snapmgr.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * snapmgr.c
 *      PostgreSQL snapshot manager
 *
 * We keep track of snapshots in two ways: those "registered" by resowner.c,
 * and the "active snapshot" stack.  All snapshots in either of them live in
 * persistent memory.  When a snapshot is no longer in any of these lists
 * (tracked by separate refcounts on each snapshot), its memory can be freed.
 *
 * The FirstXactSnapshot, if any, is treated a bit specially: we increment its
 * regd_count and list it in RegisteredSnapshots, but this reference is not
 * tracked by a resource owner. We used to use the TopTransactionResourceOwner
 * to track this snapshot reference, but that introduces logical circularity
 * and thus makes it impossible to clean up in a sane fashion.  It's better to
 * handle this reference as an internally-tracked registration, so that this
 * module is entirely lower-level than ResourceOwners.
 *
 * Likewise, any snapshots that have been exported by pg_export_snapshot
 * have regd_count = 1 and are listed in RegisteredSnapshots, but are not
 * tracked by any resource owner.
 *
 * Likewise, the CatalogSnapshot is listed in RegisteredSnapshots when it
 * is valid, but is not tracked by any resource owner.
 *
 * The same is true for historic snapshots used during logical decoding,
 * their lifetime is managed separately (as they live longer than one xact.c
 * transaction).
 *
 * These arrangements let us reset MyProc->xmin when there are no snapshots
 * referenced by this transaction, and advance it when the one with oldest
 * Xmin is no longer referenced.  For simplicity however, only registered
 * snapshots not active snapshots participate in tracking which one is oldest;
 * we don't try to change MyProc->xmin except when the active-snapshot
 * stack is empty.
 *
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2023, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/utils/time/snapmgr.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
 
#include "access/subtrans.h"
#include "access/transam.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "access/xlog.h"
#include "catalog/catalog.h"
#include "datatype/timestamp.h"
#include "lib/pairingheap.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "port/pg_lfind.h"
#include "storage/predicate.h"
#include "storage/proc.h"
#include "storage/procarray.h"
#include "storage/sinval.h"
#include "storage/sinvaladt.h"
#include "storage/spin.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
#include "utils/resowner_private.h"
#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"
#include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
/*
 * CurrentSnapshot points to the only snapshot taken in transaction-snapshot
 * mode, and to the latest one taken in a read-committed transaction.
 * SecondarySnapshot is a snapshot that's always up-to-date as of the current
 * instant, even in transaction-snapshot mode.  It should only be used for
 * special-purpose code (say, RI checking.)  CatalogSnapshot points to an
 * MVCC snapshot intended to be used for catalog scans; we must invalidate it
 * whenever a system catalog change occurs.
 *
 * These SnapshotData structs are static to simplify memory allocation
 * (see the hack in GetSnapshotData to avoid repeated malloc/free).
 */
static SnapshotData CurrentSnapshotData = {SNAPSHOT_MVCC};
static SnapshotData SecondarySnapshotData = {SNAPSHOT_MVCC};
SnapshotData CatalogSnapshotData = {SNAPSHOT_MVCC};
SnapshotData SnapshotSelfData = {SNAPSHOT_SELF};
SnapshotData SnapshotAnyData = {SNAPSHOT_ANY};
 
/* Pointers to valid snapshots */
static Snapshot CurrentSnapshot = NULL;
static Snapshot SecondarySnapshot = NULL;
static Snapshot CatalogSnapshot = NULL;
static Snapshot HistoricSnapshot = NULL;
 
/*
 * These are updated by GetSnapshotData.  We initialize them this way
 * for the convenience of TransactionIdIsInProgress: even in bootstrap
 * mode, we don't want it to say that BootstrapTransactionId is in progress.
 */
TransactionId TransactionXmin = FirstNormalTransactionId;
TransactionId RecentXmin = FirstNormalTransactionId;
 
/* (table, ctid) => (cmin, cmax) mapping during timetravel */
static HTAB *tuplecid_data = NULL;
 
/*
 * Elements of the active snapshot stack.
 *
 * Each element here accounts for exactly one active_count on SnapshotData.
 *
 * NB: the code assumes that elements in this list are in non-increasing
 * order of as_level; also, the list must be NULL-terminated.
 */
typedef struct ActiveSnapshotElt
{
    Snapshot    as_snap;
    int         as_level;
    struct ActiveSnapshotElt *as_next;
} ActiveSnapshotElt;
 
/* Top of the stack of active snapshots */
static ActiveSnapshotElt *ActiveSnapshot = NULL;
 
/* Bottom of the stack of active snapshots */
static ActiveSnapshotElt *OldestActiveSnapshot = NULL;
 
/*
 * Currently registered Snapshots.  Ordered in a heap by xmin, so that we can
 * quickly find the one with lowest xmin, to advance our MyProc->xmin.
 */
static int  xmin_cmp(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b,
                     void *arg);
 
static pairingheap RegisteredSnapshots = {&xmin_cmp, NULL, NULL};
 
/* first GetTransactionSnapshot call in a transaction? */
bool        FirstSnapshotSet = false;
 
/*
 * Remember the serializable transaction snapshot, if any.  We cannot trust
 * FirstSnapshotSet in combination with IsolationUsesXactSnapshot(), because
 * GUC may be reset before us, changing the value of IsolationUsesXactSnapshot.
 */
static Snapshot FirstXactSnapshot = NULL;
 
/* Define pathname of exported-snapshot files */
#define SNAPSHOT_EXPORT_DIR "pg_snapshots"
 
/* Structure holding info about exported snapshot. */
typedef struct ExportedSnapshot
{
    char       *snapfile;
    Snapshot    snapshot;
} ExportedSnapshot;
 
/* Current xact's exported snapshots (a list of ExportedSnapshot structs) */
static List *exportedSnapshots = NIL;
 
/* Prototypes for local functions */
static Snapshot CopySnapshot(Snapshot snapshot);
static void FreeSnapshot(Snapshot snapshot);
static void SnapshotResetXmin(void);
 
/*
 * Snapshot fields to be serialized.
 *
 * Only these fields need to be sent to the cooperating backend; the
 * remaining ones can (and must) be set by the receiver upon restore.
 */
typedef struct SerializedSnapshotData
{
    TransactionId xmin;
    TransactionId xmax;
    uint32      xcnt;
    int32       subxcnt;
    bool        suboverflowed;
    bool        takenDuringRecovery;
    CommandId   curcid;
    TimestampTz whenTaken;
    XLogRecPtr  lsn;
} SerializedSnapshotData;
 
/*
 * GetTransactionSnapshot
 *      Get the appropriate snapshot for a new query in a transaction.
 *
 * Note that the return value may point at static storage that will be modified
 * by future calls and by CommandCounterIncrement().  Callers should call
 * RegisterSnapshot or PushActiveSnapshot on the returned snap if it is to be
 * used very long.
 */
Snapshot
GetTransactionSnapshot(void)
{
    /*
     * Return historic snapshot if doing logical decoding. We'll never need a
     * non-historic transaction snapshot in this (sub-)transaction, so there's
     * no need to be careful to set one up for later calls to
     * GetTransactionSnapshot().
     */
    if (HistoricSnapshotActive())
    {
        Assert(!FirstSnapshotSet);
        return HistoricSnapshot;
    }
 
    /* First call in transaction? */
    if (!FirstSnapshotSet)
    {
        /*
         * Don't allow catalog snapshot to be older than xact snapshot.  Must
         * do this first to allow the empty-heap Assert to succeed.
         */
        InvalidateCatalogSnapshot();
 
        Assert(pairingheap_is_empty(&RegisteredSnapshots));
        Assert(FirstXactSnapshot == NULL);
 
        if (IsInParallelMode())
            elog(ERROR,
                 "cannot take query snapshot during a parallel operation");
 
        /*
         * In transaction-snapshot mode, the first snapshot must live until
         * end of xact regardless of what the caller does with it, so we must
         * make a copy of it rather than returning CurrentSnapshotData
         * directly.  Furthermore, if we're running in serializable mode,
         * predicate.c needs to wrap the snapshot fetch in its own processing.
         */
        if (IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
        {
            /* First, create the snapshot in CurrentSnapshotData */
            if (IsolationIsSerializable())
                CurrentSnapshot = GetSerializableTransactionSnapshot(&CurrentSnapshotData);
            else
                CurrentSnapshot = GetSnapshotData(&CurrentSnapshotData);
            /* Make a saved copy */
            CurrentSnapshot = CopySnapshot(CurrentSnapshot);
            FirstXactSnapshot = CurrentSnapshot;
            /* Mark it as "registered" in FirstXactSnapshot */
            FirstXactSnapshot->regd_count++;
            pairingheap_add(&RegisteredSnapshots, &FirstXactSnapshot->ph_node);
        }
        else
            CurrentSnapshot = GetSnapshotData(&CurrentSnapshotData);
 
        FirstSnapshotSet = true;
        return CurrentSnapshot;
    }
 
    if (IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
        return CurrentSnapshot;
 
    /* Don't allow catalog snapshot to be older than xact snapshot. */
    InvalidateCatalogSnapshot();
 
    CurrentSnapshot = GetSnapshotData(&CurrentSnapshotData);
 
    return CurrentSnapshot;
}
 
/*
 * GetLatestSnapshot
 *      Get a snapshot that is up-to-date as of the current instant,
 *      even if we are executing in transaction-snapshot mode.
 */
Snapshot
GetLatestSnapshot(void)
{
    /*
     * We might be able to relax this, but nothing that could otherwise work
     * needs it.
     */
    if (IsInParallelMode())
        elog(ERROR,
             "cannot update SecondarySnapshot during a parallel operation");
 
    /*
     * So far there are no cases requiring support for GetLatestSnapshot()
     * during logical decoding, but it wouldn't be hard to add if required.
     */
    Assert(!HistoricSnapshotActive());
 
    /* If first call in transaction, go ahead and set the xact snapshot */
    if (!FirstSnapshotSet)
        return GetTransactionSnapshot();
 
    SecondarySnapshot = GetSnapshotData(&SecondarySnapshotData);
 
    return SecondarySnapshot;
}
 
/*
 * GetOldestSnapshot
 *
 *      Get the transaction's oldest known snapshot, as judged by the LSN.
 *      Will return NULL if there are no active or registered snapshots.
 */
Snapshot
GetOldestSnapshot(void)
{
    Snapshot    OldestRegisteredSnapshot = NULL;
    XLogRecPtr  RegisteredLSN = InvalidXLogRecPtr;
 
    if (!pairingheap_is_empty(&RegisteredSnapshots))
    {
        OldestRegisteredSnapshot = pairingheap_container(SnapshotData, ph_node,
                                                         pairingheap_first(&RegisteredSnapshots));
        RegisteredLSN = OldestRegisteredSnapshot->lsn;
    }
 
    if (OldestActiveSnapshot != NULL)
    {
        XLogRecPtr  ActiveLSN = OldestActiveSnapshot->as_snap->lsn;
 
        if (XLogRecPtrIsInvalid(RegisteredLSN) || RegisteredLSN > ActiveLSN)
            return OldestActiveSnapshot->as_snap;
    }
 
    return OldestRegisteredSnapshot;
}
 
/*
 * GetCatalogSnapshot
 *      Get a snapshot that is sufficiently up-to-date for scan of the
 *      system catalog with the specified OID.
 */
Snapshot
GetCatalogSnapshot(Oid relid)
{
    /*
     * Return historic snapshot while we're doing logical decoding, so we can
     * see the appropriate state of the catalog.
     *
     * This is the primary reason for needing to reset the system caches after
     * finishing decoding.
     */
    if (HistoricSnapshotActive())
        return HistoricSnapshot;
 
    return GetNonHistoricCatalogSnapshot(relid);
}
 
/*
 * GetNonHistoricCatalogSnapshot
 *      Get a snapshot that is sufficiently up-to-date for scan of the system
 *      catalog with the specified OID, even while historic snapshots are set
 *      up.
 */
Snapshot
GetNonHistoricCatalogSnapshot(Oid relid)
{
    /*
     * If the caller is trying to scan a relation that has no syscache, no
     * catcache invalidations will be sent when it is updated.  For a few key
     * relations, snapshot invalidations are sent instead.  If we're trying to
     * scan a relation for which neither catcache nor snapshot invalidations
     * are sent, we must refresh the snapshot every time.
     */
    if (CatalogSnapshot &&
        !RelationInvalidatesSnapshotsOnly(relid) &&
        !RelationHasSysCache(relid))
        InvalidateCatalogSnapshot();
 
    if (CatalogSnapshot == NULL)
    {
        /* Get new snapshot. */
        CatalogSnapshot = GetSnapshotData(&CatalogSnapshotData);
 
        /*
         * Make sure the catalog snapshot will be accounted for in decisions
         * about advancing PGPROC->xmin.  We could apply RegisterSnapshot, but
         * that would result in making a physical copy, which is overkill; and
         * it would also create a dependency on some resource owner, which we
         * do not want for reasons explained at the head of this file. Instead
         * just shove the CatalogSnapshot into the pairing heap manually. This
         * has to be reversed in InvalidateCatalogSnapshot, of course.
         *
         * NB: it had better be impossible for this to throw error, since the
         * CatalogSnapshot pointer is already valid.
         */
        pairingheap_add(&RegisteredSnapshots, &CatalogSnapshot->ph_node);
    }
 
    return CatalogSnapshot;
}
 
/*
 * InvalidateCatalogSnapshot
 *      Mark the current catalog snapshot, if any, as invalid
 *
 * We could change this API to allow the caller to provide more fine-grained
 * invalidation details, so that a change to relation A wouldn't prevent us
 * from using our cached snapshot to scan relation B, but so far there's no
 * evidence that the CPU cycles we spent tracking such fine details would be
 * well-spent.
 */
void
InvalidateCatalogSnapshot(void)
{
    if (CatalogSnapshot)
    {
        pairingheap_remove(&RegisteredSnapshots, &CatalogSnapshot->ph_node);
        CatalogSnapshot = NULL;
        SnapshotResetXmin();
    }
}
 
/*
 * InvalidateCatalogSnapshotConditionally
 *      Drop catalog snapshot if it's the only one we have
 *
 * This is called when we are about to wait for client input, so we don't
 * want to continue holding the catalog snapshot if it might mean that the
 * global xmin horizon can't advance.  However, if there are other snapshots
 * still active or registered, the catalog snapshot isn't likely to be the
 * oldest one, so we might as well keep it.
 */
void
InvalidateCatalogSnapshotConditionally(void)
{
    if (CatalogSnapshot &&
        ActiveSnapshot == NULL &&
        pairingheap_is_singular(&RegisteredSnapshots))
        InvalidateCatalogSnapshot();
}
 
/*
 * SnapshotSetCommandId
 *      Propagate CommandCounterIncrement into the static snapshots, if set
 */
void
SnapshotSetCommandId(CommandId curcid)
{
    if (!FirstSnapshotSet)
        return;
 
    if (CurrentSnapshot)
        CurrentSnapshot->curcid = curcid;
    if (SecondarySnapshot)
        SecondarySnapshot->curcid = curcid;
    /* Should we do the same with CatalogSnapshot? */
}
 
/*
 * SetTransactionSnapshot
 *      Set the transaction's snapshot from an imported MVCC snapshot.
 *
 * Note that this is very closely tied to GetTransactionSnapshot --- it
 * must take care of all the same considerations as the first-snapshot case
 * in GetTransactionSnapshot.
 */
static void
SetTransactionSnapshot(Snapshot sourcesnap, VirtualTransactionId *sourcevxid,
                       int sourcepid, PGPROC *sourceproc)
{
    /* Caller should have checked this already */
    Assert(!FirstSnapshotSet);
 
    /* Better do this to ensure following Assert succeeds. */
    InvalidateCatalogSnapshot();
 
    Assert(pairingheap_is_empty(&RegisteredSnapshots));
    Assert(FirstXactSnapshot == NULL);
    Assert(!HistoricSnapshotActive());
 
    /*
     * Even though we are not going to use the snapshot it computes, we must
     * call GetSnapshotData, for two reasons: (1) to be sure that
     * CurrentSnapshotData's XID arrays have been allocated, and (2) to update
     * the state for GlobalVis*.
     */
    CurrentSnapshot = GetSnapshotData(&CurrentSnapshotData);
 
    /*
     * Now copy appropriate fields from the source snapshot.
     */
    CurrentSnapshot->xmin = sourcesnap->xmin;
    CurrentSnapshot->xmax = sourcesnap->xmax;
    CurrentSnapshot->xcnt = sourcesnap->xcnt;
    Assert(sourcesnap->xcnt <= GetMaxSnapshotXidCount());
    if (sourcesnap->xcnt > 0)
        memcpy(CurrentSnapshot->xip, sourcesnap->xip,
               sourcesnap->xcnt * sizeof(TransactionId));
    CurrentSnapshot->subxcnt = sourcesnap->subxcnt;
    Assert(sourcesnap->subxcnt <= GetMaxSnapshotSubxidCount());
    if (sourcesnap->subxcnt > 0)
        memcpy(CurrentSnapshot->subxip, sourcesnap->subxip,
               sourcesnap->subxcnt * sizeof(TransactionId));
    CurrentSnapshot->suboverflowed = sourcesnap->suboverflowed;
    CurrentSnapshot->takenDuringRecovery = sourcesnap->takenDuringRecovery;
    /* NB: curcid should NOT be copied, it's a local matter */
 
    CurrentSnapshot->snapXactCompletionCount = 0;
 
    /*
     * Now we have to fix what GetSnapshotData did with MyProc->xmin and
     * TransactionXmin.  There is a race condition: to make sure we are not
     * causing the global xmin to go backwards, we have to test that the
     * source transaction is still running, and that has to be done
     * atomically. So let procarray.c do it.
     *
     * Note: in serializable mode, predicate.c will do this a second time. It
     * doesn't seem worth contorting the logic here to avoid two calls,
     * especially since it's not clear that predicate.c *must* do this.
     */
    if (sourceproc != NULL)
    {
        if (!ProcArrayInstallRestoredXmin(CurrentSnapshot->xmin, sourceproc))
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                     errmsg("could not import the requested snapshot"),
                     errdetail("The source transaction is not running anymore.")));
    }
    else if (!ProcArrayInstallImportedXmin(CurrentSnapshot->xmin, sourcevxid))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                 errmsg("could not import the requested snapshot"),
                 errdetail("The source process with PID %d is not running anymore.",
                           sourcepid)));
 
    /*
     * In transaction-snapshot mode, the first snapshot must live until end of
     * xact, so we must make a copy of it.  Furthermore, if we're running in
     * serializable mode, predicate.c needs to do its own processing.
     */
    if (IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
    {
        if (IsolationIsSerializable())
            SetSerializableTransactionSnapshot(CurrentSnapshot, sourcevxid,
                                               sourcepid);
        /* Make a saved copy */
        CurrentSnapshot = CopySnapshot(CurrentSnapshot);
        FirstXactSnapshot = CurrentSnapshot;
        /* Mark it as "registered" in FirstXactSnapshot */
        FirstXactSnapshot->regd_count++;
        pairingheap_add(&RegisteredSnapshots, &FirstXactSnapshot->ph_node);
    }
 
    FirstSnapshotSet = true;
}
 
/*
 * CopySnapshot
 *      Copy the given snapshot.
 *
 * The copy is palloc'd in TopTransactionContext and has initial refcounts set
 * to 0.  The returned snapshot has the copied flag set.
 */
static Snapshot
CopySnapshot(Snapshot snapshot)
{
    Snapshot    newsnap;
    Size        subxipoff;
    Size        size;
 
    Assert(snapshot != InvalidSnapshot);
 
    /* We allocate any XID arrays needed in the same palloc block. */
    size = subxipoff = sizeof(SnapshotData) +
        snapshot->xcnt * sizeof(TransactionId);
    if (snapshot->subxcnt > 0)
        size += snapshot->subxcnt * sizeof(TransactionId);
 
    newsnap = (Snapshot) MemoryContextAlloc(TopTransactionContext, size);
    memcpy(newsnap, snapshot, sizeof(SnapshotData));
 
    newsnap->regd_count = 0;
    newsnap->active_count = 0;
    newsnap->copied = true;
    newsnap->snapXactCompletionCount = 0;
 
    /* setup XID array */
    if (snapshot->xcnt > 0)
    {
        newsnap->xip = (TransactionId *) (newsnap + 1);
        memcpy(newsnap->xip, snapshot->xip,
               snapshot->xcnt * sizeof(TransactionId));
    }
    else
        newsnap->xip = NULL;
 
    /*
     * Setup subXID array. Don't bother to copy it if it had overflowed,
     * though, because it's not used anywhere in that case. Except if it's a
     * snapshot taken during recovery; all the top-level XIDs are in subxip as
     * well in that case, so we mustn't lose them.
     */
    if (snapshot->subxcnt > 0 &&
        (!snapshot->suboverflowed || snapshot->takenDuringRecovery))
    {
        newsnap->subxip = (TransactionId *) ((char *) newsnap + subxipoff);
        memcpy(newsnap->subxip, snapshot->subxip,
               snapshot->subxcnt * sizeof(TransactionId));
    }
    else
        newsnap->subxip = NULL;
 
    return newsnap;
}
 
/*
 * FreeSnapshot
 *      Free the memory associated with a snapshot.
 */
static void
FreeSnapshot(Snapshot snapshot)
{
    Assert(snapshot->regd_count == 0);
    Assert(snapshot->active_count == 0);
    Assert(snapshot->copied);
 
    pfree(snapshot);
}
 
/*
 * PushActiveSnapshot
 *      Set the given snapshot as the current active snapshot
 *
 * If the passed snapshot is a statically-allocated one, or it is possibly
 * subject to a future command counter update, create a new long-lived copy
 * with active refcount=1.  Otherwise, only increment the refcount.
 */
void
PushActiveSnapshot(Snapshot snapshot)
{
    PushActiveSnapshotWithLevel(snapshot, GetCurrentTransactionNestLevel());
}
 
/*
 * PushActiveSnapshotWithLevel
 *      Set the given snapshot as the current active snapshot
 *
 * Same as PushActiveSnapshot except that caller can specify the
 * transaction nesting level that "owns" the snapshot.  This level
 * must not be deeper than the current top of the snapshot stack.
 */
void
PushActiveSnapshotWithLevel(Snapshot snapshot, int snap_level)
{
    ActiveSnapshotElt *newactive;
 
    Assert(snapshot != InvalidSnapshot);
    Assert(ActiveSnapshot == NULL || snap_level >= ActiveSnapshot->as_level);
 
    newactive = MemoryContextAlloc(TopTransactionContext, sizeof(ActiveSnapshotElt));
 
    /*
     * Checking SecondarySnapshot is probably useless here, but it seems
     * better to be sure.
     */
    if (snapshot == CurrentSnapshot || snapshot == SecondarySnapshot ||
        !snapshot->copied)
        newactive->as_snap = CopySnapshot(snapshot);
    else
        newactive->as_snap = snapshot;
 
    newactive->as_next = ActiveSnapshot;
    newactive->as_level = snap_level;
 
    newactive->as_snap->active_count++;
 
    ActiveSnapshot = newactive;
    if (OldestActiveSnapshot == NULL)
        OldestActiveSnapshot = ActiveSnapshot;
}
 
/*
 * PushCopiedSnapshot
 *      As above, except forcibly copy the presented snapshot.
 *
 * This should be used when the ActiveSnapshot has to be modifiable, for
 * example if the caller intends to call UpdateActiveSnapshotCommandId.
 * The new snapshot will be released when popped from the stack.
 */
void
PushCopiedSnapshot(Snapshot snapshot)
{
    PushActiveSnapshot(CopySnapshot(snapshot));
}
 
/*
 * UpdateActiveSnapshotCommandId
 *
 * Update the current CID of the active snapshot.  This can only be applied
 * to a snapshot that is not referenced elsewhere.
 */
void
UpdateActiveSnapshotCommandId(void)
{
    CommandId   save_curcid,
                curcid;
 
    Assert(ActiveSnapshot != NULL);
    Assert(ActiveSnapshot->as_snap->active_count == 1);
    Assert(ActiveSnapshot->as_snap->regd_count == 0);
 
    /*
     * Don't allow modification of the active snapshot during parallel
     * operation.  We share the snapshot to worker backends at the beginning
     * of parallel operation, so any change to the snapshot can lead to
     * inconsistencies.  We have other defenses against
     * CommandCounterIncrement, but there are a few places that call this
     * directly, so we put an additional guard here.
     */
    save_curcid = ActiveSnapshot->as_snap->curcid;
    curcid = GetCurrentCommandId(false);
    if (IsInParallelMode() && save_curcid != curcid)
        elog(ERROR, "cannot modify commandid in active snapshot during a parallel operation");
    ActiveSnapshot->as_snap->curcid = curcid;
}
 
/*
 * PopActiveSnapshot
 *
 * Remove the topmost snapshot from the active snapshot stack, decrementing the
 * reference count, and free it if this was the last reference.
 */
void
PopActiveSnapshot(void)
{
    ActiveSnapshotElt *newstack;
 
    newstack = ActiveSnapshot->as_next;
 
    Assert(ActiveSnapshot->as_snap->active_count > 0);
 
    ActiveSnapshot->as_snap->active_count--;
 
    if (ActiveSnapshot->as_snap->active_count == 0 &&
        ActiveSnapshot->as_snap->regd_count == 0)
        FreeSnapshot(ActiveSnapshot->as_snap);
 
    pfree(ActiveSnapshot);
    ActiveSnapshot = newstack;
    if (ActiveSnapshot == NULL)
        OldestActiveSnapshot = NULL;
 
    SnapshotResetXmin();
}
 
/*
 * GetActiveSnapshot
 *      Return the topmost snapshot in the Active stack.
 */
Snapshot
GetActiveSnapshot(void)
{
    Assert(ActiveSnapshot != NULL);
 
    return ActiveSnapshot->as_snap;
}
 
/*
 * ActiveSnapshotSet
 *      Return whether there is at least one snapshot in the Active stack
 */
bool
ActiveSnapshotSet(void)
{
    return ActiveSnapshot != NULL;
}
 
/*
 * RegisterSnapshot
 *      Register a snapshot as being in use by the current resource owner
 *
 * If InvalidSnapshot is passed, it is not registered.
 */
Snapshot
RegisterSnapshot(Snapshot snapshot)
{
    if (snapshot == InvalidSnapshot)
        return InvalidSnapshot;
 
    return RegisterSnapshotOnOwner(snapshot, CurrentResourceOwner);
}
 
/*
 * RegisterSnapshotOnOwner
 *      As above, but use the specified resource owner
 */
Snapshot
RegisterSnapshotOnOwner(Snapshot snapshot, ResourceOwner owner)
{
    Snapshot    snap;
 
    if (snapshot == InvalidSnapshot)
        return InvalidSnapshot;
 
    /* Static snapshot?  Create a persistent copy */
    snap = snapshot->copied ? snapshot : CopySnapshot(snapshot);
 
    /* and tell resowner.c about it */
    ResourceOwnerEnlargeSnapshots(owner);
    snap->regd_count++;
    ResourceOwnerRememberSnapshot(owner, snap);
 
    if (snap->regd_count == 1)
        pairingheap_add(&RegisteredSnapshots, &snap->ph_node);
 
    return snap;
}
 
/*
 * UnregisterSnapshot
 *
 * Decrement the reference count of a snapshot, remove the corresponding
 * reference from CurrentResourceOwner, and free the snapshot if no more
 * references remain.
 */
void
UnregisterSnapshot(Snapshot snapshot)
{
    if (snapshot == NULL)
        return;
 
    UnregisterSnapshotFromOwner(snapshot, CurrentResourceOwner);
}
 
/*
 * UnregisterSnapshotFromOwner
 *      As above, but use the specified resource owner
 */
void
UnregisterSnapshotFromOwner(Snapshot snapshot, ResourceOwner owner)
{
    if (snapshot == NULL)
        return;
 
    Assert(snapshot->regd_count > 0);
    Assert(!pairingheap_is_empty(&RegisteredSnapshots));
 
    ResourceOwnerForgetSnapshot(owner, snapshot);
 
    snapshot->regd_count--;
    if (snapshot->regd_count == 0)
        pairingheap_remove(&RegisteredSnapshots, &snapshot->ph_node);
 
    if (snapshot->regd_count == 0 && snapshot->active_count == 0)
    {
        FreeSnapshot(snapshot);
        SnapshotResetXmin();
    }
}
 
/*
 * Comparison function for RegisteredSnapshots heap.  Snapshots are ordered
 * by xmin, so that the snapshot with smallest xmin is at the top.
 */
static int
xmin_cmp(const pairingheap_node *a, const pairingheap_node *b, void *arg)
{
    const SnapshotData *asnap = pairingheap_const_container(SnapshotData, ph_node, a);
    const SnapshotData *bsnap = pairingheap_const_container(SnapshotData, ph_node, b);
 
    if (TransactionIdPrecedes(asnap->xmin, bsnap->xmin))
        return 1;
    else if (TransactionIdFollows(asnap->xmin, bsnap->xmin))
        return -1;
    else
        return 0;
}
 
/*
 * SnapshotResetXmin
 *
 * If there are no more snapshots, we can reset our PGPROC->xmin to
 * InvalidTransactionId. Note we can do this without locking because we assume
 * that storing an Xid is atomic.
 *
 * Even if there are some remaining snapshots, we may be able to advance our
 * PGPROC->xmin to some degree.  This typically happens when a portal is
 * dropped.  For efficiency, we only consider recomputing PGPROC->xmin when
 * the active snapshot stack is empty; this allows us not to need to track
 * which active snapshot is oldest.
 *
 * Note: it's tempting to use GetOldestSnapshot() here so that we can include
 * active snapshots in the calculation.  However, that compares by LSN not
 * xmin so it's not entirely clear that it's the same thing.  Also, we'd be
 * critically dependent on the assumption that the bottommost active snapshot
 * stack entry has the oldest xmin.  (Current uses of GetOldestSnapshot() are
 * not actually critical, but this would be.)
 */
static void
SnapshotResetXmin(void)
{
    Snapshot    minSnapshot;
 
    if (ActiveSnapshot != NULL)
        return;
 
    if (pairingheap_is_empty(&RegisteredSnapshots))
    {
        MyProc->xmin = InvalidTransactionId;
        return;
    }
 
    minSnapshot = pairingheap_container(SnapshotData, ph_node,
                                        pairingheap_first(&RegisteredSnapshots));
 
    if (TransactionIdPrecedes(MyProc->xmin, minSnapshot->xmin))
        MyProc->xmin = minSnapshot->xmin;
}
 
/*
 * AtSubCommit_Snapshot
 */
void
AtSubCommit_Snapshot(int level)
{
    ActiveSnapshotElt *active;
 
    /*
     * Relabel the active snapshots set in this subtransaction as though they
     * are owned by the parent subxact.
     */
    for (active = ActiveSnapshot; active != NULL; active = active->as_next)
    {
        if (active->as_level < level)
            break;
        active->as_level = level - 1;
    }
}
 
/*
 * AtSubAbort_Snapshot
 *      Clean up snapshots after a subtransaction abort
 */
void
AtSubAbort_Snapshot(int level)
{
    /* Forget the active snapshots set by this subtransaction */
    while (ActiveSnapshot && ActiveSnapshot->as_level >= level)
    {
        ActiveSnapshotElt *next;
 
        next = ActiveSnapshot->as_next;
 
        /*
         * Decrement the snapshot's active count.  If it's still registered or
         * marked as active by an outer subtransaction, we can't free it yet.
         */
        Assert(ActiveSnapshot->as_snap->active_count >= 1);
        ActiveSnapshot->as_snap->active_count -= 1;
 
        if (ActiveSnapshot->as_snap->active_count == 0 &&
            ActiveSnapshot->as_snap->regd_count == 0)
            FreeSnapshot(ActiveSnapshot->as_snap);
 
        /* and free the stack element */
        pfree(ActiveSnapshot);
 
        ActiveSnapshot = next;
        if (ActiveSnapshot == NULL)
            OldestActiveSnapshot = NULL;
    }
 
    SnapshotResetXmin();
}
 
/*
 * AtEOXact_Snapshot
 *      Snapshot manager's cleanup function for end of transaction
 */
void
AtEOXact_Snapshot(bool isCommit, bool resetXmin)
{
    /*
     * In transaction-snapshot mode we must release our privately-managed
     * reference to the transaction snapshot.  We must remove it from
     * RegisteredSnapshots to keep the check below happy.  But we don't bother
     * to do FreeSnapshot, for two reasons: the memory will go away with
     * TopTransactionContext anyway, and if someone has left the snapshot
     * stacked as active, we don't want the code below to be chasing through a
     * dangling pointer.
     */
    if (FirstXactSnapshot != NULL)
    {
        Assert(FirstXactSnapshot->regd_count > 0);
        Assert(!pairingheap_is_empty(&RegisteredSnapshots));
        pairingheap_remove(&RegisteredSnapshots, &FirstXactSnapshot->ph_node);
    }
    FirstXactSnapshot = NULL;
 
    /*
     * If we exported any snapshots, clean them up.
     */
    if (exportedSnapshots != NIL)
    {
        ListCell   *lc;
 
        /*
         * Get rid of the files.  Unlink failure is only a WARNING because (1)
         * it's too late to abort the transaction, and (2) leaving a leaked
         * file around has little real consequence anyway.
         *
         * We also need to remove the snapshots from RegisteredSnapshots to
         * prevent a warning below.
         *
         * As with the FirstXactSnapshot, we don't need to free resources of
         * the snapshot itself as it will go away with the memory context.
         */
        foreach(lc, exportedSnapshots)
        {
            ExportedSnapshot *esnap = (ExportedSnapshot *) lfirst(lc);
 
            if (unlink(esnap->snapfile))
                elog(WARNING, "could not unlink file \"%s\": %m",
                     esnap->snapfile);
 
            pairingheap_remove(&RegisteredSnapshots,
                               &esnap->snapshot->ph_node);
        }
 
        exportedSnapshots = NIL;
    }
 
    /* Drop catalog snapshot if any */
    InvalidateCatalogSnapshot();
 
    /* On commit, complain about leftover snapshots */
    if (isCommit)
    {
        ActiveSnapshotElt *active;
 
        if (!pairingheap_is_empty(&RegisteredSnapshots))
            elog(WARNING, "registered snapshots seem to remain after cleanup");
 
        /* complain about unpopped active snapshots */
        for (active = ActiveSnapshot; active != NULL; active = active->as_next)
            elog(WARNING, "snapshot %p still active", active);
    }
 
    /*
     * And reset our state.  We don't need to free the memory explicitly --
     * it'll go away with TopTransactionContext.
     */
    ActiveSnapshot = NULL;
    OldestActiveSnapshot = NULL;
    pairingheap_reset(&RegisteredSnapshots);
 
    CurrentSnapshot = NULL;
    SecondarySnapshot = NULL;
 
    FirstSnapshotSet = false;
 
    /*
     * During normal commit processing, we call ProcArrayEndTransaction() to
     * reset the MyProc->xmin. That call happens prior to the call to
     * AtEOXact_Snapshot(), so we need not touch xmin here at all.
     */
    if (resetXmin)
        SnapshotResetXmin();
 
    Assert(resetXmin || MyProc->xmin == 0);
}
 
 
/*
 * ExportSnapshot
 *      Export the snapshot to a file so that other backends can import it.
 *      Returns the token (the file name) that can be used to import this
 *      snapshot.
 */
char *
ExportSnapshot(Snapshot snapshot)
{
    TransactionId topXid;
    TransactionId *children;
    ExportedSnapshot *esnap;
    int         nchildren;
    int         addTopXid;
    StringInfoData buf;
    FILE       *f;
    int         i;
    MemoryContext oldcxt;
    char        path[MAXPGPATH];
    char        pathtmp[MAXPGPATH];
 
    /*
     * It's tempting to call RequireTransactionBlock here, since it's not very
     * useful to export a snapshot that will disappear immediately afterwards.
     * However, we haven't got enough information to do that, since we don't
     * know if we're at top level or not.  For example, we could be inside a
     * plpgsql function that is going to fire off other transactions via
     * dblink.  Rather than disallow perfectly legitimate usages, don't make a
     * check.
     *
     * Also note that we don't make any restriction on the transaction's
     * isolation level; however, importers must check the level if they are
     * serializable.
     */
 
    /*
     * Get our transaction ID if there is one, to include in the snapshot.
     */
    topXid = GetTopTransactionIdIfAny();
 
    /*
     * We cannot export a snapshot from a subtransaction because there's no
     * easy way for importers to verify that the same subtransaction is still
     * running.
     */
    if (IsSubTransaction())
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
                 errmsg("cannot export a snapshot from a subtransaction")));
 
    /*
     * We do however allow previous committed subtransactions to exist.
     * Importers of the snapshot must see them as still running, so get their
     * XIDs to add them to the snapshot.
     */
    nchildren = xactGetCommittedChildren(&children);
 
    /*
     * Generate file path for the snapshot.  We start numbering of snapshots
     * inside the transaction from 1.
     */
    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), SNAPSHOT_EXPORT_DIR "/%08X-%08X-%d",
             MyProc->backendId, MyProc->lxid, list_length(exportedSnapshots) + 1);
 
    /*
     * Copy the snapshot into TopTransactionContext, add it to the
     * exportedSnapshots list, and mark it pseudo-registered.  We do this to
     * ensure that the snapshot's xmin is honored for the rest of the
     * transaction.
     */
    snapshot = CopySnapshot(snapshot);
 
    oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
    esnap = (ExportedSnapshot *) palloc(sizeof(ExportedSnapshot));
    esnap->snapfile = pstrdup(path);
    esnap->snapshot = snapshot;
    exportedSnapshots = lappend(exportedSnapshots, esnap);
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
 
    snapshot->regd_count++;
    pairingheap_add(&RegisteredSnapshots, &snapshot->ph_node);
 
    /*
     * Fill buf with a text serialization of the snapshot, plus identification
     * data about this transaction.  The format expected by ImportSnapshot is
     * pretty rigid: each line must be fieldname:value.
     */
    initStringInfo(&buf);
 
    appendStringInfo(&buf, "vxid:%d/%u\n", MyProc->backendId, MyProc->lxid);
    appendStringInfo(&buf, "pid:%d\n", MyProcPid);
    appendStringInfo(&buf, "dbid:%u\n", MyDatabaseId);
    appendStringInfo(&buf, "iso:%d\n", XactIsoLevel);
    appendStringInfo(&buf, "ro:%d\n", XactReadOnly);
 
    appendStringInfo(&buf, "xmin:%u\n", snapshot->xmin);
    appendStringInfo(&buf, "xmax:%u\n", snapshot->xmax);
 
    /*
     * We must include our own top transaction ID in the top-xid data, since
     * by definition we will still be running when the importing transaction
     * adopts the snapshot, but GetSnapshotData never includes our own XID in
     * the snapshot.  (There must, therefore, be enough room to add it.)
     *
     * However, it could be that our topXid is after the xmax, in which case
     * we shouldn't include it because xip[] members are expected to be before
     * xmax.  (We need not make the same check for subxip[] members, see
     * snapshot.h.)
     */
    addTopXid = (TransactionIdIsValid(topXid) &&
                 TransactionIdPrecedes(topXid, snapshot->xmax)) ? 1 : 0;
    appendStringInfo(&buf, "xcnt:%d\n", snapshot->xcnt + addTopXid);
    for (i = 0; i < snapshot->xcnt; i++)
        appendStringInfo(&buf, "xip:%u\n", snapshot->xip[i]);
    if (addTopXid)
        appendStringInfo(&buf, "xip:%u\n", topXid);
 
    /*
     * Similarly, we add our subcommitted child XIDs to the subxid data. Here,
     * we have to cope with possible overflow.
     */
    if (snapshot->suboverflowed ||
        snapshot->subxcnt + nchildren > GetMaxSnapshotSubxidCount())
        appendStringInfoString(&buf, "sof:1\n");
    else
    {
        appendStringInfoString(&buf, "sof:0\n");
        appendStringInfo(&buf, "sxcnt:%d\n", snapshot->subxcnt + nchildren);
        for (i = 0; i < snapshot->subxcnt; i++)
            appendStringInfo(&buf, "sxp:%u\n", snapshot->subxip[i]);
        for (i = 0; i < nchildren; i++)
            appendStringInfo(&buf, "sxp:%u\n", children[i]);
    }
    appendStringInfo(&buf, "rec:%u\n", snapshot->takenDuringRecovery);
 
    /*
     * Now write the text representation into a file.  We first write to a
     * ".tmp" filename, and rename to final filename if no error.  This
     * ensures that no other backend can read an incomplete file
     * (ImportSnapshot won't allow it because of its valid-characters check).
     */
    snprintf(pathtmp, sizeof(pathtmp), "%s.tmp", path);
    if (!(f = AllocateFile(pathtmp, PG_BINARY_W)))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode_for_file_access(),
                 errmsg("could not create file \"%s\": %m", pathtmp)));
 
    if (fwrite(buf.data, buf.len, 1, f) != 1)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode_for_file_access(),
                 errmsg("could not write to file \"%s\": %m", pathtmp)));
 
    /* no fsync() since file need not survive a system crash */
 
    if (FreeFile(f))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode_for_file_access(),
                 errmsg("could not write to file \"%s\": %m", pathtmp)));
 
    /*
     * Now that we have written everything into a .tmp file, rename the file
     * to remove the .tmp suffix.
     */
    if (rename(pathtmp, path) < 0)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode_for_file_access(),
                 errmsg("could not rename file \"%s\" to \"%s\": %m",
                        pathtmp, path)));
 
    /*
     * The basename of the file is what we return from pg_export_snapshot().
     * It's already in path in a textual format and we know that the path
     * starts with SNAPSHOT_EXPORT_DIR.  Skip over the prefix and the slash
     * and pstrdup it so as not to return the address of a local variable.
     */
    return pstrdup(path + strlen(SNAPSHOT_EXPORT_DIR) + 1);
}
 
/*
 * pg_export_snapshot
 *      SQL-callable wrapper for ExportSnapshot.
 */
Datum
pg_export_snapshot(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    char       *snapshotName;
 
    snapshotName = ExportSnapshot(GetActiveSnapshot());
    PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(snapshotName));
}
 
 
/*
 * Parsing subroutines for ImportSnapshot: parse a line with the given
 * prefix followed by a value, and advance *s to the next line.  The
 * filename is provided for use in error messages.
 */
static int
parseIntFromText(const char *prefix, char **s, const char *filename)
{
    char       *ptr = *s;
    int         prefixlen = strlen(prefix);
    int         val;
 
    if (strncmp(ptr, prefix, prefixlen) != 0)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
                 errmsg("invalid snapshot data in file \"%s\"", filename)));
    ptr += prefixlen;
    if (sscanf(ptr, "%d", &val) != 1)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
                 errmsg("invalid snapshot data in file \"%s\"", filename)));
    ptr = strchr(ptr, '\n');
    if (!ptr)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
                 errmsg("invalid snapshot data in file \"%s\"", filename)));
    *s = ptr + 1;
    return val;
}
 
static TransactionId
parseXidFromText(const char *prefix, char **s, const char *filename)
{
    char       *ptr = *s;
    int         prefixlen = strlen(prefix);
    TransactionId val;
 
    if (strncmp(ptr, prefix, prefixlen) != 0)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
                 errmsg("invalid snapshot data in file \"%s\"", filename)));
    ptr += prefixlen;
    if (sscanf(ptr, "%u", &val) != 1)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
                 errmsg("invalid snapshot data in file \"%s\"", filename)));
    ptr = strchr(ptr, '\n');
    if (!ptr)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
                 errmsg("invalid snapshot data in file \"%s\"", filename)));
    *s = ptr + 1;
    return val;
}
 
static void
parseVxidFromText(const char *prefix, char **s, const char *filename,
                  VirtualTransactionId *vxid)
{
    char       *ptr = *s;
    int         prefixlen = strlen(prefix);
 
    if (strncmp(ptr, prefix, prefixlen) != 0)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
                 errmsg("invalid snapshot data in file \"%s\"", filename)));
    ptr += prefixlen;
    if (sscanf(ptr, "%d/%u", &vxid->backendId, &vxid->localTransactionId) != 2)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
                 errmsg("invalid snapshot data in file \"%s\"", filename)));
    ptr = strchr(ptr, '\n');
    if (!ptr)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
                 errmsg("invalid snapshot data in file \"%s\"", filename)));
    *s = ptr + 1;
}
 
/*
 * ImportSnapshot
 *      Import a previously exported snapshot.  The argument should be a
 *      filename in SNAPSHOT_EXPORT_DIR.  Load the snapshot from that file.
 *      This is called by "SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT 'foo'".
 */
void
ImportSnapshot(const char *idstr)
{
    char        path[MAXPGPATH];
    FILE       *f;
    struct stat stat_buf;
    char       *filebuf;
    int         xcnt;
    int         i;
    VirtualTransactionId src_vxid;
    int         src_pid;
    Oid         src_dbid;
    int         src_isolevel;
    bool        src_readonly;
    SnapshotData snapshot;
 
    /*
     * Must be at top level of a fresh transaction.  Note in particular that
     * we check we haven't acquired an XID --- if we have, it's conceivable
     * that the snapshot would show it as not running, making for very screwy
     * behavior.
     */
    if (FirstSnapshotSet ||
        GetTopTransactionIdIfAny() != InvalidTransactionId ||
        IsSubTransaction())
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
                 errmsg("SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT must be called before any query")));
 
    /*
     * If we are in read committed mode then the next query would execute with
     * a new snapshot thus making this function call quite useless.
     */
    if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("a snapshot-importing transaction must have isolation level SERIALIZABLE or REPEATABLE READ")));
 
    /*
     * Verify the identifier: only 0-9, A-F and hyphens are allowed.  We do
     * this mainly to prevent reading arbitrary files.
     */
    if (strspn(idstr, "0123456789ABCDEF-") != strlen(idstr))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                 errmsg("invalid snapshot identifier: \"%s\"", idstr)));
 
    /* OK, read the file */
    snprintf(path, MAXPGPATH, SNAPSHOT_EXPORT_DIR "/%s", idstr);
 
    f = AllocateFile(path, PG_BINARY_R);
    if (!f)
    {
        /*
         * If file is missing while identifier has a correct format, avoid
         * system errors.
         */
        if (errno == ENOENT)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
                     errmsg("snapshot \"%s\" does not exist", idstr)));
        else
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode_for_file_access(),
                     errmsg("could not open file \"%s\" for reading: %m",
                            path)));
    }
 
    /* get the size of the file so that we know how much memory we need */
    if (fstat(fileno(f), &stat_buf))
        elog(ERROR, "could not stat file \"%s\": %m", path);
 
    /* and read the file into a palloc'd string */
    filebuf = (char *) palloc(stat_buf.st_size + 1);
    if (fread(filebuf, stat_buf.st_size, 1, f) != 1)
        elog(ERROR, "could not read file \"%s\": %m", path);
 
    filebuf[stat_buf.st_size] = '\0';
 
    FreeFile(f);
 
    /*
     * Construct a snapshot struct by parsing the file content.
     */
    memset(&snapshot, 0, sizeof(snapshot));
 
    parseVxidFromText("vxid:", &filebuf, path, &src_vxid);
    src_pid = parseIntFromText("pid:", &filebuf, path);
    /* we abuse parseXidFromText a bit here ... */
    src_dbid = parseXidFromText("dbid:", &filebuf, path);
    src_isolevel = parseIntFromText("iso:", &filebuf, path);
    src_readonly = parseIntFromText("ro:", &filebuf, path);
 
    snapshot.snapshot_type = SNAPSHOT_MVCC;
 
    snapshot.xmin = parseXidFromText("xmin:", &filebuf, path);
    snapshot.xmax = parseXidFromText("xmax:", &filebuf, path);
 
    snapshot.xcnt = xcnt = parseIntFromText("xcnt:", &filebuf, path);
 
    /* sanity-check the xid count before palloc */
    if (xcnt < 0 || xcnt > GetMaxSnapshotXidCount())
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
                 errmsg("invalid snapshot data in file \"%s\"", path)));
 
    snapshot.xip = (TransactionId *) palloc(xcnt * sizeof(TransactionId));
    for (i = 0; i < xcnt; i++)
        snapshot.xip[i] = parseXidFromText("xip:", &filebuf, path);
 
    snapshot.suboverflowed = parseIntFromText("sof:", &filebuf, path);
 
    if (!snapshot.suboverflowed)
    {
        snapshot.subxcnt = xcnt = parseIntFromText("sxcnt:", &filebuf, path);
 
        /* sanity-check the xid count before palloc */
        if (xcnt < 0 || xcnt > GetMaxSnapshotSubxidCount())
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
                     errmsg("invalid snapshot data in file \"%s\"", path)));
 
        snapshot.subxip = (TransactionId *) palloc(xcnt * sizeof(TransactionId));
        for (i = 0; i < xcnt; i++)
            snapshot.subxip[i] = parseXidFromText("sxp:", &filebuf, path);
    }
    else
    {
        snapshot.subxcnt = 0;
        snapshot.subxip = NULL;
    }
 
    snapshot.takenDuringRecovery = parseIntFromText("rec:", &filebuf, path);
 
    /*
     * Do some additional sanity checking, just to protect ourselves.  We
     * don't trouble to check the array elements, just the most critical
     * fields.
     */
    if (!VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(src_vxid) ||
        !OidIsValid(src_dbid) ||
        !TransactionIdIsNormal(snapshot.xmin) ||
        !TransactionIdIsNormal(snapshot.xmax))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
                 errmsg("invalid snapshot data in file \"%s\"", path)));
 
    /*
     * If we're serializable, the source transaction must be too, otherwise
     * predicate.c has problems (SxactGlobalXmin could go backwards).  Also, a
     * non-read-only transaction can't adopt a snapshot from a read-only
     * transaction, as predicate.c handles the cases very differently.
     */
    if (IsolationIsSerializable())
    {
        if (src_isolevel != XACT_SERIALIZABLE)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                     errmsg("a serializable transaction cannot import a snapshot from a non-serializable transaction")));
        if (src_readonly && !XactReadOnly)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                     errmsg("a non-read-only serializable transaction cannot import a snapshot from a read-only transaction")));
    }
 
    /*
     * We cannot import a snapshot that was taken in a different database,
     * because vacuum calculates OldestXmin on a per-database basis; so the
     * source transaction's xmin doesn't protect us from data loss.  This
     * restriction could be removed if the source transaction were to mark its
     * xmin as being globally applicable.  But that would require some
     * additional syntax, since that has to be known when the snapshot is
     * initially taken.  (See pgsql-hackers discussion of 2011-10-21.)
     */
    if (src_dbid != MyDatabaseId)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("cannot import a snapshot from a different database")));
 
    /* OK, install the snapshot */
    SetTransactionSnapshot(&snapshot, &src_vxid, src_pid, NULL);
}
 
/*
 * XactHasExportedSnapshots
 *      Test whether current transaction has exported any snapshots.
 */
bool
XactHasExportedSnapshots(void)
{
    return (exportedSnapshots != NIL);
}
 
/*
 * DeleteAllExportedSnapshotFiles
 *      Clean up any files that have been left behind by a crashed backend
 *      that had exported snapshots before it died.
 *
 * This should be called during database startup or crash recovery.
 */
void
DeleteAllExportedSnapshotFiles(void)
{
    char        buf[MAXPGPATH + sizeof(SNAPSHOT_EXPORT_DIR)];
    DIR        *s_dir;
    struct dirent *s_de;
 
    /*
     * Problems in reading the directory, or unlinking files, are reported at
     * LOG level.  Since we're running in the startup process, ERROR level
     * would prevent database start, and it's not important enough for that.
     */
    s_dir = AllocateDir(SNAPSHOT_EXPORT_DIR);
 
    while ((s_de = ReadDirExtended(s_dir, SNAPSHOT_EXPORT_DIR, LOG)) != NULL)
    {
        if (strcmp(s_de->d_name, ".") == 0 ||
            strcmp(s_de->d_name, "..") == 0)
            continue;
 
        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), SNAPSHOT_EXPORT_DIR "/%s", s_de->d_name);
 
        if (unlink(buf) != 0)
            ereport(LOG,
                    (errcode_for_file_access(),
                     errmsg("could not remove file \"%s\": %m", buf)));
    }
 
    FreeDir(s_dir);
}
 
/*
 * ThereAreNoPriorRegisteredSnapshots
 *      Is the registered snapshot count less than or equal to one?
 *
 * Don't use this to settle important decisions.  While zero registrations and
 * no ActiveSnapshot would confirm a certain idleness, the system makes no
 * guarantees about the significance of one registered snapshot.
 */
bool
ThereAreNoPriorRegisteredSnapshots(void)
{
    if (pairingheap_is_empty(&RegisteredSnapshots) ||
        pairingheap_is_singular(&RegisteredSnapshots))
        return true;
 
    return false;
}
 
/*
 * HaveRegisteredOrActiveSnapshot
 *      Is there any registered or active snapshot?
 *
 * NB: Unless pushed or active, the cached catalog snapshot will not cause
 * this function to return true. That allows this function to be used in
 * checks enforcing a longer-lived snapshot.
 */
bool
HaveRegisteredOrActiveSnapshot(void)
{
    if (ActiveSnapshot != NULL)
        return true;
 
    /*
     * The catalog snapshot is in RegisteredSnapshots when valid, but can be
     * removed at any time due to invalidation processing. If explicitly
     * registered more than one snapshot has to be in RegisteredSnapshots.
     */
    if (CatalogSnapshot != NULL &&
        pairingheap_is_singular(&RegisteredSnapshots))
        return false;
 
    return !pairingheap_is_empty(&RegisteredSnapshots);
}
 
 
/*
 * Setup a snapshot that replaces normal catalog snapshots that allows catalog
 * access to behave just like it did at a certain point in the past.
 *
 * Needed for logical decoding.
 */
void
SetupHistoricSnapshot(Snapshot historic_snapshot, HTAB *tuplecids)
{
    Assert(historic_snapshot != NULL);
 
    /* setup the timetravel snapshot */
    HistoricSnapshot = historic_snapshot;
 
    /* setup (cmin, cmax) lookup hash */
    tuplecid_data = tuplecids;
}
 
 
/*
 * Make catalog snapshots behave normally again.
 */
void
TeardownHistoricSnapshot(bool is_error)
{
    HistoricSnapshot = NULL;
    tuplecid_data = NULL;
}
 
bool
HistoricSnapshotActive(void)
{
    return HistoricSnapshot != NULL;
}
 
HTAB *
HistoricSnapshotGetTupleCids(void)
{
    Assert(HistoricSnapshotActive());
    return tuplecid_data;
}
 
/*
 * EstimateSnapshotSpace
 *      Returns the size needed to store the given snapshot.
 *
 * We are exporting only required fields from the Snapshot, stored in
 * SerializedSnapshotData.
 */
Size
EstimateSnapshotSpace(Snapshot snapshot)
{
    Size        size;
 
    Assert(snapshot != InvalidSnapshot);
    Assert(snapshot->snapshot_type == SNAPSHOT_MVCC);
 
    /* We allocate any XID arrays needed in the same palloc block. */
    size = add_size(sizeof(SerializedSnapshotData),
                    mul_size(snapshot->xcnt, sizeof(TransactionId)));
    if (snapshot->subxcnt > 0 &&
        (!snapshot->suboverflowed || snapshot->takenDuringRecovery))
        size = add_size(size,
                        mul_size(snapshot->subxcnt, sizeof(TransactionId)));
 
    return size;
}
 
/*
 * SerializeSnapshot
 *      Dumps the serialized snapshot (extracted from given snapshot) onto the
 *      memory location at start_address.
 */
void
SerializeSnapshot(Snapshot snapshot, char *start_address)
{
    SerializedSnapshotData serialized_snapshot;
 
    Assert(snapshot->subxcnt >= 0);
 
    /* Copy all required fields */
    serialized_snapshot.xmin = snapshot->xmin;
    serialized_snapshot.xmax = snapshot->xmax;
    serialized_snapshot.xcnt = snapshot->xcnt;
    serialized_snapshot.subxcnt = snapshot->subxcnt;
    serialized_snapshot.suboverflowed = snapshot->suboverflowed;
    serialized_snapshot.takenDuringRecovery = snapshot->takenDuringRecovery;
    serialized_snapshot.curcid = snapshot->curcid;
    serialized_snapshot.whenTaken = snapshot->whenTaken;
    serialized_snapshot.lsn = snapshot->lsn;
 
    /*
     * Ignore the SubXID array if it has overflowed, unless the snapshot was
     * taken during recovery - in that case, top-level XIDs are in subxip as
     * well, and we mustn't lose them.
     */
    if (serialized_snapshot.suboverflowed && !snapshot->takenDuringRecovery)
        serialized_snapshot.subxcnt = 0;
 
    /* Copy struct to possibly-unaligned buffer */
    memcpy(start_address,
           &serialized_snapshot, sizeof(SerializedSnapshotData));
 
    /* Copy XID array */
    if (snapshot->xcnt > 0)
        memcpy((TransactionId *) (start_address +
                                  sizeof(SerializedSnapshotData)),
               snapshot->xip, snapshot->xcnt * sizeof(TransactionId));
 
    /*
     * Copy SubXID array. Don't bother to copy it if it had overflowed,
     * though, because it's not used anywhere in that case. Except if it's a
     * snapshot taken during recovery; all the top-level XIDs are in subxip as
     * well in that case, so we mustn't lose them.
     */
    if (serialized_snapshot.subxcnt > 0)
    {
        Size        subxipoff = sizeof(SerializedSnapshotData) +
            snapshot->xcnt * sizeof(TransactionId);
 
        memcpy((TransactionId *) (start_address + subxipoff),
               snapshot->subxip, snapshot->subxcnt * sizeof(TransactionId));
    }
}
 
/*
 * RestoreSnapshot
 *      Restore a serialized snapshot from the specified address.
 *
 * The copy is palloc'd in TopTransactionContext and has initial refcounts set
 * to 0.  The returned snapshot has the copied flag set.
 */
Snapshot
RestoreSnapshot(char *start_address)
{
    SerializedSnapshotData serialized_snapshot;
    Size        size;
    Snapshot    snapshot;
    TransactionId *serialized_xids;
 
    memcpy(&serialized_snapshot, start_address,
           sizeof(SerializedSnapshotData));
    serialized_xids = (TransactionId *)
        (start_address + sizeof(SerializedSnapshotData));
 
    /* We allocate any XID arrays needed in the same palloc block. */
    size = sizeof(SnapshotData)
        + serialized_snapshot.xcnt * sizeof(TransactionId)
        + serialized_snapshot.subxcnt * sizeof(TransactionId);
 
    /* Copy all required fields */
    snapshot = (Snapshot) MemoryContextAlloc(TopTransactionContext, size);
    snapshot->snapshot_type = SNAPSHOT_MVCC;
    snapshot->xmin = serialized_snapshot.xmin;
    snapshot->xmax = serialized_snapshot.xmax;
    snapshot->xip = NULL;
    snapshot->xcnt = serialized_snapshot.xcnt;
    snapshot->subxip = NULL;
    snapshot->subxcnt = serialized_snapshot.subxcnt;
    snapshot->suboverflowed = serialized_snapshot.suboverflowed;
    snapshot->takenDuringRecovery = serialized_snapshot.takenDuringRecovery;
    snapshot->curcid = serialized_snapshot.curcid;
    snapshot->whenTaken = serialized_snapshot.whenTaken;
    snapshot->lsn = serialized_snapshot.lsn;
    snapshot->snapXactCompletionCount = 0;
 
    /* Copy XIDs, if present. */
    if (serialized_snapshot.xcnt > 0)
    {
        snapshot->xip = (TransactionId *) (snapshot + 1);
        memcpy(snapshot->xip, serialized_xids,
               serialized_snapshot.xcnt * sizeof(TransactionId));
    }
 
    /* Copy SubXIDs, if present. */
    if (serialized_snapshot.subxcnt > 0)
    {
        snapshot->subxip = ((TransactionId *) (snapshot + 1)) +
            serialized_snapshot.xcnt;
        memcpy(snapshot->subxip, serialized_xids + serialized_snapshot.xcnt,
               serialized_snapshot.subxcnt * sizeof(TransactionId));
    }
 
    /* Set the copied flag so that the caller will set refcounts correctly. */
    snapshot->regd_count = 0;
    snapshot->active_count = 0;
    snapshot->copied = true;
 
    return snapshot;
}
 
/*
 * Install a restored snapshot as the transaction snapshot.
 *
 * The second argument is of type void * so that snapmgr.h need not include
 * the declaration for PGPROC.
 */
void
RestoreTransactionSnapshot(Snapshot snapshot, void *source_pgproc)
{
    SetTransactionSnapshot(snapshot, NULL, InvalidPid, source_pgproc);
}
 
/*
 * XidInMVCCSnapshot
 *      Is the given XID still-in-progress according to the snapshot?
 *
 * Note: GetSnapshotData never stores either top xid or subxids of our own
 * backend into a snapshot, so these xids will not be reported as "running"
 * by this function.  This is OK for current uses, because we always check
 * TransactionIdIsCurrentTransactionId first, except when it's known the
 * XID could not be ours anyway.
 */
bool
XidInMVCCSnapshot(TransactionId xid, Snapshot snapshot)
{
    /*
     * Make a quick range check to eliminate most XIDs without looking at the
     * xip arrays.  Note that this is OK even if we convert a subxact XID to
     * its parent below, because a subxact with XID < xmin has surely also got
     * a parent with XID < xmin, while one with XID >= xmax must belong to a
     * parent that was not yet committed at the time of this snapshot.
     */
 
    /* Any xid < xmin is not in-progress */
    if (TransactionIdPrecedes(xid, snapshot->xmin))
        return false;
    /* Any xid >= xmax is in-progress */
    if (TransactionIdFollowsOrEquals(xid, snapshot->xmax))
        return true;
 
    /*
     * Snapshot information is stored slightly differently in snapshots taken
     * during recovery.
     */
    if (!snapshot->takenDuringRecovery)
    {
        /*
         * If the snapshot contains full subxact data, the fastest way to
         * check things is just to compare the given XID against both subxact
         * XIDs and top-level XIDs.  If the snapshot overflowed, we have to
         * use pg_subtrans to convert a subxact XID to its parent XID, but
         * then we need only look at top-level XIDs not subxacts.
         */
        if (!snapshot->suboverflowed)
        {
            /* we have full data, so search subxip */
            if (pg_lfind32(xid, snapshot->subxip, snapshot->subxcnt))
                return true;
 
            /* not there, fall through to search xip[] */
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * Snapshot overflowed, so convert xid to top-level.  This is safe
             * because we eliminated too-old XIDs above.
             */
            xid = SubTransGetTopmostTransaction(xid);
 
            /*
             * If xid was indeed a subxact, we might now have an xid < xmin,
             * so recheck to avoid an array scan.  No point in rechecking
             * xmax.
             */
            if (TransactionIdPrecedes(xid, snapshot->xmin))
                return false;
        }
 
        if (pg_lfind32(xid, snapshot->xip, snapshot->xcnt))
            return true;
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * In recovery we store all xids in the subxip array because it is by
         * far the bigger array, and we mostly don't know which xids are
         * top-level and which are subxacts. The xip array is empty.
         *
         * We start by searching subtrans, if we overflowed.
         */
        if (snapshot->suboverflowed)
        {
            /*
             * Snapshot overflowed, so convert xid to top-level.  This is safe
             * because we eliminated too-old XIDs above.
             */
            xid = SubTransGetTopmostTransaction(xid);
 
            /*
             * If xid was indeed a subxact, we might now have an xid < xmin,
             * so recheck to avoid an array scan.  No point in rechecking
             * xmax.
             */
            if (TransactionIdPrecedes(xid, snapshot->xmin))
                return false;
        }
 
        /*
         * We now have either a top-level xid higher than xmin or an
         * indeterminate xid. We don't know whether it's top level or subxact
         * but it doesn't matter. If it's present, the xid is visible.
         */
        if (pg_lfind32(xid, snapshot->subxip, snapshot->subxcnt))
            return true;
    }
 
    return false;
}