strlen(desc_item->data);
                    desc_inlist.arrsize = 1;
                    desc_inlist.offset = 0;
                    if (!desc_item->indicator)
                    {
                        desc_inlist.ind_type = ECPGt_NO_INDICATOR;
                        desc_inlist.ind_value = desc_inlist.ind_pointer = NULL;
                        desc_inlist.ind_varcharsize = desc_inlist.ind_arrsize = desc_inlist.ind_offset = 0;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        desc_inlist.ind_type = ECPGt_int;
                        desc_inlist.ind_value = &(desc_item->indicator);
                        desc_inlist.ind_pointer = &(desc_inlist.ind_value);
                        desc_inlist.ind_varcharsize = desc_inlist.ind_arrsize = 1;
                        desc_inlist.ind_offset = 0;
                    }
                    if (!ecpg_store_input(stmt->lineno, stmt->force_indicator, &desc_inlist, &tobeinserted, false))
                        return false;

                    break;
                }
            }
            if (desc->count == desc_counter)
                desc_counter = 0;
        }
        else if (var->type == ECPGt_sqlda)
        {
            if (INFORMIX_MODE(stmt->compat))
            {
                struct sqlda_compat *sqlda = *(struct sqlda_compat **) var->pointer;
                struct variable desc_inlist;
                int         i;

                if (sqlda == NULL)
                    return false;

                desc_counter++;
                for (i = 0; i < sqlda->sqld; i++)
                {
                    if (i + 1 == desc_counter)
                    {
                        desc_inlist.type = sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqltype;
                        desc_inlist.value = sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqldata;
                        desc_inlist.pointer = &(sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqldata);
                        switch (desc_inlist.type)
                        {
                            case ECPGt_char:
                            case ECPGt_varchar:
                                desc_inlist.varcharsize = strlen(sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqldata);
                                break;
                            default:
                                desc_inlist.varcharsize = 0;
                                break;
                        }
                        desc_inlist.arrsize = 1;
                        desc_inlist.offset = 0;
                        if (sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqlind)
                        {
                            desc_inlist.ind_type = ECPGt_short;
                            /* ECPG expects indicator value < 0 */
                            if (*(sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqlind))
                                *(sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqlind) = -1;
                            desc_inlist.ind_value = sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqlind;
                            desc_inlist.ind_pointer = &(sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqlind);
                            desc_inlist.ind_varcharsize = desc_inlist.ind_arrsize = 1;
                            desc_inlist.ind_offset = 0;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            desc_inlist.ind_type = ECPGt_NO_INDICATOR;
                            desc_inlist.ind_value = desc_inlist.ind_pointer = NULL;
                            desc_inlist.ind_varcharsize = desc_inlist.ind_arrsize = desc_inlist.ind_offset = 0;
                        }
                        if (!ecpg_store_input(stmt->lineno, stmt->force_indicator, &desc_inlist, &tobeinserted, false))
                            return false;

                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (sqlda->sqld == desc_counter)
                    desc_counter = 0;
            }
            else
            {
                struct sqlda_struct *sqlda = *(struct sqlda_struct **) var->pointer;
                struct variable desc_inlist;
                int         i;

                if (sqlda == NULL)
                    return false;

                desc_counter++;
                for (i = 0; i < sqlda->sqln; i++)
                {
                    if (i + 1 == desc_counter)
                    {
                        desc_inlist.type = sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqltype;
                        desc_inlist.value = sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqldata;
                        desc_inlist.pointer = &(sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqldata);
                        switch (desc_inlist.type)
                        {
                            case ECPGt_char:
                            case ECPGt_varchar:
                                desc_inlist.varcharsize = strlen(sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqldata);
                                break;
                            default:
                                desc_inlist.varcharsize = 0;
                                break;
                        }
                        desc_inlist.arrsize = 1;
                        desc_inlist.offset = 0;
                        if (sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqlind)
                        {
                            desc_inlist.ind_type = ECPGt_short;
                            /* ECPG expects indicator value < 0 */
                            if (*(sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqlind))
                                *(sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqlind) = -1;
                            desc_inlist.ind_value = sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqlind;
                            desc_inlist.ind_pointer = &(sqlda->sqlvar[i].sqlind);
                            desc_inlist.ind_varcharsize = desc_inlist.ind_arrsize = 1;
                            desc_inlist.ind_offset = 0;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            desc_inlist.ind_type = ECPGt_NO_INDICATOR;
                            desc_inlist.ind_value = desc_inlist.ind_pointer = NULL;
                            desc_inlist.ind_varcharsize = desc_inlist.ind_arrsize = desc_inlist.ind_offset = 0;
                        }
                        if (!ecpg_store_input(stmt->lineno, stmt->force_indicator, &desc_inlist, &tobeinserted, false))
                            return false;

                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (sqlda->sqln == desc_counter)
                    desc_counter = 0;
            }

        }
        else
        {
            if (!ecpg_store_input(stmt->lineno, stmt->force_indicator, var, &tobeinserted, false))
                return false;
        }

        /*
         * now tobeinserted points to an area that contains the next
         * parameter; now find the position in the string where it belongs
         */
        if ((position = next_insert(stmt->command, position, stmt->questionmarks) + 1) == 0)
        {
            /*
             * We have an argument but we dont have the matched up placeholder
             * in the string
             */
            ecpg_raise(stmt->lineno, ECPG_TOO_MANY_ARGUMENTS,
                       ECPG_SQLSTATE_USING_CLAUSE_DOES_NOT_MATCH_PARAMETERS,
                       NULL);
            ecpg_free_params(stmt, false);
            return false;
        }

        /*
         * if var->type=ECPGt_char_variable we have a dynamic cursor we have
         * to simulate a dynamic cursor because there is no backend
         * functionality for it
         */
        if (var->type == ECPGt_char_variable)
        {
            int         ph_len = (stmt->command[position] == '?') ? strlen("?") : strlen("$1");

            if (!insert_tobeinserted(position, ph_len, stmt, tobeinserted))
            {
                ecpg_free_params(stmt, false);
                return false;
            }
            tobeinserted = NULL;
        }

        /*
         * if the placeholder is '$0' we have to replace it on the client side
         * this is for places we want to support variables at that are not
         * supported in the backend
         */
        else if (stmt->command[position] == '0')
        {
            if (!insert_tobeinserted(position, 2, stmt, tobeinserted))
            {
                ecpg_free_params(stmt, false);
                return false;
            }
            tobeinserted = NULL;
        }
        else
        {
            char      **paramvalues;

            if (!(paramvalues = (char **) ecpg_realloc(stmt->paramvalues, sizeof(char *) * (stmt->nparams + 1), stmt->lineno)))
            {
                ecpg_free_params(stmt, false);
                return false;
            }

            stmt->nparams++;
            stmt->paramvalues = paramvalues;
            stmt->paramvalues[stmt->nparams - 1] = tobeinserted;

            /* let's see if this was an old style placeholder */
            if (stmt->command[position] == '?')
            {
                /* yes, replace with new style */
                int         buffersize = sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3;   /* a rough guess of the
                                                                             * size we need */

                if (!(tobeinserted = (char *) ecpg_alloc(buffersize, stmt->lineno)))
                {
                    ecpg_free_params(stmt, false);
                    return false;
                }

                snprintf(tobeinserted, buffersize, "$%d", counter++);

                if (!insert_tobeinserted(position, 2, stmt, tobeinserted))
                {
                    ecpg_free_params(stmt, false);
                    return false;
                }
                tobeinserted = NULL;
            }
        }

        if (desc_counter == 0)
            var = var->next;
    }

    /* Check if there are unmatched things left. */
    if (next_insert(stmt->command, position, stmt->questionmarks) >= 0)
    {
        ecpg_raise(stmt->lineno, ECPG_TOO_FEW_ARGUMENTS,
                   ECPG_SQLSTATE_USING_CLAUSE_DOES_NOT_MATCH_PARAMETERS, NULL);
        ecpg_free_params(stmt, false);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

/*
 * ecpg_autostart_transaction
 *      If we are in non-autocommit mode, automatically start a transaction.
 */
bool
ecpg_autostart_transaction(struct statement *stmt)
{
    if (PQtransactionStatus(stmt->connection->connection) == PQTRANS_IDLE && !stmt->connection->autocommit)
    {
        stmt->results = PQexec(stmt->connection->connection, "begin transaction");
        if (!ecpg_check_PQresult(stmt->results, stmt->lineno, stmt->connection->connection, stmt->compat))
        {
            ecpg_free_params(stmt, false);
            return false;
        }
        PQclear(stmt->results);
        stmt->results = NULL;
    }
    return true;
}

/*
 * ecpg_execute
 *      Execute the SQL statement.
 */
bool
ecpg_execute(struct statement *stmt)
{
    ecpg_log("ecpg_execute on line %d: query: %s; with %d parameter(s) on connection %s\n", stmt->lineno, stmt->command, stmt->nparams, stmt->connection->name);
    if (stmt->statement_type == ECPGst_execute)
    {
        stmt->results = PQexecPrepared(stmt->connection->connection, stmt->name, stmt->nparams, (const char *const *) stmt->paramvalues, NULL, NULL, 0);
        ecpg_log("ecpg_execute on line %d: using PQexecPrepared for \"%s\"\n", stmt->lineno, stmt->command);
    }
    else
    {
        if (stmt->nparams == 0)
        {
            stmt->results = PQexec(stmt->connection->connection, stmt->command);
            ecpg_log("ecpg_execute on line %d: using PQexec\n", stmt->lineno);
        }
        else
        {
            stmt->results = PQexecParams(stmt->connection->connection, stmt->command, stmt->nparams, NULL, (const char *const *) stmt->paramvalues, NULL, NULL, 0);
            ecpg_log("ecpg_execute on line %d: using PQexecParams\n", stmt->lineno);
        }
    }

    ecpg_free_params(stmt, true);

    if (!ecpg_check_PQresult(stmt->results, stmt->lineno, stmt->connection->connection, stmt->compat))
        return false;

    return true;
}

/*-------
 * ecpg_process_output
 *
 *  Process the statement result and store it into application variables.  This
 *  function can be called repeatedly during the same statement in case cursor
 *  readahead is used and the application does FETCH N which overflows the
 *  readahead window.
 *
 * Parameters
 *  stmt    statement structure holding the PGresult and
 *          the list of output variables
 *  clear_result
 *          PQclear() the result upon returning from this function
 *
 * Returns success as boolean. Also an SQL error is raised in case of failure.
 *-------
 */
bool
ecpg_process_output(struct statement *stmt, bool clear_result)
{
    struct variable *var;
    bool        status = false;
    char       *cmdstat;
    PGnotify   *notify;
    struct sqlca_t *sqlca = ECPGget_sqlca();
    int         nfields,
                ntuples,
                act_field;

    if (sqlca == NULL)
    {
        ecpg_raise(stmt->lineno, ECPG_OUT_OF_MEMORY,
                   ECPG_SQLSTATE_ECPG_OUT_OF_MEMORY, NULL);
        return (false);
    }

    var = stmt->outlist;
    switch (PQresultStatus(stmt->results))
    {
        case PGRES_TUPLES_OK:
            nfields = PQnfields(stmt->results);
            sqlca->sqlerrd[2] = ntuples = PQntuples(stmt->results);

            ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: correctly got %d tuples with %d fields\n", stmt->lineno, ntuples, nfields);
            status = true;

            if (ntuples < 1)
            {
                if (ntuples)
                    ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: incorrect number of matches (%d)\n",
                             stmt->lineno, ntuples);
                ecpg_raise(stmt->lineno, ECPG_NOT_FOUND, ECPG_SQLSTATE_NO_DATA, NULL);
                status = false;
                break;
            }

            if (var != NULL && var->type == ECPGt_descriptor)
            {
                struct descriptor *desc = ecpg_find_desc(stmt->lineno, var->pointer);

                if (desc == NULL)
                    status = false;
                else
                {
                    if (desc->result)
                        PQclear(desc->result);
                    desc->result = stmt->results;
                    clear_result = false;
                    ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: putting result (%d tuples) into descriptor %s\n",
                             stmt->lineno, PQntuples(stmt->results), (const char *) var->pointer);
                }
                var = var->next;
            }
            else if (var != NULL && var->type == ECPGt_sqlda)
            {
                if (INFORMIX_MODE(stmt->compat))
                {
                    struct sqlda_compat **_sqlda = (struct sqlda_compat **) var->pointer;
                    struct sqlda_compat *sqlda = *_sqlda;
                    struct sqlda_compat *sqlda_new;
                    int         i;

                    /*
                     * If we are passed in a previously existing sqlda (chain)
                     * then free it.
                     */
                    while (sqlda)
                    {
                        sqlda_new = sqlda->desc_next;
                        free(sqlda);
                        sqlda = sqlda_new;
                    }
                    *_sqlda = sqlda = sqlda_new = NULL;
                    for (i = ntuples - 1; i >= 0; i--)
                    {
                        /*
                         * Build a new sqlda structure. Note that only
                         * fetching 1 record is supported
                         */
                        sqlda_new = ecpg_build_compat_sqlda(stmt->lineno, stmt->results, i, stmt->compat);

                        if (!sqlda_new)
                        {
                            /* cleanup all SQLDAs we created up */
                            while (sqlda)
                            {
                                sqlda_new = sqlda->desc_next;
                                free(sqlda);
                                sqlda = sqlda_new;
                            }
                            *_sqlda = NULL;

                            ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: out of memory allocating a new sqlda\n", stmt->lineno);
                            status = false;
                            break;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: new sqlda was built\n", stmt->lineno);

                            *_sqlda = sqlda_new;

                            ecpg_set_compat_sqlda(stmt->lineno, _sqlda, stmt->results, i, stmt->compat);
                            ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: putting result (1 tuple %d fields) into sqlda descriptor\n",
                                     stmt->lineno, PQnfields(stmt->results));

                            sqlda_new->desc_next = sqlda;
                            sqlda = sqlda_new;
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    struct sqlda_struct **_sqlda = (struct sqlda_struct **) var->pointer;
                    struct sqlda_struct *sqlda = *_sqlda;
                    struct sqlda_struct *sqlda_new;
                    int         i;

                    /*
                     * If we are passed in a previously existing sqlda (chain)
                     * then free it.
                     */
                    while (sqlda)
                    {
                        sqlda_new = sqlda->desc_next;
                        free(sqlda);
                        sqlda = sqlda_new;
                    }
                    *_sqlda = sqlda = sqlda_new = NULL;
                    for (i = ntuples - 1; i >= 0; i--)
                    {
                        /*
                         * Build a new sqlda structure. Note that only
                         * fetching 1 record is supported
                         */
                        sqlda_new = ecpg_build_native_sqlda(stmt->lineno, stmt->results, i, stmt->compat);

                        if (!sqlda_new)
                        {
                            /* cleanup all SQLDAs we created up */
                            while (sqlda)
                            {
                                sqlda_new = sqlda->desc_next;
                                free(sqlda);
                                sqlda = sqlda_new;
                            }
                            *_sqlda = NULL;

                            ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: out of memory allocating a new sqlda\n", stmt->lineno);
                            status = false;
                            break;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: new sqlda was built\n", stmt->lineno);

                            *_sqlda = sqlda_new;

                            ecpg_set_native_sqlda(stmt->lineno, _sqlda, stmt->results, i, stmt->compat);
                            ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: putting result (1 tuple %d fields) into sqlda descriptor\n",
                                     stmt->lineno, PQnfields(stmt->results));

                            sqlda_new->desc_next = sqlda;
                            sqlda = sqlda_new;
                        }
                    }
                }

                var = var->next;
            }
            else
                for (act_field = 0; act_field < nfields && status; act_field++)
                {
                    if (var != NULL)
                    {
                        status = ecpg_store_result(stmt->results, act_field, stmt, var);
                        var = var->next;
                    }
                    else if (!INFORMIX_MODE(stmt->compat))
                    {
                        ecpg_raise(stmt->lineno, ECPG_TOO_FEW_ARGUMENTS, ECPG_SQLSTATE_USING_CLAUSE_DOES_NOT_MATCH_TARGETS, NULL);
                        return (false);
                    }
                }

            if (status && var != NULL)
            {
                ecpg_raise(stmt->lineno, ECPG_TOO_MANY_ARGUMENTS, ECPG_SQLSTATE_USING_CLAUSE_DOES_NOT_MATCH_TARGETS, NULL);
                status = false;
            }

            break;
        case PGRES_COMMAND_OK:
            status = true;
            cmdstat = PQcmdStatus(stmt->results);
            sqlca->sqlerrd[1] = PQoidValue(stmt->results);
            sqlca->sqlerrd[2] = atol(PQcmdTuples(stmt->results));
            ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: OK: %s\n", stmt->lineno, cmdstat);
            if (stmt->compat != ECPG_COMPAT_INFORMIX_SE &&
                !sqlca->sqlerrd[2] &&
                (strncmp(cmdstat, "UPDATE", 6) == 0
                 || strncmp(cmdstat, "INSERT", 6) == 0
                 || strncmp(cmdstat, "DELETE", 6) == 0))
                ecpg_raise(stmt->lineno, ECPG_NOT_FOUND, ECPG_SQLSTATE_NO_DATA, NULL);
            break;
        case PGRES_COPY_OUT:
            {
                char       *buffer;
                int         res;

                ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: COPY OUT data transfer in progress\n", stmt->lineno);
                while ((res = PQgetCopyData(stmt->connection->connection,
                                            &buffer, 0)) > 0)
                {
                    printf("%s", buffer);
                    PQfreemem(buffer);
                }
                if (res == -1)
                {
                    /* COPY done */
                    PQclear(stmt->results);
                    stmt->results = PQgetResult(stmt->connection->connection);
                    if (PQresultStatus(stmt->results) == PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
                        ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: got PGRES_COMMAND_OK after PGRES_COPY_OUT\n", stmt->lineno);
                    else
                        ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: got error after PGRES_COPY_OUT: %s", stmt->lineno, PQresultErrorMessage(stmt->results));
                }
                break;
            }
        default:

            /*
             * execution should never reach this code because it is already
             * handled in ECPGcheck_PQresult()
             */
            ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: unknown execution status type\n",
                     stmt->lineno);
            ecpg_raise_backend(stmt->lineno, stmt->results, stmt->connection->connection, stmt->compat);
            status = false;
            break;
    }

    if (clear_result)
    {
        PQclear(stmt->results);
        stmt->results = NULL;
    }

    /* check for asynchronous returns */
    notify = PQnotifies(stmt->connection->connection);
    if (notify)
    {
        ecpg_log("ecpg_process_output on line %d: asynchronous notification of \"%s\" from backend PID %d received\n",
                 stmt->lineno, notify->relname, notify->be_pid);
        PQfreemem(notify);
    }

    return status;
}

/*
 * ecpg_do_prologue
 *
 * Initialize various infrastructure elements for executing the statement:
 *
 *  - create the statement structure
 *  - set the C numeric locale for communicating with the backend
 *  - preprocess the variable list of input/output parameters into
 *    linked lists
 */
bool
ecpg_do_prologue(int lineno, const int compat, const int force_indicator,
                 const char *connection_name, const bool questionmarks,
                 enum ECPG_statement_type statement_type, const char *query,
                 va_list args, struct statement **stmt_out)
{
    struct statement *stmt;
    struct connection *con;
    enum ECPGttype type;
    struct variable **list;
    char       *prepname;

    *stmt_out = NULL;

    if (!query)
    {
        ecpg_raise(lineno, ECPG_EMPTY, ECPG_SQLSTATE_ECPG_INTERNAL_ERROR, NULL);
        return false;
    }

    stmt = (struct statement *) ecpg_alloc(sizeof(struct statement), lineno);

    if (stmt == NULL)
        return false;

    /*
     * Make sure we do NOT honor the locale for numeric input/output since the
     * database wants the standard decimal point
     */
    stmt->oldlocale = ecpg_strdup(setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, NULL), lineno);
    if (stmt->oldlocale == NULL)
    {
        ecpg_do_epilogue(stmt);
        return false;
    }
    setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, "C");

#ifdef ENABLE_THREAD_SAFETY
    ecpg_pthreads_init();
#endif

    con = ecpg_get_connection(connection_name);

    if (!ecpg_init(con, connection_name, lineno))
    {
        ecpg_do_epilogue(stmt);
        return false;
    }

    /*
     * If statement type is ECPGst_prepnormal we are supposed to prepare the
     * statement before executing them
     */
    if (statement_type == ECPGst_prepnormal)
    {
        if (!ecpg_auto_prepare(lineno, connection_name, compat, &prepname, query))
        {
            ecpg_do_epilogue(stmt);
            return false;
        }

        /*
         * statement is now prepared, so instead of the query we have to
         * execute the name
         */
        stmt->command = prepname;
        statement_type = ECPGst_execute;
    }
    else
        stmt->command = ecpg_strdup(query, lineno);

    stmt->name = NULL;

    if (statement_type == ECPGst_execute)
    {
        /* if we have an EXECUTE command, only the name is send */
        char       *command = ecpg_prepared(stmt->command, con);

        if (command)
        {
            stmt->name = stmt->command;
            stmt->command = ecpg_strdup(command, lineno);
        }
        else
        {
            ecpg_raise(lineno, ECPG_INVALID_STMT, ECPG_SQLSTATE_INVALID_SQL_STATEMENT_NAME, stmt->command);
            ecpg_do_epilogue(stmt);
            return (false);
        }
    }

    stmt->connection = con;
    stmt->lineno = lineno;
    stmt->compat = compat;
    stmt->force_indicator = force_indicator;
    stmt->questionmarks = questionmarks;
    stmt->statement_type = statement_type;

    /*------
     * create a list of variables
     *
     * The variables are listed with input variables preceding outputvariables
     * The end of each group is marked by an end marker. per variable we list:
     *
     * type - as defined in ecpgtype.h
     * value - where to store the data
     * varcharsize - length of string in case we have a stringvariable, else 0
     * arraysize - 0 for pointer (we don't know the size of the array), 1 for
     * simple variable, size for arrays
     * offset - offset between ith and (i+1)th entry in an array, normally
     * that means sizeof(type)
     * ind_type - type of indicator variable
     * ind_value - pointer to indicator variable
     * ind_varcharsize - empty
     * ind_arraysize - arraysize of indicator array
     * ind_offset - indicator offset
     *------
     */

    list = &(stmt->inlist);

    type = va_arg(args, enum ECPGttype);

    while (type != ECPGt_EORT)
    {
        if (type == ECPGt_EOIT)
            list = &(stmt->outlist);
        else
        {
            struct variable *var,
                       *ptr;

            if (!(var = (struct variable *) ecpg_alloc(sizeof(struct variable), lineno)))
            {
                ecpg_do_epilogue(stmt);
                return false;
            }

            var->type = type;
            var->pointer = va_arg(args, char *);

            var->varcharsize = va_arg(args, long);
            var->arrsize = va_arg(args, long);
            var->offset = va_arg(args, long);

            /*
             * Unknown array size means pointer to an array. Unknown
             * varcharsize usually also means pointer. But if the type is
             * character and the array size is known, it is an array of
             * pointers to char, so use var->pointer as it is.
             */
            if (var->arrsize == 0 ||
                (var->varcharsize == 0 && ((var->type != ECPGt_char && var->type != ECPGt_unsigned_char) || (var->arrsize <= 1))))
                var->value = *((char **) (var->pointer));
            else
                var->value = var->pointer;

            /*
             * negative values are used to indicate an array without given
             * bounds
             */
            /* reset to zero for us */
            if (var->arrsize < 0)
                var->arrsize = 0;
            if (var->varcharsize < 0)
                var->varcharsize = 0;

            var->next = NULL;

            var->ind_type = va_arg(args, enum ECPGttype);
            var->ind_pointer = va_arg(args, char *);
            var->ind_varcharsize = va_arg(args, long);
            var->ind_arrsize = va_arg(args, long);
            var->ind_offset = va_arg(args, long);

            if (var->ind_type != ECPGt_NO_INDICATOR
                && (var->ind_arrsize == 0 || var->ind_varcharsize == 0))
                var->ind_value = *((char **) (var->ind_pointer));
            else
                var->ind_value = var->ind_pointer;

            /*
             * negative values are used to indicate an array without given
             * bounds
             */
            /* reset to zero for us */
            if (var->ind_arrsize < 0)
                var->ind_arrsize = 0;
            if (var->ind_varcharsize < 0)
                var->ind_varcharsize = 0;

            /* if variable is NULL, the statement hasn't been prepared */
            if (var->pointer == NULL)
            {
                ecpg_raise(lineno, ECPG_INVALID_STMT, ECPG_SQLSTATE_INVALID_SQL_STATEMENT_NAME, NULL);
                ecpg_free(var);
                ecpg_do_epilogue(stmt);
                return false;
            }

            for (ptr = *list; ptr && ptr->next; ptr = ptr->next)
                ;

            if (ptr == NULL)
                *list = var;
            else
                ptr->next = var;
        }

        type = va_arg(args, enum ECPGttype);
    }

    /* are we connected? */
    if (con == NULL || con->connection == NULL)
    {
        ecpg_raise(lineno, ECPG_NOT_CONN, ECPG_SQLSTATE_ECPG_INTERNAL_ERROR, (con) ? con->name : ecpg_gettext("<empty>"));
        ecpg_do_epilogue(stmt);
        return false;
    }

    /* initialize auto_mem struct */
    ecpg_clear_auto_mem();

    *stmt_out = stmt;

    return true;
}

/*
 * ecpg_do_epilogue
 *    Restore the application locale and free the statement structure.
 */
void
ecpg_do_epilogue(struct statement *stmt)
{
    if (stmt == NULL)
        return;

    if (stmt->oldlocale)
        setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, stmt->oldlocale);

    free_statement(stmt);
}

/*
 * Execute SQL statements in the backend.
 * The input/output parameters (variable argument list) are passed
 * in a va_list, so other functions can use this interface.
 */
bool
ecpg_do(const int lineno, const int compat, const int force_indicator, const char *connection_name, const bool questionmarks, const int st, const char *query, va_list args)
{
    struct statement *stmt = NULL;

    if (!ecpg_do_prologue(lineno, compat, force_indicator, connection_name,
                          questionmarks, (enum ECPG_statement_type) st,
                          query, args, &stmt))
        goto fail;

    if (!ecpg_build_params(stmt))
        goto fail;

    if (!ecpg_autostart_transaction(stmt))
        goto fail;

    if (!ecpg_execute(stmt))
        goto fail;

    if (!ecpg_process_output(stmt, true))
        goto fail;

    ecpg_do_epilogue(stmt);
    return true;

fail:
    ecpg_do_epilogue(stmt);
    return false;
}

/*
 * Execute SQL statements in the backend.
 * The input/output parameters are passed as variable-length argument list.
 */
bool
ECPGdo(const int lineno, const int compat, const int force_indicator, const char *connection_name, const bool questionmarks, const int st, const char *query,...)
{
    va_list     args;
    bool        ret;

    va_start(args, query);
    ret = ecpg_do(lineno, compat, force_indicator, connection_name,
                  questionmarks, st, query, args);
    va_end(args);

    return ret;
}

/* old descriptor interface */
bool
ECPGdo_descriptor(int line, const char *connection,
                  const char *descriptor, const char *query)
{
    return ECPGdo(line, ECPG_COMPAT_PGSQL, true, connection, '\0', 0, query, ECPGt_EOIT,
                  ECPGt_descriptor, descriptor, 0L, 0L, 0L,
                  ECPGt_NO_INDICATOR, NULL, 0L, 0L, 0L, ECPGt_EORT);
}