gist_private.h

Go to the documentation of this file.

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * gist_private.h
 *    private declarations for GiST -- declarations related to the
 *    internal implementation of GiST, not the public API
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2021, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * src/include/access/gist_private.h
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#ifndef GIST_PRIVATE_H
#define GIST_PRIVATE_H

#include "access/amapi.h"
#include "access/gist.h"
#include "access/itup.h"
#include "lib/pairingheap.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "storage/buffile.h"
#include "utils/hsearch.h"
#include "access/genam.h"

/*
 * Maximum number of "halves" a page can be split into in one operation.
 * Typically a split produces 2 halves, but can be more if keys have very
 * different lengths, or when inserting multiple keys in one operation (as
 * when inserting downlinks to an internal node).  There is no theoretical
 * limit on this, but in practice if you get more than a handful page halves
 * in one split, there's something wrong with the opclass implementation.
 * GIST_MAX_SPLIT_PAGES is an arbitrary limit on that, used to size some
 * local arrays used during split.  Note that there is also a limit on the
 * number of buffers that can be held locked at a time, MAX_SIMUL_LWLOCKS,
 * so if you raise this higher than that limit, you'll just get a different
 * error.
 */
#define GIST_MAX_SPLIT_PAGES        75

/* Buffer lock modes */
#define GIST_SHARE  BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE
#define GIST_EXCLUSIVE  BUFFER_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE
#define GIST_UNLOCK BUFFER_LOCK_UNLOCK

typedef struct
{
    BlockNumber prev;
    uint32      freespace;
    char        tupledata[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
} GISTNodeBufferPage;

#define BUFFER_PAGE_DATA_OFFSET MAXALIGN(offsetof(GISTNodeBufferPage, tupledata))
/* Returns free space in node buffer page */
#define PAGE_FREE_SPACE(nbp) (nbp->freespace)
/* Checks if node buffer page is empty */
#define PAGE_IS_EMPTY(nbp) (nbp->freespace == BLCKSZ - BUFFER_PAGE_DATA_OFFSET)
/* Checks if node buffers page don't contain sufficient space for index tuple */
#define PAGE_NO_SPACE(nbp, itup) (PAGE_FREE_SPACE(nbp) < \
                                        MAXALIGN(IndexTupleSize(itup)))

/*
 * GISTSTATE: information needed for any GiST index operation
 *
 * This struct retains call info for the index's opclass-specific support
 * functions (per index column), plus the index's tuple descriptor.
 *
 * scanCxt holds the GISTSTATE itself as well as any data that lives for the
 * lifetime of the index operation.  We pass this to the support functions
 * via fn_mcxt, so that they can store scan-lifespan data in it.  The
 * functions are invoked in tempCxt, which is typically short-lifespan
 * (that is, it's reset after each tuple).  However, tempCxt can be the same
 * as scanCxt if we're not bothering with per-tuple context resets.
 */
typedef struct GISTSTATE
{
    MemoryContext scanCxt;      /* context for scan-lifespan data */
    MemoryContext tempCxt;      /* short-term context for calling functions */

    TupleDesc   leafTupdesc;    /* index's tuple descriptor */
    TupleDesc   nonLeafTupdesc; /* truncated tuple descriptor for non-leaf
                                 * pages */
    TupleDesc   fetchTupdesc;   /* tuple descriptor for tuples returned in an
                                 * index-only scan */

    FmgrInfo    consistentFn[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
    FmgrInfo    unionFn[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
    FmgrInfo    compressFn[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
    FmgrInfo    decompressFn[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
    FmgrInfo    penaltyFn[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
    FmgrInfo    picksplitFn[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
    FmgrInfo    equalFn[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
    FmgrInfo    distanceFn[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
    FmgrInfo    fetchFn[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];

    /* Collations to pass to the support functions */
    Oid         supportCollation[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
} GISTSTATE;


/*
 * During a GiST index search, we must maintain a queue of unvisited items,
 * which can be either individual heap tuples or whole index pages.  If it
 * is an ordered search, the unvisited items should be visited in distance
 * order.  Unvisited items at the same distance should be visited in
 * depth-first order, that is heap items first, then lower index pages, then
 * upper index pages; this rule avoids doing extra work during a search that
 * ends early due to LIMIT.
 *
 * To perform an ordered search, we use a pairing heap to manage the
 * distance-order queue.  In a non-ordered search (no order-by operators),
 * we use it to return heap tuples before unvisited index pages, to
 * ensure depth-first order, but all entries are otherwise considered
 * equal.
 */

/* Individual heap tuple to be visited */
typedef struct GISTSearchHeapItem
{
    ItemPointerData heapPtr;
    bool        recheck;        /* T if quals must be rechecked */
    bool        recheckDistances;   /* T if distances must be rechecked */
    HeapTuple   recontup;       /* data reconstructed from the index, used in
                                 * index-only scans */
    OffsetNumber offnum;        /* track offset in page to mark tuple as
                                 * LP_DEAD */
} GISTSearchHeapItem;

/* Unvisited item, either index page or heap tuple */
typedef struct GISTSearchItem
{
    pairingheap_node phNode;
    BlockNumber blkno;          /* index page number, or InvalidBlockNumber */
    union
    {
        GistNSN     parentlsn;  /* parent page's LSN, if index page */
        /* we must store parentlsn to detect whether a split occurred */
        GISTSearchHeapItem heap;    /* heap info, if heap tuple */
    }           data;

    /* numberOfOrderBys entries */
    IndexOrderByDistance distances[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
} GISTSearchItem;

#define GISTSearchItemIsHeap(item)  ((item).blkno == InvalidBlockNumber)

#define SizeOfGISTSearchItem(n_distances) \
    (offsetof(GISTSearchItem, distances) + \
     sizeof(IndexOrderByDistance) * (n_distances))

/*
 * GISTScanOpaqueData: private state for a scan of a GiST index
 */
typedef struct GISTScanOpaqueData
{
    GISTSTATE  *giststate;      /* index information, see above */
    Oid        *orderByTypes;   /* datatypes of ORDER BY expressions */

    pairingheap *queue;         /* queue of unvisited items */
    MemoryContext queueCxt;     /* context holding the queue */
    bool        qual_ok;        /* false if qual can never be satisfied */
    bool        firstCall;      /* true until first gistgettuple call */

    /* pre-allocated workspace arrays */
    IndexOrderByDistance *distances;    /* output area for gistindex_keytest */

    /* info about killed items if any (killedItems is NULL if never used) */
    OffsetNumber *killedItems;  /* offset numbers of killed items */
    int         numKilled;      /* number of currently stored items */
    BlockNumber curBlkno;       /* current number of block */
    GistNSN     curPageLSN;     /* pos in the WAL stream when page was read */

    /* In a non-ordered search, returnable heap items are stored here: */
    GISTSearchHeapItem pageData[BLCKSZ / sizeof(IndexTupleData)];
    OffsetNumber nPageData;     /* number of valid items in array */
    OffsetNumber curPageData;   /* next item to return */
    MemoryContext pageDataCxt;  /* context holding the fetched tuples, for
                                 * index-only scans */
} GISTScanOpaqueData;

typedef GISTScanOpaqueData *GISTScanOpaque;

/* despite the name, gistxlogPage is not part of any xlog record */
typedef struct gistxlogPage
{
    BlockNumber blkno;
    int         num;            /* number of index tuples following */
} gistxlogPage;

/* SplitedPageLayout - gistSplit function result */
typedef struct SplitedPageLayout
{
    gistxlogPage block;
    IndexTupleData *list;
    int         lenlist;
    IndexTuple  itup;           /* union key for page */
    Page        page;           /* to operate */
    Buffer      buffer;         /* to write after all proceed */

    struct SplitedPageLayout *next;
} SplitedPageLayout;

/*
 * GISTInsertStack used for locking buffers and transfer arguments during
 * insertion
 */
typedef struct GISTInsertStack
{
    /* current page */
    BlockNumber blkno;
    Buffer      buffer;
    Page        page;

    /*
     * log sequence number from page->lsn to recognize page update and compare
     * it with page's nsn to recognize page split
     */
    GistNSN     lsn;

    /*
     * If set, we split the page while descending the tree to find an
     * insertion target. It means that we need to retry from the parent,
     * because the downlink of this page might no longer cover the new key.
     */
    bool        retry_from_parent;

    /* offset of the downlink in the parent page, that points to this page */
    OffsetNumber downlinkoffnum;

    /* pointer to parent */
    struct GISTInsertStack *parent;
} GISTInsertStack;

/* Working state and results for multi-column split logic in gistsplit.c */
typedef struct GistSplitVector
{
    GIST_SPLITVEC splitVector;  /* passed to/from user PickSplit method */

    Datum       spl_lattr[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];  /* Union of subkeys in
                                             * splitVector.spl_left */
    bool        spl_lisnull[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];

    Datum       spl_rattr[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];  /* Union of subkeys in
                                             * splitVector.spl_right */
    bool        spl_risnull[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];

    bool       *spl_dontcare;   /* flags tuples which could go to either side
                                 * of the split for zero penalty */
} GistSplitVector;

typedef struct
{
    Relation    r;
    Relation    heapRel;
    Size        freespace;      /* free space to be left */
    bool        is_build;

    GISTInsertStack *stack;
} GISTInsertState;

/* root page of a gist index */
#define GIST_ROOT_BLKNO             0

/*
 * Before PostgreSQL 9.1, we used to rely on so-called "invalid tuples" on
 * inner pages to finish crash recovery of incomplete page splits. If a crash
 * happened in the middle of a page split, so that the downlink pointers were
 * not yet inserted, crash recovery inserted a special downlink pointer. The
 * semantics of an invalid tuple was that it if you encounter one in a scan,
 * it must always be followed, because we don't know if the tuples on the
 * child page match or not.
 *
 * We no longer create such invalid tuples, we now mark the left-half of such
 * an incomplete split with the F_FOLLOW_RIGHT flag instead, and finish the
 * split properly the next time we need to insert on that page. To retain
 * on-disk compatibility for the sake of pg_upgrade, we still store 0xffff as
 * the offset number of all inner tuples. If we encounter any invalid tuples
 * with 0xfffe during insertion, we throw an error, though scans still handle
 * them. You should only encounter invalid tuples if you pg_upgrade a pre-9.1
 * gist index which already has invalid tuples in it because of a crash. That
 * should be rare, and you are recommended to REINDEX anyway if you have any
 * invalid tuples in an index, so throwing an error is as far as we go with
 * supporting that.
 */
#define TUPLE_IS_VALID      0xffff
#define TUPLE_IS_INVALID    0xfffe

#define  GistTupleIsInvalid(itup)   ( ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber( &((itup)->t_tid) ) == TUPLE_IS_INVALID )
#define  GistTupleSetValid(itup)    ItemPointerSetOffsetNumber( &((itup)->t_tid), TUPLE_IS_VALID )




/*
 * A buffer attached to an internal node, used when building an index in
 * buffering mode.
 */
typedef struct
{
    BlockNumber nodeBlocknum;   /* index block # this buffer is for */
    int32       blocksCount;    /* current # of blocks occupied by buffer */

    BlockNumber pageBlocknum;   /* temporary file block # */
    GISTNodeBufferPage *pageBuffer; /* in-memory buffer page */

    /* is this buffer queued for emptying? */
    bool        queuedForEmptying;

    /* is this a temporary copy, not in the hash table? */
    bool        isTemp;

    int         level;          /* 0 == leaf */
} GISTNodeBuffer;

/*
 * Does specified level have buffers? (Beware of multiple evaluation of
 * arguments.)
 */
#define LEVEL_HAS_BUFFERS(nlevel, gfbb) \
    ((nlevel) != 0 && (nlevel) % (gfbb)->levelStep == 0 && \
     (nlevel) != (gfbb)->rootlevel)

/* Is specified buffer at least half-filled (should be queued for emptying)? */
#define BUFFER_HALF_FILLED(nodeBuffer, gfbb) \
    ((nodeBuffer)->blocksCount > (gfbb)->pagesPerBuffer / 2)

/*
 * Is specified buffer full? Our buffers can actually grow indefinitely,
 * beyond the "maximum" size, so this just means whether the buffer has grown
 * beyond the nominal maximum size.
 */
#define BUFFER_OVERFLOWED(nodeBuffer, gfbb) \
    ((nodeBuffer)->blocksCount > (gfbb)->pagesPerBuffer)

/*
 * Data structure with general information about build buffers.
 */
typedef struct GISTBuildBuffers
{
    /* Persistent memory context for the buffers and metadata. */
    MemoryContext context;

    BufFile    *pfile;          /* Temporary file to store buffers in */
    long        nFileBlocks;    /* Current size of the temporary file */

    /*
     * resizable array of free blocks.
     */
    long       *freeBlocks;
    int         nFreeBlocks;    /* # of currently free blocks in the array */
    int         freeBlocksLen;  /* current allocated length of the array */

    /* Hash for buffers by block number */
    HTAB       *nodeBuffersTab;

    /* List of buffers scheduled for emptying */
    List       *bufferEmptyingQueue;

    /*
     * Parameters to the buffering build algorithm. levelStep determines which
     * levels in the tree have buffers, and pagesPerBuffer determines how
     * large each buffer is.
     */
    int         levelStep;
    int         pagesPerBuffer;

    /* Array of lists of buffers on each level, for final emptying */
    List      **buffersOnLevels;
    int         buffersOnLevelsLen;

    /*
     * Dynamically-sized array of buffers that currently have their last page
     * loaded in main memory.
     */
    GISTNodeBuffer **loadedBuffers;
    int         loadedBuffersCount; /* # of entries in loadedBuffers */
    int         loadedBuffersLen;   /* allocated size of loadedBuffers */

    /* Level of the current root node (= height of the index tree - 1) */
    int         rootlevel;
} GISTBuildBuffers;

/* GiSTOptions->buffering_mode values */
typedef enum GistOptBufferingMode
{
    GIST_OPTION_BUFFERING_AUTO,
    GIST_OPTION_BUFFERING_ON,
    GIST_OPTION_BUFFERING_OFF
} GistOptBufferingMode;

/*
 * Storage type for GiST's reloptions
 */
typedef struct GiSTOptions
{
    int32       vl_len_;        /* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
    int         fillfactor;     /* page fill factor in percent (0..100) */
    GistOptBufferingMode buffering_mode;    /* buffering build mode */
} GiSTOptions;

/* gist.c */
extern void gistbuildempty(Relation index);
extern bool gistinsert(Relation r, Datum *values, bool *isnull,
                       ItemPointer ht_ctid, Relation heapRel,
                       IndexUniqueCheck checkUnique,
                       bool indexUnchanged,
                       struct IndexInfo *indexInfo);
extern MemoryContext createTempGistContext(void);
extern GISTSTATE *initGISTstate(Relation index);
extern void freeGISTstate(GISTSTATE *giststate);
extern void gistdoinsert(Relation r,
                         IndexTuple itup,
                         Size freespace,
                         GISTSTATE *giststate,
                         Relation heapRel,
                         bool is_build);

/* A List of these is returned from gistplacetopage() in *splitinfo */
typedef struct
{
    Buffer      buf;            /* the split page "half" */
    IndexTuple  downlink;       /* downlink for this half. */
} GISTPageSplitInfo;

extern bool gistplacetopage(Relation rel, Size freespace, GISTSTATE *giststate,
                            Buffer buffer,
                            IndexTuple *itup, int ntup,
                            OffsetNumber oldoffnum, BlockNumber *newblkno,
                            Buffer leftchildbuf,
                            List **splitinfo,
                            bool markfollowright,
                            Relation heapRel,
                            bool is_build);

extern SplitedPageLayout *gistSplit(Relation r, Page page, IndexTuple *itup,
                                    int len, GISTSTATE *giststate);

/* gistxlog.c */
extern XLogRecPtr gistXLogPageDelete(Buffer buffer,
                                     FullTransactionId xid, Buffer parentBuffer,
                                     OffsetNumber downlinkOffset);

extern void gistXLogPageReuse(Relation rel, BlockNumber blkno,
                              FullTransactionId latestRemovedXid);

extern XLogRecPtr gistXLogUpdate(Buffer buffer,
                                 OffsetNumber *todelete, int ntodelete,
                                 IndexTuple *itup, int ntup,
                                 Buffer leftchild);

extern XLogRecPtr gistXLogDelete(Buffer buffer, OffsetNumber *todelete,
                                 int ntodelete, TransactionId latestRemovedXid);

extern XLogRecPtr gistXLogSplit(bool page_is_leaf,
                                SplitedPageLayout *dist,
                                BlockNumber origrlink, GistNSN oldnsn,
                                Buffer leftchild, bool markfollowright);

extern XLogRecPtr gistXLogAssignLSN(void);

/* gistget.c */
extern bool gistgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir);
extern int64 gistgetbitmap(IndexScanDesc scan, TIDBitmap *tbm);
extern bool gistcanreturn(Relation index, int attno);

/* gistvalidate.c */
extern bool gistvalidate(Oid opclassoid);
extern void gistadjustmembers(Oid opfamilyoid,
                              Oid opclassoid,
                              List *operators,
                              List *functions);

/* gistutil.c */

#define GiSTPageSize   \
    ( BLCKSZ - SizeOfPageHeaderData - MAXALIGN(sizeof(GISTPageOpaqueData)) )

#define GIST_MIN_FILLFACTOR         10
#define GIST_DEFAULT_FILLFACTOR     90

extern bytea *gistoptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate);
extern bool gistproperty(Oid index_oid, int attno,
                         IndexAMProperty prop, const char *propname,
                         bool *res, bool *isnull);
extern bool gistfitpage(IndexTuple *itvec, int len);
extern bool gistnospace(Page page, IndexTuple *itvec, int len, OffsetNumber todelete, Size freespace);
extern void gistcheckpage(Relation rel, Buffer buf);
extern Buffer gistNewBuffer(Relation r);
extern bool gistPageRecyclable(Page page);
extern void gistfillbuffer(Page page, IndexTuple *itup, int len,
                           OffsetNumber off);
extern IndexTuple *gistextractpage(Page page, int *len /* out */ );
extern IndexTuple *gistjoinvector(IndexTuple *itvec, int *len,
                                  IndexTuple *additvec, int addlen);
extern IndexTupleData *gistfillitupvec(IndexTuple *vec, int veclen, int *memlen);

extern IndexTuple gistunion(Relation r, IndexTuple *itvec,
                            int len, GISTSTATE *giststate);
extern IndexTuple gistgetadjusted(Relation r,
                                  IndexTuple oldtup,
                                  IndexTuple addtup,
                                  GISTSTATE *giststate);
extern IndexTuple gistFormTuple(GISTSTATE *giststate,
                                Relation r, Datum *attdata, bool *isnull, bool isleaf);
extern void gistCompressValues(GISTSTATE *giststate, Relation r,
                               Datum *attdata, bool *isnull, bool isleaf, Datum *compatt);

extern OffsetNumber gistchoose(Relation r, Page p,
                               IndexTuple it,
                               GISTSTATE *giststate);

extern void GISTInitBuffer(Buffer b, uint32 f);
extern void gistinitpage(Page page, uint32 f);
extern void gistdentryinit(GISTSTATE *giststate, int nkey, GISTENTRY *e,
                           Datum k, Relation r, Page pg, OffsetNumber o,
                           bool l, bool isNull);

extern float gistpenalty(GISTSTATE *giststate, int attno,
                         GISTENTRY *key1, bool isNull1,
                         GISTENTRY *key2, bool isNull2);
extern void gistMakeUnionItVec(GISTSTATE *giststate, IndexTuple *itvec, int len,
                               Datum *attr, bool *isnull);
extern bool gistKeyIsEQ(GISTSTATE *giststate, int attno, Datum a, Datum b);
extern void gistDeCompressAtt(GISTSTATE *giststate, Relation r, IndexTuple tuple, Page p,
                              OffsetNumber o, GISTENTRY *attdata, bool *isnull);
extern HeapTuple gistFetchTuple(GISTSTATE *giststate, Relation r,
                                IndexTuple tuple);
extern void gistMakeUnionKey(GISTSTATE *giststate, int attno,
                             GISTENTRY *entry1, bool isnull1,
                             GISTENTRY *entry2, bool isnull2,
                             Datum *dst, bool *dstisnull);

extern XLogRecPtr gistGetFakeLSN(Relation rel);

/* gistvacuum.c */
extern IndexBulkDeleteResult *gistbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info,
                                             IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
                                             IndexBulkDeleteCallback callback,
                                             void *callback_state);
extern IndexBulkDeleteResult *gistvacuumcleanup(IndexVacuumInfo *info,
                                                IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats);

/* gistsplit.c */
extern void gistSplitByKey(Relation r, Page page, IndexTuple *itup,
                           int len, GISTSTATE *giststate,
                           GistSplitVector *v,
                           int attno);

/* gistbuild.c */
extern IndexBuildResult *gistbuild(Relation heap, Relation index,
                                   struct IndexInfo *indexInfo);
extern void gistValidateBufferingOption(const char *value);

/* gistbuildbuffers.c */
extern GISTBuildBuffers *gistInitBuildBuffers(int pagesPerBuffer, int levelStep,
                                              int maxLevel);
extern GISTNodeBuffer *gistGetNodeBuffer(GISTBuildBuffers *gfbb,
                                         GISTSTATE *giststate,
                                         BlockNumber blkno, int level);
extern void gistPushItupToNodeBuffer(GISTBuildBuffers *gfbb,
                                     GISTNodeBuffer *nodeBuffer, IndexTuple item);
extern bool gistPopItupFromNodeBuffer(GISTBuildBuffers *gfbb,
                                      GISTNodeBuffer *nodeBuffer, IndexTuple *item);
extern void gistFreeBuildBuffers(GISTBuildBuffers *gfbb);
extern void gistRelocateBuildBuffersOnSplit(GISTBuildBuffers *gfbb,
                                            GISTSTATE *giststate, Relation r,
                                            int level, Buffer buffer,
                                            List *splitinfo);
extern void gistUnloadNodeBuffers(GISTBuildBuffers *gfbb);

#endif                          /* GIST_PRIVATE_H */