reindexdb.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * reindexdb
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 *
 * src/bin/scripts/reindexdb.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
 
#include "postgres_fe.h"
 
#include <limits.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
#include "catalog/pg_class_d.h"
#include "common.h"
#include "common/logging.h"
#include "fe_utils/cancel.h"
#include "fe_utils/option_utils.h"
#include "fe_utils/parallel_slot.h"
#include "fe_utils/query_utils.h"
#include "fe_utils/simple_list.h"
#include "fe_utils/string_utils.h"
 
typedef enum ReindexType
{
    REINDEX_DATABASE,
    REINDEX_INDEX,
    REINDEX_SCHEMA,
    REINDEX_SYSTEM,
    REINDEX_TABLE,
} ReindexType;
 
 
static SimpleStringList *get_parallel_tables_list(PGconn *conn,
                                                  ReindexType type,
                                                  SimpleStringList *user_list,
                                                  bool echo);
static void get_parallel_tabidx_list(PGconn *conn,
                                     SimpleStringList *index_list,
                                     SimpleOidList **table_list,
                                     bool echo);
static void reindex_one_database(ConnParams *cparams, ReindexType type,
                                 SimpleStringList *user_list,
                                 const char *progname,
                                 bool echo, bool verbose, bool concurrently,
                                 int concurrentCons, const char *tablespace);
static void reindex_all_databases(ConnParams *cparams,
                                  const char *progname, bool echo,
                                  bool quiet, bool verbose, bool concurrently,
                                  int concurrentCons, const char *tablespace,
                                  bool syscatalog, SimpleStringList *schemas,
                                  SimpleStringList *tables,
                                  SimpleStringList *indexes);
static void gen_reindex_command(PGconn *conn, ReindexType type,
                                const char *name, bool echo, bool verbose,
                                bool concurrently, const char *tablespace,
                                PQExpBufferData *sql);
static void run_reindex_command(PGconn *conn, ReindexType type,
                                const char *name, bool echo,
                                PQExpBufferData *sql);
 
static void help(const char *progname);
 
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    static struct option long_options[] = {
        {"host", required_argument, NULL, 'h'},
        {"port", required_argument, NULL, 'p'},
        {"username", required_argument, NULL, 'U'},
        {"no-password", no_argument, NULL, 'w'},
        {"password", no_argument, NULL, 'W'},
        {"echo", no_argument, NULL, 'e'},
        {"quiet", no_argument, NULL, 'q'},
        {"schema", required_argument, NULL, 'S'},
        {"dbname", required_argument, NULL, 'd'},
        {"all", no_argument, NULL, 'a'},
        {"system", no_argument, NULL, 's'},
        {"table", required_argument, NULL, 't'},
        {"index", required_argument, NULL, 'i'},
        {"jobs", required_argument, NULL, 'j'},
        {"verbose", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
        {"concurrently", no_argument, NULL, 1},
        {"maintenance-db", required_argument, NULL, 2},
        {"tablespace", required_argument, NULL, 3},
        {NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
    };
 
    const char *progname;
    int         optindex;
    int         c;
 
    const char *dbname = NULL;
    const char *maintenance_db = NULL;
    const char *host = NULL;
    const char *port = NULL;
    const char *username = NULL;
    const char *tablespace = NULL;
    enum trivalue prompt_password = TRI_DEFAULT;
    ConnParams  cparams;
    bool        syscatalog = false;
    bool        alldb = false;
    bool        echo = false;
    bool        quiet = false;
    bool        verbose = false;
    bool        concurrently = false;
    SimpleStringList indexes = {NULL, NULL};
    SimpleStringList tables = {NULL, NULL};
    SimpleStringList schemas = {NULL, NULL};
    int         concurrentCons = 1;
 
    pg_logging_init(argv[0]);
    progname = get_progname(argv[0]);
    set_pglocale_pgservice(argv[0], PG_TEXTDOMAIN("pgscripts"));
 
    handle_help_version_opts(argc, argv, "reindexdb", help);
 
    /* process command-line options */
    while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "ad:eh:i:j:qp:sS:t:U:vwW", long_options, &optindex)) != -1)
    {
        switch (c)
        {
            case 'a':
                alldb = true;
                break;
            case 'd':
                dbname = pg_strdup(optarg);
                break;
            case 'e':
                echo = true;
                break;
            case 'h':
                host = pg_strdup(optarg);
                break;
            case 'i':
                simple_string_list_append(&indexes, optarg);
                break;
            case 'j':
                if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-j/--jobs", 1, INT_MAX,
                                      &concurrentCons))
                    exit(1);
                break;
            case 'q':
                quiet = true;
                break;
            case 'p':
                port = pg_strdup(optarg);
                break;
            case 's':
                syscatalog = true;
                break;
            case 'S':
                simple_string_list_append(&schemas, optarg);
                break;
            case 't':
                simple_string_list_append(&tables, optarg);
                break;
            case 'U':
                username = pg_strdup(optarg);
                break;
            case 'v':
                verbose = true;
                break;
            case 'w':
                prompt_password = TRI_NO;
                break;
            case 'W':
                prompt_password = TRI_YES;
                break;
            case 1:
                concurrently = true;
                break;
            case 2:
                maintenance_db = pg_strdup(optarg);
                break;
            case 3:
                tablespace = pg_strdup(optarg);
                break;
            default:
                /* getopt_long already emitted a complaint */
                pg_log_error_hint("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.", progname);
                exit(1);
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * Non-option argument specifies database name as long as it wasn't
     * already specified with -d / --dbname
     */
    if (optind < argc && dbname == NULL)
    {
        dbname = argv[optind];
        optind++;
    }
 
    if (optind < argc)
    {
        pg_log_error("too many command-line arguments (first is \"%s\")",
                     argv[optind]);
        pg_log_error_hint("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.", progname);
        exit(1);
    }
 
    /* fill cparams except for dbname, which is set below */
    cparams.pghost = host;
    cparams.pgport = port;
    cparams.pguser = username;
    cparams.prompt_password = prompt_password;
    cparams.override_dbname = NULL;
 
    setup_cancel_handler(NULL);
 
    if (concurrentCons > 1 && syscatalog)
        pg_fatal("cannot use multiple jobs to reindex system catalogs");
 
    if (alldb)
    {
        if (dbname)
            pg_fatal("cannot reindex all databases and a specific one at the same time");
 
        cparams.dbname = maintenance_db;
 
        reindex_all_databases(&cparams, progname, echo, quiet, verbose,
                              concurrently, concurrentCons, tablespace,
                              syscatalog, &schemas, &tables, &indexes);
    }
    else
    {
        if (dbname == NULL)
        {
            if (getenv("PGDATABASE"))
                dbname = getenv("PGDATABASE");
            else if (getenv("PGUSER"))
                dbname = getenv("PGUSER");
            else
                dbname = get_user_name_or_exit(progname);
        }
 
        cparams.dbname = dbname;
 
        if (syscatalog)
            reindex_one_database(&cparams, REINDEX_SYSTEM, NULL,
                                 progname, echo, verbose,
                                 concurrently, 1, tablespace);
 
        if (schemas.head != NULL)
            reindex_one_database(&cparams, REINDEX_SCHEMA, &schemas,
                                 progname, echo, verbose,
                                 concurrently, concurrentCons, tablespace);
 
        if (indexes.head != NULL)
            reindex_one_database(&cparams, REINDEX_INDEX, &indexes,
                                 progname, echo, verbose,
                                 concurrently, concurrentCons, tablespace);
 
        if (tables.head != NULL)
            reindex_one_database(&cparams, REINDEX_TABLE, &tables,
                                 progname, echo, verbose,
                                 concurrently, concurrentCons, tablespace);
 
        /*
         * reindex database only if neither index nor table nor schema nor
         * system catalogs is specified
         */
        if (!syscatalog && indexes.head == NULL &&
            tables.head == NULL && schemas.head == NULL)
            reindex_one_database(&cparams, REINDEX_DATABASE, NULL,
                                 progname, echo, verbose,
                                 concurrently, concurrentCons, tablespace);
    }
 
    exit(0);
}
 
static void
reindex_one_database(ConnParams *cparams, ReindexType type,
                     SimpleStringList *user_list,
                     const char *progname, bool echo,
                     bool verbose, bool concurrently, int concurrentCons,
                     const char *tablespace)
{
    PGconn     *conn;
    SimpleStringListCell *cell;
    SimpleOidListCell *indices_tables_cell = NULL;
    bool        parallel = concurrentCons > 1;
    SimpleStringList *process_list = NULL;
    SimpleOidList *tableoid_list = NULL;
    ReindexType process_type = type;
    ParallelSlotArray *sa;
    bool        failed = false;
    int         items_count = 0;
    ParallelSlot *free_slot = NULL;
 
    conn = connectDatabase(cparams, progname, echo, false, true);
 
    if (concurrently && PQserverVersion(conn) < 120000)
    {
        PQfinish(conn);
        pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
                 "concurrently", "12");
    }
 
    if (tablespace && PQserverVersion(conn) < 140000)
    {
        PQfinish(conn);
        pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
                 "tablespace", "14");
    }
 
    if (!parallel)
    {
        switch (process_type)
        {
            case REINDEX_DATABASE:
            case REINDEX_SYSTEM:
 
                /*
                 * Database and system reindexes only need to work on the
                 * database itself, so build a list with a single entry.
                 */
                Assert(user_list == NULL);
                process_list = pg_malloc0(sizeof(SimpleStringList));
                simple_string_list_append(process_list, PQdb(conn));
                break;
 
            case REINDEX_INDEX:
            case REINDEX_SCHEMA:
            case REINDEX_TABLE:
                process_list = user_list;
                Assert(user_list != NULL);
                break;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        switch (process_type)
        {
            case REINDEX_SCHEMA:
                Assert(user_list != NULL);
                /* fall through */
 
            case REINDEX_DATABASE:
 
                /* Build a list of relations from the database */
                process_list = get_parallel_tables_list(conn, process_type,
                                                        user_list, echo);
                process_type = REINDEX_TABLE;
 
                /* Bail out if nothing to process */
                if (process_list == NULL)
                {
                    PQfinish(conn);
                    return;
                }
                break;
 
            case REINDEX_INDEX:
                Assert(user_list != NULL);
 
                /*
                 * Generate a list of indexes and a matching list of table
                 * OIDs, based on the user-specified index names.
                 */
                get_parallel_tabidx_list(conn, user_list, &tableoid_list,
                                         echo);
 
                /* Bail out if nothing to process */
                if (tableoid_list == NULL)
                {
                    PQfinish(conn);
                    return;
                }
 
                indices_tables_cell = tableoid_list->head;
                process_list = user_list;
                break;
 
            case REINDEX_SYSTEM:
                /* not supported */
                process_list = NULL;
                Assert(false);
                break;
 
            case REINDEX_TABLE:
                process_list = user_list;
                break;
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * Adjust the number of concurrent connections depending on the items in
     * the list.  We choose the minimum between the number of concurrent
     * connections and the number of items in the list.
     */
    items_count = 0;
    for (cell = process_list->head; cell; cell = cell->next)
    {
        items_count++;
 
        /* no need to continue if there are more elements than jobs */
        if (items_count >= concurrentCons)
            break;
    }
    concurrentCons = Min(concurrentCons, items_count);
    Assert(concurrentCons > 0);
 
    Assert(process_list != NULL);
 
    sa = ParallelSlotsSetup(concurrentCons, cparams, progname, echo, NULL);
    ParallelSlotsAdoptConn(sa, conn);
    conn = NULL;
 
    cell = process_list->head;
    do
    {
        PQExpBufferData sql;
        const char *objname = cell->val;
 
        if (CancelRequested)
        {
            failed = true;
            goto finish;
        }
 
        free_slot = ParallelSlotsGetIdle(sa, NULL);
        if (!free_slot)
        {
            failed = true;
            goto finish;
        }
 
        ParallelSlotSetHandler(free_slot, TableCommandResultHandler, NULL);
        initPQExpBuffer(&sql);
        if (parallel && process_type == REINDEX_INDEX)
        {
            /*
             * For parallel index-level REINDEX, the indices of the same table
             * are ordered together and they are to be processed by the same
             * job.  So, we put all the relevant REINDEX commands into the
             * same SQL query to be processed by this job at once.
             */
            gen_reindex_command(free_slot->connection, process_type, objname,
                                echo, verbose, concurrently, tablespace, &sql);
            while (indices_tables_cell->next &&
                   indices_tables_cell->val == indices_tables_cell->next->val)
            {
                indices_tables_cell = indices_tables_cell->next;
                cell = cell->next;
                objname = cell->val;
                appendPQExpBufferChar(&sql, '\n');
                gen_reindex_command(free_slot->connection, process_type, objname,
                                    echo, verbose, concurrently, tablespace, &sql);
            }
            indices_tables_cell = indices_tables_cell->next;
        }
        else
        {
            gen_reindex_command(free_slot->connection, process_type, objname,
                                echo, verbose, concurrently, tablespace, &sql);
        }
        run_reindex_command(free_slot->connection, process_type, objname,
                            echo, &sql);
        termPQExpBuffer(&sql);
 
        cell = cell->next;
    } while (cell != NULL);
 
    if (!ParallelSlotsWaitCompletion(sa))
        failed = true;
 
finish:
    if (process_list != user_list)
    {
        simple_string_list_destroy(process_list);
        pg_free(process_list);
    }
 
    if (tableoid_list)
    {
        simple_oid_list_destroy(tableoid_list);
        pg_free(tableoid_list);
    }
 
    ParallelSlotsTerminate(sa);
    pfree(sa);
 
    if (failed)
        exit(1);
}
 
/*
 * Append a SQL command required to reindex a given database object to the
 * '*sql' string.
 */
static void
gen_reindex_command(PGconn *conn, ReindexType type, const char *name,
                    bool echo, bool verbose, bool concurrently,
                    const char *tablespace, PQExpBufferData *sql)
{
    const char *paren = "(";
    const char *comma = ", ";
    const char *sep = paren;
 
    Assert(name);
 
    /* build the REINDEX query */
    appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, "REINDEX ");
 
    if (verbose)
    {
        appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sVERBOSE", sep);
        sep = comma;
    }
 
    if (tablespace)
    {
        appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sTABLESPACE %s", sep,
                          fmtIdEnc(tablespace, PQclientEncoding(conn)));
        sep = comma;
    }
 
    if (sep != paren)
        appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, ") ");
 
    /* object type */
    switch (type)
    {
        case REINDEX_DATABASE:
            appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, "DATABASE ");
            break;
        case REINDEX_INDEX:
            appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, "INDEX ");
            break;
        case REINDEX_SCHEMA:
            appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, "SCHEMA ");
            break;
        case REINDEX_SYSTEM:
            appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, "SYSTEM ");
            break;
        case REINDEX_TABLE:
            appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, "TABLE ");
            break;
    }
 
    /*
     * Parenthesized grammar is only supported for CONCURRENTLY since
     * PostgreSQL 14.  Since 12, CONCURRENTLY can be specified after the
     * object type.
     */
    if (concurrently)
        appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, "CONCURRENTLY ");
 
    /* object name */
    switch (type)
    {
        case REINDEX_DATABASE:
        case REINDEX_SYSTEM:
            appendPQExpBufferStr(sql,
                                 fmtIdEnc(name, PQclientEncoding(conn)));
            break;
        case REINDEX_INDEX:
        case REINDEX_TABLE:
            appendQualifiedRelation(sql, name, conn, echo);
            break;
        case REINDEX_SCHEMA:
            appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, name);
            break;
    }
 
    /* finish the query */
    appendPQExpBufferChar(sql, ';');
}
 
/*
 * Run one or more reindex commands accumulated in the '*sql' string against
 * a given database connection.
 */
static void
run_reindex_command(PGconn *conn, ReindexType type, const char *name,
                    bool echo, PQExpBufferData *sql)
{
    bool        status;
 
    if (echo)
        printf("%s\n", sql->data);
 
    status = PQsendQuery(conn, sql->data) == 1;
 
    if (!status)
    {
        switch (type)
        {
            case REINDEX_DATABASE:
                pg_log_error("reindexing of database \"%s\" failed: %s",
                             PQdb(conn), PQerrorMessage(conn));
                break;
            case REINDEX_INDEX:
                pg_log_error("reindexing of index \"%s\" in database \"%s\" failed: %s",
                             name, PQdb(conn), PQerrorMessage(conn));
                break;
            case REINDEX_SCHEMA:
                pg_log_error("reindexing of schema \"%s\" in database \"%s\" failed: %s",
                             name, PQdb(conn), PQerrorMessage(conn));
                break;
            case REINDEX_SYSTEM:
                pg_log_error("reindexing of system catalogs in database \"%s\" failed: %s",
                             PQdb(conn), PQerrorMessage(conn));
                break;
            case REINDEX_TABLE:
                pg_log_error("reindexing of table \"%s\" in database \"%s\" failed: %s",
                             name, PQdb(conn), PQerrorMessage(conn));
                break;
        }
    }
}
 
/*
 * Prepare the list of tables to process by querying the catalogs.
 *
 * This function will return a SimpleStringList object containing the entire
 * list of tables in the given database that should be processed by a parallel
 * database-wide reindex (excluding system tables), or NULL if there's no such
 * table.
 */
static SimpleStringList *
get_parallel_tables_list(PGconn *conn, ReindexType type,
                         SimpleStringList *user_list, bool echo)
{
    PQExpBufferData catalog_query;
    PGresult   *res;
    SimpleStringList *tables;
    int         ntups;
 
    initPQExpBuffer(&catalog_query);
 
    /*
     * The queries here are using a safe search_path, so there's no need to
     * fully qualify everything.
     */
    switch (type)
    {
        case REINDEX_DATABASE:
            Assert(user_list == NULL);
            appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
                                 "SELECT c.relname, ns.nspname\n"
                                 " FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n"
                                 " JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace ns"
                                 " ON c.relnamespace = ns.oid\n"
                                 " WHERE ns.nspname != 'pg_catalog'\n"
                                 "   AND c.relkind IN ("
                                 CppAsString2(RELKIND_RELATION) ", "
                                 CppAsString2(RELKIND_MATVIEW) ")\n"
                                 "   AND c.relpersistence != "
                                 CppAsString2(RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP) "\n"
                                 " ORDER BY c.relpages DESC;");
            break;
 
        case REINDEX_SCHEMA:
            {
                SimpleStringListCell *cell;
 
                Assert(user_list != NULL);
 
                /*
                 * All the tables from all the listed schemas are grabbed at
                 * once.
                 */
                appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
                                     "SELECT c.relname, ns.nspname\n"
                                     " FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n"
                                     " JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace ns"
                                     " ON c.relnamespace = ns.oid\n"
                                     " WHERE c.relkind IN ("
                                     CppAsString2(RELKIND_RELATION) ", "
                                     CppAsString2(RELKIND_MATVIEW) ")\n"
                                     "   AND c.relpersistence != "
                                     CppAsString2(RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP) "\n"
                                     " AND ns.nspname IN (");
 
                for (cell = user_list->head; cell; cell = cell->next)
                {
                    if (cell != user_list->head)
                        appendPQExpBufferChar(&catalog_query, ',');
 
                    appendStringLiteralConn(&catalog_query, cell->val, conn);
                }
 
                appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, ")\n"
                                     " ORDER BY c.relpages DESC;");
            }
            break;
 
        case REINDEX_INDEX:
        case REINDEX_SYSTEM:
        case REINDEX_TABLE:
            Assert(false);
            break;
    }
 
    res = executeQuery(conn, catalog_query.data, echo);
    termPQExpBuffer(&catalog_query);
 
    /*
     * If no rows are returned, there are no matching tables, so we are done.
     */
    ntups = PQntuples(res);
    if (ntups == 0)
    {
        PQclear(res);
        return NULL;
    }
 
    tables = pg_malloc0(sizeof(SimpleStringList));
 
    /* Build qualified identifiers for each table */
    for (int i = 0; i < ntups; i++)
    {
        simple_string_list_append(tables,
                                  fmtQualifiedIdEnc(PQgetvalue(res, i, 1),
                                                    PQgetvalue(res, i, 0),
                                                    PQclientEncoding(conn)));
    }
    PQclear(res);
 
    return tables;
}
 
/*
 * Given a user-specified list of indexes, prepare a matching list
 * indexes to process, and also a matching list of table OIDs to which each
 * index belongs.  The latter is needed to avoid scheduling two parallel tasks
 * with concurrent reindexing of indexes on the same table.
 *
 * On input, index_list is the user-specified index list.  table_list is an
 * output argument which is filled with a list of the tables to process; on
 * output, index_list is a matching reordered list of indexes.  Caller is
 * supposed to walk both lists in unison.  Both pointers will be NULL if
 * there's nothing to process.
 */
static void
get_parallel_tabidx_list(PGconn *conn,
                         SimpleStringList *index_list,
                         SimpleOidList **table_list,
                         bool echo)
{
    PQExpBufferData catalog_query;
    PGresult   *res;
    SimpleStringListCell *cell;
    int         ntups;
 
    Assert(index_list != NULL);
 
    initPQExpBuffer(&catalog_query);
 
    /*
     * The queries here are using a safe search_path, so there's no need to
     * fully qualify everything.
     */
 
    /*
     * We cannot use REINDEX in parallel in a straightforward way, because
     * we'd be unable to control concurrent processing of multiple indexes on
     * the same table.  But we can extract the table OID together with each
     * index, so that we can send all the REINDEX INDEX commands for the same
     * table together on one parallel job.
     */
    appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
                         "SELECT x.indrelid, n.nspname, i.relname\n"
                         "FROM pg_catalog.pg_index x\n"
                         "JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class i ON i.oid = x.indexrelid\n"
                         "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = i.relnamespace\n"
                         "WHERE x.indexrelid = ANY(ARRAY['");
 
    for (cell = index_list->head; cell; cell = cell->next)
    {
        if (cell != index_list->head)
            appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "', '");
 
        appendQualifiedRelation(&catalog_query, cell->val, conn, echo);
    }
 
    /*
     * We want all indexes of the same table together.  Order tables by the
     * size of its greatest index.  Within each table, order indexes by size.
     */
    appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
                         "']::pg_catalog.regclass[])\n"
                         "ORDER BY max(i.relpages) OVER \n"
                         "    (PARTITION BY x.indrelid),\n"
                         "  x.indrelid, i.relpages;\n");
 
    /* Empty the original index_list to fill it from the query result. */
    simple_string_list_destroy(index_list);
    index_list->head = index_list->tail = NULL;
 
    res = executeQuery(conn, catalog_query.data, echo);
    termPQExpBuffer(&catalog_query);
 
    /*
     * If no rows are returned, there are no matching tables, so we are done.
     */
    ntups = PQntuples(res);
    if (ntups == 0)
    {
        PQclear(res);
        return;
    }
 
    *table_list = pg_malloc0(sizeof(SimpleOidList));
 
    /*
     * Build two lists, one with table OIDs and the other with fully-qualified
     * index names.
     */
    for (int i = 0; i < ntups; i++)
    {
        simple_oid_list_append(*table_list, atooid(PQgetvalue(res, i, 0)));
        simple_string_list_append(index_list,
                                  fmtQualifiedIdEnc(PQgetvalue(res, i, 1),
                                                    PQgetvalue(res, i, 2),
                                                    PQclientEncoding(conn)));
    }
 
    PQclear(res);
}
 
static void
reindex_all_databases(ConnParams *cparams,
                      const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet, bool verbose,
                      bool concurrently, int concurrentCons,
                      const char *tablespace, bool syscatalog,
                      SimpleStringList *schemas, SimpleStringList *tables,
                      SimpleStringList *indexes)
{
    PGconn     *conn;
    PGresult   *result;
    int         i;
 
    conn = connectMaintenanceDatabase(cparams, progname, echo);
    result = executeQuery(conn,
                          "SELECT datname FROM pg_database WHERE datallowconn AND datconnlimit <> -2 ORDER BY 1;",
                          echo);
    PQfinish(conn);
 
    for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(result); i++)
    {
        char       *dbname = PQgetvalue(result, i, 0);
 
        if (!quiet)
        {
            printf(_("%s: reindexing database \"%s\"\n"), progname, dbname);
            fflush(stdout);
        }
 
        cparams->override_dbname = dbname;
 
        if (syscatalog)
            reindex_one_database(cparams, REINDEX_SYSTEM, NULL,
                                 progname, echo, verbose,
                                 concurrently, 1, tablespace);
 
        if (schemas->head != NULL)
            reindex_one_database(cparams, REINDEX_SCHEMA, schemas,
                                 progname, echo, verbose,
                                 concurrently, concurrentCons, tablespace);
 
        if (indexes->head != NULL)
            reindex_one_database(cparams, REINDEX_INDEX, indexes,
                                 progname, echo, verbose,
                                 concurrently, 1, tablespace);
 
        if (tables->head != NULL)
            reindex_one_database(cparams, REINDEX_TABLE, tables,
                                 progname, echo, verbose,
                                 concurrently, concurrentCons, tablespace);
 
        /*
         * reindex database only if neither index nor table nor schema nor
         * system catalogs is specified
         */
        if (!syscatalog && indexes->head == NULL &&
            tables->head == NULL && schemas->head == NULL)
            reindex_one_database(cparams, REINDEX_DATABASE, NULL,
                                 progname, echo, verbose,
                                 concurrently, concurrentCons, tablespace);
    }
 
    PQclear(result);
}
 
static void
help(const char *progname)
{
    printf(_("%s reindexes a PostgreSQL database.\n\n"), progname);
    printf(_("Usage:\n"));
    printf(_("  %s [OPTION]... [DBNAME]\n"), progname);
    printf(_("\nOptions:\n"));
    printf(_("  -a, --all                    reindex all databases\n"));
    printf(_("      --concurrently           reindex concurrently\n"));
    printf(_("  -d, --dbname=DBNAME          database to reindex\n"));
    printf(_("  -e, --echo                   show the commands being sent to the server\n"));
    printf(_("  -i, --index=INDEX            recreate specific index(es) only\n"));
    printf(_("  -j, --jobs=NUM               use this many concurrent connections to reindex\n"));
    printf(_("  -q, --quiet                  don't write any messages\n"));
    printf(_("  -s, --system                 reindex system catalogs only\n"));
    printf(_("  -S, --schema=SCHEMA          reindex specific schema(s) only\n"));
    printf(_("  -t, --table=TABLE            reindex specific table(s) only\n"));
    printf(_("      --tablespace=TABLESPACE  tablespace where indexes are rebuilt\n"));
    printf(_("  -v, --verbose                write a lot of output\n"));
    printf(_("  -V, --version                output version information, then exit\n"));
    printf(_("  -?, --help                   show this help, then exit\n"));
    printf(_("\nConnection options:\n"));
    printf(_("  -h, --host=HOSTNAME          database server host or socket directory\n"));
    printf(_("  -p, --port=PORT              database server port\n"));
    printf(_("  -U, --username=USERNAME      user name to connect as\n"));
    printf(_("  -w, --no-password            never prompt for password\n"));
    printf(_("  -W, --password               force password prompt\n"));
    printf(_("  --maintenance-db=DBNAME      alternate maintenance database\n"));
    printf(_("\nRead the description of the SQL command REINDEX for details.\n"));
    printf(_("\nReport bugs to <%s>.\n"), PACKAGE_BUGREPORT);
    printf(_("%s home page: <%s>\n"), PACKAGE_NAME, PACKAGE_URL);
}