method_worker.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * method_worker.c
 *    AIO - perform AIO using worker processes
 *
 * IO workers consume IOs from a shared memory submission queue, run
 * traditional synchronous system calls, and perform the shared completion
 * handling immediately.  Client code submits most requests by pushing IOs
 * into the submission queue, and waits (if necessary) using condition
 * variables.  Some IOs cannot be performed in another process due to lack of
 * infrastructure for reopening the file, and must processed synchronously by
 * the client code when submitted.
 *
 * So that the submitter can make just one system call when submitting a batch
 * of IOs, wakeups "fan out"; each woken IO worker can wake two more. XXX This
 * could be improved by using futexes instead of latches to wake N waiters.
 *
 * This method of AIO is available in all builds on all operating systems, and
 * is the default.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/storage/aio/method_worker.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
 
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include "libpq/pqsignal.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "port/pg_bitutils.h"
#include "postmaster/auxprocess.h"
#include "postmaster/interrupt.h"
#include "storage/aio.h"
#include "storage/aio_internal.h"
#include "storage/aio_subsys.h"
#include "storage/io_worker.h"
#include "storage/ipc.h"
#include "storage/latch.h"
#include "storage/proc.h"
#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
#include "utils/memdebug.h"
#include "utils/ps_status.h"
#include "utils/wait_event.h"
 
 
/* How many workers should each worker wake up if needed? */
#define IO_WORKER_WAKEUP_FANOUT 2
 
 
typedef struct AioWorkerSubmissionQueue
{
    uint32      size;
    uint32      mask;
    uint32      head;
    uint32      tail;
    uint32      ios[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
} AioWorkerSubmissionQueue;
 
typedef struct AioWorkerSlot
{
    Latch      *latch;
    bool        in_use;
} AioWorkerSlot;
 
typedef struct AioWorkerControl
{
    uint64      idle_worker_mask;
    AioWorkerSlot workers[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
} AioWorkerControl;
 
 
static size_t pgaio_worker_shmem_size(void);
static void pgaio_worker_shmem_init(bool first_time);
 
static bool pgaio_worker_needs_synchronous_execution(PgAioHandle *ioh);
static int  pgaio_worker_submit(uint16 num_staged_ios, PgAioHandle **staged_ios);
 
 
const IoMethodOps pgaio_worker_ops = {
    .shmem_size = pgaio_worker_shmem_size,
    .shmem_init = pgaio_worker_shmem_init,
 
    .needs_synchronous_execution = pgaio_worker_needs_synchronous_execution,
    .submit = pgaio_worker_submit,
};
 
 
/* GUCs */
int         io_workers = 3;
 
 
static int  io_worker_queue_size = 64;
static int  MyIoWorkerId;
static AioWorkerSubmissionQueue *io_worker_submission_queue;
static AioWorkerControl *io_worker_control;
 
 
static size_t
pgaio_worker_queue_shmem_size(int *queue_size)
{
    /* Round size up to next power of two so we can make a mask. */
    *queue_size = pg_nextpower2_32(io_worker_queue_size);
 
    return offsetof(AioWorkerSubmissionQueue, ios) +
        sizeof(uint32) * *queue_size;
}
 
static size_t
pgaio_worker_control_shmem_size(void)
{
    return offsetof(AioWorkerControl, workers) +
        sizeof(AioWorkerSlot) * MAX_IO_WORKERS;
}
 
static size_t
pgaio_worker_shmem_size(void)
{
    size_t      sz;
    int         queue_size;
 
    sz = pgaio_worker_queue_shmem_size(&queue_size);
    sz = add_size(sz, pgaio_worker_control_shmem_size());
 
    return sz;
}
 
static void
pgaio_worker_shmem_init(bool first_time)
{
    bool        found;
    int         queue_size;
 
    io_worker_submission_queue =
        ShmemInitStruct("AioWorkerSubmissionQueue",
                        pgaio_worker_queue_shmem_size(&queue_size),
                        &found);
    if (!found)
    {
        io_worker_submission_queue->size = queue_size;
        io_worker_submission_queue->head = 0;
        io_worker_submission_queue->tail = 0;
    }
 
    io_worker_control =
        ShmemInitStruct("AioWorkerControl",
                        pgaio_worker_control_shmem_size(),
                        &found);
    if (!found)
    {
        io_worker_control->idle_worker_mask = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_IO_WORKERS; ++i)
        {
            io_worker_control->workers[i].latch = NULL;
            io_worker_control->workers[i].in_use = false;
        }
    }
}
 
static int
pgaio_choose_idle_worker(void)
{
    int         worker;
 
    if (io_worker_control->idle_worker_mask == 0)
        return -1;
 
    /* Find the lowest bit position, and clear it. */
    worker = pg_rightmost_one_pos64(io_worker_control->idle_worker_mask);
    io_worker_control->idle_worker_mask &= ~(UINT64_C(1) << worker);
 
    return worker;
}
 
static bool
pgaio_worker_submission_queue_insert(PgAioHandle *ioh)
{
    AioWorkerSubmissionQueue *queue;
    uint32      new_head;
 
    queue = io_worker_submission_queue;
    new_head = (queue->head + 1) & (queue->size - 1);
    if (new_head == queue->tail)
    {
        pgaio_debug(DEBUG3, "io queue is full, at %u elements",
                    io_worker_submission_queue->size);
        return false;           /* full */
    }
 
    queue->ios[queue->head] = pgaio_io_get_id(ioh);
    queue->head = new_head;
 
    return true;
}
 
static uint32
pgaio_worker_submission_queue_consume(void)
{
    AioWorkerSubmissionQueue *queue;
    uint32      result;
 
    queue = io_worker_submission_queue;
    if (queue->tail == queue->head)
        return UINT32_MAX;      /* empty */
 
    result = queue->ios[queue->tail];
    queue->tail = (queue->tail + 1) & (queue->size - 1);
 
    return result;
}
 
static uint32
pgaio_worker_submission_queue_depth(void)
{
    uint32      head;
    uint32      tail;
 
    head = io_worker_submission_queue->head;
    tail = io_worker_submission_queue->tail;
 
    if (tail > head)
        head += io_worker_submission_queue->size;
 
    Assert(head >= tail);
 
    return head - tail;
}
 
static bool
pgaio_worker_needs_synchronous_execution(PgAioHandle *ioh)
{
    return
        !IsUnderPostmaster
        || ioh->flags & PGAIO_HF_REFERENCES_LOCAL
        || !pgaio_io_can_reopen(ioh);
}
 
static void
pgaio_worker_submit_internal(int nios, PgAioHandle *ios[])
{
    PgAioHandle *synchronous_ios[PGAIO_SUBMIT_BATCH_SIZE];
    int         nsync = 0;
    Latch      *wakeup = NULL;
    int         worker;
 
    Assert(nios <= PGAIO_SUBMIT_BATCH_SIZE);
 
    LWLockAcquire(AioWorkerSubmissionQueueLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
    for (int i = 0; i < nios; ++i)
    {
        Assert(!pgaio_worker_needs_synchronous_execution(ios[i]));
        if (!pgaio_worker_submission_queue_insert(ios[i]))
        {
            /*
             * We'll do it synchronously, but only after we've sent as many as
             * we can to workers, to maximize concurrency.
             */
            synchronous_ios[nsync++] = ios[i];
            continue;
        }
 
        if (wakeup == NULL)
        {
            /* Choose an idle worker to wake up if we haven't already. */
            worker = pgaio_choose_idle_worker();
            if (worker >= 0)
                wakeup = io_worker_control->workers[worker].latch;
 
            pgaio_debug_io(DEBUG4, ios[i],
                           "choosing worker %d",
                           worker);
        }
    }
    LWLockRelease(AioWorkerSubmissionQueueLock);
 
    if (wakeup)
        SetLatch(wakeup);
 
    /* Run whatever is left synchronously. */
    if (nsync > 0)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < nsync; ++i)
        {
            pgaio_io_perform_synchronously(synchronous_ios[i]);
        }
    }
}
 
static int
pgaio_worker_submit(uint16 num_staged_ios, PgAioHandle **staged_ios)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < num_staged_ios; i++)
    {
        PgAioHandle *ioh = staged_ios[i];
 
        pgaio_io_prepare_submit(ioh);
    }
 
    pgaio_worker_submit_internal(num_staged_ios, staged_ios);
 
    return num_staged_ios;
}
 
/*
 * on_shmem_exit() callback that releases the worker's slot in
 * io_worker_control.
 */
static void
pgaio_worker_die(int code, Datum arg)
{
    LWLockAcquire(AioWorkerSubmissionQueueLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
    Assert(io_worker_control->workers[MyIoWorkerId].in_use);
    Assert(io_worker_control->workers[MyIoWorkerId].latch == MyLatch);
 
    io_worker_control->workers[MyIoWorkerId].in_use = false;
    io_worker_control->workers[MyIoWorkerId].latch = NULL;
    LWLockRelease(AioWorkerSubmissionQueueLock);
}
 
/*
 * Register the worker in shared memory, assign MyIoWorkerId and register a
 * shutdown callback to release registration.
 */
static void
pgaio_worker_register(void)
{
    MyIoWorkerId = -1;
 
    /*
     * XXX: This could do with more fine-grained locking. But it's also not
     * very common for the number of workers to change at the moment...
     */
    LWLockAcquire(AioWorkerSubmissionQueueLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_IO_WORKERS; ++i)
    {
        if (!io_worker_control->workers[i].in_use)
        {
            Assert(io_worker_control->workers[i].latch == NULL);
            io_worker_control->workers[i].in_use = true;
            MyIoWorkerId = i;
            break;
        }
        else
            Assert(io_worker_control->workers[i].latch != NULL);
    }
 
    if (MyIoWorkerId == -1)
        elog(ERROR, "couldn't find a free worker slot");
 
    io_worker_control->idle_worker_mask |= (UINT64_C(1) << MyIoWorkerId);
    io_worker_control->workers[MyIoWorkerId].latch = MyLatch;
    LWLockRelease(AioWorkerSubmissionQueueLock);
 
    on_shmem_exit(pgaio_worker_die, 0);
}
 
static void
pgaio_worker_error_callback(void *arg)
{
    ProcNumber  owner;
    PGPROC     *owner_proc;
    int32       owner_pid;
    PgAioHandle *ioh = arg;
 
    if (!ioh)
        return;
 
    Assert(ioh->owner_procno != MyProcNumber);
    Assert(MyBackendType == B_IO_WORKER);
 
    owner = ioh->owner_procno;
    owner_proc = GetPGProcByNumber(owner);
    owner_pid = owner_proc->pid;
 
    errcontext("I/O worker executing I/O on behalf of process %d", owner_pid);
}
 
void
IoWorkerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
{
    sigjmp_buf  local_sigjmp_buf;
    PgAioHandle *volatile error_ioh = NULL;
    ErrorContextCallback errcallback = {0};
    volatile int error_errno = 0;
    char        cmd[128];
 
    MyBackendType = B_IO_WORKER;
    AuxiliaryProcessMainCommon();
 
    pqsignal(SIGHUP, SignalHandlerForConfigReload);
    pqsignal(SIGINT, die);      /* to allow manually triggering worker restart */
 
    /*
     * Ignore SIGTERM, will get explicit shutdown via SIGUSR2 later in the
     * shutdown sequence, similar to checkpointer.
     */
    pqsignal(SIGTERM, SIG_IGN);
    /* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
    pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
    pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
    pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
    pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 
    /* also registers a shutdown callback to unregister */
    pgaio_worker_register();
 
    sprintf(cmd, "%d", MyIoWorkerId);
    set_ps_display(cmd);
 
    errcallback.callback = pgaio_worker_error_callback;
    errcallback.previous = error_context_stack;
    error_context_stack = &errcallback;
 
    /* see PostgresMain() */
    if (sigsetjmp(local_sigjmp_buf, 1) != 0)
    {
        error_context_stack = NULL;
        HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
 
        EmitErrorReport();
 
        /*
         * In the - very unlikely - case that the IO failed in a way that
         * raises an error we need to mark the IO as failed.
         *
         * Need to do just enough error recovery so that we can mark the IO as
         * failed and then exit (postmaster will start a new worker).
         */
        LWLockReleaseAll();
 
        if (error_ioh != NULL)
        {
            /* should never fail without setting error_errno */
            Assert(error_errno != 0);
 
            errno = error_errno;
 
            START_CRIT_SECTION();
            pgaio_io_process_completion(error_ioh, -error_errno);
            END_CRIT_SECTION();
        }
 
        proc_exit(1);
    }
 
    /* We can now handle ereport(ERROR) */
    PG_exception_stack = &local_sigjmp_buf;
 
    sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &UnBlockSig, NULL);
 
    while (!ShutdownRequestPending)
    {
        uint32      io_index;
        Latch      *latches[IO_WORKER_WAKEUP_FANOUT];
        int         nlatches = 0;
        int         nwakeups = 0;
        int         worker;
 
        /* Try to get a job to do. */
        LWLockAcquire(AioWorkerSubmissionQueueLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
        if ((io_index = pgaio_worker_submission_queue_consume()) == UINT32_MAX)
        {
            /*
             * Nothing to do.  Mark self idle.
             *
             * XXX: Invent some kind of back pressure to reduce useless
             * wakeups?
             */
            io_worker_control->idle_worker_mask |= (UINT64_C(1) << MyIoWorkerId);
        }
        else
        {
            /* Got one.  Clear idle flag. */
            io_worker_control->idle_worker_mask &= ~(UINT64_C(1) << MyIoWorkerId);
 
            /* See if we can wake up some peers. */
            nwakeups = Min(pgaio_worker_submission_queue_depth(),
                           IO_WORKER_WAKEUP_FANOUT);
            for (int i = 0; i < nwakeups; ++i)
            {
                if ((worker = pgaio_choose_idle_worker()) < 0)
                    break;
                latches[nlatches++] = io_worker_control->workers[worker].latch;
            }
        }
        LWLockRelease(AioWorkerSubmissionQueueLock);
 
        for (int i = 0; i < nlatches; ++i)
            SetLatch(latches[i]);
 
        if (io_index != UINT32_MAX)
        {
            PgAioHandle *ioh = NULL;
 
            ioh = &pgaio_ctl->io_handles[io_index];
            error_ioh = ioh;
            errcallback.arg = ioh;
 
            pgaio_debug_io(DEBUG4, ioh,
                           "worker %d processing IO",
                           MyIoWorkerId);
 
            /*
             * Prevent interrupts between pgaio_io_reopen() and
             * pgaio_io_perform_synchronously() that otherwise could lead to
             * the FD getting closed in that window.
             */
            HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
 
            /*
             * It's very unlikely, but possible, that reopen fails. E.g. due
             * to memory allocations failing or file permissions changing or
             * such.  In that case we need to fail the IO.
             *
             * There's not really a good errno we can report here.
             */
            error_errno = ENOENT;
            pgaio_io_reopen(ioh);
 
            /*
             * To be able to exercise the reopen-fails path, allow injection
             * points to trigger a failure at this point.
             */
            pgaio_io_call_inj(ioh, "aio-worker-after-reopen");
 
            error_errno = 0;
            error_ioh = NULL;
 
            /*
             * As part of IO completion the buffer will be marked as NOACCESS,
             * until the buffer is pinned again - which never happens in io
             * workers. Therefore the next time there is IO for the same
             * buffer, the memory will be considered inaccessible. To avoid
             * that, explicitly allow access to the memory before reading data
             * into it.
             */
#ifdef USE_VALGRIND
            {
                struct iovec *iov;
                uint16      iov_length = pgaio_io_get_iovec_length(ioh, &iov);
 
                for (int i = 0; i < iov_length; i++)
                    VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED(iov[i].iov_base, iov[i].iov_len);
            }
#endif
 
            /*
             * We don't expect this to ever fail with ERROR or FATAL, no need
             * to keep error_ioh set to the IO.
             * pgaio_io_perform_synchronously() contains a critical section to
             * ensure we don't accidentally fail.
             */
            pgaio_io_perform_synchronously(ioh);
 
            RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
            errcallback.arg = NULL;
        }
        else
        {
            WaitLatch(MyLatch, WL_LATCH_SET | WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH, -1,
                      WAIT_EVENT_IO_WORKER_MAIN);
            ResetLatch(MyLatch);
        }
 
        CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
    }
 
    error_context_stack = errcallback.previous;
    proc_exit(0);
}
 
bool
pgaio_workers_enabled(void)
{
    return io_method == IOMETHOD_WORKER;
}