basebackup.c

Go to the documentation of this file.

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * basebackup.c
 *    code for taking a base backup and streaming it to a standby
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 2010-2021, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/replication/basebackup.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <time.h>

#include "access/xlog_internal.h"   /* for pg_start/stop_backup */
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "common/file_perm.h"
#include "commands/progress.h"
#include "lib/stringinfo.h"
#include "libpq/libpq.h"
#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "nodes/pg_list.h"
#include "pgstat.h"
#include "pgtar.h"
#include "port.h"
#include "postmaster/syslogger.h"
#include "replication/basebackup.h"
#include "replication/backup_manifest.h"
#include "replication/walsender.h"
#include "replication/walsender_private.h"
#include "storage/bufpage.h"
#include "storage/checksum.h"
#include "storage/dsm_impl.h"
#include "storage/fd.h"
#include "storage/ipc.h"
#include "storage/reinit.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/ps_status.h"
#include "utils/relcache.h"
#include "utils/resowner.h"
#include "utils/timestamp.h"

typedef struct
{
    const char *label;
    bool        progress;
    bool        fastcheckpoint;
    bool        nowait;
    bool        includewal;
    uint32      maxrate;
    bool        sendtblspcmapfile;
    backup_manifest_option manifest;
    pg_checksum_type manifest_checksum_type;
} basebackup_options;

static int64 sendTablespace(char *path, char *oid, bool sizeonly,
                            struct backup_manifest_info *manifest);
static int64 sendDir(const char *path, int basepathlen, bool sizeonly,
                     List *tablespaces, bool sendtblspclinks,
                     backup_manifest_info *manifest, const char *spcoid);
static bool sendFile(const char *readfilename, const char *tarfilename,
                     struct stat *statbuf, bool missing_ok, Oid dboid,
                     backup_manifest_info *manifest, const char *spcoid);
static void sendFileWithContent(const char *filename, const char *content,
                                backup_manifest_info *manifest);
static int64 _tarWriteHeader(const char *filename, const char *linktarget,
                             struct stat *statbuf, bool sizeonly);
static int64 _tarWriteDir(const char *pathbuf, int basepathlen, struct stat *statbuf,
                          bool sizeonly);
static void send_int8_string(StringInfoData *buf, int64 intval);
static void SendBackupHeader(List *tablespaces);
static void perform_base_backup(basebackup_options *opt);
static void parse_basebackup_options(List *options, basebackup_options *opt);
static void SendXlogRecPtrResult(XLogRecPtr ptr, TimeLineID tli);
static int  compareWalFileNames(const ListCell *a, const ListCell *b);
static void throttle(size_t increment);
static void update_basebackup_progress(int64 delta);
static bool is_checksummed_file(const char *fullpath, const char *filename);
static int  basebackup_read_file(int fd, char *buf, size_t nbytes, off_t offset,
                                 const char *filename, bool partial_read_ok);

/* Was the backup currently in-progress initiated in recovery mode? */
static bool backup_started_in_recovery = false;

/* Relative path of temporary statistics directory */
static char *statrelpath = NULL;

/*
 * Size of each block sent into the tar stream for larger files.
 */
#define TAR_SEND_SIZE 32768

/*
 * How frequently to throttle, as a fraction of the specified rate-second.
 */
#define THROTTLING_FREQUENCY    8

/* The actual number of bytes, transfer of which may cause sleep. */
static uint64 throttling_sample;

/* Amount of data already transferred but not yet throttled.  */
static int64 throttling_counter;

/* The minimum time required to transfer throttling_sample bytes. */
static TimeOffset elapsed_min_unit;

/* The last check of the transfer rate. */
static TimestampTz throttled_last;

/* The starting XLOG position of the base backup. */
static XLogRecPtr startptr;

/* Total number of checksum failures during base backup. */
static long long int total_checksum_failures;

/* Do not verify checksums. */
static bool noverify_checksums = false;

/*
 * Total amount of backup data that will be streamed.
 * -1 means that the size is not estimated.
 */
static int64 backup_total = 0;

/* Amount of backup data already streamed */
static int64 backup_streamed = 0;

/*
 * Definition of one element part of an exclusion list, used for paths part
 * of checksum validation or base backups.  "name" is the name of the file
 * or path to check for exclusion.  If "match_prefix" is true, any items
 * matching the name as prefix are excluded.
 */
struct exclude_list_item
{
    const char *name;
    bool        match_prefix;
};

/*
 * The contents of these directories are removed or recreated during server
 * start so they are not included in backups.  The directories themselves are
 * kept and included as empty to preserve access permissions.
 *
 * Note: this list should be kept in sync with the filter lists in pg_rewind's
 * filemap.c.
 */
static const char *const excludeDirContents[] =
{
    /*
     * Skip temporary statistics files. PG_STAT_TMP_DIR must be skipped even
     * when stats_temp_directory is set because PGSS_TEXT_FILE is always
     * created there.
     */
    PG_STAT_TMP_DIR,

    /*
     * It is generally not useful to backup the contents of this directory
     * even if the intention is to restore to another primary. See backup.sgml
     * for a more detailed description.
     */
    "pg_replslot",

    /* Contents removed on startup, see dsm_cleanup_for_mmap(). */
    PG_DYNSHMEM_DIR,

    /* Contents removed on startup, see AsyncShmemInit(). */
    "pg_notify",

    /*
     * Old contents are loaded for possible debugging but are not required for
     * normal operation, see SerialInit().
     */
    "pg_serial",

    /* Contents removed on startup, see DeleteAllExportedSnapshotFiles(). */
    "pg_snapshots",

    /* Contents zeroed on startup, see StartupSUBTRANS(). */
    "pg_subtrans",

    /* end of list */
    NULL
};

/*
 * List of files excluded from backups.
 */
static const struct exclude_list_item excludeFiles[] =
{
    /* Skip auto conf temporary file. */
    {PG_AUTOCONF_FILENAME ".tmp", false},

    /* Skip current log file temporary file */
    {LOG_METAINFO_DATAFILE_TMP, false},

    /*
     * Skip relation cache because it is rebuilt on startup.  This includes
     * temporary files.
     */
    {RELCACHE_INIT_FILENAME, true},

    /*
     * If there's a backup_label or tablespace_map file, it belongs to a
     * backup started by the user with pg_start_backup().  It is *not* correct
     * for this backup.  Our backup_label/tablespace_map is injected into the
     * tar separately.
     */
    {BACKUP_LABEL_FILE, false},
    {TABLESPACE_MAP, false},

    /*
     * If there's a backup_manifest, it belongs to a backup that was used to
     * start this server. It is *not* correct for this backup. Our
     * backup_manifest is injected into the backup separately if users want
     * it.
     */
    {"backup_manifest", false},

    {"postmaster.pid", false},
    {"postmaster.opts", false},

    /* end of list */
    {NULL, false}
};

/*
 * List of files excluded from checksum validation.
 *
 * Note: this list should be kept in sync with what pg_checksums.c
 * includes.
 */
static const struct exclude_list_item noChecksumFiles[] = {
    {"pg_control", false},
    {"pg_filenode.map", false},
    {"pg_internal.init", true},
    {"PG_VERSION", false},
#ifdef EXEC_BACKEND
    {"config_exec_params", true},
#endif
    {NULL, false}
};

/*
 * Actually do a base backup for the specified tablespaces.
 *
 * This is split out mainly to avoid complaints about "variable might be
 * clobbered by longjmp" from stupider versions of gcc.
 */
static void
perform_base_backup(basebackup_options *opt)
{
    TimeLineID  starttli;
    XLogRecPtr  endptr;
    TimeLineID  endtli;
    StringInfo  labelfile;
    StringInfo  tblspc_map_file;
    backup_manifest_info manifest;
    int         datadirpathlen;
    List       *tablespaces = NIL;

    backup_total = 0;
    backup_streamed = 0;
    pgstat_progress_start_command(PROGRESS_COMMAND_BASEBACKUP, InvalidOid);

    /*
     * If the estimation of the total backup size is disabled, make the
     * backup_total column in the view return NULL by setting the parameter to
     * -1.
     */
    if (!opt->progress)
    {
        backup_total = -1;
        pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_BACKUP_TOTAL,
                                     backup_total);
    }

    /* we're going to use a BufFile, so we need a ResourceOwner */
    Assert(CurrentResourceOwner == NULL);
    CurrentResourceOwner = ResourceOwnerCreate(NULL, "base backup");

    datadirpathlen = strlen(DataDir);

    backup_started_in_recovery = RecoveryInProgress();

    labelfile = makeStringInfo();
    tblspc_map_file = makeStringInfo();
    InitializeBackupManifest(&manifest, opt->manifest,
                             opt->manifest_checksum_type);

    total_checksum_failures = 0;

    pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_PHASE,
                                 PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_PHASE_WAIT_CHECKPOINT);
    startptr = do_pg_start_backup(opt->label, opt->fastcheckpoint, &starttli,
                                  labelfile, &tablespaces,
                                  tblspc_map_file, opt->sendtblspcmapfile);

    /*
     * Once do_pg_start_backup has been called, ensure that any failure causes
     * us to abort the backup so we don't "leak" a backup counter. For this
     * reason, *all* functionality between do_pg_start_backup() and the end of
     * do_pg_stop_backup() should be inside the error cleanup block!
     */

    PG_ENSURE_ERROR_CLEANUP(do_pg_abort_backup, BoolGetDatum(false));
    {
        ListCell   *lc;
        tablespaceinfo *ti;
        int         tblspc_streamed = 0;

        /*
         * Calculate the relative path of temporary statistics directory in
         * order to skip the files which are located in that directory later.
         */
        if (is_absolute_path(pgstat_stat_directory) &&
            strncmp(pgstat_stat_directory, DataDir, datadirpathlen) == 0)
            statrelpath = psprintf("./%s", pgstat_stat_directory + datadirpathlen + 1);
        else if (strncmp(pgstat_stat_directory, "./", 2) != 0)
            statrelpath = psprintf("./%s", pgstat_stat_directory);
        else
            statrelpath = pgstat_stat_directory;

        /* Add a node for the base directory at the end */
        ti = palloc0(sizeof(tablespaceinfo));
        ti->size = -1;
        tablespaces = lappend(tablespaces, ti);

        /*
         * Calculate the total backup size by summing up the size of each
         * tablespace
         */
        if (opt->progress)
        {
            pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_PHASE,
                                         PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_PHASE_ESTIMATE_BACKUP_SIZE);

            foreach(lc, tablespaces)
            {
                tablespaceinfo *tmp = (tablespaceinfo *) lfirst(lc);

                if (tmp->path == NULL)
                    tmp->size = sendDir(".", 1, true, tablespaces, true, NULL,
                                        NULL);
                else
                    tmp->size = sendTablespace(tmp->path, tmp->oid, true,
                                               NULL);
                backup_total += tmp->size;
            }
        }

        /* Report that we are now streaming database files as a base backup */
        {
            const int   index[] = {
                PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_PHASE,
                PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_BACKUP_TOTAL,
                PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_TBLSPC_TOTAL
            };
            const int64 val[] = {
                PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_PHASE_STREAM_BACKUP,
                backup_total, list_length(tablespaces)
            };

            pgstat_progress_update_multi_param(3, index, val);
        }

        /* Send the starting position of the backup */
        SendXlogRecPtrResult(startptr, starttli);

        /* Send tablespace header */
        SendBackupHeader(tablespaces);

        /* Setup and activate network throttling, if client requested it */
        if (opt->maxrate > 0)
        {
            throttling_sample =
                (int64) opt->maxrate * (int64) 1024 / THROTTLING_FREQUENCY;

            /*
             * The minimum amount of time for throttling_sample bytes to be
             * transferred.
             */
            elapsed_min_unit = USECS_PER_SEC / THROTTLING_FREQUENCY;

            /* Enable throttling. */
            throttling_counter = 0;

            /* The 'real data' starts now (header was ignored). */
            throttled_last = GetCurrentTimestamp();
        }
        else
        {
            /* Disable throttling. */
            throttling_counter = -1;
        }

        /* Send off our tablespaces one by one */
        foreach(lc, tablespaces)
        {
            tablespaceinfo *ti = (tablespaceinfo *) lfirst(lc);
            StringInfoData buf;

            /* Send CopyOutResponse message */
            pq_beginmessage(&buf, 'H');
            pq_sendbyte(&buf, 0);   /* overall format */
            pq_sendint16(&buf, 0);  /* natts */
            pq_endmessage(&buf);

            if (ti->path == NULL)
            {
                struct stat statbuf;
                bool    sendtblspclinks = true;

                /* In the main tar, include the backup_label first... */
                sendFileWithContent(BACKUP_LABEL_FILE, labelfile->data,
                                    &manifest);

                /* Then the tablespace_map file, if required... */
                if (opt->sendtblspcmapfile)
                {
                    sendFileWithContent(TABLESPACE_MAP, tblspc_map_file->data,
                                        &manifest);
                    sendtblspclinks = false;
                }

                /* Then the bulk of the files... */
                sendDir(".", 1, false, tablespaces, sendtblspclinks,
                        &manifest, NULL);

                /* ... and pg_control after everything else. */
                if (lstat(XLOG_CONTROL_FILE, &statbuf) != 0)
                    ereport(ERROR,
                            (errcode_for_file_access(),
                             errmsg("could not stat file \"%s\": %m",
                                    XLOG_CONTROL_FILE)));
                sendFile(XLOG_CONTROL_FILE, XLOG_CONTROL_FILE, &statbuf,
                         false, InvalidOid, &manifest, NULL);
            }
            else
                sendTablespace(ti->path, ti->oid, false, &manifest);

            /*
             * If we're including WAL, and this is the main data directory we
             * don't terminate the tar stream here. Instead, we will append
             * the xlog files below and terminate it then. This is safe since
             * the main data directory is always sent *last*.
             */
            if (opt->includewal && ti->path == NULL)
            {
                Assert(lnext(tablespaces, lc) == NULL);
            }
            else
                pq_putemptymessage('c');    /* CopyDone */

            tblspc_streamed++;
            pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_TBLSPC_STREAMED,
                                         tblspc_streamed);
        }

        pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_PHASE,
                                     PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_PHASE_WAIT_WAL_ARCHIVE);
        endptr = do_pg_stop_backup(labelfile->data, !opt->nowait, &endtli);
    }
    PG_END_ENSURE_ERROR_CLEANUP(do_pg_abort_backup, BoolGetDatum(false));


    if (opt->includewal)
    {
        /*
         * We've left the last tar file "open", so we can now append the
         * required WAL files to it.
         */
        char        pathbuf[MAXPGPATH];
        XLogSegNo   segno;
        XLogSegNo   startsegno;
        XLogSegNo   endsegno;
        struct stat statbuf;
        List       *historyFileList = NIL;
        List       *walFileList = NIL;
        char        firstoff[MAXFNAMELEN];
        char        lastoff[MAXFNAMELEN];
        DIR        *dir;
        struct dirent *de;
        ListCell   *lc;
        TimeLineID  tli;

        pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_PHASE,
                                     PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_PHASE_TRANSFER_WAL);

        /*
         * I'd rather not worry about timelines here, so scan pg_wal and
         * include all WAL files in the range between 'startptr' and 'endptr',
         * regardless of the timeline the file is stamped with. If there are
         * some spurious WAL files belonging to timelines that don't belong in
         * this server's history, they will be included too. Normally there
         * shouldn't be such files, but if there are, there's little harm in
         * including them.
         */
        XLByteToSeg(startptr, startsegno, wal_segment_size);
        XLogFileName(firstoff, ThisTimeLineID, startsegno, wal_segment_size);
        XLByteToPrevSeg(endptr, endsegno, wal_segment_size);
        XLogFileName(lastoff, ThisTimeLineID, endsegno, wal_segment_size);

        dir = AllocateDir("pg_wal");
        while ((de = ReadDir(dir, "pg_wal")) != NULL)
        {
            /* Does it look like a WAL segment, and is it in the range? */
            if (IsXLogFileName(de->d_name) &&
                strcmp(de->d_name + 8, firstoff + 8) >= 0 &&
                strcmp(de->d_name + 8, lastoff + 8) <= 0)
            {
                walFileList = lappend(walFileList, pstrdup(de->d_name));
            }
            /* Does it look like a timeline history file? */
            else if (IsTLHistoryFileName(de->d_name))
            {
                historyFileList = lappend(historyFileList, pstrdup(de->d_name));
            }
        }
        FreeDir(dir);

        /*
         * Before we go any further, check that none of the WAL segments we
         * need were removed.
         */
        CheckXLogRemoved(startsegno, ThisTimeLineID);

        /*
         * Sort the WAL filenames.  We want to send the files in order from
         * oldest to newest, to reduce the chance that a file is recycled
         * before we get a chance to send it over.
         */
        list_sort(walFileList, compareWalFileNames);

        /*
         * There must be at least one xlog file in the pg_wal directory, since
         * we are doing backup-including-xlog.
         */
        if (walFileList == NIL)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errmsg("could not find any WAL files")));

        /*
         * Sanity check: the first and last segment should cover startptr and
         * endptr, with no gaps in between.
         */
        XLogFromFileName((char *) linitial(walFileList),
                         &tli, &segno, wal_segment_size);
        if (segno != startsegno)
        {
            char        startfname[MAXFNAMELEN];

            XLogFileName(startfname, ThisTimeLineID, startsegno,
                         wal_segment_size);
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errmsg("could not find WAL file \"%s\"", startfname)));
        }
        foreach(lc, walFileList)
        {
            char       *walFileName = (char *) lfirst(lc);
            XLogSegNo   currsegno = segno;
            XLogSegNo   nextsegno = segno + 1;

            XLogFromFileName(walFileName, &tli, &segno, wal_segment_size);
            if (!(nextsegno == segno || currsegno == segno))
            {
                char        nextfname[MAXFNAMELEN];

                XLogFileName(nextfname, ThisTimeLineID, nextsegno,
                             wal_segment_size);
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errmsg("could not find WAL file \"%s\"", nextfname)));
            }
        }
        if (segno != endsegno)
        {
            char        endfname[MAXFNAMELEN];

            XLogFileName(endfname, ThisTimeLineID, endsegno, wal_segment_size);
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errmsg("could not find WAL file \"%s\"", endfname)));
        }

        /* Ok, we have everything we need. Send the WAL files. */
        foreach(lc, walFileList)
        {
            char       *walFileName = (char *) lfirst(lc);
            int         fd;
            char        buf[TAR_SEND_SIZE];
            size_t      cnt;
            pgoff_t     len = 0;

            snprintf(pathbuf, MAXPGPATH, XLOGDIR "/%s", walFileName);
            XLogFromFileName(walFileName, &tli, &segno, wal_segment_size);

            fd = OpenTransientFile(pathbuf, O_RDONLY | PG_BINARY);
            if (fd < 0)
            {
                int         save_errno = errno;

                /*
                 * Most likely reason for this is that the file was already
                 * removed by a checkpoint, so check for that to get a better
                 * error message.
                 */
                CheckXLogRemoved(segno, tli);

                errno = save_errno;
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode_for_file_access(),
                         errmsg("could not open file \"%s\": %m", pathbuf)));
            }

            if (fstat(fd, &statbuf) != 0)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode_for_file_access(),
                         errmsg("could not stat file \"%s\": %m",
                                pathbuf)));
            if (statbuf.st_size != wal_segment_size)
            {
                CheckXLogRemoved(segno, tli);
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode_for_file_access(),
                         errmsg("unexpected WAL file size \"%s\"", walFileName)));
            }

            /* send the WAL file itself */
            _tarWriteHeader(pathbuf, NULL, &statbuf, false);

            while ((cnt = basebackup_read_file(fd, buf,
                                               Min(sizeof(buf),
                                                   wal_segment_size - len),
                                               len, pathbuf, true)) > 0)
            {
                CheckXLogRemoved(segno, tli);
                /* Send the chunk as a CopyData message */
                if (pq_putmessage('d', buf, cnt))
                    ereport(ERROR,
                            (errmsg("base backup could not send data, aborting backup")));
                update_basebackup_progress(cnt);

                len += cnt;
                throttle(cnt);

                if (len == wal_segment_size)
                    break;
            }

            if (len != wal_segment_size)
            {
                CheckXLogRemoved(segno, tli);
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode_for_file_access(),
                         errmsg("unexpected WAL file size \"%s\"", walFileName)));
            }

            /*
             * wal_segment_size is a multiple of TAR_BLOCK_SIZE, so no need
             * for padding.
             */
            Assert(wal_segment_size % TAR_BLOCK_SIZE == 0);

            CloseTransientFile(fd);

            /*
             * Mark file as archived, otherwise files can get archived again
             * after promotion of a new node. This is in line with
             * walreceiver.c always doing an XLogArchiveForceDone() after a
             * complete segment.
             */
            StatusFilePath(pathbuf, walFileName, ".done");
            sendFileWithContent(pathbuf, "", &manifest);
        }

        /*
         * Send timeline history files too. Only the latest timeline history
         * file is required for recovery, and even that only if there happens
         * to be a timeline switch in the first WAL segment that contains the
         * checkpoint record, or if we're taking a base backup from a standby
         * server and the target timeline changes while the backup is taken.
         * But they are small and highly useful for debugging purposes, so
         * better include them all, always.
         */
        foreach(lc, historyFileList)
        {
            char       *fname = lfirst(lc);

            snprintf(pathbuf, MAXPGPATH, XLOGDIR "/%s", fname);

            if (lstat(pathbuf, &statbuf) != 0)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode_for_file_access(),
                         errmsg("could not stat file \"%s\": %m", pathbuf)));

            sendFile(pathbuf, pathbuf, &statbuf, false, InvalidOid,
                     &manifest, NULL);

            /* unconditionally mark file as archived */
            StatusFilePath(pathbuf, fname, ".done");
            sendFileWithContent(pathbuf, "", &manifest);
        }

        /* Send CopyDone message for the last tar file */
        pq_putemptymessage('c');
    }

    AddWALInfoToBackupManifest(&manifest, startptr, starttli, endptr, endtli);

    SendBackupManifest(&manifest);

    SendXlogRecPtrResult(endptr, endtli);

    if (total_checksum_failures)
    {
        if (total_checksum_failures > 1)
            ereport(WARNING,
                    (errmsg_plural("%lld total checksum verification failure",
                                   "%lld total checksum verification failures",
                                   total_checksum_failures,
                                   total_checksum_failures)));

        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_CORRUPTED),
                 errmsg("checksum verification failure during base backup")));
    }

    /*
     * Make sure to free the manifest before the resource owners as manifests
     * use cryptohash contexts that may depend on resource owners (like
     * OpenSSL).
     */
    FreeBackupManifest(&manifest);

    /* clean up the resource owner we created */
    WalSndResourceCleanup(true);

    pgstat_progress_end_command();
}

/*
 * list_sort comparison function, to compare log/seg portion of WAL segment
 * filenames, ignoring the timeline portion.
 */
static int
compareWalFileNames(const ListCell *a, const ListCell *b)
{
    char       *fna = (char *) lfirst(a);
    char       *fnb = (char *) lfirst(b);

    return strcmp(fna + 8, fnb + 8);
}

/*
 * Parse the base backup options passed down by the parser
 */
static void
parse_basebackup_options(List *options, basebackup_options *opt)
{
    ListCell   *lopt;
    bool        o_label = false;
    bool        o_progress = false;
    bool        o_fast = false;
    bool        o_nowait = false;
    bool        o_wal = false;
    bool        o_maxrate = false;
    bool        o_tablespace_map = false;
    bool        o_noverify_checksums = false;
    bool        o_manifest = false;
    bool        o_manifest_checksums = false;

    MemSet(opt, 0, sizeof(*opt));
    opt->manifest = MANIFEST_OPTION_NO;
    opt->manifest_checksum_type = CHECKSUM_TYPE_CRC32C;

    foreach(lopt, options)
    {
        DefElem    *defel = (DefElem *) lfirst(lopt);

        if (strcmp(defel->defname, "label") == 0)
        {
            if (o_label)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                         errmsg("duplicate option \"%s\"", defel->defname)));
            opt->label = strVal(defel->arg);
            o_label = true;
        }
        else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "progress") == 0)
        {
            if (o_progress)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                         errmsg("duplicate option \"%s\"", defel->defname)));
            opt->progress = true;
            o_progress = true;
        }
        else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "fast") == 0)
        {
            if (o_fast)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                         errmsg("duplicate option \"%s\"", defel->defname)));
            opt->fastcheckpoint = true;
            o_fast = true;
        }
        else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "nowait") == 0)
        {
            if (o_nowait)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                         errmsg("duplicate option \"%s\"", defel->defname)));
            opt->nowait = true;
            o_nowait = true;
        }
        else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "wal") == 0)
        {
            if (o_wal)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                         errmsg("duplicate option \"%s\"", defel->defname)));
            opt->includewal = true;
            o_wal = true;
        }
        else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "max_rate") == 0)
        {
            long        maxrate;

            if (o_maxrate)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                         errmsg("duplicate option \"%s\"", defel->defname)));

            maxrate = intVal(defel->arg);
            if (maxrate < MAX_RATE_LOWER || maxrate > MAX_RATE_UPPER)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
                         errmsg("%d is outside the valid range for parameter \"%s\" (%d .. %d)",
                                (int) maxrate, "MAX_RATE", MAX_RATE_LOWER, MAX_RATE_UPPER)));

            opt->maxrate = (uint32) maxrate;
            o_maxrate = true;
        }
        else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "tablespace_map") == 0)
        {
            if (o_tablespace_map)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                         errmsg("duplicate option \"%s\"", defel->defname)));
            opt->sendtblspcmapfile = true;
            o_tablespace_map = true;
        }
        else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "noverify_checksums") == 0)
        {
            if (o_noverify_checksums)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                         errmsg("duplicate option \"%s\"", defel->defname)));
            noverify_checksums = true;
            o_noverify_checksums = true;
        }
        else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "manifest") == 0)
        {
            char       *optval = strVal(defel->arg);
            bool        manifest_bool;

            if (o_manifest)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                         errmsg("duplicate option \"%s\"", defel->defname)));
            if (parse_bool(optval, &manifest_bool))
            {
                if (manifest_bool)
                    opt->manifest = MANIFEST_OPTION_YES;
                else
                    opt->manifest = MANIFEST_OPTION_NO;
            }
            else if (pg_strcasecmp(optval, "force-encode") == 0)
                opt->manifest = MANIFEST_OPTION_FORCE_ENCODE;
            else
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                         errmsg("unrecognized manifest option: \"%s\"",
                                optval)));
            o_manifest = true;
        }
        else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "manifest_checksums") == 0)
        {
            char       *optval = strVal(defel->arg);

            if (o_manifest_checksums)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                         errmsg("duplicate option \"%s\"", defel->defname)));
            if (!pg_checksum_parse_type(optval,
                                        &opt->manifest_checksum_type))
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                         errmsg("unrecognized checksum algorithm: \"%s\"",
                                optval)));
            o_manifest_checksums = true;
        }
        else
            elog(ERROR, "option \"%s\" not recognized",
                 defel->defname);
    }
    if (opt->label == NULL)
        opt->label = "base backup";
    if (opt->manifest == MANIFEST_OPTION_NO)
    {
        if (o_manifest_checksums)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                     errmsg("manifest checksums require a backup manifest")));
        opt->manifest_checksum_type = CHECKSUM_TYPE_NONE;
    }
}


/*
 * SendBaseBackup() - send a complete base backup.
 *
 * The function will put the system into backup mode like pg_start_backup()
 * does, so that the backup is consistent even though we read directly from
 * the filesystem, bypassing the buffer cache.
 */
void
SendBaseBackup(BaseBackupCmd *cmd)
{
    basebackup_options opt;

    parse_basebackup_options(cmd->options, &opt);

    WalSndSetState(WALSNDSTATE_BACKUP);

    if (update_process_title)
    {
        char        activitymsg[50];

        snprintf(activitymsg, sizeof(activitymsg), "sending backup \"%s\"",
                 opt.label);
        set_ps_display(activitymsg);
    }

    perform_base_backup(&opt);
}

static void
send_int8_string(StringInfoData *buf, int64 intval)
{
    char        is[32];

    sprintf(is, INT64_FORMAT, intval);
    pq_sendint32(buf, strlen(is));
    pq_sendbytes(buf, is, strlen(is));
}

static void
SendBackupHeader(List *tablespaces)
{
    StringInfoData buf;
    ListCell   *lc;

    /* Construct and send the directory information */
    pq_beginmessage(&buf, 'T'); /* RowDescription */
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 3);      /* 3 fields */

    /* First field - spcoid */
    pq_sendstring(&buf, "spcoid");
    pq_sendint32(&buf, 0);      /* table oid */
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 0);      /* attnum */
    pq_sendint32(&buf, OIDOID); /* type oid */
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 4);      /* typlen */
    pq_sendint32(&buf, 0);      /* typmod */
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 0);      /* format code */

    /* Second field - spclocation */
    pq_sendstring(&buf, "spclocation");
    pq_sendint32(&buf, 0);
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 0);
    pq_sendint32(&buf, TEXTOID);
    pq_sendint16(&buf, -1);
    pq_sendint32(&buf, 0);
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 0);

    /* Third field - size */
    pq_sendstring(&buf, "size");
    pq_sendint32(&buf, 0);
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 0);
    pq_sendint32(&buf, INT8OID);
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 8);
    pq_sendint32(&buf, 0);
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 0);
    pq_endmessage(&buf);

    foreach(lc, tablespaces)
    {
        tablespaceinfo *ti = lfirst(lc);

        /* Send one datarow message */
        pq_beginmessage(&buf, 'D');
        pq_sendint16(&buf, 3);  /* number of columns */
        if (ti->path == NULL)
        {
            pq_sendint32(&buf, -1); /* Length = -1 ==> NULL */
            pq_sendint32(&buf, -1);
        }
        else
        {
            Size        len;

            len = strlen(ti->oid);
            pq_sendint32(&buf, len);
            pq_sendbytes(&buf, ti->oid, len);

            len = strlen(ti->path);
            pq_sendint32(&buf, len);
            pq_sendbytes(&buf, ti->path, len);
        }
        if (ti->size >= 0)
            send_int8_string(&buf, ti->size / 1024);
        else
            pq_sendint32(&buf, -1); /* NULL */

        pq_endmessage(&buf);
    }

    /* Send a CommandComplete message */
    pq_puttextmessage('C', "SELECT");
}

/*
 * Send a single resultset containing just a single
 * XLogRecPtr record (in text format)
 */
static void
SendXlogRecPtrResult(XLogRecPtr ptr, TimeLineID tli)
{
    StringInfoData buf;
    char        str[MAXFNAMELEN];
    Size        len;

    pq_beginmessage(&buf, 'T'); /* RowDescription */
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 2);      /* 2 fields */

    /* Field headers */
    pq_sendstring(&buf, "recptr");
    pq_sendint32(&buf, 0);      /* table oid */
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 0);      /* attnum */
    pq_sendint32(&buf, TEXTOID);    /* type oid */
    pq_sendint16(&buf, -1);
    pq_sendint32(&buf, 0);
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 0);

    pq_sendstring(&buf, "tli");
    pq_sendint32(&buf, 0);      /* table oid */
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 0);      /* attnum */

    /*
     * int8 may seem like a surprising data type for this, but in theory int4
     * would not be wide enough for this, as TimeLineID is unsigned.
     */
    pq_sendint32(&buf, INT8OID);    /* type oid */
    pq_sendint16(&buf, -1);
    pq_sendint32(&buf, 0);
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 0);
    pq_endmessage(&buf);

    /* Data row */
    pq_beginmessage(&buf, 'D');
    pq_sendint16(&buf, 2);      /* number of columns */

    len = snprintf(str, sizeof(str),
                   "%X/%X", (uint32) (ptr >> 32), (uint32) ptr);
    pq_sendint32(&buf, len);
    pq_sendbytes(&buf, str, len);

    len = snprintf(str, sizeof(str), "%u", tli);
    pq_sendint32(&buf, len);
    pq_sendbytes(&buf, str, len);

    pq_endmessage(&buf);

    /* Send a CommandComplete message */
    pq_puttextmessage('C', "SELECT");
}

/*
 * Inject a file with given name and content in the output tar stream.
 */
static void
sendFileWithContent(const char *filename, const char *content,
                    backup_manifest_info *manifest)
{
    struct stat statbuf;
    int         pad,
                len;
    pg_checksum_context checksum_ctx;

    if (pg_checksum_init(&checksum_ctx, manifest->checksum_type) < 0)
        elog(ERROR, "could not initialize checksum of file \"%s\"",
             filename);

    len = strlen(content);

    /*
     * Construct a stat struct for the backup_label file we're injecting in
     * the tar.
     */
    /* Windows doesn't have the concept of uid and gid */
#ifdef WIN32
    statbuf.st_uid = 0;
    statbuf.st_gid = 0;
#else
    statbuf.st_uid = geteuid();
    statbuf.st_gid = getegid();
#endif
    statbuf.st_mtime = time(NULL);
    statbuf.st_mode = pg_file_create_mode;
    statbuf.st_size = len;

    _tarWriteHeader(filename, NULL, &statbuf, false);
    /* Send the contents as a CopyData message */
    pq_putmessage('d', content, len);
    update_basebackup_progress(len);

    /* Pad to a multiple of the tar block size. */
    pad = tarPaddingBytesRequired(len);
    if (pad > 0)
    {
        char        buf[TAR_BLOCK_SIZE];

        MemSet(buf, 0, pad);
        pq_putmessage('d', buf, pad);
        update_basebackup_progress(pad);
    }

    if (pg_checksum_update(&checksum_ctx, (uint8 *) content, len) < 0)
        elog(ERROR, "could not update checksum of file \"%s\"",
             filename);

    AddFileToBackupManifest(manifest, NULL, filename, len,
                            (pg_time_t) statbuf.st_mtime, &checksum_ctx);
}

/*
 * Include the tablespace directory pointed to by 'path' in the output tar
 * stream.  If 'sizeonly' is true, we just calculate a total length and return
 * it, without actually sending anything.
 *
 * Only used to send auxiliary tablespaces, not PGDATA.
 */
static int64
sendTablespace(char *path, char *spcoid, bool sizeonly,
               backup_manifest_info *manifest)
{
    int64       size;
    char        pathbuf[MAXPGPATH];
    struct stat statbuf;

    /*
     * 'path' points to the tablespace location, but we only want to include
     * the version directory in it that belongs to us.
     */
    snprintf(pathbuf, sizeof(pathbuf), "%s/%s", path,
             TABLESPACE_VERSION_DIRECTORY);

    /*
     * Store a directory entry in the tar file so we get the permissions
     * right.
     */
    if (lstat(pathbuf, &statbuf) != 0)
    {
        if (errno != ENOENT)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode_for_file_access(),
                     errmsg("could not stat file or directory \"%s\": %m",
                            pathbuf)));

        /* If the tablespace went away while scanning, it's no error. */
        return 0;
    }

    size = _tarWriteHeader(TABLESPACE_VERSION_DIRECTORY, NULL, &statbuf,
                           sizeonly);

    /* Send all the files in the tablespace version directory */
    size += sendDir(pathbuf, strlen(path), sizeonly, NIL, true, manifest,
                    spcoid);

    return size;
}

/*
 * Include all files from the given directory in the output tar stream. If
 * 'sizeonly' is true, we just calculate a total length and return it, without
 * actually sending anything.
 *
 * Omit any directory in the tablespaces list, to avoid backing up
 * tablespaces twice when they were created inside PGDATA.
 *
 * If sendtblspclinks is true, we need to include symlink
 * information in the tar file. If not, we can skip that
 * as it will be sent separately in the tablespace_map file.
 */
static int64
sendDir(const char *path, int basepathlen, bool sizeonly, List *tablespaces,
        bool sendtblspclinks, backup_manifest_info *manifest,
        const char *spcoid)
{
    DIR        *dir;
    struct dirent *de;
    char        pathbuf[MAXPGPATH * 2];
    struct stat statbuf;
    int64       size = 0;
    const char *lastDir;        /* Split last dir from parent path. */
    bool        isDbDir = false;    /* Does this directory contain relations? */

    /*
     * Determine if the current path is a database directory that can contain
     * relations.
     *
     * Start by finding the location of the delimiter between the parent path
     * and the current path.
     */
    lastDir = last_dir_separator(path);

    /* Does this path look like a database path (i.e. all digits)? */
    if (lastDir != NULL &&
        strspn(lastDir + 1, "0123456789") == strlen(lastDir + 1))
    {
        /* Part of path that contains the parent directory. */
        int         parentPathLen = lastDir - path;

        /*
         * Mark path as a database directory if the parent path is either
         * $PGDATA/base or a tablespace version path.
         */
        if (strncmp(path, "./base", parentPathLen) == 0 ||
            (parentPathLen >= (sizeof(TABLESPACE_VERSION_DIRECTORY) - 1) &&
             strncmp(lastDir - (sizeof(TABLESPACE_VERSION_DIRECTORY) - 1),
                     TABLESPACE_VERSION_DIRECTORY,
                     sizeof(TABLESPACE_VERSION_DIRECTORY) - 1) == 0))
            isDbDir = true;
    }

    dir = AllocateDir(path);
    while ((de = ReadDir(dir, path)) != NULL)
    {
        int         excludeIdx;
        bool        excludeFound;
        ForkNumber  relForkNum; /* Type of fork if file is a relation */
        int         relOidChars;    /* Chars in filename that are the rel oid */

        /* Skip special stuff */
        if (strcmp(de->d_name, ".") == 0 || strcmp(de->d_name, "..") == 0)
            continue;

        /* Skip temporary files */
        if (strncmp(de->d_name,
                    PG_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX,
                    strlen(PG_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX)) == 0)
            continue;

        /*
         * Check if the postmaster has signaled us to exit, and abort with an
         * error in that case. The error handler further up will call
         * do_pg_abort_backup() for us. Also check that if the backup was
         * started while still in recovery, the server wasn't promoted.
         * do_pg_stop_backup() will check that too, but it's better to stop
         * the backup early than continue to the end and fail there.
         */
        CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
        if (RecoveryInProgress() != backup_started_in_recovery)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                     errmsg("the standby was promoted during online backup"),
                     errhint("This means that the backup being taken is corrupt "
                             "and should not be used. "
                             "Try taking another online backup.")));

        /* Scan for files that should be excluded */
        excludeFound = false;
        for (excludeIdx = 0; excludeFiles[excludeIdx].name != NULL; excludeIdx++)
        {
            int         cmplen = strlen(excludeFiles[excludeIdx].name);

            if (!excludeFiles[excludeIdx].match_prefix)
                cmplen++;
            if (strncmp(de->d_name, excludeFiles[excludeIdx].name, cmplen) == 0)
            {
                elog(DEBUG1, "file \"%s\" excluded from backup", de->d_name);
                excludeFound = true;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (excludeFound)
            continue;

        /* Exclude all forks for unlogged tables except the init fork */
        if (isDbDir &&
            parse_filename_for_nontemp_relation(de->d_name, &relOidChars,
                                                &relForkNum))
        {
            /* Never exclude init forks */
            if (relForkNum != INIT_FORKNUM)
            {
                char        initForkFile[MAXPGPATH];
                char        relOid[OIDCHARS + 1];

                /*
                 * If any other type of fork, check if there is an init fork
                 * with the same OID. If so, the file can be excluded.
                 */
                memcpy(relOid, de->d_name, relOidChars);
                relOid[relOidChars] = '\0';
                snprintf(initForkFile, sizeof(initForkFile), "%s/%s_init",
                         path, relOid);

                if (lstat(initForkFile, &statbuf) == 0)
                {
                    elog(DEBUG2,
                         "unlogged relation file \"%s\" excluded from backup",
                         de->d_name);

                    continue;
                }
            }
        }

        /* Exclude temporary relations */
        if (isDbDir && looks_like_temp_rel_name(de->d_name))
        {
            elog(DEBUG2,
                 "temporary relation file \"%s\" excluded from backup",
                 de->d_name);

            continue;
        }

        snprintf(pathbuf, sizeof(pathbuf), "%s/%s", path, de->d_name);

        /* Skip pg_control here to back up it last */
        if (strcmp(pathbuf, "./global/pg_control") == 0)
            continue;

        if (lstat(pathbuf, &statbuf) != 0)
        {
            if (errno != ENOENT)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode_for_file_access(),
                         errmsg("could not stat file or directory \"%s\": %m",
                                pathbuf)));

            /* If the file went away while scanning, it's not an error. */
            continue;
        }

        /* Scan for directories whose contents should be excluded */
        excludeFound = false;
        for (excludeIdx = 0; excludeDirContents[excludeIdx] != NULL; excludeIdx++)
        {
            if (strcmp(de->d_name, excludeDirContents[excludeIdx]) == 0)
            {
                elog(DEBUG1, "contents of directory \"%s\" excluded from backup", de->d_name);
                size += _tarWriteDir(pathbuf, basepathlen, &statbuf, sizeonly);
                excludeFound = true;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (excludeFound)
            continue;

        /*
         * Exclude contents of directory specified by statrelpath if not set
         * to the default (pg_stat_tmp) which is caught in the loop above.
         */
        if (statrelpath != NULL && strcmp(pathbuf, statrelpath) == 0)
        {
            elog(DEBUG1, "contents of directory \"%s\" excluded from backup", statrelpath);
            size += _tarWriteDir(pathbuf, basepathlen, &statbuf, sizeonly);
            continue;
        }

        /*
         * We can skip pg_wal, the WAL segments need to be fetched from the
         * WAL archive anyway. But include it as an empty directory anyway, so
         * we get permissions right.
         */
        if (strcmp(pathbuf, "./pg_wal") == 0)
        {
            /* If pg_wal is a symlink, write it as a directory anyway */
            size += _tarWriteDir(pathbuf, basepathlen, &statbuf, sizeonly);

            /*
             * Also send archive_status directory (by hackishly reusing
             * statbuf from above ...).
             */
            size += _tarWriteHeader("./pg_wal/archive_status", NULL, &statbuf,
                                    sizeonly);

            continue;           /* don't recurse into pg_wal */
        }

        /* Allow symbolic links in pg_tblspc only */
        if (strcmp(path, "./pg_tblspc") == 0 &&
#ifndef WIN32
            S_ISLNK(statbuf.st_mode)
#else
            pgwin32_is_junction(pathbuf)
#endif
            )
        {
#if defined(HAVE_READLINK) || defined(WIN32)
            char        linkpath[MAXPGPATH];
            int         rllen;

            rllen = readlink(pathbuf, linkpath, sizeof(linkpath));
            if (rllen < 0)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode_for_file_access(),
                         errmsg("could not read symbolic link \"%s\": %m",
                                pathbuf)));
            if (rllen >= sizeof(linkpath))
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                         errmsg("symbolic link \"%s\" target is too long",
                                pathbuf)));
            linkpath[rllen] = '\0';

            size += _tarWriteHeader(pathbuf + basepathlen + 1, linkpath,
                                    &statbuf, sizeonly);
#else

            /*
             * If the platform does not have symbolic links, it should not be
             * possible to have tablespaces - clearly somebody else created
             * them. Warn about it and ignore.
             */
            ereport(WARNING,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                     errmsg("tablespaces are not supported on this platform")));
            continue;
#endif                          /* HAVE_READLINK */
        }
        else if (S_ISDIR(statbuf.st_mode))
        {
            bool        skip_this_dir = false;
            ListCell   *lc;

            /*
             * Store a directory entry in the tar file so we can get the
             * permissions right.
             */
            size += _tarWriteHeader(pathbuf + basepathlen + 1, NULL, &statbuf,
                                    sizeonly);

            /*
             * Call ourselves recursively for a directory, unless it happens
             * to be a separate tablespace located within PGDATA.
             */
            foreach(lc, tablespaces)
            {
                tablespaceinfo *ti = (tablespaceinfo *) lfirst(lc);

                /*
                 * ti->rpath is the tablespace relative path within PGDATA, or
                 * NULL if the tablespace has been properly located somewhere
                 * else.
                 *
                 * Skip past the leading "./" in pathbuf when comparing.
                 */
                if (ti->rpath && strcmp(ti->rpath, pathbuf + 2) == 0)
                {
                    skip_this_dir = true;
                    break;
                }
            }

            /*
             * skip sending directories inside pg_tblspc, if not required.
             */
            if (strcmp(pathbuf, "./pg_tblspc") == 0 && !sendtblspclinks)
                skip_this_dir = true;

            if (!skip_this_dir)
                size += sendDir(pathbuf, basepathlen, sizeonly, tablespaces,
                                sendtblspclinks, manifest, spcoid);
        }
        else if (S_ISREG(statbuf.st_mode))
        {
            bool        sent = false;

            if (!sizeonly)
                sent = sendFile(pathbuf, pathbuf + basepathlen + 1, &statbuf,
                                true, isDbDir ? atooid(lastDir + 1) : InvalidOid,
                                manifest, spcoid);

            if (sent || sizeonly)
            {
                /* Add size. */
                size += statbuf.st_size;

                /* Pad to a multiple of the tar block size. */
                size += tarPaddingBytesRequired(statbuf.st_size);

                /* Size of the header for the file. */
                size += TAR_BLOCK_SIZE;
            }
        }
        else
            ereport(WARNING,
                    (errmsg("skipping special file \"%s\"", pathbuf)));
    }
    FreeDir(dir);
    return size;
}

/*
 * Check if a file should have its checksum validated.
 * We validate checksums on files in regular tablespaces
 * (including global and default) only, and in those there
 * are some files that are explicitly excluded.
 */
static bool
is_checksummed_file(const char *fullpath, const char *filename)
{
    /* Check that the file is in a tablespace */
    if (strncmp(fullpath, "./global/", 9) == 0 ||
        strncmp(fullpath, "./base/", 7) == 0 ||
        strncmp(fullpath, "/", 1) == 0)
    {
        int         excludeIdx;

        /* Compare file against noChecksumFiles skip list */
        for (excludeIdx = 0; noChecksumFiles[excludeIdx].name != NULL; excludeIdx++)
        {
            int         cmplen = strlen(noChecksumFiles[excludeIdx].name);

            if (!noChecksumFiles[excludeIdx].match_prefix)
                cmplen++;
            if (strncmp(filename, noChecksumFiles[excludeIdx].name,
                        cmplen) == 0)
                return false;
        }

        return true;
    }
    else
        return false;
}

/*****
 * Functions for handling tar file format
 *
 * Copied from pg_dump, but modified to work with libpq for sending
 */


/*
 * Given the member, write the TAR header & send the file.
 *
 * If 'missing_ok' is true, will not throw an error if the file is not found.
 *
 * If dboid is anything other than InvalidOid then any checksum failures detected
 * will get reported to the stats collector.
 *
 * Returns true if the file was successfully sent, false if 'missing_ok',
 * and the file did not exist.
 */
static bool
sendFile(const char *readfilename, const char *tarfilename,
         struct stat *statbuf, bool missing_ok, Oid dboid,
         backup_manifest_info *manifest, const char *spcoid)
{
    int         fd;
    BlockNumber blkno = 0;
    bool        block_retry = false;
    char        buf[TAR_SEND_SIZE];
    uint16      checksum;
    int         checksum_failures = 0;
    off_t       cnt;
    int         i;
    pgoff_t     len = 0;
    char       *page;
    size_t      pad;
    PageHeader  phdr;
    int         segmentno = 0;
    char       *segmentpath;
    bool        verify_checksum = false;
    pg_checksum_context checksum_ctx;

    if (pg_checksum_init(&checksum_ctx, manifest->checksum_type) < 0)
        elog(ERROR, "could not initialize checksum of file \"%s\"",
             readfilename);

    fd = OpenTransientFile(readfilename, O_RDONLY | PG_BINARY);
    if (fd < 0)
    {
        if (errno == ENOENT && missing_ok)
            return false;
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode_for_file_access(),
                 errmsg("could not open file \"%s\": %m", readfilename)));
    }

    _tarWriteHeader(tarfilename, NULL, statbuf, false);

    if (!noverify_checksums && DataChecksumsEnabled())
    {
        char       *filename;

        /*
         * Get the filename (excluding path).  As last_dir_separator()
         * includes the last directory separator, we chop that off by
         * incrementing the pointer.
         */
        filename = last_dir_separator(readfilename) + 1;

        if (is_checksummed_file(readfilename, filename))
        {
            verify_checksum = true;

            /*
             * Cut off at the segment boundary (".") to get the segment number
             * in order to mix it into the checksum.
             */
            segmentpath = strstr(filename, ".");
            if (segmentpath != NULL)
            {
                segmentno = atoi(segmentpath + 1);
                if (segmentno == 0)
                    ereport(ERROR,
                            (errmsg("invalid segment number %d in file \"%s\"",
                                    segmentno, filename)));
            }
        }
    }

    /*
     * Loop until we read the amount of data the caller told us to expect. The
     * file could be longer, if it was extended while we were sending it, but
     * for a base backup we can ignore such extended data. It will be restored
     * from WAL.
     */
    while (len < statbuf->st_size)
    {
        /* Try to read some more data. */
        cnt = basebackup_read_file(fd, buf,
                                   Min(sizeof(buf), statbuf->st_size - len),
                                   len, readfilename, true);

        /*
         * If we hit end-of-file, a concurrent truncation must have occurred.
         * That's not an error condition, because WAL replay will fix things
         * up.
         */
        if (cnt == 0)
            break;

        /*
         * The checksums are verified at block level, so we iterate over the
         * buffer in chunks of BLCKSZ, after making sure that
         * TAR_SEND_SIZE/buf is divisible by BLCKSZ and we read a multiple of
         * BLCKSZ bytes.
         */
        Assert(TAR_SEND_SIZE % BLCKSZ == 0);

        if (verify_checksum && (cnt % BLCKSZ != 0))
        {
            ereport(WARNING,
                    (errmsg("could not verify checksum in file \"%s\", block "
                            "%d: read buffer size %d and page size %d "
                            "differ",
                            readfilename, blkno, (int) cnt, BLCKSZ)));
            verify_checksum = false;
        }

        if (verify_checksum)
        {
            for (i = 0; i < cnt / BLCKSZ; i++)
            {
                page = buf + BLCKSZ * i;

                /*
                 * Only check pages which have not been modified since the
                 * start of the base backup. Otherwise, they might have been
                 * written only halfway and the checksum would not be valid.
                 * However, replaying WAL would reinstate the correct page in
                 * this case. We also skip completely new pages, since they
                 * don't have a checksum yet.
                 */
                if (!PageIsNew(page) && PageGetLSN(page) < startptr)
                {
                    checksum = pg_checksum_page((char *) page, blkno + segmentno * RELSEG_SIZE);
                    phdr = (PageHeader) page;
                    if (phdr->pd_checksum != checksum)
                    {
                        /*
                         * Retry the block on the first failure.  It's
                         * possible that we read the first 4K page of the
                         * block just before postgres updated the entire block
                         * so it ends up looking torn to us.  We only need to
                         * retry once because the LSN should be updated to
                         * something we can ignore on the next pass.  If the
                         * error happens again then it is a true validation
                         * failure.
                         */
                        if (block_retry == false)
                        {
                            int         reread_cnt;

                            /* Reread the failed block */
                            reread_cnt =
                                basebackup_read_file(fd, buf + BLCKSZ * i,
                                                     BLCKSZ, len + BLCKSZ * i,
                                                     readfilename,
                                                     false);
                            if (reread_cnt == 0)
                            {
                                /*
                                 * If we hit end-of-file, a concurrent
                                 * truncation must have occurred, so break out
                                 * of this loop just as if the initial fread()
                                 * returned 0. We'll drop through to the same
                                 * code that handles that case. (We must fix
                                 * up cnt first, though.)
                                 */
                                cnt = BLCKSZ * i;
                                break;
                            }

                            /* Set flag so we know a retry was attempted */
                            block_retry = true;

                            /* Reset loop to validate the block again */
                            i--;
                            continue;
                        }

                        checksum_failures++;

                        if (checksum_failures <= 5)
                            ereport(WARNING,
                                    (errmsg("checksum verification failed in "
                                            "file \"%s\", block %d: calculated "
                                            "%X but expected %X",
                                            readfilename, blkno, checksum,
                                            phdr->pd_checksum)));
                        if (checksum_failures == 5)
                            ereport(WARNING,
                                    (errmsg("further checksum verification "
                                            "failures in file \"%s\" will not "
                                            "be reported", readfilename)));
                    }
                }
                block_retry = false;
                blkno++;
            }
        }

        /* Send the chunk as a CopyData message */
        if (pq_putmessage('d', buf, cnt))
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errmsg("base backup could not send data, aborting backup")));
        update_basebackup_progress(cnt);

        /* Also feed it to the checksum machinery. */
        if (pg_checksum_update(&checksum_ctx, (uint8 *) buf, cnt) < 0)
            elog(ERROR, "could not update checksum of base backup");

        len += cnt;
        throttle(cnt);
    }

    /* If the file was truncated while we were sending it, pad it with zeros */
    if (len < statbuf->st_size)
    {
        MemSet(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
        while (len < statbuf->st_size)
        {
            cnt = Min(sizeof(buf), statbuf->st_size - len);
            pq_putmessage('d', buf, cnt);
            if (pg_checksum_update(&checksum_ctx, (uint8 *) buf, cnt) < 0)
                elog(ERROR, "could not update checksum of base backup");
            update_basebackup_progress(cnt);
            len += cnt;
            throttle(cnt);
        }
    }

    /*
     * Pad to a block boundary, per tar format requirements. (This small piece
     * of data is probably not worth throttling, and is not checksummed
     * because it's not actually part of the file.)
     */
    pad = tarPaddingBytesRequired(len);
    if (pad > 0)
    {
        MemSet(buf, 0, pad);
        pq_putmessage('d', buf, pad);
        update_basebackup_progress(pad);
    }

    CloseTransientFile(fd);

    if (checksum_failures > 1)
    {
        ereport(WARNING,
                (errmsg_plural("file \"%s\" has a total of %d checksum verification failure",
                               "file \"%s\" has a total of %d checksum verification failures",
                               checksum_failures,
                               readfilename, checksum_failures)));

        pgstat_report_checksum_failures_in_db(dboid, checksum_failures);
    }

    total_checksum_failures += checksum_failures;

    AddFileToBackupManifest(manifest, spcoid, tarfilename, statbuf->st_size,
                            (pg_time_t) statbuf->st_mtime, &checksum_ctx);

    return true;
}


static int64
_tarWriteHeader(const char *filename, const char *linktarget,
                struct stat *statbuf, bool sizeonly)
{
    char        h[TAR_BLOCK_SIZE];
    enum tarError rc;

    if (!sizeonly)
    {
        rc = tarCreateHeader(h, filename, linktarget, statbuf->st_size,
                             statbuf->st_mode, statbuf->st_uid, statbuf->st_gid,
                             statbuf->st_mtime);

        switch (rc)
        {
            case TAR_OK:
                break;
            case TAR_NAME_TOO_LONG:
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errmsg("file name too long for tar format: \"%s\"",
                                filename)));
                break;
            case TAR_SYMLINK_TOO_LONG:
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errmsg("symbolic link target too long for tar format: "
                                "file name \"%s\", target \"%s\"",
                                filename, linktarget)));
                break;
            default:
                elog(ERROR, "unrecognized tar error: %d", rc);
        }

        pq_putmessage('d', h, sizeof(h));
        update_basebackup_progress(sizeof(h));
    }

    return sizeof(h);
}

/*
 * Write tar header for a directory.  If the entry in statbuf is a link then
 * write it as a directory anyway.
 */
static int64
_tarWriteDir(const char *pathbuf, int basepathlen, struct stat *statbuf,
             bool sizeonly)
{
    /* If symlink, write it as a directory anyway */
#ifndef WIN32
    if (S_ISLNK(statbuf->st_mode))
#else
    if (pgwin32_is_junction(pathbuf))
#endif
        statbuf->st_mode = S_IFDIR | pg_dir_create_mode;

    return _tarWriteHeader(pathbuf + basepathlen + 1, NULL, statbuf, sizeonly);
}

/*
 * Increment the network transfer counter by the given number of bytes,
 * and sleep if necessary to comply with the requested network transfer
 * rate.
 */
static void
throttle(size_t increment)
{
    TimeOffset  elapsed_min;

    if (throttling_counter < 0)
        return;

    throttling_counter += increment;
    if (throttling_counter < throttling_sample)
        return;

    /* How much time should have elapsed at minimum? */
    elapsed_min = elapsed_min_unit *
        (throttling_counter / throttling_sample);

    /*
     * Since the latch could be set repeatedly because of concurrently WAL
     * activity, sleep in a loop to ensure enough time has passed.
     */
    for (;;)
    {
        TimeOffset  elapsed,
                    sleep;
        int         wait_result;

        /* Time elapsed since the last measurement (and possible wake up). */
        elapsed = GetCurrentTimestamp() - throttled_last;

        /* sleep if the transfer is faster than it should be */
        sleep = elapsed_min - elapsed;
        if (sleep <= 0)
            break;

        ResetLatch(MyLatch);

        /* We're eating a potentially set latch, so check for interrupts */
        CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();

        /*
         * (TAR_SEND_SIZE / throttling_sample * elapsed_min_unit) should be
         * the maximum time to sleep. Thus the cast to long is safe.
         */
        wait_result = WaitLatch(MyLatch,
                                WL_LATCH_SET | WL_TIMEOUT | WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH,
                                (long) (sleep / 1000),
                                WAIT_EVENT_BASE_BACKUP_THROTTLE);

        if (wait_result & WL_LATCH_SET)
            CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();

        /* Done waiting? */
        if (wait_result & WL_TIMEOUT)
            break;
    }

    /*
     * As we work with integers, only whole multiple of throttling_sample was
     * processed. The rest will be done during the next call of this function.
     */
    throttling_counter %= throttling_sample;

    /*
     * Time interval for the remaining amount and possible next increments
     * starts now.
     */
    throttled_last = GetCurrentTimestamp();
}

/*
 * Increment the counter for the amount of data already streamed
 * by the given number of bytes, and update the progress report for
 * pg_stat_progress_basebackup.
 */
static void
update_basebackup_progress(int64 delta)
{
    const int   index[] = {
        PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_BACKUP_STREAMED,
        PROGRESS_BASEBACKUP_BACKUP_TOTAL
    };
    int64       val[2];
    int         nparam = 0;

    backup_streamed += delta;
    val[nparam++] = backup_streamed;

    /*
     * Avoid overflowing past 100% or the full size. This may make the total
     * size number change as we approach the end of the backup (the estimate
     * will always be wrong if WAL is included), but that's better than having
     * the done column be bigger than the total.
     */
    if (backup_total > -1 && backup_streamed > backup_total)
    {
        backup_total = backup_streamed;
        val[nparam++] = backup_total;
    }

    pgstat_progress_update_multi_param(nparam, index, val);
}

/*
 * Read some data from a file, setting a wait event and reporting any error
 * encountered.
 *
 * If partial_read_ok is false, also report an error if the number of bytes
 * read is not equal to the number of bytes requested.
 *
 * Returns the number of bytes read.
 */
static int
basebackup_read_file(int fd, char *buf, size_t nbytes, off_t offset,
                     const char *filename, bool partial_read_ok)
{
    int         rc;

    pgstat_report_wait_start(WAIT_EVENT_BASEBACKUP_READ);
    rc = pg_pread(fd, buf, nbytes, offset);
    pgstat_report_wait_end();

    if (rc < 0)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode_for_file_access(),
                 errmsg("could not read file \"%s\": %m", filename)));
    if (!partial_read_ok && rc > 0 && rc != nbytes)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode_for_file_access(),
                 errmsg("could not read file \"%s\": read %d of %zu",
                        filename, rc, nbytes)));

    return rc;
}