clausesel.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * clausesel.c
 *    Routines to compute clause selectivities
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2022, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/optimizer/path/clausesel.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "optimizer/clauses.h"
#include "optimizer/cost.h"
#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
#include "optimizer/pathnode.h"
#include "optimizer/plancat.h"
#include "statistics/statistics.h"
#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/selfuncs.h"
 
/*
 * Data structure for accumulating info about possible range-query
 * clause pairs in clauselist_selectivity.
 */
typedef struct RangeQueryClause
{
    struct RangeQueryClause *next;  /* next in linked list */
    Node       *var;            /* The common variable of the clauses */
    bool        have_lobound;   /* found a low-bound clause yet? */
    bool        have_hibound;   /* found a high-bound clause yet? */
    Selectivity lobound;        /* Selectivity of a var > something clause */
    Selectivity hibound;        /* Selectivity of a var < something clause */
} RangeQueryClause;
 
static void addRangeClause(RangeQueryClause **rqlist, Node *clause,
                           bool varonleft, bool isLTsel, Selectivity s2);
static RelOptInfo *find_single_rel_for_clauses(PlannerInfo *root,
                                               List *clauses);
static Selectivity clauselist_selectivity_or(PlannerInfo *root,
                                             List *clauses,
                                             int varRelid,
                                             JoinType jointype,
                                             SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo,
                                             bool use_extended_stats);
 
/****************************************************************************
 *      ROUTINES TO COMPUTE SELECTIVITIES
 ****************************************************************************/
 
/*
 * clauselist_selectivity -
 *    Compute the selectivity of an implicitly-ANDed list of boolean
 *    expression clauses.  The list can be empty, in which case 1.0
 *    must be returned.  List elements may be either RestrictInfos
 *    or bare expression clauses --- the former is preferred since
 *    it allows caching of results.
 *
 * See clause_selectivity() for the meaning of the additional parameters.
 *
 * The basic approach is to apply extended statistics first, on as many
 * clauses as possible, in order to capture cross-column dependencies etc.
 * The remaining clauses are then estimated by taking the product of their
 * selectivities, but that's only right if they have independent
 * probabilities, and in reality they are often NOT independent even if they
 * only refer to a single column.  So, we want to be smarter where we can.
 *
 * We also recognize "range queries", such as "x > 34 AND x < 42".  Clauses
 * are recognized as possible range query components if they are restriction
 * opclauses whose operators have scalarltsel or a related function as their
 * restriction selectivity estimator.  We pair up clauses of this form that
 * refer to the same variable.  An unpairable clause of this kind is simply
 * multiplied into the selectivity product in the normal way.  But when we
 * find a pair, we know that the selectivities represent the relative
 * positions of the low and high bounds within the column's range, so instead
 * of figuring the selectivity as hisel * losel, we can figure it as hisel +
 * losel - 1.  (To visualize this, see that hisel is the fraction of the range
 * below the high bound, while losel is the fraction above the low bound; so
 * hisel can be interpreted directly as a 0..1 value but we need to convert
 * losel to 1-losel before interpreting it as a value.  Then the available
 * range is 1-losel to hisel.  However, this calculation double-excludes
 * nulls, so really we need hisel + losel + null_frac - 1.)
 *
 * If either selectivity is exactly DEFAULT_INEQ_SEL, we forget this equation
 * and instead use DEFAULT_RANGE_INEQ_SEL.  The same applies if the equation
 * yields an impossible (negative) result.
 *
 * A free side-effect is that we can recognize redundant inequalities such
 * as "x < 4 AND x < 5"; only the tighter constraint will be counted.
 *
 * Of course this is all very dependent on the behavior of the inequality
 * selectivity functions; perhaps some day we can generalize the approach.
 */
Selectivity
clauselist_selectivity(PlannerInfo *root,
                       List *clauses,
                       int varRelid,
                       JoinType jointype,
                       SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo)
{
    return clauselist_selectivity_ext(root, clauses, varRelid,
                                      jointype, sjinfo, true);
}
 
/*
 * clauselist_selectivity_ext -
 *    Extended version of clauselist_selectivity().  If "use_extended_stats"
 *    is false, all extended statistics will be ignored, and only per-column
 *    statistics will be used.
 */
Selectivity
clauselist_selectivity_ext(PlannerInfo *root,
                           List *clauses,
                           int varRelid,
                           JoinType jointype,
                           SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo,
                           bool use_extended_stats)
{
    Selectivity s1 = 1.0;
    RelOptInfo *rel;
    Bitmapset  *estimatedclauses = NULL;
    RangeQueryClause *rqlist = NULL;
    ListCell   *l;
    int         listidx;
 
    /*
     * If there's exactly one clause, just go directly to
     * clause_selectivity_ext(). None of what we might do below is relevant.
     */
    if (list_length(clauses) == 1)
        return clause_selectivity_ext(root, (Node *) linitial(clauses),
                                      varRelid, jointype, sjinfo,
                                      use_extended_stats);
 
    /*
     * Determine if these clauses reference a single relation.  If so, and if
     * it has extended statistics, try to apply those.
     */
    rel = find_single_rel_for_clauses(root, clauses);
    if (use_extended_stats && rel && rel->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && rel->statlist != NIL)
    {
        /*
         * Estimate as many clauses as possible using extended statistics.
         *
         * 'estimatedclauses' is populated with the 0-based list position
         * index of clauses estimated here, and that should be ignored below.
         */
        s1 = statext_clauselist_selectivity(root, clauses, varRelid,
                                            jointype, sjinfo, rel,
                                            &estimatedclauses, false);
    }
 
    /*
     * Apply normal selectivity estimates for remaining clauses. We'll be
     * careful to skip any clauses which were already estimated above.
     *
     * Anything that doesn't look like a potential rangequery clause gets
     * multiplied into s1 and forgotten. Anything that does gets inserted into
     * an rqlist entry.
     */
    listidx = -1;
    foreach(l, clauses)
    {
        Node       *clause = (Node *) lfirst(l);
        RestrictInfo *rinfo;
        Selectivity s2;
 
        listidx++;
 
        /*
         * Skip this clause if it's already been estimated by some other
         * statistics above.
         */
        if (bms_is_member(listidx, estimatedclauses))
            continue;
 
        /* Compute the selectivity of this clause in isolation */
        s2 = clause_selectivity_ext(root, clause, varRelid, jointype, sjinfo,
                                    use_extended_stats);
 
        /*
         * Check for being passed a RestrictInfo.
         *
         * If it's a pseudoconstant RestrictInfo, then s2 is either 1.0 or
         * 0.0; just use that rather than looking for range pairs.
         */
        if (IsA(clause, RestrictInfo))
        {
            rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) clause;
            if (rinfo->pseudoconstant)
            {
                s1 = s1 * s2;
                continue;
            }
            clause = (Node *) rinfo->clause;
        }
        else
            rinfo = NULL;
 
        /*
         * See if it looks like a restriction clause with a pseudoconstant on
         * one side.  (Anything more complicated than that might not behave in
         * the simple way we are expecting.)  Most of the tests here can be
         * done more efficiently with rinfo than without.
         */
        if (is_opclause(clause) && list_length(((OpExpr *) clause)->args) == 2)
        {
            OpExpr     *expr = (OpExpr *) clause;
            bool        varonleft = true;
            bool        ok;
 
            if (rinfo)
            {
                ok = (bms_membership(rinfo->clause_relids) == BMS_SINGLETON) &&
                    (is_pseudo_constant_clause_relids(lsecond(expr->args),
                                                      rinfo->right_relids) ||
                     (varonleft = false,
                      is_pseudo_constant_clause_relids(linitial(expr->args),
                                                       rinfo->left_relids)));
            }
            else
            {
                ok = (NumRelids(root, clause) == 1) &&
                    (is_pseudo_constant_clause(lsecond(expr->args)) ||
                     (varonleft = false,
                      is_pseudo_constant_clause(linitial(expr->args))));
            }
 
            if (ok)
            {
                /*
                 * If it's not a "<"/"<="/">"/">=" operator, just merge the
                 * selectivity in generically.  But if it's the right oprrest,
                 * add the clause to rqlist for later processing.
                 */
                switch (get_oprrest(expr->opno))
                {
                    case F_SCALARLTSEL:
                    case F_SCALARLESEL:
                        addRangeClause(&rqlist, clause,
                                       varonleft, true, s2);
                        break;
                    case F_SCALARGTSEL:
                    case F_SCALARGESEL:
                        addRangeClause(&rqlist, clause,
                                       varonleft, false, s2);
                        break;
                    default:
                        /* Just merge the selectivity in generically */
                        s1 = s1 * s2;
                        break;
                }
                continue;       /* drop to loop bottom */
            }
        }
 
        /* Not the right form, so treat it generically. */
        s1 = s1 * s2;
    }
 
    /*
     * Now scan the rangequery pair list.
     */
    while (rqlist != NULL)
    {
        RangeQueryClause *rqnext;
 
        if (rqlist->have_lobound && rqlist->have_hibound)
        {
            /* Successfully matched a pair of range clauses */
            Selectivity s2;
 
            /*
             * Exact equality to the default value probably means the
             * selectivity function punted.  This is not airtight but should
             * be good enough.
             */
            if (rqlist->hibound == DEFAULT_INEQ_SEL ||
                rqlist->lobound == DEFAULT_INEQ_SEL)
            {
                s2 = DEFAULT_RANGE_INEQ_SEL;
            }
            else
            {
                s2 = rqlist->hibound + rqlist->lobound - 1.0;
 
                /* Adjust for double-exclusion of NULLs */
                s2 += nulltestsel(root, IS_NULL, rqlist->var,
                                  varRelid, jointype, sjinfo);
 
                /*
                 * A zero or slightly negative s2 should be converted into a
                 * small positive value; we probably are dealing with a very
                 * tight range and got a bogus result due to roundoff errors.
                 * However, if s2 is very negative, then we probably have
                 * default selectivity estimates on one or both sides of the
                 * range that we failed to recognize above for some reason.
                 */
                if (s2 <= 0.0)
                {
                    if (s2 < -0.01)
                    {
                        /*
                         * No data available --- use a default estimate that
                         * is small, but not real small.
                         */
                        s2 = DEFAULT_RANGE_INEQ_SEL;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        /*
                         * It's just roundoff error; use a small positive
                         * value
                         */
                        s2 = 1.0e-10;
                    }
                }
            }
            /* Merge in the selectivity of the pair of clauses */
            s1 *= s2;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Only found one of a pair, merge it in generically */
            if (rqlist->have_lobound)
                s1 *= rqlist->lobound;
            else
                s1 *= rqlist->hibound;
        }
        /* release storage and advance */
        rqnext = rqlist->next;
        pfree(rqlist);
        rqlist = rqnext;
    }
 
    return s1;
}
 
/*
 * clauselist_selectivity_or -
 *    Compute the selectivity of an implicitly-ORed list of boolean
 *    expression clauses.  The list can be empty, in which case 0.0
 *    must be returned.  List elements may be either RestrictInfos
 *    or bare expression clauses --- the former is preferred since
 *    it allows caching of results.
 *
 * See clause_selectivity() for the meaning of the additional parameters.
 *
 * The basic approach is to apply extended statistics first, on as many
 * clauses as possible, in order to capture cross-column dependencies etc.
 * The remaining clauses are then estimated as if they were independent.
 */
static Selectivity
clauselist_selectivity_or(PlannerInfo *root,
                          List *clauses,
                          int varRelid,
                          JoinType jointype,
                          SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo,
                          bool use_extended_stats)
{
    Selectivity s1 = 0.0;
    RelOptInfo *rel;
    Bitmapset  *estimatedclauses = NULL;
    ListCell   *lc;
    int         listidx;
 
    /*
     * Determine if these clauses reference a single relation.  If so, and if
     * it has extended statistics, try to apply those.
     */
    rel = find_single_rel_for_clauses(root, clauses);
    if (use_extended_stats && rel && rel->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && rel->statlist != NIL)
    {
        /*
         * Estimate as many clauses as possible using extended statistics.
         *
         * 'estimatedclauses' is populated with the 0-based list position
         * index of clauses estimated here, and that should be ignored below.
         */
        s1 = statext_clauselist_selectivity(root, clauses, varRelid,
                                            jointype, sjinfo, rel,
                                            &estimatedclauses, true);
    }
 
    /*
     * Estimate the remaining clauses as if they were independent.
     *
     * Selectivities for an OR clause are computed as s1+s2 - s1*s2 to account
     * for the probable overlap of selected tuple sets.
     *
     * XXX is this too conservative?
     */
    listidx = -1;
    foreach(lc, clauses)
    {
        Selectivity s2;
 
        listidx++;
 
        /*
         * Skip this clause if it's already been estimated by some other
         * statistics above.
         */
        if (bms_is_member(listidx, estimatedclauses))
            continue;
 
        s2 = clause_selectivity_ext(root, (Node *) lfirst(lc), varRelid,
                                    jointype, sjinfo, use_extended_stats);
 
        s1 = s1 + s2 - s1 * s2;
    }
 
    return s1;
}
 
/*
 * addRangeClause --- add a new range clause for clauselist_selectivity
 *
 * Here is where we try to match up pairs of range-query clauses
 */
static void
addRangeClause(RangeQueryClause **rqlist, Node *clause,
               bool varonleft, bool isLTsel, Selectivity s2)
{
    RangeQueryClause *rqelem;
    Node       *var;
    bool        is_lobound;
 
    if (varonleft)
    {
        var = get_leftop((Expr *) clause);
        is_lobound = !isLTsel;  /* x < something is high bound */
    }
    else
    {
        var = get_rightop((Expr *) clause);
        is_lobound = isLTsel;   /* something < x is low bound */
    }
 
    for (rqelem = *rqlist; rqelem; rqelem = rqelem->next)
    {
        /*
         * We use full equal() here because the "var" might be a function of
         * one or more attributes of the same relation...
         */
        if (!equal(var, rqelem->var))
            continue;
        /* Found the right group to put this clause in */
        if (is_lobound)
        {
            if (!rqelem->have_lobound)
            {
                rqelem->have_lobound = true;
                rqelem->lobound = s2;
            }
            else
            {
 
                /*------
                 * We have found two similar clauses, such as
                 * x < y AND x <= z.
                 * Keep only the more restrictive one.
                 *------
                 */
                if (rqelem->lobound > s2)
                    rqelem->lobound = s2;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if (!rqelem->have_hibound)
            {
                rqelem->have_hibound = true;
                rqelem->hibound = s2;
            }
            else
            {
 
                /*------
                 * We have found two similar clauses, such as
                 * x > y AND x >= z.
                 * Keep only the more restrictive one.
                 *------
                 */
                if (rqelem->hibound > s2)
                    rqelem->hibound = s2;
            }
        }
        return;
    }
 
    /* No matching var found, so make a new clause-pair data structure */
    rqelem = (RangeQueryClause *) palloc(sizeof(RangeQueryClause));
    rqelem->var = var;
    if (is_lobound)
    {
        rqelem->have_lobound = true;
        rqelem->have_hibound = false;
        rqelem->lobound = s2;
    }
    else
    {
        rqelem->have_lobound = false;
        rqelem->have_hibound = true;
        rqelem->hibound = s2;
    }
    rqelem->next = *rqlist;
    *rqlist = rqelem;
}
 
/*
 * find_single_rel_for_clauses
 *      Examine each clause in 'clauses' and determine if all clauses
 *      reference only a single relation.  If so return that relation,
 *      otherwise return NULL.
 */
static RelOptInfo *
find_single_rel_for_clauses(PlannerInfo *root, List *clauses)
{
    int         lastrelid = 0;
    ListCell   *l;
 
    foreach(l, clauses)
    {
        RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(l);
        int         relid;
 
        /*
         * If we have a list of bare clauses rather than RestrictInfos, we
         * could pull out their relids the hard way with pull_varnos().
         * However, currently the extended-stats machinery won't do anything
         * with non-RestrictInfo clauses anyway, so there's no point in
         * spending extra cycles; just fail if that's what we have.
         *
         * An exception to that rule is if we have a bare BoolExpr AND clause.
         * We treat this as a special case because the restrictinfo machinery
         * doesn't build RestrictInfos on top of AND clauses.
         */
        if (is_andclause(rinfo))
        {
            RelOptInfo *rel;
 
            rel = find_single_rel_for_clauses(root,
                                              ((BoolExpr *) rinfo)->args);
 
            if (rel == NULL)
                return NULL;
            if (lastrelid == 0)
                lastrelid = rel->relid;
            else if (rel->relid != lastrelid)
                return NULL;
 
            continue;
        }
 
        if (!IsA(rinfo, RestrictInfo))
            return NULL;
 
        if (bms_is_empty(rinfo->clause_relids))
            continue;           /* we can ignore variable-free clauses */
        if (!bms_get_singleton_member(rinfo->clause_relids, &relid))
            return NULL;        /* multiple relations in this clause */
        if (lastrelid == 0)
            lastrelid = relid;  /* first clause referencing a relation */
        else if (relid != lastrelid)
            return NULL;        /* relation not same as last one */
    }
 
    if (lastrelid != 0)
        return find_base_rel(root, lastrelid);
 
    return NULL;                /* no clauses */
}
 
/*
 * bms_is_subset_singleton
 *
 * Same result as bms_is_subset(s, bms_make_singleton(x)),
 * but a little faster and doesn't leak memory.
 *
 * Is this of use anywhere else?  If so move to bitmapset.c ...
 */
static bool
bms_is_subset_singleton(const Bitmapset *s, int x)
{
    switch (bms_membership(s))
    {
        case BMS_EMPTY_SET:
            return true;
        case BMS_SINGLETON:
            return bms_is_member(x, s);
        case BMS_MULTIPLE:
            return false;
    }
    /* can't get here... */
    return false;
}
 
/*
 * treat_as_join_clause -
 *    Decide whether an operator clause is to be handled by the
 *    restriction or join estimator.  Subroutine for clause_selectivity().
 */
static inline bool
treat_as_join_clause(PlannerInfo *root, Node *clause, RestrictInfo *rinfo,
                     int varRelid, SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo)
{
    if (varRelid != 0)
    {
        /*
         * Caller is forcing restriction mode (eg, because we are examining an
         * inner indexscan qual).
         */
        return false;
    }
    else if (sjinfo == NULL)
    {
        /*
         * It must be a restriction clause, since it's being evaluated at a
         * scan node.
         */
        return false;
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * Otherwise, it's a join if there's more than one relation used. We
         * can optimize this calculation if an rinfo was passed.
         *
         * XXX  Since we know the clause is being evaluated at a join, the
         * only way it could be single-relation is if it was delayed by outer
         * joins.  Although we can make use of the restriction qual estimators
         * anyway, it seems likely that we ought to account for the
         * probability of injected nulls somehow.
         */
        if (rinfo)
            return (bms_membership(rinfo->clause_relids) == BMS_MULTIPLE);
        else
            return (NumRelids(root, clause) > 1);
    }
}
 
 
/*
 * clause_selectivity -
 *    Compute the selectivity of a general boolean expression clause.
 *
 * The clause can be either a RestrictInfo or a plain expression.  If it's
 * a RestrictInfo, we try to cache the selectivity for possible re-use,
 * so passing RestrictInfos is preferred.
 *
 * varRelid is either 0 or a rangetable index.
 *
 * When varRelid is not 0, only variables belonging to that relation are
 * considered in computing selectivity; other vars are treated as constants
 * of unknown values.  This is appropriate for estimating the selectivity of
 * a join clause that is being used as a restriction clause in a scan of a
 * nestloop join's inner relation --- varRelid should then be the ID of the
 * inner relation.
 *
 * When varRelid is 0, all variables are treated as variables.  This
 * is appropriate for ordinary join clauses and restriction clauses.
 *
 * jointype is the join type, if the clause is a join clause.  Pass JOIN_INNER
 * if the clause isn't a join clause.
 *
 * sjinfo is NULL for a non-join clause, otherwise it provides additional
 * context information about the join being performed.  There are some
 * special cases:
 *  1. For a special (not INNER) join, sjinfo is always a member of
 *     root->join_info_list.
 *  2. For an INNER join, sjinfo is just a transient struct, and only the
 *     relids and jointype fields in it can be trusted.
 * It is possible for jointype to be different from sjinfo->jointype.
 * This indicates we are considering a variant join: either with
 * the LHS and RHS switched, or with one input unique-ified.
 *
 * Note: when passing nonzero varRelid, it's normally appropriate to set
 * jointype == JOIN_INNER, sjinfo == NULL, even if the clause is really a
 * join clause; because we aren't treating it as a join clause.
 */
Selectivity
clause_selectivity(PlannerInfo *root,
                   Node *clause,
                   int varRelid,
                   JoinType jointype,
                   SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo)
{
    return clause_selectivity_ext(root, clause, varRelid,
                                  jointype, sjinfo, true);
}
 
/*
 * clause_selectivity_ext -
 *    Extended version of clause_selectivity().  If "use_extended_stats" is
 *    false, all extended statistics will be ignored, and only per-column
 *    statistics will be used.
 */
Selectivity
clause_selectivity_ext(PlannerInfo *root,
                       Node *clause,
                       int varRelid,
                       JoinType jointype,
                       SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo,
                       bool use_extended_stats)
{
    Selectivity s1 = 0.5;       /* default for any unhandled clause type */
    RestrictInfo *rinfo = NULL;
    bool        cacheable = false;
 
    if (clause == NULL)         /* can this still happen? */
        return s1;
 
    if (IsA(clause, RestrictInfo))
    {
        rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) clause;
 
        /*
         * If the clause is marked pseudoconstant, then it will be used as a
         * gating qual and should not affect selectivity estimates; hence
         * return 1.0.  The only exception is that a constant FALSE may be
         * taken as having selectivity 0.0, since it will surely mean no rows
         * out of the plan.  This case is simple enough that we need not
         * bother caching the result.
         */
        if (rinfo->pseudoconstant)
        {
            if (!IsA(rinfo->clause, Const))
                return (Selectivity) 1.0;
        }
 
        /*
         * If the clause is marked redundant, always return 1.0.
         */
        if (rinfo->norm_selec > 1)
            return (Selectivity) 1.0;
 
        /*
         * If possible, cache the result of the selectivity calculation for
         * the clause.  We can cache if varRelid is zero or the clause
         * contains only vars of that relid --- otherwise varRelid will affect
         * the result, so mustn't cache.  Outer join quals might be examined
         * with either their join's actual jointype or JOIN_INNER, so we need
         * two cache variables to remember both cases.  Note: we assume the
         * result won't change if we are switching the input relations or
         * considering a unique-ified case, so we only need one cache variable
         * for all non-JOIN_INNER cases.
         */
        if (varRelid == 0 ||
            bms_is_subset_singleton(rinfo->clause_relids, varRelid))
        {
            /* Cacheable --- do we already have the result? */
            if (jointype == JOIN_INNER)
            {
                if (rinfo->norm_selec >= 0)
                    return rinfo->norm_selec;
            }
            else
            {
                if (rinfo->outer_selec >= 0)
                    return rinfo->outer_selec;
            }
            cacheable = true;
        }
 
        /*
         * Proceed with examination of contained clause.  If the clause is an
         * OR-clause, we want to look at the variant with sub-RestrictInfos,
         * so that per-subclause selectivities can be cached.
         */
        if (rinfo->orclause)
            clause = (Node *) rinfo->orclause;
        else
            clause = (Node *) rinfo->clause;
    }
 
    if (IsA(clause, Var))
    {
        Var        *var = (Var *) clause;
 
        /*
         * We probably shouldn't ever see an uplevel Var here, but if we do,
         * return the default selectivity...
         */
        if (var->varlevelsup == 0 &&
            (varRelid == 0 || varRelid == (int) var->varno))
        {
            /* Use the restriction selectivity function for a bool Var */
            s1 = boolvarsel(root, (Node *) var, varRelid);
        }
    }
    else if (IsA(clause, Const))
    {
        /* bool constant is pretty easy... */
        Const      *con = (Const *) clause;
 
        s1 = con->constisnull ? 0.0 :
            DatumGetBool(con->constvalue) ? 1.0 : 0.0;
    }
    else if (IsA(clause, Param))
    {
        /* see if we can replace the Param */
        Node       *subst = estimate_expression_value(root, clause);
 
        if (IsA(subst, Const))
        {
            /* bool constant is pretty easy... */
            Const      *con = (Const *) subst;
 
            s1 = con->constisnull ? 0.0 :
                DatumGetBool(con->constvalue) ? 1.0 : 0.0;
        }
        else
        {
            /* XXX any way to do better than default? */
        }
    }
    else if (is_notclause(clause))
    {
        /* inverse of the selectivity of the underlying clause */
        s1 = 1.0 - clause_selectivity_ext(root,
                                          (Node *) get_notclausearg((Expr *) clause),
                                          varRelid,
                                          jointype,
                                          sjinfo,
                                          use_extended_stats);
    }
    else if (is_andclause(clause))
    {
        /* share code with clauselist_selectivity() */
        s1 = clauselist_selectivity_ext(root,
                                        ((BoolExpr *) clause)->args,
                                        varRelid,
                                        jointype,
                                        sjinfo,
                                        use_extended_stats);
    }
    else if (is_orclause(clause))
    {
        /*
         * Almost the same thing as clauselist_selectivity, but with the
         * clauses connected by OR.
         */
        s1 = clauselist_selectivity_or(root,
                                       ((BoolExpr *) clause)->args,
                                       varRelid,
                                       jointype,
                                       sjinfo,
                                       use_extended_stats);
    }
    else if (is_opclause(clause) || IsA(clause, DistinctExpr))
    {
        OpExpr     *opclause = (OpExpr *) clause;
        Oid         opno = opclause->opno;
 
        if (treat_as_join_clause(root, clause, rinfo, varRelid, sjinfo))
        {
            /* Estimate selectivity for a join clause. */
            s1 = join_selectivity(root, opno,
                                  opclause->args,
                                  opclause->inputcollid,
                                  jointype,
                                  sjinfo);
        }
        else
        {
            /* Estimate selectivity for a restriction clause. */
            s1 = restriction_selectivity(root, opno,
                                         opclause->args,
                                         opclause->inputcollid,
                                         varRelid);
        }
 
        /*
         * DistinctExpr has the same representation as OpExpr, but the
         * contained operator is "=" not "<>", so we must negate the result.
         * This estimation method doesn't give the right behavior for nulls,
         * but it's better than doing nothing.
         */
        if (IsA(clause, DistinctExpr))
            s1 = 1.0 - s1;
    }
    else if (is_funcclause(clause))
    {
        FuncExpr   *funcclause = (FuncExpr *) clause;
 
        /* Try to get an estimate from the support function, if any */
        s1 = function_selectivity(root,
                                  funcclause->funcid,
                                  funcclause->args,
                                  funcclause->inputcollid,
                                  treat_as_join_clause(root, clause, rinfo,
                                                       varRelid, sjinfo),
                                  varRelid,
                                  jointype,
                                  sjinfo);
    }
    else if (IsA(clause, ScalarArrayOpExpr))
    {
        /* Use node specific selectivity calculation function */
        s1 = scalararraysel(root,
                            (ScalarArrayOpExpr *) clause,
                            treat_as_join_clause(root, clause, rinfo,
                                                 varRelid, sjinfo),
                            varRelid,
                            jointype,
                            sjinfo);
    }
    else if (IsA(clause, RowCompareExpr))
    {
        /* Use node specific selectivity calculation function */
        s1 = rowcomparesel(root,
                           (RowCompareExpr *) clause,
                           varRelid,
                           jointype,
                           sjinfo);
    }
    else if (IsA(clause, NullTest))
    {
        /* Use node specific selectivity calculation function */
        s1 = nulltestsel(root,
                         ((NullTest *) clause)->nulltesttype,
                         (Node *) ((NullTest *) clause)->arg,
                         varRelid,
                         jointype,
                         sjinfo);
    }
    else if (IsA(clause, BooleanTest))
    {
        /* Use node specific selectivity calculation function */
        s1 = booltestsel(root,
                         ((BooleanTest *) clause)->booltesttype,
                         (Node *) ((BooleanTest *) clause)->arg,
                         varRelid,
                         jointype,
                         sjinfo);
    }
    else if (IsA(clause, CurrentOfExpr))
    {
        /* CURRENT OF selects at most one row of its table */
        CurrentOfExpr *cexpr = (CurrentOfExpr *) clause;
        RelOptInfo *crel = find_base_rel(root, cexpr->cvarno);
 
        if (crel->tuples > 0)
            s1 = 1.0 / crel->tuples;
    }
    else if (IsA(clause, RelabelType))
    {
        /* Not sure this case is needed, but it can't hurt */
        s1 = clause_selectivity_ext(root,
                                    (Node *) ((RelabelType *) clause)->arg,
                                    varRelid,
                                    jointype,
                                    sjinfo,
                                    use_extended_stats);
    }
    else if (IsA(clause, CoerceToDomain))
    {
        /* Not sure this case is needed, but it can't hurt */
        s1 = clause_selectivity_ext(root,
                                    (Node *) ((CoerceToDomain *) clause)->arg,
                                    varRelid,
                                    jointype,
                                    sjinfo,
                                    use_extended_stats);
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * For anything else, see if we can consider it as a boolean variable.
         * This only works if it's an immutable expression in Vars of a single
         * relation; but there's no point in us checking that here because
         * boolvarsel() will do it internally, and return a suitable default
         * selectivity if not.
         */
        s1 = boolvarsel(root, clause, varRelid);
    }
 
    /* Cache the result if possible */
    if (cacheable)
    {
        if (jointype == JOIN_INNER)
            rinfo->norm_selec = s1;
        else
            rinfo->outer_selec = s1;
    }
 
#ifdef SELECTIVITY_DEBUG
    elog(DEBUG4, "clause_selectivity: s1 %f", s1);
#endif                          /* SELECTIVITY_DEBUG */
 
    return s1;
}