ginbtree.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * ginbtree.c
 *    page utilities routines for the postgres inverted index access method.
 *
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *          src/backend/access/gin/ginbtree.c
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
 
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include "access/gin_private.h"
#include "access/ginxlog.h"
#include "access/xloginsert.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "storage/predicate.h"
#include "utils/injection_point.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
 
static void ginFindParents(GinBtree btree, GinBtreeStack *stack);
static bool ginPlaceToPage(GinBtree btree, GinBtreeStack *stack,
                           void *insertdata, BlockNumber updateblkno,
                           Buffer childbuf, GinStatsData *buildStats);
static void ginFinishSplit(GinBtree btree, GinBtreeStack *stack,
                           bool freestack, GinStatsData *buildStats);
static void ginFinishOldSplit(GinBtree btree, GinBtreeStack *stack,
                              GinStatsData *buildStats, int access);
 
/*
 * Lock buffer by needed method for search.
 */
int
ginTraverseLock(Buffer buffer, bool searchMode)
{
    Page        page;
    int         access = GIN_SHARE;
 
    LockBuffer(buffer, GIN_SHARE);
    page = BufferGetPage(buffer);
    if (GinPageIsLeaf(page))
    {
        if (searchMode == false)
        {
            /* we should relock our page */
            LockBuffer(buffer, GIN_UNLOCK);
            LockBuffer(buffer, GIN_EXCLUSIVE);
 
            /* But root can become non-leaf during relock */
            if (!GinPageIsLeaf(page))
            {
                /* restore old lock type (very rare) */
                LockBuffer(buffer, GIN_UNLOCK);
                LockBuffer(buffer, GIN_SHARE);
            }
            else
                access = GIN_EXCLUSIVE;
        }
    }
 
    return access;
}
 
/*
 * Descend the tree to the leaf page that contains or would contain the key
 * we're searching for. The key should already be filled in 'btree', in
 * tree-type specific manner. If btree->fullScan is true, descends to the
 * leftmost leaf page.
 *
 * If 'searchmode' is false, on return stack->buffer is exclusively locked,
 * and the stack represents the full path to the root. Otherwise stack->buffer
 * is share-locked, and stack->parent is NULL.
 *
 * If 'rootConflictCheck' is true, tree root is checked for serialization
 * conflict.
 */
GinBtreeStack *
ginFindLeafPage(GinBtree btree, bool searchMode,
                bool rootConflictCheck)
{
    GinBtreeStack *stack;
 
    stack = palloc_object(GinBtreeStack);
    stack->blkno = btree->rootBlkno;
    stack->buffer = ReadBuffer(btree->index, btree->rootBlkno);
    stack->parent = NULL;
    stack->predictNumber = 1;
 
    if (rootConflictCheck)
        CheckForSerializableConflictIn(btree->index, NULL, btree->rootBlkno);
 
    for (;;)
    {
        Page        page;
        BlockNumber child;
        int         access;
 
        stack->off = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 
        page = BufferGetPage(stack->buffer);
 
        access = ginTraverseLock(stack->buffer, searchMode);
 
        /*
         * If we're going to modify the tree, finish any incomplete splits we
         * encounter on the way.
         */
        if (!searchMode && GinPageIsIncompleteSplit(page))
            ginFinishOldSplit(btree, stack, NULL, access);
 
        /*
         * ok, page is correctly locked, we should check to move right ..,
         * root never has a right link, so small optimization
         */
        while (btree->fullScan == false && stack->blkno != btree->rootBlkno &&
               btree->isMoveRight(btree, page))
        {
            BlockNumber rightlink = GinPageGetOpaque(page)->rightlink;
 
            if (rightlink == InvalidBlockNumber)
                /* rightmost page */
                break;
 
            stack->buffer = ginStepRight(stack->buffer, btree->index, access);
            stack->blkno = rightlink;
            page = BufferGetPage(stack->buffer);
 
            if (!searchMode && GinPageIsIncompleteSplit(page))
                ginFinishOldSplit(btree, stack, NULL, access);
        }
 
        if (GinPageIsLeaf(page))    /* we found, return locked page */
            return stack;
 
        /* now we have correct buffer, try to find child */
        child = btree->findChildPage(btree, stack);
 
        LockBuffer(stack->buffer, GIN_UNLOCK);
        Assert(child != InvalidBlockNumber);
        Assert(stack->blkno != child);
 
        if (searchMode)
        {
            /* in search mode we may forget path to leaf */
            stack->blkno = child;
            stack->buffer = ReleaseAndReadBuffer(stack->buffer, btree->index, stack->blkno);
        }
        else
        {
            GinBtreeStack *ptr = palloc_object(GinBtreeStack);
 
            ptr->parent = stack;
            stack = ptr;
            stack->blkno = child;
            stack->buffer = ReadBuffer(btree->index, stack->blkno);
            stack->predictNumber = 1;
        }
    }
}
 
/*
 * Step right from current page.
 *
 * The next page is locked first, before releasing the current page. This is
 * crucial to prevent concurrent VACUUM from deleting a page that we are about
 * to step to. (The lock-coupling isn't strictly necessary when we are
 * traversing the tree to find an insert location, because page deletion grabs
 * a cleanup lock on the root to prevent any concurrent inserts. See Page
 * deletion section in the README. But there's no harm in doing it always.)
 */
Buffer
ginStepRight(Buffer buffer, Relation index, int lockmode)
{
    Buffer      nextbuffer;
    Page        page = BufferGetPage(buffer);
    bool        isLeaf = GinPageIsLeaf(page);
    bool        isData = GinPageIsData(page);
    BlockNumber blkno = GinPageGetOpaque(page)->rightlink;
 
    nextbuffer = ReadBuffer(index, blkno);
    LockBuffer(nextbuffer, lockmode);
    UnlockReleaseBuffer(buffer);
 
    /* Sanity check that the page we stepped to is of similar kind. */
    page = BufferGetPage(nextbuffer);
    if (isLeaf != GinPageIsLeaf(page) || isData != GinPageIsData(page))
        elog(ERROR, "right sibling of GIN page is of different type");
 
    return nextbuffer;
}
 
void
freeGinBtreeStack(GinBtreeStack *stack)
{
    while (stack)
    {
        GinBtreeStack *tmp = stack->parent;
 
        if (stack->buffer != InvalidBuffer)
            ReleaseBuffer(stack->buffer);
 
        pfree(stack);
        stack = tmp;
    }
}
 
/*
 * Try to find parent for current stack position. Returns correct parent and
 * child's offset in stack->parent. The root page is never released, to
 * prevent conflict with vacuum process.
 */
static void
ginFindParents(GinBtree btree, GinBtreeStack *stack)
{
    Page        page;
    Buffer      buffer;
    BlockNumber blkno,
                leftmostBlkno;
    OffsetNumber offset;
    GinBtreeStack *root;
    GinBtreeStack *ptr;
 
    /*
     * Unwind the stack all the way up to the root, leaving only the root
     * item.
     *
     * Be careful not to release the pin on the root page! The pin on root
     * page is required to lock out concurrent vacuums on the tree.
     */
    root = stack->parent;
    while (root->parent)
    {
        ReleaseBuffer(root->buffer);
        root = root->parent;
    }
 
    Assert(root->blkno == btree->rootBlkno);
    Assert(BufferGetBlockNumber(root->buffer) == btree->rootBlkno);
    root->off = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 
    blkno = root->blkno;
    buffer = root->buffer;
 
    ptr = palloc_object(GinBtreeStack);
 
    for (;;)
    {
        LockBuffer(buffer, GIN_EXCLUSIVE);
        page = BufferGetPage(buffer);
        if (GinPageIsLeaf(page))
            elog(ERROR, "Lost path");
 
        if (GinPageIsIncompleteSplit(page))
        {
            Assert(blkno != btree->rootBlkno);
            ptr->blkno = blkno;
            ptr->buffer = buffer;
 
            /*
             * parent may be wrong, but if so, the ginFinishSplit call will
             * recurse to call ginFindParents again to fix it.
             */
            ptr->parent = root;
            ptr->off = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 
            ginFinishOldSplit(btree, ptr, NULL, GIN_EXCLUSIVE);
        }
 
        leftmostBlkno = btree->getLeftMostChild(btree, page);
 
        while ((offset = btree->findChildPtr(btree, page, stack->blkno, InvalidOffsetNumber)) == InvalidOffsetNumber)
        {
            blkno = GinPageGetOpaque(page)->rightlink;
            if (blkno == InvalidBlockNumber)
            {
                /* Link not present in this level */
                LockBuffer(buffer, GIN_UNLOCK);
                /* Do not release pin on the root buffer */
                if (buffer != root->buffer)
                    ReleaseBuffer(buffer);
                break;
            }
            buffer = ginStepRight(buffer, btree->index, GIN_EXCLUSIVE);
            page = BufferGetPage(buffer);
 
            /* finish any incomplete splits, as above */
            if (GinPageIsIncompleteSplit(page))
            {
                Assert(blkno != btree->rootBlkno);
                ptr->blkno = blkno;
                ptr->buffer = buffer;
                ptr->parent = root;
                ptr->off = InvalidOffsetNumber;
 
                ginFinishOldSplit(btree, ptr, NULL, GIN_EXCLUSIVE);
            }
        }
 
        if (blkno != InvalidBlockNumber)
        {
            ptr->blkno = blkno;
            ptr->buffer = buffer;
            ptr->parent = root; /* it may be wrong, but in next call we will
                                 * correct */
            ptr->off = offset;
            stack->parent = ptr;
            return;
        }
 
        /* Descend down to next level */
        blkno = leftmostBlkno;
        buffer = ReadBuffer(btree->index, blkno);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Insert a new item to a page.
 *
 * Returns true if the insertion was finished. On false, the page was split and
 * the parent needs to be updated. (A root split returns true as it doesn't
 * need any further action by the caller to complete.)
 *
 * When inserting a downlink to an internal page, 'childbuf' contains the
 * child page that was split. Its GIN_INCOMPLETE_SPLIT flag will be cleared
 * atomically with the insert. Also, the existing item at offset stack->off
 * in the target page is updated to point to updateblkno.
 *
 * stack->buffer is locked on entry, and is kept locked.
 * Likewise for childbuf, if given.
 */
static bool
ginPlaceToPage(GinBtree btree, GinBtreeStack *stack,
               void *insertdata, BlockNumber updateblkno,
               Buffer childbuf, GinStatsData *buildStats)
{
    Page        page = BufferGetPage(stack->buffer);
    bool        result;
    GinPlaceToPageRC rc;
    uint16      xlflags = 0;
    Page        childpage = NULL;
    Page        newlpage = NULL,
                newrpage = NULL;
    void       *ptp_workspace = NULL;
    MemoryContext tmpCxt;
    MemoryContext oldCxt;
 
    /*
     * We do all the work of this function and its subfunctions in a temporary
     * memory context.  This avoids leakages and simplifies APIs, since some
     * subfunctions allocate storage that has to survive until we've finished
     * the WAL insertion.
     */
    tmpCxt = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
                                   "ginPlaceToPage temporary context",
                                   ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
    oldCxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(tmpCxt);
 
    if (GinPageIsData(page))
        xlflags |= GIN_INSERT_ISDATA;
    if (GinPageIsLeaf(page))
    {
        xlflags |= GIN_INSERT_ISLEAF;
        Assert(!BufferIsValid(childbuf));
        Assert(updateblkno == InvalidBlockNumber);
    }
    else
    {
        Assert(BufferIsValid(childbuf));
        Assert(updateblkno != InvalidBlockNumber);
        childpage = BufferGetPage(childbuf);
    }
 
    /*
     * See if the incoming tuple will fit on the page.  beginPlaceToPage will
     * decide if the page needs to be split, and will compute the split
     * contents if so.  See comments for beginPlaceToPage and execPlaceToPage
     * functions for more details of the API here.
     */
    rc = btree->beginPlaceToPage(btree, stack->buffer, stack,
                                 insertdata, updateblkno,
                                 &ptp_workspace,
                                 &newlpage, &newrpage);
 
    if (rc == GPTP_NO_WORK)
    {
        /* Nothing to do */
        result = true;
    }
    else if (rc == GPTP_INSERT)
    {
        /* It will fit, perform the insertion */
        START_CRIT_SECTION();
 
        if (RelationNeedsWAL(btree->index) && !btree->isBuild)
            XLogBeginInsert();
 
        /*
         * Perform the page update, dirty and register stack->buffer, and
         * register any extra WAL data.
         */
        btree->execPlaceToPage(btree, stack->buffer, stack,
                               insertdata, updateblkno, ptp_workspace);
 
        /* An insert to an internal page finishes the split of the child. */
        if (BufferIsValid(childbuf))
        {
            GinPageGetOpaque(childpage)->flags &= ~GIN_INCOMPLETE_SPLIT;
            MarkBufferDirty(childbuf);
            if (RelationNeedsWAL(btree->index) && !btree->isBuild)
                XLogRegisterBuffer(1, childbuf, REGBUF_STANDARD);
        }
 
        if (RelationNeedsWAL(btree->index) && !btree->isBuild)
        {
            XLogRecPtr  recptr;
            ginxlogInsert xlrec;
            BlockIdData childblknos[2];
 
            xlrec.flags = xlflags;
 
            XLogRegisterData(&xlrec, sizeof(ginxlogInsert));
 
            /*
             * Log information about child if this was an insertion of a
             * downlink.
             */
            if (BufferIsValid(childbuf))
            {
                BlockIdSet(&childblknos[0], BufferGetBlockNumber(childbuf));
                BlockIdSet(&childblknos[1], GinPageGetOpaque(childpage)->rightlink);
                XLogRegisterData(childblknos,
                                 sizeof(BlockIdData) * 2);
            }
 
            recptr = XLogInsert(RM_GIN_ID, XLOG_GIN_INSERT);
            PageSetLSN(page, recptr);
            if (BufferIsValid(childbuf))
                PageSetLSN(childpage, recptr);
        }
 
        END_CRIT_SECTION();
 
        /* Insertion is complete. */
        result = true;
    }
    else if (rc == GPTP_SPLIT)
    {
        /*
         * Didn't fit, need to split.  The split has been computed in newlpage
         * and newrpage, which are pointers to palloc'd pages, not associated
         * with buffers.  stack->buffer is not touched yet.
         */
        Buffer      rbuffer;
        BlockNumber savedRightLink;
        ginxlogSplit data;
        Buffer      lbuffer = InvalidBuffer;
        Page        newrootpg = NULL;
 
        /* Get a new index page to become the right page */
        rbuffer = GinNewBuffer(btree->index);
 
        /* During index build, count the new page */
        if (buildStats)
        {
            if (btree->isData)
                buildStats->nDataPages++;
            else
                buildStats->nEntryPages++;
        }
 
        savedRightLink = GinPageGetOpaque(page)->rightlink;
 
        /* Begin setting up WAL record */
        data.locator = btree->index->rd_locator;
        data.flags = xlflags;
        if (BufferIsValid(childbuf))
        {
            data.leftChildBlkno = BufferGetBlockNumber(childbuf);
            data.rightChildBlkno = GinPageGetOpaque(childpage)->rightlink;
        }
        else
            data.leftChildBlkno = data.rightChildBlkno = InvalidBlockNumber;
 
        if (stack->parent == NULL)
        {
            /*
             * splitting the root, so we need to allocate new left page and
             * place pointers to left and right page on root page.
             */
            lbuffer = GinNewBuffer(btree->index);
 
            /* During index build, count the new left page */
            if (buildStats)
            {
                if (btree->isData)
                    buildStats->nDataPages++;
                else
                    buildStats->nEntryPages++;
            }
 
            data.rrlink = InvalidBlockNumber;
            data.flags |= GIN_SPLIT_ROOT;
 
            GinPageGetOpaque(newrpage)->rightlink = InvalidBlockNumber;
            GinPageGetOpaque(newlpage)->rightlink = BufferGetBlockNumber(rbuffer);
 
            /*
             * Construct a new root page containing downlinks to the new left
             * and right pages.  (Do this in a temporary copy rather than
             * overwriting the original page directly, since we're not in the
             * critical section yet.)
             */
            newrootpg = PageGetTempPage(newrpage);
            GinInitPage(newrootpg, GinPageGetOpaque(newlpage)->flags & ~(GIN_LEAF | GIN_COMPRESSED), BLCKSZ);
 
            btree->fillRoot(btree, newrootpg,
                            BufferGetBlockNumber(lbuffer), newlpage,
                            BufferGetBlockNumber(rbuffer), newrpage);
 
            if (GinPageIsLeaf(BufferGetPage(stack->buffer)))
            {
 
                PredicateLockPageSplit(btree->index,
                                       BufferGetBlockNumber(stack->buffer),
                                       BufferGetBlockNumber(lbuffer));
 
                PredicateLockPageSplit(btree->index,
                                       BufferGetBlockNumber(stack->buffer),
                                       BufferGetBlockNumber(rbuffer));
            }
        }
        else
        {
            /* splitting a non-root page */
            data.rrlink = savedRightLink;
 
            GinPageGetOpaque(newrpage)->rightlink = savedRightLink;
            GinPageGetOpaque(newlpage)->flags |= GIN_INCOMPLETE_SPLIT;
            GinPageGetOpaque(newlpage)->rightlink = BufferGetBlockNumber(rbuffer);
 
            if (GinPageIsLeaf(BufferGetPage(stack->buffer)))
            {
 
                PredicateLockPageSplit(btree->index,
                                       BufferGetBlockNumber(stack->buffer),
                                       BufferGetBlockNumber(rbuffer));
            }
        }
 
        /*
         * OK, we have the new contents of the left page in a temporary copy
         * now (newlpage), and likewise for the new contents of the
         * newly-allocated right block. The original page is still unchanged.
         *
         * If this is a root split, we also have a temporary page containing
         * the new contents of the root.
         */
 
        START_CRIT_SECTION();
 
        MarkBufferDirty(rbuffer);
        MarkBufferDirty(stack->buffer);
 
        /*
         * Restore the temporary copies over the real buffers.
         */
        if (stack->parent == NULL)
        {
            /* Splitting the root, three pages to update */
            MarkBufferDirty(lbuffer);
            memcpy(page, newrootpg, BLCKSZ);
            memcpy(BufferGetPage(lbuffer), newlpage, BLCKSZ);
            memcpy(BufferGetPage(rbuffer), newrpage, BLCKSZ);
        }
        else
        {
            /* Normal split, only two pages to update */
            memcpy(page, newlpage, BLCKSZ);
            memcpy(BufferGetPage(rbuffer), newrpage, BLCKSZ);
        }
 
        /* We also clear childbuf's INCOMPLETE_SPLIT flag, if passed */
        if (BufferIsValid(childbuf))
        {
            GinPageGetOpaque(childpage)->flags &= ~GIN_INCOMPLETE_SPLIT;
            MarkBufferDirty(childbuf);
        }
 
        /* write WAL record */
        if (RelationNeedsWAL(btree->index) && !btree->isBuild)
        {
            XLogRecPtr  recptr;
 
            XLogBeginInsert();
 
            /*
             * We just take full page images of all the split pages. Splits
             * are uncommon enough that it's not worth complicating the code
             * to be more efficient.
             */
            if (stack->parent == NULL)
            {
                XLogRegisterBuffer(0, lbuffer, REGBUF_FORCE_IMAGE | REGBUF_STANDARD);
                XLogRegisterBuffer(1, rbuffer, REGBUF_FORCE_IMAGE | REGBUF_STANDARD);
                XLogRegisterBuffer(2, stack->buffer, REGBUF_FORCE_IMAGE | REGBUF_STANDARD);
            }
            else
            {
                XLogRegisterBuffer(0, stack->buffer, REGBUF_FORCE_IMAGE | REGBUF_STANDARD);
                XLogRegisterBuffer(1, rbuffer, REGBUF_FORCE_IMAGE | REGBUF_STANDARD);
            }
            if (BufferIsValid(childbuf))
                XLogRegisterBuffer(3, childbuf, REGBUF_STANDARD);
 
            XLogRegisterData(&data, sizeof(ginxlogSplit));
 
            recptr = XLogInsert(RM_GIN_ID, XLOG_GIN_SPLIT);
 
            PageSetLSN(page, recptr);
            PageSetLSN(BufferGetPage(rbuffer), recptr);
            if (stack->parent == NULL)
                PageSetLSN(BufferGetPage(lbuffer), recptr);
            if (BufferIsValid(childbuf))
                PageSetLSN(childpage, recptr);
        }
        END_CRIT_SECTION();
 
        /*
         * We can release the locks/pins on the new pages now, but keep
         * stack->buffer locked.  childbuf doesn't get unlocked either.
         */
        UnlockReleaseBuffer(rbuffer);
        if (stack->parent == NULL)
            UnlockReleaseBuffer(lbuffer);
 
        /*
         * If we split the root, we're done. Otherwise the split is not
         * complete until the downlink for the new page has been inserted to
         * the parent.
         */
        result = (stack->parent == NULL);
    }
    else
    {
        elog(ERROR, "invalid return code from GIN beginPlaceToPage method: %d", rc);
        result = false;         /* keep compiler quiet */
    }
 
    /* Clean up temp context */
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCxt);
    MemoryContextDelete(tmpCxt);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * Finish a split by inserting the downlink for the new page to parent.
 *
 * On entry, stack->buffer is exclusively locked.
 *
 * If freestack is true, all the buffers are released and unlocked as we
 * crawl up the tree, and 'stack' is freed. Otherwise stack->buffer is kept
 * locked, and stack is unmodified, except for possibly moving right to find
 * the correct parent of page.
 */
static void
ginFinishSplit(GinBtree btree, GinBtreeStack *stack, bool freestack,
               GinStatsData *buildStats)
{
    Page        page;
    bool        done;
    bool        first = true;
 
    /* this loop crawls up the stack until the insertion is complete */
    do
    {
        GinBtreeStack *parent = stack->parent;
        void       *insertdata;
        BlockNumber updateblkno;
 
#ifdef USE_INJECTION_POINTS
        if (GinPageIsLeaf(BufferGetPage(stack->buffer)))
            INJECTION_POINT("gin-leave-leaf-split-incomplete", NULL);
        else
            INJECTION_POINT("gin-leave-internal-split-incomplete", NULL);
#endif
 
        /* search parent to lock */
        LockBuffer(parent->buffer, GIN_EXCLUSIVE);
 
        /*
         * If the parent page was incompletely split, finish that split first,
         * then continue with the current one.
         *
         * Note: we have to finish *all* incomplete splits we encounter, even
         * if we have to move right. Otherwise we might choose as the target a
         * page that has no downlink in the parent, and splitting it further
         * would fail.
         */
        if (GinPageIsIncompleteSplit(BufferGetPage(parent->buffer)))
            ginFinishOldSplit(btree, parent, buildStats, GIN_EXCLUSIVE);
 
        /* move right if it's needed */
        page = BufferGetPage(parent->buffer);
        while ((parent->off = btree->findChildPtr(btree, page, stack->blkno, parent->off)) == InvalidOffsetNumber)
        {
            if (GinPageRightMost(page))
            {
                /*
                 * rightmost page, but we don't find parent, we should use
                 * plain search...
                 */
                LockBuffer(parent->buffer, GIN_UNLOCK);
                ginFindParents(btree, stack);
                parent = stack->parent;
                Assert(parent != NULL);
                break;
            }
 
            parent->buffer = ginStepRight(parent->buffer, btree->index, GIN_EXCLUSIVE);
            parent->blkno = BufferGetBlockNumber(parent->buffer);
            page = BufferGetPage(parent->buffer);
 
            if (GinPageIsIncompleteSplit(BufferGetPage(parent->buffer)))
                ginFinishOldSplit(btree, parent, buildStats, GIN_EXCLUSIVE);
        }
 
        /* insert the downlink */
        insertdata = btree->prepareDownlink(btree, stack->buffer);
        updateblkno = GinPageGetOpaque(BufferGetPage(stack->buffer))->rightlink;
        done = ginPlaceToPage(btree, parent,
                              insertdata, updateblkno,
                              stack->buffer, buildStats);
        pfree(insertdata);
 
        /*
         * If the caller requested to free the stack, unlock and release the
         * child buffer now. Otherwise keep it pinned and locked, but if we
         * have to recurse up the tree, we can unlock the upper pages, only
         * keeping the page at the bottom of the stack locked.
         */
        if (!first || freestack)
            LockBuffer(stack->buffer, GIN_UNLOCK);
        if (freestack)
        {
            ReleaseBuffer(stack->buffer);
            pfree(stack);
        }
        stack = parent;
 
        first = false;
    } while (!done);
 
    /* unlock the parent */
    LockBuffer(stack->buffer, GIN_UNLOCK);
 
    if (freestack)
        freeGinBtreeStack(stack);
}
 
/*
 * An entry point to ginFinishSplit() that is used when we stumble upon an
 * existing incompletely split page in the tree, as opposed to completing a
 * split that we just made ourselves. The difference is that stack->buffer may
 * be merely share-locked on entry, and will be upgraded to exclusive mode.
 *
 * Note: Upgrading the lock momentarily releases it. Doing that in a scan
 * would not be OK, because a concurrent VACUUM might delete the page while
 * we're not holding the lock. It's OK in an insert, though, because VACUUM
 * has a different mechanism that prevents it from running concurrently with
 * inserts. (Namely, it holds a cleanup lock on the root.)
 */
static void
ginFinishOldSplit(GinBtree btree, GinBtreeStack *stack, GinStatsData *buildStats, int access)
{
    INJECTION_POINT("gin-finish-incomplete-split", NULL);
    elog(DEBUG1, "finishing incomplete split of block %u in gin index \"%s\"",
         stack->blkno, RelationGetRelationName(btree->index));
 
    if (access == GIN_SHARE)
    {
        LockBuffer(stack->buffer, GIN_UNLOCK);
        LockBuffer(stack->buffer, GIN_EXCLUSIVE);
 
        if (!GinPageIsIncompleteSplit(BufferGetPage(stack->buffer)))
        {
            /*
             * Someone else already completed the split while we were not
             * holding the lock.
             */
            return;
        }
    }
 
    ginFinishSplit(btree, stack, false, buildStats);
}
 
/*
 * Insert a value to tree described by stack.
 *
 * The value to be inserted is given in 'insertdata'. Its format depends
 * on whether this is an entry or data tree, ginInsertValue just passes it
 * through to the tree-specific callback function.
 *
 * During an index build, buildStats is non-null and the counters it contains
 * are incremented as needed.
 *
 * NB: the passed-in stack is freed, as though by freeGinBtreeStack.
 */
void
ginInsertValue(GinBtree btree, GinBtreeStack *stack, void *insertdata,
               GinStatsData *buildStats)
{
    bool        done;
 
    /* If the leaf page was incompletely split, finish the split first */
    if (GinPageIsIncompleteSplit(BufferGetPage(stack->buffer)))
        ginFinishOldSplit(btree, stack, buildStats, GIN_EXCLUSIVE);
 
    done = ginPlaceToPage(btree, stack,
                          insertdata, InvalidBlockNumber,
                          InvalidBuffer, buildStats);
    if (done)
    {
        LockBuffer(stack->buffer, GIN_UNLOCK);
        freeGinBtreeStack(stack);
    }
    else
        ginFinishSplit(btree, stack, true, buildStats);
}