parse_type.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * parse_type.c
 *      handle type operations for parser
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/parser/parse_type.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include "access/htup_details.h"
#include "catalog/namespace.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "lib/stringinfo.h"
#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "parser/parse_type.h"
#include "parser/parser.h"
#include "utils/array.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"
 
static int32 typenameTypeMod(ParseState *pstate, const TypeName *typeName,
                             Type typ);
 
 
/*
 * LookupTypeName
 *      Wrapper for typical case.
 */
Type
LookupTypeName(ParseState *pstate, const TypeName *typeName,
               int32 *typmod_p, bool missing_ok)
{
    return LookupTypeNameExtended(pstate,
                                  typeName, typmod_p, true, missing_ok);
}
 
/*
 * LookupTypeNameExtended
 *      Given a TypeName object, lookup the pg_type syscache entry of the type.
 *      Returns NULL if no such type can be found.  If the type is found,
 *      the typmod value represented in the TypeName struct is computed and
 *      stored into *typmod_p.
 *
 * NB: on success, the caller must ReleaseSysCache the type tuple when done
 * with it.
 *
 * NB: direct callers of this function MUST check typisdefined before assuming
 * that the type is fully valid.  Most code should go through typenameType
 * or typenameTypeId instead.
 *
 * typmod_p can be passed as NULL if the caller does not care to know the
 * typmod value, but the typmod decoration (if any) will be validated anyway,
 * except in the case where the type is not found.  Note that if the type is
 * found but is a shell, and there is typmod decoration, an error will be
 * thrown --- this is intentional.
 *
 * If temp_ok is false, ignore types in the temporary namespace.  Pass false
 * when the caller will decide, using goodness of fit criteria, whether the
 * typeName is actually a type or something else.  If typeName always denotes
 * a type (or denotes nothing), pass true.
 *
 * pstate is only used for error location info, and may be NULL.
 */
Type
LookupTypeNameExtended(ParseState *pstate,
                       const TypeName *typeName, int32 *typmod_p,
                       bool temp_ok, bool missing_ok)
{
    Oid         typoid;
    HeapTuple   tup;
    int32       typmod;
 
    if (typeName->names == NIL)
    {
        /* We have the OID already if it's an internally generated TypeName */
        typoid = typeName->typeOid;
    }
    else if (typeName->pct_type)
    {
        /* Handle %TYPE reference to type of an existing field */
        RangeVar   *rel = makeRangeVar(NULL, NULL, typeName->location);
        char       *field = NULL;
        Oid         relid;
        AttrNumber  attnum;
 
        /* deconstruct the name list */
        switch (list_length(typeName->names))
        {
            case 1:
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                         errmsg("improper %%TYPE reference (too few dotted names): %s",
                                NameListToString(typeName->names)),
                         parser_errposition(pstate, typeName->location)));
                break;
            case 2:
                rel->relname = strVal(linitial(typeName->names));
                field = strVal(lsecond(typeName->names));
                break;
            case 3:
                rel->schemaname = strVal(linitial(typeName->names));
                rel->relname = strVal(lsecond(typeName->names));
                field = strVal(lthird(typeName->names));
                break;
            case 4:
                rel->catalogname = strVal(linitial(typeName->names));
                rel->schemaname = strVal(lsecond(typeName->names));
                rel->relname = strVal(lthird(typeName->names));
                field = strVal(lfourth(typeName->names));
                break;
            default:
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                         errmsg("improper %%TYPE reference (too many dotted names): %s",
                                NameListToString(typeName->names)),
                         parser_errposition(pstate, typeName->location)));
                break;
        }
 
        /*
         * Look up the field.
         *
         * XXX: As no lock is taken here, this might fail in the presence of
         * concurrent DDL.  But taking a lock would carry a performance
         * penalty and would also require a permissions check.
         */
        relid = RangeVarGetRelid(rel, NoLock, missing_ok);
        attnum = get_attnum(relid, field);
        if (attnum == InvalidAttrNumber)
        {
            if (missing_ok)
                typoid = InvalidOid;
            else
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
                         errmsg("column \"%s\" of relation \"%s\" does not exist",
                                field, rel->relname),
                         parser_errposition(pstate, typeName->location)));
        }
        else
        {
            typoid = get_atttype(relid, attnum);
 
            /* this construct should never have an array indicator */
            Assert(typeName->arrayBounds == NIL);
 
            /* emit nuisance notice (intentionally not errposition'd) */
            ereport(NOTICE,
                    (errmsg("type reference %s converted to %s",
                            TypeNameToString(typeName),
                            format_type_be(typoid))));
        }
    }
    else
    {
        /* Normal reference to a type name */
        char       *schemaname;
        char       *typname;
 
        /* deconstruct the name list */
        DeconstructQualifiedName(typeName->names, &schemaname, &typname);
 
        if (schemaname)
        {
            /* Look in specific schema only */
            Oid         namespaceId;
            ParseCallbackState pcbstate;
 
            setup_parser_errposition_callback(&pcbstate, pstate, typeName->location);
 
            namespaceId = LookupExplicitNamespace(schemaname, missing_ok);
            if (OidIsValid(namespaceId))
                typoid = GetSysCacheOid2(TYPENAMENSP, Anum_pg_type_oid,
                                         PointerGetDatum(typname),
                                         ObjectIdGetDatum(namespaceId));
            else
                typoid = InvalidOid;
 
            cancel_parser_errposition_callback(&pcbstate);
        }
        else
        {
            /* Unqualified type name, so search the search path */
            typoid = TypenameGetTypidExtended(typname, temp_ok);
        }
 
        /* If an array reference, return the array type instead */
        if (typeName->arrayBounds != NIL)
            typoid = get_array_type(typoid);
    }
 
    if (!OidIsValid(typoid))
    {
        if (typmod_p)
            *typmod_p = -1;
        return NULL;
    }
 
    tup = SearchSysCache1(TYPEOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(typoid));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tup)) /* should not happen */
        elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u", typoid);
 
    typmod = typenameTypeMod(pstate, typeName, (Type) tup);
 
    if (typmod_p)
        *typmod_p = typmod;
 
    return (Type) tup;
}
 
/*
 * LookupTypeNameOid
 *      Given a TypeName object, lookup the pg_type syscache entry of the type.
 *      Returns InvalidOid if no such type can be found.  If the type is found,
 *      return its Oid.
 *
 * NB: direct callers of this function need to be aware that the type OID
 * returned may correspond to a shell type.  Most code should go through
 * typenameTypeId instead.
 *
 * pstate is only used for error location info, and may be NULL.
 */
Oid
LookupTypeNameOid(ParseState *pstate, const TypeName *typeName, bool missing_ok)
{
    Oid         typoid;
    Type        tup;
 
    tup = LookupTypeName(pstate, typeName, NULL, missing_ok);
    if (tup == NULL)
    {
        if (!missing_ok)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
                     errmsg("type \"%s\" does not exist",
                            TypeNameToString(typeName)),
                     parser_errposition(pstate, typeName->location)));
 
        return InvalidOid;
    }
 
    typoid = ((Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(tup))->oid;
    ReleaseSysCache(tup);
 
    return typoid;
}
 
/*
 * typenameType - given a TypeName, return a Type structure and typmod
 *
 * This is equivalent to LookupTypeName, except that this will report
 * a suitable error message if the type cannot be found or is not defined.
 * Callers of this can therefore assume the result is a fully valid type.
 */
Type
typenameType(ParseState *pstate, const TypeName *typeName, int32 *typmod_p)
{
    Type        tup;
 
    tup = LookupTypeName(pstate, typeName, typmod_p, false);
    if (tup == NULL)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
                 errmsg("type \"%s\" does not exist",
                        TypeNameToString(typeName)),
                 parser_errposition(pstate, typeName->location)));
    if (!((Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(tup))->typisdefined)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
                 errmsg("type \"%s\" is only a shell",
                        TypeNameToString(typeName)),
                 parser_errposition(pstate, typeName->location)));
    return tup;
}
 
/*
 * typenameTypeId - given a TypeName, return the type's OID
 *
 * This is similar to typenameType, but we only hand back the type OID
 * not the syscache entry.
 */
Oid
typenameTypeId(ParseState *pstate, const TypeName *typeName)
{
    Oid         typoid;
    Type        tup;
 
    tup = typenameType(pstate, typeName, NULL);
    typoid = ((Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(tup))->oid;
    ReleaseSysCache(tup);
 
    return typoid;
}
 
/*
 * typenameTypeIdAndMod - given a TypeName, return the type's OID and typmod
 *
 * This is equivalent to typenameType, but we only hand back the type OID
 * and typmod, not the syscache entry.
 */
void
typenameTypeIdAndMod(ParseState *pstate, const TypeName *typeName,
                     Oid *typeid_p, int32 *typmod_p)
{
    Type        tup;
 
    tup = typenameType(pstate, typeName, typmod_p);
    *typeid_p = ((Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(tup))->oid;
    ReleaseSysCache(tup);
}
 
/*
 * typenameTypeMod - given a TypeName, return the internal typmod value
 *
 * This will throw an error if the TypeName includes type modifiers that are
 * illegal for the data type.
 *
 * The actual type OID represented by the TypeName must already have been
 * looked up, and is passed as "typ".
 *
 * pstate is only used for error location info, and may be NULL.
 */
static int32
typenameTypeMod(ParseState *pstate, const TypeName *typeName, Type typ)
{
    int32       result;
    Oid         typmodin;
    Datum      *datums;
    int         n;
    ListCell   *l;
    ArrayType  *arrtypmod;
    ParseCallbackState pcbstate;
 
    /* Return prespecified typmod if no typmod expressions */
    if (typeName->typmods == NIL)
        return typeName->typemod;
 
    /*
     * Else, type had better accept typmods.  We give a special error message
     * for the shell-type case, since a shell couldn't possibly have a
     * typmodin function.
     */
    if (!((Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(typ))->typisdefined)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                 errmsg("type modifier cannot be specified for shell type \"%s\"",
                        TypeNameToString(typeName)),
                 parser_errposition(pstate, typeName->location)));
 
    typmodin = ((Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(typ))->typmodin;
 
    if (typmodin == InvalidOid)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                 errmsg("type modifier is not allowed for type \"%s\"",
                        TypeNameToString(typeName)),
                 parser_errposition(pstate, typeName->location)));
 
    /*
     * Convert the list of raw-grammar-output expressions to a cstring array.
     * Currently, we allow simple numeric constants, string literals, and
     * identifiers; possibly this list could be extended.
     */
    datums = (Datum *) palloc(list_length(typeName->typmods) * sizeof(Datum));
    n = 0;
    foreach(l, typeName->typmods)
    {
        Node       *tm = (Node *) lfirst(l);
        char       *cstr = NULL;
 
        if (IsA(tm, A_Const))
        {
            A_Const    *ac = (A_Const *) tm;
 
            if (IsA(&ac->val, Integer))
            {
                cstr = psprintf("%ld", (long) intVal(&ac->val));
            }
            else if (IsA(&ac->val, Float))
            {
                /* we can just use the string representation directly. */
                cstr = ac->val.fval.fval;
            }
            else if (IsA(&ac->val, String))
            {
                /* we can just use the string representation directly. */
                cstr = strVal(&ac->val);
            }
        }
        else if (IsA(tm, ColumnRef))
        {
            ColumnRef  *cr = (ColumnRef *) tm;
 
            if (list_length(cr->fields) == 1 &&
                IsA(linitial(cr->fields), String))
                cstr = strVal(linitial(cr->fields));
        }
        if (!cstr)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                     errmsg("type modifiers must be simple constants or identifiers"),
                     parser_errposition(pstate, typeName->location)));
        datums[n++] = CStringGetDatum(cstr);
    }
 
    arrtypmod = construct_array_builtin(datums, n, CSTRINGOID);
 
    /* arrange to report location if type's typmodin function fails */
    setup_parser_errposition_callback(&pcbstate, pstate, typeName->location);
 
    result = DatumGetInt32(OidFunctionCall1(typmodin,
                                            PointerGetDatum(arrtypmod)));
 
    cancel_parser_errposition_callback(&pcbstate);
 
    pfree(datums);
    pfree(arrtypmod);
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * appendTypeNameToBuffer
 *      Append a string representing the name of a TypeName to a StringInfo.
 *      This is the shared guts of TypeNameToString and TypeNameListToString.
 *
 * NB: this must work on TypeNames that do not describe any actual type;
 * it is mostly used for reporting lookup errors.
 */
static void
appendTypeNameToBuffer(const TypeName *typeName, StringInfo string)
{
    if (typeName->names != NIL)
    {
        /* Emit possibly-qualified name as-is */
        ListCell   *l;
 
        foreach(l, typeName->names)
        {
            if (l != list_head(typeName->names))
                appendStringInfoChar(string, '.');
            appendStringInfoString(string, strVal(lfirst(l)));
        }
    }
    else
    {
        /* Look up internally-specified type */
        appendStringInfoString(string, format_type_be(typeName->typeOid));
    }
 
    /*
     * Add decoration as needed, but only for fields considered by
     * LookupTypeName
     */
    if (typeName->pct_type)
        appendStringInfoString(string, "%TYPE");
 
    if (typeName->arrayBounds != NIL)
        appendStringInfoString(string, "[]");
}
 
/*
 * TypeNameToString
 *      Produce a string representing the name of a TypeName.
 *
 * NB: this must work on TypeNames that do not describe any actual type;
 * it is mostly used for reporting lookup errors.
 */
char *
TypeNameToString(const TypeName *typeName)
{
    StringInfoData string;
 
    initStringInfo(&string);
    appendTypeNameToBuffer(typeName, &string);
    return string.data;
}
 
/*
 * TypeNameListToString
 *      Produce a string representing the name(s) of a List of TypeNames
 */
char *
TypeNameListToString(List *typenames)
{
    StringInfoData string;
    ListCell   *l;
 
    initStringInfo(&string);
    foreach(l, typenames)
    {
        TypeName   *typeName = lfirst_node(TypeName, l);
 
        if (l != list_head(typenames))
            appendStringInfoChar(&string, ',');
        appendTypeNameToBuffer(typeName, &string);
    }
    return string.data;
}
 
/*
 * LookupCollation
 *
 * Look up collation by name, return OID, with support for error location.
 */
Oid
LookupCollation(ParseState *pstate, List *collnames, int location)
{
    Oid         colloid;
    ParseCallbackState pcbstate;
 
    if (pstate)
        setup_parser_errposition_callback(&pcbstate, pstate, location);
 
    colloid = get_collation_oid(collnames, false);
 
    if (pstate)
        cancel_parser_errposition_callback(&pcbstate);
 
    return colloid;
}
 
/*
 * GetColumnDefCollation
 *
 * Get the collation to be used for a column being defined, given the
 * ColumnDef node and the previously-determined column type OID.
 *
 * pstate is only used for error location purposes, and can be NULL.
 */
Oid
GetColumnDefCollation(ParseState *pstate, const ColumnDef *coldef, Oid typeOid)
{
    Oid         result;
    Oid         typcollation = get_typcollation(typeOid);
    int         location = coldef->location;
 
    if (coldef->collClause)
    {
        /* We have a raw COLLATE clause, so look up the collation */
        location = coldef->collClause->location;
        result = LookupCollation(pstate, coldef->collClause->collname,
                                 location);
    }
    else if (OidIsValid(coldef->collOid))
    {
        /* Precooked collation spec, use that */
        result = coldef->collOid;
    }
    else
    {
        /* Use the type's default collation if any */
        result = typcollation;
    }
 
    /* Complain if COLLATE is applied to an uncollatable type */
    if (OidIsValid(result) && !OidIsValid(typcollation))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
                 errmsg("collations are not supported by type %s",
                        format_type_be(typeOid)),
                 parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
 
    return result;
}
 
/* return a Type structure, given a type id */
/* NB: caller must ReleaseSysCache the type tuple when done with it */
Type
typeidType(Oid id)
{
    HeapTuple   tup;
 
    tup = SearchSysCache1(TYPEOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(id));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tup))
        elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u", id);
    return (Type) tup;
}
 
/* given type (as type struct), return the type OID */
Oid
typeTypeId(Type tp)
{
    if (tp == NULL)             /* probably useless */
        elog(ERROR, "typeTypeId() called with NULL type struct");
    return ((Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(tp))->oid;
}
 
/* given type (as type struct), return the length of type */
int16
typeLen(Type t)
{
    Form_pg_type typ;
 
    typ = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(t);
    return typ->typlen;
}
 
/* given type (as type struct), return its 'byval' attribute */
bool
typeByVal(Type t)
{
    Form_pg_type typ;
 
    typ = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(t);
    return typ->typbyval;
}
 
/* given type (as type struct), return the type's name */
char *
typeTypeName(Type t)
{
    Form_pg_type typ;
 
    typ = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(t);
    /* pstrdup here because result may need to outlive the syscache entry */
    return pstrdup(NameStr(typ->typname));
}
 
/* given type (as type struct), return its 'typrelid' attribute */
Oid
typeTypeRelid(Type typ)
{
    Form_pg_type typtup;
 
    typtup = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(typ);
    return typtup->typrelid;
}
 
/* given type (as type struct), return its 'typcollation' attribute */
Oid
typeTypeCollation(Type typ)
{
    Form_pg_type typtup;
 
    typtup = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(typ);
    return typtup->typcollation;
}
 
/*
 * Given a type structure and a string, returns the internal representation
 * of that string.  The "string" can be NULL to perform conversion of a NULL
 * (which might result in failure, if the input function rejects NULLs).
 */
Datum
stringTypeDatum(Type tp, char *string, int32 atttypmod)
{
    Form_pg_type typform = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(tp);
    Oid         typinput = typform->typinput;
    Oid         typioparam = getTypeIOParam(tp);
 
    return OidInputFunctionCall(typinput, string, typioparam, atttypmod);
}
 
/*
 * Given a typeid, return the type's typrelid (associated relation), if any.
 * Returns InvalidOid if type is not a composite type.
 */
Oid
typeidTypeRelid(Oid type_id)
{
    HeapTuple   typeTuple;
    Form_pg_type type;
    Oid         result;
 
    typeTuple = SearchSysCache1(TYPEOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(type_id));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(typeTuple))
        elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u", type_id);
    type = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(typeTuple);
    result = type->typrelid;
    ReleaseSysCache(typeTuple);
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * Given a typeid, return the type's typrelid (associated relation), if any.
 * Returns InvalidOid if type is not a composite type or a domain over one.
 * This is the same as typeidTypeRelid(getBaseType(type_id)), but faster.
 */
Oid
typeOrDomainTypeRelid(Oid type_id)
{
    HeapTuple   typeTuple;
    Form_pg_type type;
    Oid         result;
 
    for (;;)
    {
        typeTuple = SearchSysCache1(TYPEOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(type_id));
        if (!HeapTupleIsValid(typeTuple))
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u", type_id);
        type = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(typeTuple);
        if (type->typtype != TYPTYPE_DOMAIN)
        {
            /* Not a domain, so done looking through domains */
            break;
        }
        /* It is a domain, so examine the base type instead */
        type_id = type->typbasetype;
        ReleaseSysCache(typeTuple);
    }
    result = type->typrelid;
    ReleaseSysCache(typeTuple);
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * error context callback for parse failure during parseTypeString()
 */
static void
pts_error_callback(void *arg)
{
    const char *str = (const char *) arg;
 
    errcontext("invalid type name \"%s\"", str);
}
 
/*
 * Given a string that is supposed to be a SQL-compatible type declaration,
 * such as "int4" or "integer" or "character varying(32)", parse
 * the string and return the result as a TypeName.
 *
 * If the string cannot be parsed as a type, an error is raised,
 * unless escontext is an ErrorSaveContext node, in which case we may
 * fill that and return NULL.  But note that the ErrorSaveContext option
 * is mostly aspirational at present: errors detected by the main
 * grammar, rather than here, will still be thrown.
 */
TypeName *
typeStringToTypeName(const char *str, Node *escontext)
{
    List       *raw_parsetree_list;
    TypeName   *typeName;
    ErrorContextCallback ptserrcontext;
 
    /* make sure we give useful error for empty input */
    if (strspn(str, " \t\n\r\f\v") == strlen(str))
        goto fail;
 
    /*
     * Setup error traceback support in case of ereport() during parse
     */
    ptserrcontext.callback = pts_error_callback;
    ptserrcontext.arg = unconstify(char *, str);
    ptserrcontext.previous = error_context_stack;
    error_context_stack = &ptserrcontext;
 
    raw_parsetree_list = raw_parser(str, RAW_PARSE_TYPE_NAME);
 
    error_context_stack = ptserrcontext.previous;
 
    /* We should get back exactly one TypeName node. */
    Assert(list_length(raw_parsetree_list) == 1);
    typeName = linitial_node(TypeName, raw_parsetree_list);
 
    /* The grammar allows SETOF in TypeName, but we don't want that here. */
    if (typeName->setof)
        goto fail;
 
    return typeName;
 
fail:
    ereturn(escontext, NULL,
            (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
             errmsg("invalid type name \"%s\"", str)));
}
 
/*
 * Given a string that is supposed to be a SQL-compatible type declaration,
 * such as "int4" or "integer" or "character varying(32)", parse
 * the string and convert it to a type OID and type modifier.
 *
 * If escontext is an ErrorSaveContext node, then errors are reported by
 * filling escontext and returning false, instead of throwing them.
 */
bool
parseTypeString(const char *str, Oid *typeid_p, int32 *typmod_p,
                Node *escontext)
{
    TypeName   *typeName;
    Type        tup;
 
    typeName = typeStringToTypeName(str, escontext);
    if (typeName == NULL)
        return false;
 
    tup = LookupTypeName(NULL, typeName, typmod_p,
                         (escontext && IsA(escontext, ErrorSaveContext)));
    if (tup == NULL)
    {
        ereturn(escontext, false,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
                 errmsg("type \"%s\" does not exist",
                        TypeNameToString(typeName))));
    }
    else
    {
        Form_pg_type typ = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(tup);
 
        if (!typ->typisdefined)
        {
            ReleaseSysCache(tup);
            ereturn(escontext, false,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
                     errmsg("type \"%s\" is only a shell",
                            TypeNameToString(typeName))));
        }
        *typeid_p = typ->oid;
        ReleaseSysCache(tup);
    }
 
    return true;
}