relnode.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * relnode.c
 *    Relation-node lookup/construction routines
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2021, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/optimizer/util/relnode.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include <limits.h>

#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "optimizer/appendinfo.h"
#include "optimizer/clauses.h"
#include "optimizer/cost.h"
#include "optimizer/inherit.h"
#include "optimizer/pathnode.h"
#include "optimizer/paths.h"
#include "optimizer/placeholder.h"
#include "optimizer/plancat.h"
#include "optimizer/restrictinfo.h"
#include "optimizer/tlist.h"
#include "utils/hsearch.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"


typedef struct JoinHashEntry
{
    Relids      join_relids;    /* hash key --- MUST BE FIRST */
    RelOptInfo *join_rel;
} JoinHashEntry;

static void build_joinrel_tlist(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                                RelOptInfo *input_rel);
static List *build_joinrel_restrictlist(PlannerInfo *root,
                                        RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                                        RelOptInfo *outer_rel,
                                        RelOptInfo *inner_rel);
static void build_joinrel_joinlist(RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                                   RelOptInfo *outer_rel,
                                   RelOptInfo *inner_rel);
static List *subbuild_joinrel_restrictlist(RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                                           List *joininfo_list,
                                           List *new_restrictlist);
static List *subbuild_joinrel_joinlist(RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                                       List *joininfo_list,
                                       List *new_joininfo);
static void set_foreign_rel_properties(RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                                       RelOptInfo *outer_rel, RelOptInfo *inner_rel);
static void add_join_rel(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *joinrel);
static void build_joinrel_partition_info(RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                                         RelOptInfo *outer_rel, RelOptInfo *inner_rel,
                                         List *restrictlist, JoinType jointype);
static bool have_partkey_equi_join(RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                                   RelOptInfo *rel1, RelOptInfo *rel2,
                                   JoinType jointype, List *restrictlist);
static int  match_expr_to_partition_keys(Expr *expr, RelOptInfo *rel,
                                         bool strict_op);
static void set_joinrel_partition_key_exprs(RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                                            RelOptInfo *outer_rel, RelOptInfo *inner_rel,
                                            JoinType jointype);
static void build_child_join_reltarget(PlannerInfo *root,
                                       RelOptInfo *parentrel,
                                       RelOptInfo *childrel,
                                       int nappinfos,
                                       AppendRelInfo **appinfos);


/*
 * setup_simple_rel_arrays
 *    Prepare the arrays we use for quickly accessing base relations
 *    and AppendRelInfos.
 */
void
setup_simple_rel_arrays(PlannerInfo *root)
{
    int         size;
    Index       rti;
    ListCell   *lc;

    /* Arrays are accessed using RT indexes (1..N) */
    size = list_length(root->parse->rtable) + 1;
    root->simple_rel_array_size = size;

    /*
     * simple_rel_array is initialized to all NULLs, since no RelOptInfos
     * exist yet.  It'll be filled by later calls to build_simple_rel().
     */
    root->simple_rel_array = (RelOptInfo **)
        palloc0(size * sizeof(RelOptInfo *));

    /* simple_rte_array is an array equivalent of the rtable list */
    root->simple_rte_array = (RangeTblEntry **)
        palloc0(size * sizeof(RangeTblEntry *));
    rti = 1;
    foreach(lc, root->parse->rtable)
    {
        RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);

        root->simple_rte_array[rti++] = rte;
    }

    /* append_rel_array is not needed if there are no AppendRelInfos */
    if (root->append_rel_list == NIL)
    {
        root->append_rel_array = NULL;
        return;
    }

    root->append_rel_array = (AppendRelInfo **)
        palloc0(size * sizeof(AppendRelInfo *));

    /*
     * append_rel_array is filled with any already-existing AppendRelInfos,
     * which currently could only come from UNION ALL flattening.  We might
     * add more later during inheritance expansion, but it's the
     * responsibility of the expansion code to update the array properly.
     */
    foreach(lc, root->append_rel_list)
    {
        AppendRelInfo *appinfo = lfirst_node(AppendRelInfo, lc);
        int         child_relid = appinfo->child_relid;

        /* Sanity check */
        Assert(child_relid < size);

        if (root->append_rel_array[child_relid])
            elog(ERROR, "child relation already exists");

        root->append_rel_array[child_relid] = appinfo;
    }
}

/*
 * expand_planner_arrays
 *      Expand the PlannerInfo's per-RTE arrays by add_size members
 *      and initialize the newly added entries to NULLs
 *
 * Note: this causes the append_rel_array to become allocated even if
 * it was not before.  This is okay for current uses, because we only call
 * this when adding child relations, which always have AppendRelInfos.
 */
void
expand_planner_arrays(PlannerInfo *root, int add_size)
{
    int         new_size;

    Assert(add_size > 0);

    new_size = root->simple_rel_array_size + add_size;

    root->simple_rel_array = (RelOptInfo **)
        repalloc(root->simple_rel_array,
                 sizeof(RelOptInfo *) * new_size);
    MemSet(root->simple_rel_array + root->simple_rel_array_size,
           0, sizeof(RelOptInfo *) * add_size);

    root->simple_rte_array = (RangeTblEntry **)
        repalloc(root->simple_rte_array,
                 sizeof(RangeTblEntry *) * new_size);
    MemSet(root->simple_rte_array + root->simple_rel_array_size,
           0, sizeof(RangeTblEntry *) * add_size);

    if (root->append_rel_array)
    {
        root->append_rel_array = (AppendRelInfo **)
            repalloc(root->append_rel_array,
                     sizeof(AppendRelInfo *) * new_size);
        MemSet(root->append_rel_array + root->simple_rel_array_size,
               0, sizeof(AppendRelInfo *) * add_size);
    }
    else
    {
        root->append_rel_array = (AppendRelInfo **)
            palloc0(sizeof(AppendRelInfo *) * new_size);
    }

    root->simple_rel_array_size = new_size;
}

/*
 * build_simple_rel
 *    Construct a new RelOptInfo for a base relation or 'other' relation.
 */
RelOptInfo *
build_simple_rel(PlannerInfo *root, int relid, RelOptInfo *parent)
{
    RelOptInfo *rel;
    RangeTblEntry *rte;

    /* Rel should not exist already */
    Assert(relid > 0 && relid < root->simple_rel_array_size);
    if (root->simple_rel_array[relid] != NULL)
        elog(ERROR, "rel %d already exists", relid);

    /* Fetch RTE for relation */
    rte = root->simple_rte_array[relid];
    Assert(rte != NULL);

    rel = makeNode(RelOptInfo);
    rel->reloptkind = parent ? RELOPT_OTHER_MEMBER_REL : RELOPT_BASEREL;
    rel->relids = bms_make_singleton(relid);
    rel->rows = 0;
    /* cheap startup cost is interesting iff not all tuples to be retrieved */
    rel->consider_startup = (root->tuple_fraction > 0);
    rel->consider_param_startup = false;    /* might get changed later */
    rel->consider_parallel = false; /* might get changed later */
    rel->reltarget = create_empty_pathtarget();
    rel->pathlist = NIL;
    rel->ppilist = NIL;
    rel->partial_pathlist = NIL;
    rel->cheapest_startup_path = NULL;
    rel->cheapest_total_path = NULL;
    rel->cheapest_unique_path = NULL;
    rel->cheapest_parameterized_paths = NIL;
    rel->relid = relid;
    rel->rtekind = rte->rtekind;
    /* min_attr, max_attr, attr_needed, attr_widths are set below */
    rel->lateral_vars = NIL;
    rel->indexlist = NIL;
    rel->statlist = NIL;
    rel->pages = 0;
    rel->tuples = 0;
    rel->allvisfrac = 0;
    rel->eclass_indexes = NULL;
    rel->subroot = NULL;
    rel->subplan_params = NIL;
    rel->rel_parallel_workers = -1; /* set up in get_relation_info */
    rel->amflags = 0;
    rel->serverid = InvalidOid;
    rel->userid = rte->checkAsUser;
    rel->useridiscurrent = false;
    rel->fdwroutine = NULL;
    rel->fdw_private = NULL;
    rel->unique_for_rels = NIL;
    rel->non_unique_for_rels = NIL;
    rel->baserestrictinfo = NIL;
    rel->baserestrictcost.startup = 0;
    rel->baserestrictcost.per_tuple = 0;
    rel->baserestrict_min_security = UINT_MAX;
    rel->joininfo = NIL;
    rel->has_eclass_joins = false;
    rel->consider_partitionwise_join = false;   /* might get changed later */
    rel->part_scheme = NULL;
    rel->nparts = -1;
    rel->boundinfo = NULL;
    rel->partbounds_merged = false;
    rel->partition_qual = NIL;
    rel->part_rels = NULL;
    rel->all_partrels = NULL;
    rel->partexprs = NULL;
    rel->nullable_partexprs = NULL;

    /*
     * Pass assorted information down the inheritance hierarchy.
     */
    if (parent)
    {
        /*
         * Each direct or indirect child wants to know the relids of its
         * topmost parent.
         */
        if (parent->top_parent_relids)
            rel->top_parent_relids = parent->top_parent_relids;
        else
            rel->top_parent_relids = bms_copy(parent->relids);

        /*
         * Also propagate lateral-reference information from appendrel parent
         * rels to their child rels.  We intentionally give each child rel the
         * same minimum parameterization, even though it's quite possible that
         * some don't reference all the lateral rels.  This is because any
         * append path for the parent will have to have the same
         * parameterization for every child anyway, and there's no value in
         * forcing extra reparameterize_path() calls.  Similarly, a lateral
         * reference to the parent prevents use of otherwise-movable join rels
         * for each child.
         *
         * It's possible for child rels to have their own children, in which
         * case the topmost parent's lateral info propagates all the way down.
         */
        rel->direct_lateral_relids = parent->direct_lateral_relids;
        rel->lateral_relids = parent->lateral_relids;
        rel->lateral_referencers = parent->lateral_referencers;
    }
    else
    {
        rel->top_parent_relids = NULL;
        rel->direct_lateral_relids = NULL;
        rel->lateral_relids = NULL;
        rel->lateral_referencers = NULL;
    }

    /* Check type of rtable entry */
    switch (rte->rtekind)
    {
        case RTE_RELATION:
            /* Table --- retrieve statistics from the system catalogs */
            get_relation_info(root, rte->relid, rte->inh, rel);
            break;
        case RTE_SUBQUERY:
        case RTE_FUNCTION:
        case RTE_TABLEFUNC:
        case RTE_VALUES:
        case RTE_CTE:
        case RTE_NAMEDTUPLESTORE:

            /*
             * Subquery, function, tablefunc, values list, CTE, or ENR --- set
             * up attr range and arrays
             *
             * Note: 0 is included in range to support whole-row Vars
             */
            rel->min_attr = 0;
            rel->max_attr = list_length(rte->eref->colnames);
            rel->attr_needed = (Relids *)
                palloc0((rel->max_attr - rel->min_attr + 1) * sizeof(Relids));
            rel->attr_widths = (int32 *)
                palloc0((rel->max_attr - rel->min_attr + 1) * sizeof(int32));
            break;
        case RTE_RESULT:
            /* RTE_RESULT has no columns, nor could it have whole-row Var */
            rel->min_attr = 0;
            rel->max_attr = -1;
            rel->attr_needed = NULL;
            rel->attr_widths = NULL;
            break;
        default:
            elog(ERROR, "unrecognized RTE kind: %d",
                 (int) rte->rtekind);
            break;
    }

    /*
     * Copy the parent's quals to the child, with appropriate substitution of
     * variables.  If any constant false or NULL clauses turn up, we can mark
     * the child as dummy right away.  (We must do this immediately so that
     * pruning works correctly when recursing in expand_partitioned_rtentry.)
     */
    if (parent)
    {
        AppendRelInfo *appinfo = root->append_rel_array[relid];

        Assert(appinfo != NULL);
        if (!apply_child_basequals(root, parent, rel, rte, appinfo))
        {
            /*
             * Some restriction clause reduced to constant FALSE or NULL after
             * substitution, so this child need not be scanned.
             */
            mark_dummy_rel(rel);
        }
    }

    /* Save the finished struct in the query's simple_rel_array */
    root->simple_rel_array[relid] = rel;

    return rel;
}

/*
 * find_base_rel
 *    Find a base or other relation entry, which must already exist.
 */
RelOptInfo *
find_base_rel(PlannerInfo *root, int relid)
{
    RelOptInfo *rel;

    Assert(relid > 0);

    if (relid < root->simple_rel_array_size)
    {
        rel = root->simple_rel_array[relid];
        if (rel)
            return rel;
    }

    elog(ERROR, "no relation entry for relid %d", relid);

    return NULL;                /* keep compiler quiet */
}

/*
 * build_join_rel_hash
 *    Construct the auxiliary hash table for join relations.
 */
static void
build_join_rel_hash(PlannerInfo *root)
{
    HTAB       *hashtab;
    HASHCTL     hash_ctl;
    ListCell   *l;

    /* Create the hash table */
    hash_ctl.keysize = sizeof(Relids);
    hash_ctl.entrysize = sizeof(JoinHashEntry);
    hash_ctl.hash = bitmap_hash;
    hash_ctl.match = bitmap_match;
    hash_ctl.hcxt = CurrentMemoryContext;
    hashtab = hash_create("JoinRelHashTable",
                          256L,
                          &hash_ctl,
                          HASH_ELEM | HASH_FUNCTION | HASH_COMPARE | HASH_CONTEXT);

    /* Insert all the already-existing joinrels */
    foreach(l, root->join_rel_list)
    {
        RelOptInfo *rel = (RelOptInfo *) lfirst(l);
        JoinHashEntry *hentry;
        bool        found;

        hentry = (JoinHashEntry *) hash_search(hashtab,
                                               &(rel->relids),
                                               HASH_ENTER,
                                               &found);
        Assert(!found);
        hentry->join_rel = rel;
    }

    root->join_rel_hash = hashtab;
}

/*
 * find_join_rel
 *    Returns relation entry corresponding to 'relids' (a set of RT indexes),
 *    or NULL if none exists.  This is for join relations.
 */
RelOptInfo *
find_join_rel(PlannerInfo *root, Relids relids)
{
    /*
     * Switch to using hash lookup when list grows "too long".  The threshold
     * is arbitrary and is known only here.
     */
    if (!root->join_rel_hash && list_length(root->join_rel_list) > 32)
        build_join_rel_hash(root);

    /*
     * Use either hashtable lookup or linear search, as appropriate.
     *
     * Note: the seemingly redundant hashkey variable is used to avoid taking
     * the address of relids; unless the compiler is exceedingly smart, doing
     * so would force relids out of a register and thus probably slow down the
     * list-search case.
     */
    if (root->join_rel_hash)
    {
        Relids      hashkey = relids;
        JoinHashEntry *hentry;

        hentry = (JoinHashEntry *) hash_search(root->join_rel_hash,
                                               &hashkey,
                                               HASH_FIND,
                                               NULL);
        if (hentry)
            return hentry->join_rel;
    }
    else
    {
        ListCell   *l;

        foreach(l, root->join_rel_list)
        {
            RelOptInfo *rel = (RelOptInfo *) lfirst(l);

            if (bms_equal(rel->relids, relids))
                return rel;
        }
    }

    return NULL;
}

/*
 * set_foreign_rel_properties
 *      Set up foreign-join fields if outer and inner relation are foreign
 *      tables (or joins) belonging to the same server and assigned to the same
 *      user to check access permissions as.
 *
 * In addition to an exact match of userid, we allow the case where one side
 * has zero userid (implying current user) and the other side has explicit
 * userid that happens to equal the current user; but in that case, pushdown of
 * the join is only valid for the current user.  The useridiscurrent field
 * records whether we had to make such an assumption for this join or any
 * sub-join.
 *
 * Otherwise these fields are left invalid, so GetForeignJoinPaths will not be
 * called for the join relation.
 *
 */
static void
set_foreign_rel_properties(RelOptInfo *joinrel, RelOptInfo *outer_rel,
                           RelOptInfo *inner_rel)
{
    if (OidIsValid(outer_rel->serverid) &&
        inner_rel->serverid == outer_rel->serverid)
    {
        if (inner_rel->userid == outer_rel->userid)
        {
            joinrel->serverid = outer_rel->serverid;
            joinrel->userid = outer_rel->userid;
            joinrel->useridiscurrent = outer_rel->useridiscurrent || inner_rel->useridiscurrent;
            joinrel->fdwroutine = outer_rel->fdwroutine;
        }
        else if (!OidIsValid(inner_rel->userid) &&
                 outer_rel->userid == GetUserId())
        {
            joinrel->serverid = outer_rel->serverid;
            joinrel->userid = outer_rel->userid;
            joinrel->useridiscurrent = true;
            joinrel->fdwroutine = outer_rel->fdwroutine;
        }
        else if (!OidIsValid(outer_rel->userid) &&
                 inner_rel->userid == GetUserId())
        {
            joinrel->serverid = outer_rel->serverid;
            joinrel->userid = inner_rel->userid;
            joinrel->useridiscurrent = true;
            joinrel->fdwroutine = outer_rel->fdwroutine;
        }
    }
}

/*
 * add_join_rel
 *      Add given join relation to the list of join relations in the given
 *      PlannerInfo. Also add it to the auxiliary hashtable if there is one.
 */
static void
add_join_rel(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *joinrel)
{
    /* GEQO requires us to append the new joinrel to the end of the list! */
    root->join_rel_list = lappend(root->join_rel_list, joinrel);

    /* store it into the auxiliary hashtable if there is one. */
    if (root->join_rel_hash)
    {
        JoinHashEntry *hentry;
        bool        found;

        hentry = (JoinHashEntry *) hash_search(root->join_rel_hash,
                                               &(joinrel->relids),
                                               HASH_ENTER,
                                               &found);
        Assert(!found);
        hentry->join_rel = joinrel;
    }
}

/*
 * build_join_rel
 *    Returns relation entry corresponding to the union of two given rels,
 *    creating a new relation entry if none already exists.
 *
 * 'joinrelids' is the Relids set that uniquely identifies the join
 * 'outer_rel' and 'inner_rel' are relation nodes for the relations to be
 *      joined
 * 'sjinfo': join context info
 * 'restrictlist_ptr': result variable.  If not NULL, *restrictlist_ptr
 *      receives the list of RestrictInfo nodes that apply to this
 *      particular pair of joinable relations.
 *
 * restrictlist_ptr makes the routine's API a little grotty, but it saves
 * duplicated calculation of the restrictlist...
 */
RelOptInfo *
build_join_rel(PlannerInfo *root,
               Relids joinrelids,
               RelOptInfo *outer_rel,
               RelOptInfo *inner_rel,
               SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo,
               List **restrictlist_ptr)
{
    RelOptInfo *joinrel;
    List       *restrictlist;

    /* This function should be used only for join between parents. */
    Assert(!IS_OTHER_REL(outer_rel) && !IS_OTHER_REL(inner_rel));

    /*
     * See if we already have a joinrel for this set of base rels.
     */
    joinrel = find_join_rel(root, joinrelids);

    if (joinrel)
    {
        /*
         * Yes, so we only need to figure the restrictlist for this particular
         * pair of component relations.
         */
        if (restrictlist_ptr)
            *restrictlist_ptr = build_joinrel_restrictlist(root,
                                                           joinrel,
                                                           outer_rel,
                                                           inner_rel);
        return joinrel;
    }

    /*
     * Nope, so make one.
     */
    joinrel = makeNode(RelOptInfo);
    joinrel->reloptkind = RELOPT_JOINREL;
    joinrel->relids = bms_copy(joinrelids);
    joinrel->rows = 0;
    /* cheap startup cost is interesting iff not all tuples to be retrieved */
    joinrel->consider_startup = (root->tuple_fraction > 0);
    joinrel->consider_param_startup = false;
    joinrel->consider_parallel = false;
    joinrel->reltarget = create_empty_pathtarget();
    joinrel->pathlist = NIL;
    joinrel->ppilist = NIL;
    joinrel->partial_pathlist = NIL;
    joinrel->cheapest_startup_path = NULL;
    joinrel->cheapest_total_path = NULL;
    joinrel->cheapest_unique_path = NULL;
    joinrel->cheapest_parameterized_paths = NIL;
    /* init direct_lateral_relids from children; we'll finish it up below */
    joinrel->direct_lateral_relids =
        bms_union(outer_rel->direct_lateral_relids,
                  inner_rel->direct_lateral_relids);
    joinrel->lateral_relids = min_join_parameterization(root, joinrel->relids,
                                                        outer_rel, inner_rel);
    joinrel->relid = 0;         /* indicates not a baserel */
    joinrel->rtekind = RTE_JOIN;
    joinrel->min_attr = 0;
    joinrel->max_attr = 0;
    joinrel->attr_needed = NULL;
    joinrel->attr_widths = NULL;
    joinrel->lateral_vars = NIL;
    joinrel->lateral_referencers = NULL;
    joinrel->indexlist = NIL;
    joinrel->statlist = NIL;
    joinrel->pages = 0;
    joinrel->tuples = 0;
    joinrel->allvisfrac = 0;
    joinrel->eclass_indexes = NULL;
    joinrel->subroot = NULL;
    joinrel->subplan_params = NIL;
    joinrel->rel_parallel_workers = -1;
    joinrel->amflags = 0;
    joinrel->serverid = InvalidOid;
    joinrel->userid = InvalidOid;
    joinrel->useridiscurrent = false;
    joinrel->fdwroutine = NULL;
    joinrel->fdw_private = NULL;
    joinrel->unique_for_rels = NIL;
    joinrel->non_unique_for_rels = NIL;
    joinrel->baserestrictinfo = NIL;
    joinrel->baserestrictcost.startup = 0;
    joinrel->baserestrictcost.per_tuple = 0;
    joinrel->baserestrict_min_security = UINT_MAX;
    joinrel->joininfo = NIL;
    joinrel->has_eclass_joins = false;
    joinrel->consider_partitionwise_join = false;   /* might get changed later */
    joinrel->top_parent_relids = NULL;
    joinrel->part_scheme = NULL;
    joinrel->nparts = -1;
    joinrel->boundinfo = NULL;
    joinrel->partbounds_merged = false;
    joinrel->partition_qual = NIL;
    joinrel->part_rels = NULL;
    joinrel->all_partrels = NULL;
    joinrel->partexprs = NULL;
    joinrel->nullable_partexprs = NULL;

    /* Compute information relevant to the foreign relations. */
    set_foreign_rel_properties(joinrel, outer_rel, inner_rel);

    /*
     * Create a new tlist containing just the vars that need to be output from
     * this join (ie, are needed for higher joinclauses or final output).
     *
     * NOTE: the tlist order for a join rel will depend on which pair of outer
     * and inner rels we first try to build it from.  But the contents should
     * be the same regardless.
     */
    build_joinrel_tlist(root, joinrel, outer_rel);
    build_joinrel_tlist(root, joinrel, inner_rel);
    add_placeholders_to_joinrel(root, joinrel, outer_rel, inner_rel);

    /*
     * add_placeholders_to_joinrel also took care of adding the ph_lateral
     * sets of any PlaceHolderVars computed here to direct_lateral_relids, so
     * now we can finish computing that.  This is much like the computation of
     * the transitively-closed lateral_relids in min_join_parameterization,
     * except that here we *do* have to consider the added PHVs.
     */
    joinrel->direct_lateral_relids =
        bms_del_members(joinrel->direct_lateral_relids, joinrel->relids);
    if (bms_is_empty(joinrel->direct_lateral_relids))
        joinrel->direct_lateral_relids = NULL;

    /*
     * Construct restrict and join clause lists for the new joinrel. (The
     * caller might or might not need the restrictlist, but I need it anyway
     * for set_joinrel_size_estimates().)
     */
    restrictlist = build_joinrel_restrictlist(root, joinrel,
                                              outer_rel, inner_rel);
    if (restrictlist_ptr)
        *restrictlist_ptr = restrictlist;
    build_joinrel_joinlist(joinrel, outer_rel, inner_rel);

    /*
     * This is also the right place to check whether the joinrel has any
     * pending EquivalenceClass joins.
     */
    joinrel->has_eclass_joins = has_relevant_eclass_joinclause(root, joinrel);

    /* Store the partition information. */
    build_joinrel_partition_info(joinrel, outer_rel, inner_rel, restrictlist,
                                 sjinfo->jointype);

    /*
     * Set estimates of the joinrel's size.
     */
    set_joinrel_size_estimates(root, joinrel, outer_rel, inner_rel,
                               sjinfo, restrictlist);

    /*
     * Set the consider_parallel flag if this joinrel could potentially be
     * scanned within a parallel worker.  If this flag is false for either
     * inner_rel or outer_rel, then it must be false for the joinrel also.
     * Even if both are true, there might be parallel-restricted expressions
     * in the targetlist or quals.
     *
     * Note that if there are more than two rels in this relation, they could
     * be divided between inner_rel and outer_rel in any arbitrary way.  We
     * assume this doesn't matter, because we should hit all the same baserels
     * and joinclauses while building up to this joinrel no matter which we
     * take; therefore, we should make the same decision here however we get
     * here.
     */
    if (inner_rel->consider_parallel && outer_rel->consider_parallel &&
        is_parallel_safe(root, (Node *) restrictlist) &&
        is_parallel_safe(root, (Node *) joinrel->reltarget->exprs))
        joinrel->consider_parallel = true;

    /* Add the joinrel to the PlannerInfo. */
    add_join_rel(root, joinrel);

    /*
     * Also, if dynamic-programming join search is active, add the new joinrel
     * to the appropriate sublist.  Note: you might think the Assert on number
     * of members should be for equality, but some of the level 1 rels might
     * have been joinrels already, so we can only assert <=.
     */
    if (root->join_rel_level)
    {
        Assert(root->join_cur_level > 0);
        Assert(root->join_cur_level <= bms_num_members(joinrel->relids));
        root->join_rel_level[root->join_cur_level] =
            lappend(root->join_rel_level[root->join_cur_level], joinrel);
    }

    return joinrel;
}

/*
 * build_child_join_rel
 *    Builds RelOptInfo representing join between given two child relations.
 *
 * 'outer_rel' and 'inner_rel' are the RelOptInfos of child relations being
 *      joined
 * 'parent_joinrel' is the RelOptInfo representing the join between parent
 *      relations. Some of the members of new RelOptInfo are produced by
 *      translating corresponding members of this RelOptInfo
 * 'sjinfo': child-join context info
 * 'restrictlist': list of RestrictInfo nodes that apply to this particular
 *      pair of joinable relations
 * 'jointype' is the join type (inner, left, full, etc)
 */
RelOptInfo *
build_child_join_rel(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *outer_rel,
                     RelOptInfo *inner_rel, RelOptInfo *parent_joinrel,
                     List *restrictlist, SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo,
                     JoinType jointype)
{
    RelOptInfo *joinrel = makeNode(RelOptInfo);
    AppendRelInfo **appinfos;
    int         nappinfos;

    /* Only joins between "other" relations land here. */
    Assert(IS_OTHER_REL(outer_rel) && IS_OTHER_REL(inner_rel));

    /* The parent joinrel should have consider_partitionwise_join set. */
    Assert(parent_joinrel->consider_partitionwise_join);

    joinrel->reloptkind = RELOPT_OTHER_JOINREL;
    joinrel->relids = bms_union(outer_rel->relids, inner_rel->relids);
    joinrel->rows = 0;
    /* cheap startup cost is interesting iff not all tuples to be retrieved */
    joinrel->consider_startup = (root->tuple_fraction > 0);
    joinrel->consider_param_startup = false;
    joinrel->consider_parallel = false;
    joinrel->reltarget = create_empty_pathtarget();
    joinrel->pathlist = NIL;
    joinrel->ppilist = NIL;
    joinrel->partial_pathlist = NIL;
    joinrel->cheapest_startup_path = NULL;
    joinrel->cheapest_total_path = NULL;
    joinrel->cheapest_unique_path = NULL;
    joinrel->cheapest_parameterized_paths = NIL;
    joinrel->direct_lateral_relids = NULL;
    joinrel->lateral_relids = NULL;
    joinrel->relid = 0;         /* indicates not a baserel */
    joinrel->rtekind = RTE_JOIN;
    joinrel->min_attr = 0;
    joinrel->max_attr = 0;
    joinrel->attr_needed = NULL;
    joinrel->attr_widths = NULL;
    joinrel->lateral_vars = NIL;
    joinrel->lateral_referencers = NULL;
    joinrel->indexlist = NIL;
    joinrel->pages = 0;
    joinrel->tuples = 0;
    joinrel->allvisfrac = 0;
    joinrel->eclass_indexes = NULL;
    joinrel->subroot = NULL;
    joinrel->subplan_params = NIL;
    joinrel->amflags = 0;
    joinrel->serverid = InvalidOid;
    joinrel->userid = InvalidOid;
    joinrel->useridiscurrent = false;
    joinrel->fdwroutine = NULL;
    joinrel->fdw_private = NULL;
    joinrel->baserestrictinfo = NIL;
    joinrel->baserestrictcost.startup = 0;
    joinrel->baserestrictcost.per_tuple = 0;
    joinrel->joininfo = NIL;
    joinrel->has_eclass_joins = false;
    joinrel->consider_partitionwise_join = false;   /* might get changed later */
    joinrel->top_parent_relids = NULL;
    joinrel->part_scheme = NULL;
    joinrel->nparts = -1;
    joinrel->boundinfo = NULL;
    joinrel->partbounds_merged = false;
    joinrel->partition_qual = NIL;
    joinrel->part_rels = NULL;
    joinrel->all_partrels = NULL;
    joinrel->partexprs = NULL;
    joinrel->nullable_partexprs = NULL;

    joinrel->top_parent_relids = bms_union(outer_rel->top_parent_relids,
                                           inner_rel->top_parent_relids);

    /* Compute information relevant to foreign relations. */
    set_foreign_rel_properties(joinrel, outer_rel, inner_rel);

    /* Compute information needed for mapping Vars to the child rel */
    appinfos = find_appinfos_by_relids(root, joinrel->relids, &nappinfos);

    /* Set up reltarget struct */
    build_child_join_reltarget(root, parent_joinrel, joinrel,
                               nappinfos, appinfos);

    /* Construct joininfo list. */
    joinrel->joininfo = (List *) adjust_appendrel_attrs(root,
                                                        (Node *) parent_joinrel->joininfo,
                                                        nappinfos,
                                                        appinfos);

    /*
     * Lateral relids referred in child join will be same as that referred in
     * the parent relation.
     */
    joinrel->direct_lateral_relids = (Relids) bms_copy(parent_joinrel->direct_lateral_relids);
    joinrel->lateral_relids = (Relids) bms_copy(parent_joinrel->lateral_relids);

    /*
     * If the parent joinrel has pending equivalence classes, so does the
     * child.
     */
    joinrel->has_eclass_joins = parent_joinrel->has_eclass_joins;

    /* Is the join between partitions itself partitioned? */
    build_joinrel_partition_info(joinrel, outer_rel, inner_rel, restrictlist,
                                 jointype);

    /* Child joinrel is parallel safe if parent is parallel safe. */
    joinrel->consider_parallel = parent_joinrel->consider_parallel;

    /* Set estimates of the child-joinrel's size. */
    set_joinrel_size_estimates(root, joinrel, outer_rel, inner_rel,
                               sjinfo, restrictlist);

    /* We build the join only once. */
    Assert(!find_join_rel(root, joinrel->relids));

    /* Add the relation to the PlannerInfo. */
    add_join_rel(root, joinrel);

    /*
     * We might need EquivalenceClass members corresponding to the child join,
     * so that we can represent sort pathkeys for it.  As with children of
     * baserels, we shouldn't need this unless there are relevant eclass joins
     * (implying that a merge join might be possible) or pathkeys to sort by.
     */
    if (joinrel->has_eclass_joins || has_useful_pathkeys(root, parent_joinrel))
        add_child_join_rel_equivalences(root,
                                        nappinfos, appinfos,
                                        parent_joinrel, joinrel);

    pfree(appinfos);

    return joinrel;
}

/*
 * min_join_parameterization
 *
 * Determine the minimum possible parameterization of a joinrel, that is, the
 * set of other rels it contains LATERAL references to.  We save this value in
 * the join's RelOptInfo.  This function is split out of build_join_rel()
 * because join_is_legal() needs the value to check a prospective join.
 */
Relids
min_join_parameterization(PlannerInfo *root,
                          Relids joinrelids,
                          RelOptInfo *outer_rel,
                          RelOptInfo *inner_rel)
{
    Relids      result;

    /*
     * Basically we just need the union of the inputs' lateral_relids, less
     * whatever is already in the join.
     *
     * It's not immediately obvious that this is a valid way to compute the
     * result, because it might seem that we're ignoring possible lateral refs
     * of PlaceHolderVars that are due to be computed at the join but not in
     * either input.  However, because create_lateral_join_info() already
     * charged all such PHV refs to each member baserel of the join, they'll
     * be accounted for already in the inputs' lateral_relids.  Likewise, we
     * do not need to worry about doing transitive closure here, because that
     * was already accounted for in the original baserel lateral_relids.
     */
    result = bms_union(outer_rel->lateral_relids, inner_rel->lateral_relids);
    result = bms_del_members(result, joinrelids);

    /* Maintain invariant that result is exactly NULL if empty */
    if (bms_is_empty(result))
        result = NULL;

    return result;
}

/*
 * build_joinrel_tlist
 *    Builds a join relation's target list from an input relation.
 *    (This is invoked twice to handle the two input relations.)
 *
 * The join's targetlist includes all Vars of its member relations that
 * will still be needed above the join.  This subroutine adds all such
 * Vars from the specified input rel's tlist to the join rel's tlist.
 *
 * We also compute the expected width of the join's output, making use
 * of data that was cached at the baserel level by set_rel_width().
 */
static void
build_joinrel_tlist(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                    RelOptInfo *input_rel)
{
    Relids      relids = joinrel->relids;
    ListCell   *vars;

    foreach(vars, input_rel->reltarget->exprs)
    {
        Var        *var = (Var *) lfirst(vars);

        /*
         * Ignore PlaceHolderVars in the input tlists; we'll make our own
         * decisions about whether to copy them.
         */
        if (IsA(var, PlaceHolderVar))
            continue;

        /*
         * Otherwise, anything in a baserel or joinrel targetlist ought to be
         * a Var.  (More general cases can only appear in appendrel child
         * rels, which will never be seen here.)
         */
        if (!IsA(var, Var))
            elog(ERROR, "unexpected node type in rel targetlist: %d",
                 (int) nodeTag(var));

        if (var->varno == ROWID_VAR)
        {
            /* UPDATE/DELETE row identity vars are always needed */
            RowIdentityVarInfo *ridinfo = (RowIdentityVarInfo *)
            list_nth(root->row_identity_vars, var->varattno - 1);

            joinrel->reltarget->exprs = lappend(joinrel->reltarget->exprs,
                                                var);
            /* Vars have cost zero, so no need to adjust reltarget->cost */
            joinrel->reltarget->width += ridinfo->rowidwidth;
        }
        else
        {
            RelOptInfo *baserel;
            int         ndx;

            /* Get the Var's original base rel */
            baserel = find_base_rel(root, var->varno);

            /* Is it still needed above this joinrel? */
            ndx = var->varattno - baserel->min_attr;
            if (bms_nonempty_difference(baserel->attr_needed[ndx], relids))
            {
                /* Yup, add it to the output */
                joinrel->reltarget->exprs = lappend(joinrel->reltarget->exprs,
                                                    var);
                /* Vars have cost zero, so no need to adjust reltarget->cost */
                joinrel->reltarget->width += baserel->attr_widths[ndx];
            }
        }
    }
}

/*
 * build_joinrel_restrictlist
 * build_joinrel_joinlist
 *    These routines build lists of restriction and join clauses for a
 *    join relation from the joininfo lists of the relations it joins.
 *
 *    These routines are separate because the restriction list must be
 *    built afresh for each pair of input sub-relations we consider, whereas
 *    the join list need only be computed once for any join RelOptInfo.
 *    The join list is fully determined by the set of rels making up the
 *    joinrel, so we should get the same results (up to ordering) from any
 *    candidate pair of sub-relations.  But the restriction list is whatever
 *    is not handled in the sub-relations, so it depends on which
 *    sub-relations are considered.
 *
 *    If a join clause from an input relation refers to base rels still not
 *    present in the joinrel, then it is still a join clause for the joinrel;
 *    we put it into the joininfo list for the joinrel.  Otherwise,
 *    the clause is now a restrict clause for the joined relation, and we
 *    return it to the caller of build_joinrel_restrictlist() to be stored in
 *    join paths made from this pair of sub-relations.  (It will not need to
 *    be considered further up the join tree.)
 *
 *    In many cases we will find the same RestrictInfos in both input
 *    relations' joinlists, so be careful to eliminate duplicates.
 *    Pointer equality should be a sufficient test for dups, since all
 *    the various joinlist entries ultimately refer to RestrictInfos
 *    pushed into them by distribute_restrictinfo_to_rels().
 *
 * 'joinrel' is a join relation node
 * 'outer_rel' and 'inner_rel' are a pair of relations that can be joined
 *      to form joinrel.
 *
 * build_joinrel_restrictlist() returns a list of relevant restrictinfos,
 * whereas build_joinrel_joinlist() stores its results in the joinrel's
 * joininfo list.  One or the other must accept each given clause!
 *
 * NB: Formerly, we made deep(!) copies of each input RestrictInfo to pass
 * up to the join relation.  I believe this is no longer necessary, because
 * RestrictInfo nodes are no longer context-dependent.  Instead, just include
 * the original nodes in the lists made for the join relation.
 */
static List *
build_joinrel_restrictlist(PlannerInfo *root,
                           RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                           RelOptInfo *outer_rel,
                           RelOptInfo *inner_rel)
{
    List       *result;

    /*
     * Collect all the clauses that syntactically belong at this level,
     * eliminating any duplicates (important since we will see many of the
     * same clauses arriving from both input relations).
     */
    result = subbuild_joinrel_restrictlist(joinrel, outer_rel->joininfo, NIL);
    result = subbuild_joinrel_restrictlist(joinrel, inner_rel->joininfo, result);

    /*
     * Add on any clauses derived from EquivalenceClasses.  These cannot be
     * redundant with the clauses in the joininfo lists, so don't bother
     * checking.
     */
    result = list_concat(result,
                         generate_join_implied_equalities(root,
                                                          joinrel->relids,
                                                          outer_rel->relids,
                                                          inner_rel));

    return result;
}

static void
build_joinrel_joinlist(RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                       RelOptInfo *outer_rel,
                       RelOptInfo *inner_rel)
{
    List       *result;

    /*
     * Collect all the clauses that syntactically belong above this level,
     * eliminating any duplicates (important since we will see many of the
     * same clauses arriving from both input relations).
     */
    result = subbuild_joinrel_joinlist(joinrel, outer_rel->joininfo, NIL);
    result = subbuild_joinrel_joinlist(joinrel, inner_rel->joininfo, result);

    joinrel->joininfo = result;
}

static List *
subbuild_joinrel_restrictlist(RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                              List *joininfo_list,
                              List *new_restrictlist)
{
    ListCell   *l;

    foreach(l, joininfo_list)
    {
        RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(l);

        if (bms_is_subset(rinfo->required_relids, joinrel->relids))
        {
            /*
             * This clause becomes a restriction clause for the joinrel, since
             * it refers to no outside rels.  Add it to the list, being
             * careful to eliminate duplicates. (Since RestrictInfo nodes in
             * different joinlists will have been multiply-linked rather than
             * copied, pointer equality should be a sufficient test.)
             */
            new_restrictlist = list_append_unique_ptr(new_restrictlist, rinfo);
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * This clause is still a join clause at this level, so we ignore
             * it in this routine.
             */
        }
    }

    return new_restrictlist;
}

static List *
subbuild_joinrel_joinlist(RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                          List *joininfo_list,
                          List *new_joininfo)
{
    ListCell   *l;

    /* Expected to be called only for join between parent relations. */
    Assert(joinrel->reloptkind == RELOPT_JOINREL);

    foreach(l, joininfo_list)
    {
        RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(l);

        if (bms_is_subset(rinfo->required_relids, joinrel->relids))
        {
            /*
             * This clause becomes a restriction clause for the joinrel, since
             * it refers to no outside rels.  So we can ignore it in this
             * routine.
             */
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * This clause is still a join clause at this level, so add it to
             * the new joininfo list, being careful to eliminate duplicates.
             * (Since RestrictInfo nodes in different joinlists will have been
             * multiply-linked rather than copied, pointer equality should be
             * a sufficient test.)
             */
            new_joininfo = list_append_unique_ptr(new_joininfo, rinfo);
        }
    }

    return new_joininfo;
}


/*
 * fetch_upper_rel
 *      Build a RelOptInfo describing some post-scan/join query processing,
 *      or return a pre-existing one if somebody already built it.
 *
 * An "upper" relation is identified by an UpperRelationKind and a Relids set.
 * The meaning of the Relids set is not specified here, and very likely will
 * vary for different relation kinds.
 *
 * Most of the fields in an upper-level RelOptInfo are not used and are not
 * set here (though makeNode should ensure they're zeroes).  We basically only
 * care about fields that are of interest to add_path() and set_cheapest().
 */
RelOptInfo *
fetch_upper_rel(PlannerInfo *root, UpperRelationKind kind, Relids relids)
{
    RelOptInfo *upperrel;
    ListCell   *lc;

    /*
     * For the moment, our indexing data structure is just a List for each
     * relation kind.  If we ever get so many of one kind that this stops
     * working well, we can improve it.  No code outside this function should
     * assume anything about how to find a particular upperrel.
     */

    /* If we already made this upperrel for the query, return it */
    foreach(lc, root->upper_rels[kind])
    {
        upperrel = (RelOptInfo *) lfirst(lc);

        if (bms_equal(upperrel->relids, relids))
            return upperrel;
    }

    upperrel = makeNode(RelOptInfo);
    upperrel->reloptkind = RELOPT_UPPER_REL;
    upperrel->relids = bms_copy(relids);

    /* cheap startup cost is interesting iff not all tuples to be retrieved */
    upperrel->consider_startup = (root->tuple_fraction > 0);
    upperrel->consider_param_startup = false;
    upperrel->consider_parallel = false;    /* might get changed later */
    upperrel->reltarget = create_empty_pathtarget();
    upperrel->pathlist = NIL;
    upperrel->cheapest_startup_path = NULL;
    upperrel->cheapest_total_path = NULL;
    upperrel->cheapest_unique_path = NULL;
    upperrel->cheapest_parameterized_paths = NIL;

    root->upper_rels[kind] = lappend(root->upper_rels[kind], upperrel);

    return upperrel;
}


/*
 * find_childrel_parents
 *      Compute the set of parent relids of an appendrel child rel.
 *
 * Since appendrels can be nested, a child could have multiple levels of
 * appendrel ancestors.  This function computes a Relids set of all the
 * parent relation IDs.
 */
Relids
find_childrel_parents(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel)
{
    Relids      result = NULL;

    Assert(rel->reloptkind == RELOPT_OTHER_MEMBER_REL);
    Assert(rel->relid > 0 && rel->relid < root->simple_rel_array_size);

    do
    {
        AppendRelInfo *appinfo = root->append_rel_array[rel->relid];
        Index       prelid = appinfo->parent_relid;

        result = bms_add_member(result, prelid);

        /* traverse up to the parent rel, loop if it's also a child rel */
        rel = find_base_rel(root, prelid);
    } while (rel->reloptkind == RELOPT_OTHER_MEMBER_REL);

    Assert(rel->reloptkind == RELOPT_BASEREL);

    return result;
}


/*
 * get_baserel_parampathinfo
 *      Get the ParamPathInfo for a parameterized path for a base relation,
 *      constructing one if we don't have one already.
 *
 * This centralizes estimating the rowcounts for parameterized paths.
 * We need to cache those to be sure we use the same rowcount for all paths
 * of the same parameterization for a given rel.  This is also a convenient
 * place to determine which movable join clauses the parameterized path will
 * be responsible for evaluating.
 */
ParamPathInfo *
get_baserel_parampathinfo(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *baserel,
                          Relids required_outer)
{
    ParamPathInfo *ppi;
    Relids      joinrelids;
    List       *pclauses;
    double      rows;
    ListCell   *lc;

    /* If rel has LATERAL refs, every path for it should account for them */
    Assert(bms_is_subset(baserel->lateral_relids, required_outer));

    /* Unparameterized paths have no ParamPathInfo */
    if (bms_is_empty(required_outer))
        return NULL;

    Assert(!bms_overlap(baserel->relids, required_outer));

    /* If we already have a PPI for this parameterization, just return it */
    if ((ppi = find_param_path_info(baserel, required_outer)))
        return ppi;

    /*
     * Identify all joinclauses that are movable to this base rel given this
     * parameterization.
     */
    joinrelids = bms_union(baserel->relids, required_outer);
    pclauses = NIL;
    foreach(lc, baserel->joininfo)
    {
        RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);

        if (join_clause_is_movable_into(rinfo,
                                        baserel->relids,
                                        joinrelids))
            pclauses = lappend(pclauses, rinfo);
    }

    /*
     * Add in joinclauses generated by EquivalenceClasses, too.  (These
     * necessarily satisfy join_clause_is_movable_into.)
     */
    pclauses = list_concat(pclauses,
                           generate_join_implied_equalities(root,
                                                            joinrelids,
                                                            required_outer,
                                                            baserel));

    /* Estimate the number of rows returned by the parameterized scan */
    rows = get_parameterized_baserel_size(root, baserel, pclauses);

    /* And now we can build the ParamPathInfo */
    ppi = makeNode(ParamPathInfo);
    ppi->ppi_req_outer = required_outer;
    ppi->ppi_rows = rows;
    ppi->ppi_clauses = pclauses;
    baserel->ppilist = lappend(baserel->ppilist, ppi);

    return ppi;
}

/*
 * get_joinrel_parampathinfo
 *      Get the ParamPathInfo for a parameterized path for a join relation,
 *      constructing one if we don't have one already.
 *
 * This centralizes estimating the rowcounts for parameterized paths.
 * We need to cache those to be sure we use the same rowcount for all paths
 * of the same parameterization for a given rel.  This is also a convenient
 * place to determine which movable join clauses the parameterized path will
 * be responsible for evaluating.
 *
 * outer_path and inner_path are a pair of input paths that can be used to
 * construct the join, and restrict_clauses is the list of regular join
 * clauses (including clauses derived from EquivalenceClasses) that must be
 * applied at the join node when using these inputs.
 *
 * Unlike the situation for base rels, the set of movable join clauses to be
 * enforced at a join varies with the selected pair of input paths, so we
 * must calculate that and pass it back, even if we already have a matching
 * ParamPathInfo.  We handle this by adding any clauses moved down to this
 * join to *restrict_clauses, which is an in/out parameter.  (The addition
 * is done in such a way as to not modify the passed-in List structure.)
 *
 * Note: when considering a nestloop join, the caller must have removed from
 * restrict_clauses any movable clauses that are themselves scheduled to be
 * pushed into the right-hand path.  We do not do that here since it's
 * unnecessary for other join types.
 */
ParamPathInfo *
get_joinrel_parampathinfo(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                          Path *outer_path,
                          Path *inner_path,
                          SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo,
                          Relids required_outer,
                          List **restrict_clauses)
{
    ParamPathInfo *ppi;
    Relids      join_and_req;
    Relids      outer_and_req;
    Relids      inner_and_req;
    List       *pclauses;
    List       *eclauses;
    List       *dropped_ecs;
    double      rows;
    ListCell   *lc;

    /* If rel has LATERAL refs, every path for it should account for them */
    Assert(bms_is_subset(joinrel->lateral_relids, required_outer));

    /* Unparameterized paths have no ParamPathInfo or extra join clauses */
    if (bms_is_empty(required_outer))
        return NULL;

    Assert(!bms_overlap(joinrel->relids, required_outer));

    /*
     * Identify all joinclauses that are movable to this join rel given this
     * parameterization.  These are the clauses that are movable into this
     * join, but not movable into either input path.  Treat an unparameterized
     * input path as not accepting parameterized clauses (because it won't,
     * per the shortcut exit above), even though the joinclause movement rules
     * might allow the same clauses to be moved into a parameterized path for
     * that rel.
     */
    join_and_req = bms_union(joinrel->relids, required_outer);
    if (outer_path->param_info)
        outer_and_req = bms_union(outer_path->parent->relids,
                                  PATH_REQ_OUTER(outer_path));
    else
        outer_and_req = NULL;   /* outer path does not accept parameters */
    if (inner_path->param_info)
        inner_and_req = bms_union(inner_path->parent->relids,
                                  PATH_REQ_OUTER(inner_path));
    else
        inner_and_req = NULL;   /* inner path does not accept parameters */

    pclauses = NIL;
    foreach(lc, joinrel->joininfo)
    {
        RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);

        if (join_clause_is_movable_into(rinfo,
                                        joinrel->relids,
                                        join_and_req) &&
            !join_clause_is_movable_into(rinfo,
                                         outer_path->parent->relids,
                                         outer_and_req) &&
            !join_clause_is_movable_into(rinfo,
                                         inner_path->parent->relids,
                                         inner_and_req))
            pclauses = lappend(pclauses, rinfo);
    }

    /* Consider joinclauses generated by EquivalenceClasses, too */
    eclauses = generate_join_implied_equalities(root,
                                                join_and_req,
                                                required_outer,
                                                joinrel);
    /* We only want ones that aren't movable to lower levels */
    dropped_ecs = NIL;
    foreach(lc, eclauses)
    {
        RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);

        /*
         * In principle, join_clause_is_movable_into() should accept anything
         * returned by generate_join_implied_equalities(); but because its
         * analysis is only approximate, sometimes it doesn't.  So we
         * currently cannot use this Assert; instead just assume it's okay to
         * apply the joinclause at this level.
         */
#ifdef NOT_USED
        Assert(join_clause_is_movable_into(rinfo,
                                           joinrel->relids,
                                           join_and_req));
#endif
        if (join_clause_is_movable_into(rinfo,
                                        outer_path->parent->relids,
                                        outer_and_req))
            continue;           /* drop if movable into LHS */
        if (join_clause_is_movable_into(rinfo,
                                        inner_path->parent->relids,
                                        inner_and_req))
        {
            /* drop if movable into RHS, but remember EC for use below */
            Assert(rinfo->left_ec == rinfo->right_ec);
            dropped_ecs = lappend(dropped_ecs, rinfo->left_ec);
            continue;
        }
        pclauses = lappend(pclauses, rinfo);
    }

    /*
     * EquivalenceClasses are harder to deal with than we could wish, because
     * of the fact that a given EC can generate different clauses depending on
     * context.  Suppose we have an EC {X.X, Y.Y, Z.Z} where X and Y are the
     * LHS and RHS of the current join and Z is in required_outer, and further
     * suppose that the inner_path is parameterized by both X and Z.  The code
     * above will have produced either Z.Z = X.X or Z.Z = Y.Y from that EC,
     * and in the latter case will have discarded it as being movable into the
     * RHS.  However, the EC machinery might have produced either Y.Y = X.X or
     * Y.Y = Z.Z as the EC enforcement clause within the inner_path; it will
     * not have produced both, and we can't readily tell from here which one
     * it did pick.  If we add no clause to this join, we'll end up with
     * insufficient enforcement of the EC; either Z.Z or X.X will fail to be
     * constrained to be equal to the other members of the EC.  (When we come
     * to join Z to this X/Y path, we will certainly drop whichever EC clause
     * is generated at that join, so this omission won't get fixed later.)
     *
     * To handle this, for each EC we discarded such a clause from, try to
     * generate a clause connecting the required_outer rels to the join's LHS
     * ("Z.Z = X.X" in the terms of the above example).  If successful, and if
     * the clause can't be moved to the LHS, add it to the current join's
     * restriction clauses.  (If an EC cannot generate such a clause then it
     * has nothing that needs to be enforced here, while if the clause can be
     * moved into the LHS then it should have been enforced within that path.)
     *
     * Note that we don't need similar processing for ECs whose clause was
     * considered to be movable into the LHS, because the LHS can't refer to
     * the RHS so there is no comparable ambiguity about what it might
     * actually be enforcing internally.
     */
    if (dropped_ecs)
    {
        Relids      real_outer_and_req;

        real_outer_and_req = bms_union(outer_path->parent->relids,
                                       required_outer);
        eclauses =
            generate_join_implied_equalities_for_ecs(root,
                                                     dropped_ecs,
                                                     real_outer_and_req,
                                                     required_outer,
                                                     outer_path->parent);
        foreach(lc, eclauses)
        {
            RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lc);

            /* As above, can't quite assert this here */
#ifdef NOT_USED
            Assert(join_clause_is_movable_into(rinfo,
                                               outer_path->parent->relids,
                                               real_outer_and_req));
#endif
            if (!join_clause_is_movable_into(rinfo,
                                             outer_path->parent->relids,
                                             outer_and_req))
                pclauses = lappend(pclauses, rinfo);
        }
    }

    /*
     * Now, attach the identified moved-down clauses to the caller's
     * restrict_clauses list.  By using list_concat in this order, we leave
     * the original list structure of restrict_clauses undamaged.
     */
    *restrict_clauses = list_concat(pclauses, *restrict_clauses);

    /* If we already have a PPI for this parameterization, just return it */
    if ((ppi = find_param_path_info(joinrel, required_outer)))
        return ppi;

    /* Estimate the number of rows returned by the parameterized join */
    rows = get_parameterized_joinrel_size(root, joinrel,
                                          outer_path,
                                          inner_path,
                                          sjinfo,
                                          *restrict_clauses);

    /*
     * And now we can build the ParamPathInfo.  No point in saving the
     * input-pair-dependent clause list, though.
     *
     * Note: in GEQO mode, we'll be called in a temporary memory context, but
     * the joinrel structure is there too, so no problem.
     */
    ppi = makeNode(ParamPathInfo);
    ppi->ppi_req_outer = required_outer;
    ppi->ppi_rows = rows;
    ppi->ppi_clauses = NIL;
    joinrel->ppilist = lappend(joinrel->ppilist, ppi);

    return ppi;
}

/*
 * get_appendrel_parampathinfo
 *      Get the ParamPathInfo for a parameterized path for an append relation.
 *
 * For an append relation, the rowcount estimate will just be the sum of
 * the estimates for its children.  However, we still need a ParamPathInfo
 * to flag the fact that the path requires parameters.  So this just creates
 * a suitable struct with zero ppi_rows (and no ppi_clauses either, since
 * the Append node isn't responsible for checking quals).
 */
ParamPathInfo *
get_appendrel_parampathinfo(RelOptInfo *appendrel, Relids required_outer)
{
    ParamPathInfo *ppi;

    /* If rel has LATERAL refs, every path for it should account for them */
    Assert(bms_is_subset(appendrel->lateral_relids, required_outer));

    /* Unparameterized paths have no ParamPathInfo */
    if (bms_is_empty(required_outer))
        return NULL;

    Assert(!bms_overlap(appendrel->relids, required_outer));

    /* If we already have a PPI for this parameterization, just return it */
    if ((ppi = find_param_path_info(appendrel, required_outer)))
        return ppi;

    /* Else build the ParamPathInfo */
    ppi = makeNode(ParamPathInfo);
    ppi->ppi_req_outer = required_outer;
    ppi->ppi_rows = 0;
    ppi->ppi_clauses = NIL;
    appendrel->ppilist = lappend(appendrel->ppilist, ppi);

    return ppi;
}

/*
 * Returns a ParamPathInfo for the parameterization given by required_outer, if
 * already available in the given rel. Returns NULL otherwise.
 */
ParamPathInfo *
find_param_path_info(RelOptInfo *rel, Relids required_outer)
{
    ListCell   *lc;

    foreach(lc, rel->ppilist)
    {
        ParamPathInfo *ppi = (ParamPathInfo *) lfirst(lc);

        if (bms_equal(ppi->ppi_req_outer, required_outer))
            return ppi;
    }

    return NULL;
}

/*
 * build_joinrel_partition_info
 *      Checks if the two relations being joined can use partitionwise join
 *      and if yes, initialize partitioning information of the resulting
 *      partitioned join relation.
 */
static void
build_joinrel_partition_info(RelOptInfo *joinrel, RelOptInfo *outer_rel,
                             RelOptInfo *inner_rel, List *restrictlist,
                             JoinType jointype)
{
    PartitionScheme part_scheme;

    /* Nothing to do if partitionwise join technique is disabled. */
    if (!enable_partitionwise_join)
    {
        Assert(!IS_PARTITIONED_REL(joinrel));
        return;
    }

    /*
     * We can only consider this join as an input to further partitionwise
     * joins if (a) the input relations are partitioned and have
     * consider_partitionwise_join=true, (b) the partition schemes match, and
     * (c) we can identify an equi-join between the partition keys.  Note that
     * if it were possible for have_partkey_equi_join to return different
     * answers for the same joinrel depending on which join ordering we try
     * first, this logic would break.  That shouldn't happen, though, because
     * of the way the query planner deduces implied equalities and reorders
     * the joins.  Please see optimizer/README for details.
     */
    if (outer_rel->part_scheme == NULL || inner_rel->part_scheme == NULL ||
        !outer_rel->consider_partitionwise_join ||
        !inner_rel->consider_partitionwise_join ||
        outer_rel->part_scheme != inner_rel->part_scheme ||
        !have_partkey_equi_join(joinrel, outer_rel, inner_rel,
                                jointype, restrictlist))
    {
        Assert(!IS_PARTITIONED_REL(joinrel));
        return;
    }

    part_scheme = outer_rel->part_scheme;

    /*
     * This function will be called only once for each joinrel, hence it
     * should not have partitioning fields filled yet.
     */
    Assert(!joinrel->part_scheme && !joinrel->partexprs &&
           !joinrel->nullable_partexprs && !joinrel->part_rels &&
           !joinrel->boundinfo);

    /*
     * If the join relation is partitioned, it uses the same partitioning
     * scheme as the joining relations.
     *
     * Note: we calculate the partition bounds, number of partitions, and
     * child-join relations of the join relation in try_partitionwise_join().
     */
    joinrel->part_scheme = part_scheme;
    set_joinrel_partition_key_exprs(joinrel, outer_rel, inner_rel, jointype);

    /*
     * Set the consider_partitionwise_join flag.
     */
    Assert(outer_rel->consider_partitionwise_join);
    Assert(inner_rel->consider_partitionwise_join);
    joinrel->consider_partitionwise_join = true;
}

/*
 * have_partkey_equi_join
 *
 * Returns true if there exist equi-join conditions involving pairs
 * of matching partition keys of the relations being joined for all
 * partition keys.
 */
static bool
have_partkey_equi_join(RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                       RelOptInfo *rel1, RelOptInfo *rel2,
                       JoinType jointype, List *restrictlist)
{
    PartitionScheme part_scheme = rel1->part_scheme;
    ListCell   *lc;
    int         cnt_pks;
    bool        pk_has_clause[PARTITION_MAX_KEYS];
    bool        strict_op;

    /*
     * This function must only be called when the joined relations have same
     * partitioning scheme.
     */
    Assert(rel1->part_scheme == rel2->part_scheme);
    Assert(part_scheme);

    memset(pk_has_clause, 0, sizeof(pk_has_clause));
    foreach(lc, restrictlist)
    {
        RestrictInfo *rinfo = lfirst_node(RestrictInfo, lc);
        OpExpr     *opexpr;
        Expr       *expr1;
        Expr       *expr2;
        int         ipk1;
        int         ipk2;

        /* If processing an outer join, only use its own join clauses. */
        if (IS_OUTER_JOIN(jointype) &&
            RINFO_IS_PUSHED_DOWN(rinfo, joinrel->relids))
            continue;

        /* Skip clauses which can not be used for a join. */
        if (!rinfo->can_join)
            continue;

        /* Skip clauses which are not equality conditions. */
        if (!rinfo->mergeopfamilies && !OidIsValid(rinfo->hashjoinoperator))
            continue;

        /* Should be OK to assume it's an OpExpr. */
        opexpr = castNode(OpExpr, rinfo->clause);

        /* Match the operands to the relation. */
        if (bms_is_subset(rinfo->left_relids, rel1->relids) &&
            bms_is_subset(rinfo->right_relids, rel2->relids))
        {
            expr1 = linitial(opexpr->args);
            expr2 = lsecond(opexpr->args);
        }
        else if (bms_is_subset(rinfo->left_relids, rel2->relids) &&
                 bms_is_subset(rinfo->right_relids, rel1->relids))
        {
            expr1 = lsecond(opexpr->args);
            expr2 = linitial(opexpr->args);
        }
        else
            continue;

        /*
         * Now we need to know whether the join operator is strict; see
         * comments in pathnodes.h.
         */
        strict_op = op_strict(opexpr->opno);

        /*
         * Only clauses referencing the partition keys are useful for
         * partitionwise join.
         */
        ipk1 = match_expr_to_partition_keys(expr1, rel1, strict_op);
        if (ipk1 < 0)
            continue;
        ipk2 = match_expr_to_partition_keys(expr2, rel2, strict_op);
        if (ipk2 < 0)
            continue;

        /*
         * If the clause refers to keys at different ordinal positions, it can
         * not be used for partitionwise join.
         */
        if (ipk1 != ipk2)
            continue;

        /*
         * The clause allows partitionwise join only if it uses the same
         * operator family as that specified by the partition key.
         */
        if (rel1->part_scheme->strategy == PARTITION_STRATEGY_HASH)
        {
            if (!OidIsValid(rinfo->hashjoinoperator) ||
                !op_in_opfamily(rinfo->hashjoinoperator,
                                part_scheme->partopfamily[ipk1]))
                continue;
        }
        else if (!list_member_oid(rinfo->mergeopfamilies,
                                  part_scheme->partopfamily[ipk1]))
            continue;

        /* Mark the partition key as having an equi-join clause. */
        pk_has_clause[ipk1] = true;
    }

    /* Check whether every partition key has an equi-join condition. */
    for (cnt_pks = 0; cnt_pks < part_scheme->partnatts; cnt_pks++)
    {
        if (!pk_has_clause[cnt_pks])
            return false;
    }

    return true;
}

/*
 * match_expr_to_partition_keys
 *
 * Tries to match an expression to one of the nullable or non-nullable
 * partition keys of "rel".  Returns the matched key's ordinal position,
 * or -1 if the expression could not be matched to any of the keys.
 *
 * strict_op must be true if the expression will be compared with the
 * partition key using a strict operator.  This allows us to consider
 * nullable as well as nonnullable partition keys.
 */
static int
match_expr_to_partition_keys(Expr *expr, RelOptInfo *rel, bool strict_op)
{
    int         cnt;

    /* This function should be called only for partitioned relations. */
    Assert(rel->part_scheme);
    Assert(rel->partexprs);
    Assert(rel->nullable_partexprs);

    /* Remove any relabel decorations. */
    while (IsA(expr, RelabelType))
        expr = (Expr *) (castNode(RelabelType, expr))->arg;

    for (cnt = 0; cnt < rel->part_scheme->partnatts; cnt++)
    {
        ListCell   *lc;

        /* We can always match to the non-nullable partition keys. */
        foreach(lc, rel->partexprs[cnt])
        {
            if (equal(lfirst(lc), expr))
                return cnt;
        }

        if (!strict_op)
            continue;

        /*
         * If it's a strict join operator then a NULL partition key on one
         * side will not join to any partition key on the other side, and in
         * particular such a row can't join to a row from a different
         * partition on the other side.  So, it's okay to search the nullable
         * partition keys as well.
         */
        foreach(lc, rel->nullable_partexprs[cnt])
        {
            if (equal(lfirst(lc), expr))
                return cnt;
        }
    }

    return -1;
}

/*
 * set_joinrel_partition_key_exprs
 *      Initialize partition key expressions for a partitioned joinrel.
 */
static void
set_joinrel_partition_key_exprs(RelOptInfo *joinrel,
                                RelOptInfo *outer_rel, RelOptInfo *inner_rel,
                                JoinType jointype)
{
    PartitionScheme part_scheme = joinrel->part_scheme;
    int         partnatts = part_scheme->partnatts;

    joinrel->partexprs = (List **) palloc0(sizeof(List *) * partnatts);
    joinrel->nullable_partexprs =
        (List **) palloc0(sizeof(List *) * partnatts);

    /*
     * The joinrel's partition expressions are the same as those of the input
     * rels, but we must properly classify them as nullable or not in the
     * joinrel's output.  (Also, we add some more partition expressions if
     * it's a FULL JOIN.)
     */
    for (int cnt = 0; cnt < partnatts; cnt++)
    {
        /* mark these const to enforce that we copy them properly */
        const List *outer_expr = outer_rel->partexprs[cnt];
        const List *outer_null_expr = outer_rel->nullable_partexprs[cnt];
        const List *inner_expr = inner_rel->partexprs[cnt];
        const List *inner_null_expr = inner_rel->nullable_partexprs[cnt];
        List       *partexpr = NIL;
        List       *nullable_partexpr = NIL;
        ListCell   *lc;

        switch (jointype)
        {
                /*
                 * A join relation resulting from an INNER join may be
                 * regarded as partitioned by either of the inner and outer
                 * relation keys.  For example, A INNER JOIN B ON A.a = B.b
                 * can be regarded as partitioned on either A.a or B.b.  So we
                 * add both keys to the joinrel's partexpr lists.  However,
                 * anything that was already nullable still has to be treated
                 * as nullable.
                 */
            case JOIN_INNER:
                partexpr = list_concat_copy(outer_expr, inner_expr);
                nullable_partexpr = list_concat_copy(outer_null_expr,
                                                     inner_null_expr);
                break;

                /*
                 * A join relation resulting from a SEMI or ANTI join may be
                 * regarded as partitioned by the outer relation keys.  The
                 * inner relation's keys are no longer interesting; since they
                 * aren't visible in the join output, nothing could join to
                 * them.
                 */
            case JOIN_SEMI:
            case JOIN_ANTI:
                partexpr = list_copy(outer_expr);
                nullable_partexpr = list_copy(outer_null_expr);
                break;

                /*
                 * A join relation resulting from a LEFT OUTER JOIN likewise
                 * may be regarded as partitioned on the (non-nullable) outer
                 * relation keys.  The inner (nullable) relation keys are okay
                 * as partition keys for further joins as long as they involve
                 * strict join operators.
                 */
            case JOIN_LEFT:
                partexpr = list_copy(outer_expr);
                nullable_partexpr = list_concat_copy(inner_expr,
                                                     outer_null_expr);
                nullable_partexpr = list_concat(nullable_partexpr,
                                                inner_null_expr);
                break;

                /*
                 * For FULL OUTER JOINs, both relations are nullable, so the
                 * resulting join relation may be regarded as partitioned on
                 * either of inner and outer relation keys, but only for joins
                 * that involve strict join operators.
                 */
            case JOIN_FULL:
                nullable_partexpr = list_concat_copy(outer_expr,
                                                     inner_expr);
                nullable_partexpr = list_concat(nullable_partexpr,
                                                outer_null_expr);
                nullable_partexpr = list_concat(nullable_partexpr,
                                                inner_null_expr);

                /*
                 * Also add CoalesceExprs corresponding to each possible
                 * full-join output variable (that is, left side coalesced to
                 * right side), so that we can match equijoin expressions
                 * using those variables.  We really only need these for
                 * columns merged by JOIN USING, and only with the pairs of
                 * input items that correspond to the data structures that
                 * parse analysis would build for such variables.  But it's
                 * hard to tell which those are, so just make all the pairs.
                 * Extra items in the nullable_partexprs list won't cause big
                 * problems.  (It's possible that such items will get matched
                 * to user-written COALESCEs, but it should still be valid to
                 * partition on those, since they're going to be either the
                 * partition column or NULL; it's the same argument as for
                 * partitionwise nesting of any outer join.)  We assume no
                 * type coercions are needed to make the coalesce expressions,
                 * since columns of different types won't have gotten
                 * classified as the same PartitionScheme.
                 */
                foreach(lc, list_concat_copy(outer_expr, outer_null_expr))
                {
                    Node       *larg = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
                    ListCell   *lc2;

                    foreach(lc2, list_concat_copy(inner_expr, inner_null_expr))
                    {
                        Node       *rarg = (Node *) lfirst(lc2);
                        CoalesceExpr *c = makeNode(CoalesceExpr);

                        c->coalescetype = exprType(larg);
                        c->coalescecollid = exprCollation(larg);
                        c->args = list_make2(larg, rarg);
                        c->location = -1;
                        nullable_partexpr = lappend(nullable_partexpr, c);
                    }
                }
                break;

            default:
                elog(ERROR, "unrecognized join type: %d", (int) jointype);
        }

        joinrel->partexprs[cnt] = partexpr;
        joinrel->nullable_partexprs[cnt] = nullable_partexpr;
    }
}

/*
 * build_child_join_reltarget
 *    Set up a child-join relation's reltarget from a parent-join relation.
 */
static void
build_child_join_reltarget(PlannerInfo *root,
                           RelOptInfo *parentrel,
                           RelOptInfo *childrel,
                           int nappinfos,
                           AppendRelInfo **appinfos)
{
    /* Build the targetlist */
    childrel->reltarget->exprs = (List *)
        adjust_appendrel_attrs(root,
                               (Node *) parentrel->reltarget->exprs,
                               nappinfos, appinfos);

    /* Set the cost and width fields */
    childrel->reltarget->cost.startup = parentrel->reltarget->cost.startup;
    childrel->reltarget->cost.per_tuple = parentrel->reltarget->cost.per_tuple;
    childrel->reltarget->width = parentrel->reltarget->width;
}