parse_target.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * parse_target.c
 *    handle target lists
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2019, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/parser/parse_target.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "commands/dbcommands.h"
#include "funcapi.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "parser/parse_coerce.h"
#include "parser/parse_expr.h"
#include "parser/parse_func.h"
#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
#include "parser/parse_target.h"
#include "parser/parse_type.h"
#include "parser/parsetree.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
#include "utils/typcache.h"

static void markTargetListOrigin(ParseState *pstate, TargetEntry *tle,
                                 Var *var, int levelsup);
static Node *transformAssignmentIndirection(ParseState *pstate,
                                            Node *basenode,
                                            const char *targetName,
                                            bool targetIsSubscripting,
                                            Oid targetTypeId,
                                            int32 targetTypMod,
                                            Oid targetCollation,
                                            List *indirection,
                                            ListCell *indirection_cell,
                                            Node *rhs,
                                            int location);
static Node *transformAssignmentSubscripts(ParseState *pstate,
                                           Node *basenode,
                                           const char *targetName,
                                           Oid targetTypeId,
                                           int32 targetTypMod,
                                           Oid targetCollation,
                                           List *subscripts,
                                           bool isSlice,
                                           List *indirection,
                                           ListCell *next_indirection,
                                           Node *rhs,
                                           int location);
static List *ExpandColumnRefStar(ParseState *pstate, ColumnRef *cref,
                                 bool make_target_entry);
static List *ExpandAllTables(ParseState *pstate, int location);
static List *ExpandIndirectionStar(ParseState *pstate, A_Indirection *ind,
                                   bool make_target_entry, ParseExprKind exprKind);
static List *ExpandSingleTable(ParseState *pstate, RangeTblEntry *rte,
                               int location, bool make_target_entry);
static List *ExpandRowReference(ParseState *pstate, Node *expr,
                                bool make_target_entry);
static int  FigureColnameInternal(Node *node, char **name);


/*
 * transformTargetEntry()
 *  Transform any ordinary "expression-type" node into a targetlist entry.
 *  This is exported so that parse_clause.c can generate targetlist entries
 *  for ORDER/GROUP BY items that are not already in the targetlist.
 *
 * node     the (untransformed) parse tree for the value expression.
 * expr     the transformed expression, or NULL if caller didn't do it yet.
 * exprKind expression kind (EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET, etc)
 * colname  the column name to be assigned, or NULL if none yet set.
 * resjunk  true if the target should be marked resjunk, ie, it is not
 *          wanted in the final projected tuple.
 */
TargetEntry *
transformTargetEntry(ParseState *pstate,
                     Node *node,
                     Node *expr,
                     ParseExprKind exprKind,
                     char *colname,
                     bool resjunk)
{
    /* Transform the node if caller didn't do it already */
    if (expr == NULL)
    {
        /*
         * If it's a SetToDefault node and we should allow that, pass it
         * through unmodified.  (transformExpr will throw the appropriate
         * error if we're disallowing it.)
         */
        if (exprKind == EXPR_KIND_UPDATE_SOURCE && IsA(node, SetToDefault))
            expr = node;
        else
            expr = transformExpr(pstate, node, exprKind);
    }

    if (colname == NULL && !resjunk)
    {
        /*
         * Generate a suitable column name for a column without any explicit
         * 'AS ColumnName' clause.
         */
        colname = FigureColname(node);
    }

    return makeTargetEntry((Expr *) expr,
                           (AttrNumber) pstate->p_next_resno++,
                           colname,
                           resjunk);
}


/*
 * transformTargetList()
 * Turns a list of ResTarget's into a list of TargetEntry's.
 *
 * This code acts mostly the same for SELECT, UPDATE, or RETURNING lists;
 * the main thing is to transform the given expressions (the "val" fields).
 * The exprKind parameter distinguishes these cases when necessary.
 */
List *
transformTargetList(ParseState *pstate, List *targetlist,
                    ParseExprKind exprKind)
{
    List       *p_target = NIL;
    bool        expand_star;
    ListCell   *o_target;

    /* Shouldn't have any leftover multiassign items at start */
    Assert(pstate->p_multiassign_exprs == NIL);

    /* Expand "something.*" in SELECT and RETURNING, but not UPDATE */
    expand_star = (exprKind != EXPR_KIND_UPDATE_SOURCE);

    foreach(o_target, targetlist)
    {
        ResTarget  *res = (ResTarget *) lfirst(o_target);

        /*
         * Check for "something.*".  Depending on the complexity of the
         * "something", the star could appear as the last field in ColumnRef,
         * or as the last indirection item in A_Indirection.
         */
        if (expand_star)
        {
            if (IsA(res->val, ColumnRef))
            {
                ColumnRef  *cref = (ColumnRef *) res->val;

                if (IsA(llast(cref->fields), A_Star))
                {
                    /* It is something.*, expand into multiple items */
                    p_target = list_concat(p_target,
                                           ExpandColumnRefStar(pstate,
                                                               cref,
                                                               true));
                    continue;
                }
            }
            else if (IsA(res->val, A_Indirection))
            {
                A_Indirection *ind = (A_Indirection *) res->val;

                if (IsA(llast(ind->indirection), A_Star))
                {
                    /* It is something.*, expand into multiple items */
                    p_target = list_concat(p_target,
                                           ExpandIndirectionStar(pstate,
                                                                 ind,
                                                                 true,
                                                                 exprKind));
                    continue;
                }
            }
        }

        /*
         * Not "something.*", or we want to treat that as a plain whole-row
         * variable, so transform as a single expression
         */
        p_target = lappend(p_target,
                           transformTargetEntry(pstate,
                                                res->val,
                                                NULL,
                                                exprKind,
                                                res->name,
                                                false));
    }

    /*
     * If any multiassign resjunk items were created, attach them to the end
     * of the targetlist.  This should only happen in an UPDATE tlist.  We
     * don't need to worry about numbering of these items; transformUpdateStmt
     * will set their resnos.
     */
    if (pstate->p_multiassign_exprs)
    {
        Assert(exprKind == EXPR_KIND_UPDATE_SOURCE);
        p_target = list_concat(p_target, pstate->p_multiassign_exprs);
        pstate->p_multiassign_exprs = NIL;
    }

    return p_target;
}


/*
 * transformExpressionList()
 *
 * This is the identical transformation to transformTargetList, except that
 * the input list elements are bare expressions without ResTarget decoration,
 * and the output elements are likewise just expressions without TargetEntry
 * decoration.  We use this for ROW() and VALUES() constructs.
 *
 * exprKind is not enough to tell us whether to allow SetToDefault, so
 * an additional flag is needed for that.
 */
List *
transformExpressionList(ParseState *pstate, List *exprlist,
                        ParseExprKind exprKind, bool allowDefault)
{
    List       *result = NIL;
    ListCell   *lc;

    foreach(lc, exprlist)
    {
        Node       *e = (Node *) lfirst(lc);

        /*
         * Check for "something.*".  Depending on the complexity of the
         * "something", the star could appear as the last field in ColumnRef,
         * or as the last indirection item in A_Indirection.
         */
        if (IsA(e, ColumnRef))
        {
            ColumnRef  *cref = (ColumnRef *) e;

            if (IsA(llast(cref->fields), A_Star))
            {
                /* It is something.*, expand into multiple items */
                result = list_concat(result,
                                     ExpandColumnRefStar(pstate, cref,
                                                         false));
                continue;
            }
        }
        else if (IsA(e, A_Indirection))
        {
            A_Indirection *ind = (A_Indirection *) e;

            if (IsA(llast(ind->indirection), A_Star))
            {
                /* It is something.*, expand into multiple items */
                result = list_concat(result,
                                     ExpandIndirectionStar(pstate, ind,
                                                           false, exprKind));
                continue;
            }
        }

        /*
         * Not "something.*", so transform as a single expression.  If it's a
         * SetToDefault node and we should allow that, pass it through
         * unmodified.  (transformExpr will throw the appropriate error if
         * we're disallowing it.)
         */
        if (allowDefault && IsA(e, SetToDefault))
             /* do nothing */ ;
        else
            e = transformExpr(pstate, e, exprKind);

        result = lappend(result, e);
    }

    /* Shouldn't have any multiassign items here */
    Assert(pstate->p_multiassign_exprs == NIL);

    return result;
}


/*
 * resolveTargetListUnknowns()
 *      Convert any unknown-type targetlist entries to type TEXT.
 *
 * We do this after we've exhausted all other ways of identifying the output
 * column types of a query.
 */
void
resolveTargetListUnknowns(ParseState *pstate, List *targetlist)
{
    ListCell   *l;

    foreach(l, targetlist)
    {
        TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(l);
        Oid         restype = exprType((Node *) tle->expr);

        if (restype == UNKNOWNOID)
        {
            tle->expr = (Expr *) coerce_type(pstate, (Node *) tle->expr,
                                             restype, TEXTOID, -1,
                                             COERCION_IMPLICIT,
                                             COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST,
                                             -1);
        }
    }
}


/*
 * markTargetListOrigins()
 *      Mark targetlist columns that are simple Vars with the source
 *      table's OID and column number.
 *
 * Currently, this is done only for SELECT targetlists and RETURNING lists,
 * since we only need the info if we are going to send it to the frontend.
 */
void
markTargetListOrigins(ParseState *pstate, List *targetlist)
{
    ListCell   *l;

    foreach(l, targetlist)
    {
        TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(l);

        markTargetListOrigin(pstate, tle, (Var *) tle->expr, 0);
    }
}

/*
 * markTargetListOrigin()
 *      If 'var' is a Var of a plain relation, mark 'tle' with its origin
 *
 * levelsup is an extra offset to interpret the Var's varlevelsup correctly.
 *
 * This is split out so it can recurse for join references.  Note that we
 * do not drill down into views, but report the view as the column owner.
 */
static void
markTargetListOrigin(ParseState *pstate, TargetEntry *tle,
                     Var *var, int levelsup)
{
    int         netlevelsup;
    RangeTblEntry *rte;
    AttrNumber  attnum;

    if (var == NULL || !IsA(var, Var))
        return;
    netlevelsup = var->varlevelsup + levelsup;
    rte = GetRTEByRangeTablePosn(pstate, var->varno, netlevelsup);
    attnum = var->varattno;

    switch (rte->rtekind)
    {
        case RTE_RELATION:
            /* It's a table or view, report it */
            tle->resorigtbl = rte->relid;
            tle->resorigcol = attnum;
            break;
        case RTE_SUBQUERY:
            /* Subselect-in-FROM: copy up from the subselect */
            if (attnum != InvalidAttrNumber)
            {
                TargetEntry *ste = get_tle_by_resno(rte->subquery->targetList,
                                                    attnum);

                if (ste == NULL || ste->resjunk)
                    elog(ERROR, "subquery %s does not have attribute %d",
                         rte->eref->aliasname, attnum);
                tle->resorigtbl = ste->resorigtbl;
                tle->resorigcol = ste->resorigcol;
            }
            break;
        case RTE_JOIN:
            /* Join RTE --- recursively inspect the alias variable */
            if (attnum != InvalidAttrNumber)
            {
                Var        *aliasvar;

                Assert(attnum > 0 && attnum <= list_length(rte->joinaliasvars));
                aliasvar = (Var *) list_nth(rte->joinaliasvars, attnum - 1);
                /* We intentionally don't strip implicit coercions here */
                markTargetListOrigin(pstate, tle, aliasvar, netlevelsup);
            }
            break;
        case RTE_FUNCTION:
        case RTE_VALUES:
        case RTE_TABLEFUNC:
        case RTE_NAMEDTUPLESTORE:
        case RTE_RESULT:
            /* not a simple relation, leave it unmarked */
            break;
        case RTE_CTE:

            /*
             * CTE reference: copy up from the subquery, if possible. If the
             * RTE is a recursive self-reference then we can't do anything
             * because we haven't finished analyzing it yet. However, it's no
             * big loss because we must be down inside the recursive term of a
             * recursive CTE, and so any markings on the current targetlist
             * are not going to affect the results anyway.
             */
            if (attnum != InvalidAttrNumber && !rte->self_reference)
            {
                CommonTableExpr *cte = GetCTEForRTE(pstate, rte, netlevelsup);
                TargetEntry *ste;

                ste = get_tle_by_resno(GetCTETargetList(cte), attnum);
                if (ste == NULL || ste->resjunk)
                    elog(ERROR, "subquery %s does not have attribute %d",
                         rte->eref->aliasname, attnum);
                tle->resorigtbl = ste->resorigtbl;
                tle->resorigcol = ste->resorigcol;
            }
            break;
    }
}


/*
 * transformAssignedExpr()
 *  This is used in INSERT and UPDATE statements only.  It prepares an
 *  expression for assignment to a column of the target table.
 *  This includes coercing the given value to the target column's type
 *  (if necessary), and dealing with any subfield names or subscripts
 *  attached to the target column itself.  The input expression has
 *  already been through transformExpr().
 *
 * pstate       parse state
 * expr         expression to be modified
 * exprKind     indicates which type of statement we're dealing with
 * colname      target column name (ie, name of attribute to be assigned to)
 * attrno       target attribute number
 * indirection  subscripts/field names for target column, if any
 * location     error cursor position for the target column, or -1
 *
 * Returns the modified expression.
 *
 * Note: location points at the target column name (SET target or INSERT
 * column name list entry), and must therefore be -1 in an INSERT that
 * omits the column name list.  So we should usually prefer to use
 * exprLocation(expr) for errors that can happen in a default INSERT.
 */
Expr *
transformAssignedExpr(ParseState *pstate,
                      Expr *expr,
                      ParseExprKind exprKind,
                      const char *colname,
                      int attrno,
                      List *indirection,
                      int location)
{
    Relation    rd = pstate->p_target_relation;
    Oid         type_id;        /* type of value provided */
    Oid         attrtype;       /* type of target column */
    int32       attrtypmod;
    Oid         attrcollation;  /* collation of target column */
    ParseExprKind sv_expr_kind;

    /*
     * Save and restore identity of expression type we're parsing.  We must
     * set p_expr_kind here because we can parse subscripts without going
     * through transformExpr().
     */
    Assert(exprKind != EXPR_KIND_NONE);
    sv_expr_kind = pstate->p_expr_kind;
    pstate->p_expr_kind = exprKind;

    Assert(rd != NULL);
    if (attrno <= 0)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("cannot assign to system column \"%s\"",
                        colname),
                 parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
    attrtype = attnumTypeId(rd, attrno);
    attrtypmod = TupleDescAttr(rd->rd_att, attrno - 1)->atttypmod;
    attrcollation = TupleDescAttr(rd->rd_att, attrno - 1)->attcollation;

    /*
     * If the expression is a DEFAULT placeholder, insert the attribute's
     * type/typmod/collation into it so that exprType etc will report the
     * right things.  (We expect that the eventually substituted default
     * expression will in fact have this type and typmod.  The collation
     * likely doesn't matter, but let's set it correctly anyway.)  Also,
     * reject trying to update a subfield or array element with DEFAULT, since
     * there can't be any default for portions of a column.
     */
    if (expr && IsA(expr, SetToDefault))
    {
        SetToDefault *def = (SetToDefault *) expr;

        def->typeId = attrtype;
        def->typeMod = attrtypmod;
        def->collation = attrcollation;
        if (indirection)
        {
            if (IsA(linitial(indirection), A_Indices))
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                         errmsg("cannot set an array element to DEFAULT"),
                         parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
            else
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                         errmsg("cannot set a subfield to DEFAULT"),
                         parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
        }
    }

    /* Now we can use exprType() safely. */
    type_id = exprType((Node *) expr);

    /*
     * If there is indirection on the target column, prepare an array or
     * subfield assignment expression.  This will generate a new column value
     * that the source value has been inserted into, which can then be placed
     * in the new tuple constructed by INSERT or UPDATE.
     */
    if (indirection)
    {
        Node       *colVar;

        if (pstate->p_is_insert)
        {
            /*
             * The command is INSERT INTO table (col.something) ... so there
             * is not really a source value to work with. Insert a NULL
             * constant as the source value.
             */
            colVar = (Node *) makeNullConst(attrtype, attrtypmod,
                                            attrcollation);
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * Build a Var for the column to be updated.
             */
            colVar = (Node *) make_var(pstate,
                                       pstate->p_target_rangetblentry,
                                       attrno,
                                       location);
        }

        expr = (Expr *)
            transformAssignmentIndirection(pstate,
                                           colVar,
                                           colname,
                                           false,
                                           attrtype,
                                           attrtypmod,
                                           attrcollation,
                                           indirection,
                                           list_head(indirection),
                                           (Node *) expr,
                                           location);
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * For normal non-qualified target column, do type checking and
         * coercion.
         */
        Node       *orig_expr = (Node *) expr;

        expr = (Expr *)
            coerce_to_target_type(pstate,
                                  orig_expr, type_id,
                                  attrtype, attrtypmod,
                                  COERCION_ASSIGNMENT,
                                  COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST,
                                  -1);
        if (expr == NULL)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
                     errmsg("column \"%s\" is of type %s"
                            " but expression is of type %s",
                            colname,
                            format_type_be(attrtype),
                            format_type_be(type_id)),
                     errhint("You will need to rewrite or cast the expression."),
                     parser_errposition(pstate, exprLocation(orig_expr))));
    }

    pstate->p_expr_kind = sv_expr_kind;

    return expr;
}


/*
 * updateTargetListEntry()
 *  This is used in UPDATE statements (and ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE)
 *  only.  It prepares an UPDATE TargetEntry for assignment to a
 *  column of the target table.  This includes coercing the given
 *  value to the target column's type (if necessary), and dealing with
 *  any subfield names or subscripts attached to the target column
 *  itself.
 *
 * pstate       parse state
 * tle          target list entry to be modified
 * colname      target column name (ie, name of attribute to be assigned to)
 * attrno       target attribute number
 * indirection  subscripts/field names for target column, if any
 * location     error cursor position (should point at column name), or -1
 */
void
updateTargetListEntry(ParseState *pstate,
                      TargetEntry *tle,
                      char *colname,
                      int attrno,
                      List *indirection,
                      int location)
{
    /* Fix up expression as needed */
    tle->expr = transformAssignedExpr(pstate,
                                      tle->expr,
                                      EXPR_KIND_UPDATE_TARGET,
                                      colname,
                                      attrno,
                                      indirection,
                                      location);

    /*
     * Set the resno to identify the target column --- the rewriter and
     * planner depend on this.  We also set the resname to identify the target
     * column, but this is only for debugging purposes; it should not be
     * relied on.  (In particular, it might be out of date in a stored rule.)
     */
    tle->resno = (AttrNumber) attrno;
    tle->resname = colname;
}


/*
 * Process indirection (field selection or subscripting) of the target
 * column in INSERT/UPDATE.  This routine recurses for multiple levels
 * of indirection --- but note that several adjacent A_Indices nodes in
 * the indirection list are treated as a single multidimensional subscript
 * operation.
 *
 * In the initial call, basenode is a Var for the target column in UPDATE,
 * or a null Const of the target's type in INSERT.  In recursive calls,
 * basenode is NULL, indicating that a substitute node should be consed up if
 * needed.
 *
 * targetName is the name of the field or subfield we're assigning to, and
 * targetIsSubscripting is true if we're subscripting it.  These are just for
 * error reporting.
 *
 * targetTypeId, targetTypMod, targetCollation indicate the datatype and
 * collation of the object to be assigned to (initially the target column,
 * later some subobject).
 *
 * indirection is the list of indirection nodes, and indirection_cell is the
 * start of the sublist remaining to process.  When it's NULL, we're done
 * recursing and can just coerce and return the RHS.
 *
 * rhs is the already-transformed value to be assigned; note it has not been
 * coerced to any particular type.
 *
 * location is the cursor error position for any errors.  (Note: this points
 * to the head of the target clause, eg "foo" in "foo.bar[baz]".  Later we
 * might want to decorate indirection cells with their own location info,
 * in which case the location argument could probably be dropped.)
 */
static Node *
transformAssignmentIndirection(ParseState *pstate,
                               Node *basenode,
                               const char *targetName,
                               bool targetIsSubscripting,
                               Oid targetTypeId,
                               int32 targetTypMod,
                               Oid targetCollation,
                               List *indirection,
                               ListCell *indirection_cell,
                               Node *rhs,
                               int location)
{
    Node       *result;
    List       *subscripts = NIL;
    bool        isSlice = false;
    ListCell   *i;

    if (indirection_cell && !basenode)
    {
        /*
         * Set up a substitution.  We abuse CaseTestExpr for this.  It's safe
         * to do so because the only nodes that will be above the CaseTestExpr
         * in the finished expression will be FieldStore and SubscriptingRef
         * nodes. (There could be other stuff in the tree, but it will be
         * within other child fields of those node types.)
         */
        CaseTestExpr *ctest = makeNode(CaseTestExpr);

        ctest->typeId = targetTypeId;
        ctest->typeMod = targetTypMod;
        ctest->collation = targetCollation;
        basenode = (Node *) ctest;
    }

    /*
     * We have to split any field-selection operations apart from
     * subscripting.  Adjacent A_Indices nodes have to be treated as a single
     * multidimensional subscript operation.
     */
    for_each_cell(i, indirection, indirection_cell)
    {
        Node       *n = lfirst(i);

        if (IsA(n, A_Indices))
        {
            subscripts = lappend(subscripts, n);
            if (((A_Indices *) n)->is_slice)
                isSlice = true;
        }
        else if (IsA(n, A_Star))
        {
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                     errmsg("row expansion via \"*\" is not supported here"),
                     parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
        }
        else
        {
            FieldStore *fstore;
            Oid         baseTypeId;
            int32       baseTypeMod;
            Oid         typrelid;
            AttrNumber  attnum;
            Oid         fieldTypeId;
            int32       fieldTypMod;
            Oid         fieldCollation;

            Assert(IsA(n, String));

            /* process subscripts before this field selection */
            if (subscripts)
            {
                /* recurse, and then return because we're done */
                return transformAssignmentSubscripts(pstate,
                                                     basenode,
                                                     targetName,
                                                     targetTypeId,
                                                     targetTypMod,
                                                     targetCollation,
                                                     subscripts,
                                                     isSlice,
                                                     indirection,
                                                     i,
                                                     rhs,
                                                     location);
            }

            /* No subscripts, so can process field selection here */

            /*
             * Look up the composite type, accounting for possibility that
             * what we are given is a domain over composite.
             */
            baseTypeMod = targetTypMod;
            baseTypeId = getBaseTypeAndTypmod(targetTypeId, &baseTypeMod);

            typrelid = typeidTypeRelid(baseTypeId);
            if (!typrelid)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
                         errmsg("cannot assign to field \"%s\" of column \"%s\" because its type %s is not a composite type",
                                strVal(n), targetName,
                                format_type_be(targetTypeId)),
                         parser_errposition(pstate, location)));

            attnum = get_attnum(typrelid, strVal(n));
            if (attnum == InvalidAttrNumber)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
                         errmsg("cannot assign to field \"%s\" of column \"%s\" because there is no such column in data type %s",
                                strVal(n), targetName,
                                format_type_be(targetTypeId)),
                         parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
            if (attnum < 0)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
                         errmsg("cannot assign to system column \"%s\"",
                                strVal(n)),
                         parser_errposition(pstate, location)));

            get_atttypetypmodcoll(typrelid, attnum,
                                  &fieldTypeId, &fieldTypMod, &fieldCollation);

            /* recurse to create appropriate RHS for field assign */
            rhs = transformAssignmentIndirection(pstate,
                                                 NULL,
                                                 strVal(n),
                                                 false,
                                                 fieldTypeId,
                                                 fieldTypMod,
                                                 fieldCollation,
                                                 indirection,
                                                 lnext(indirection, i),
                                                 rhs,
                                                 location);

            /* and build a FieldStore node */
            fstore = makeNode(FieldStore);
            fstore->arg = (Expr *) basenode;
            fstore->newvals = list_make1(rhs);
            fstore->fieldnums = list_make1_int(attnum);
            fstore->resulttype = baseTypeId;

            /* If target is a domain, apply constraints */
            if (baseTypeId != targetTypeId)
                return coerce_to_domain((Node *) fstore,
                                        baseTypeId, baseTypeMod,
                                        targetTypeId,
                                        COERCION_IMPLICIT,
                                        COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST,
                                        location,
                                        false);

            return (Node *) fstore;
        }
    }

    /* process trailing subscripts, if any */
    if (subscripts)
    {
        /* recurse, and then return because we're done */
        return transformAssignmentSubscripts(pstate,
                                             basenode,
                                             targetName,
                                             targetTypeId,
                                             targetTypMod,
                                             targetCollation,
                                             subscripts,
                                             isSlice,
                                             indirection,
                                             NULL,
                                             rhs,
                                             location);
    }

    /* base case: just coerce RHS to match target type ID */

    result = coerce_to_target_type(pstate,
                                   rhs, exprType(rhs),
                                   targetTypeId, targetTypMod,
                                   COERCION_ASSIGNMENT,
                                   COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST,
                                   -1);
    if (result == NULL)
    {
        if (targetIsSubscripting)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
                     errmsg("array assignment to \"%s\" requires type %s"
                            " but expression is of type %s",
                            targetName,
                            format_type_be(targetTypeId),
                            format_type_be(exprType(rhs))),
                     errhint("You will need to rewrite or cast the expression."),
                     parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
        else
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
                     errmsg("subfield \"%s\" is of type %s"
                            " but expression is of type %s",
                            targetName,
                            format_type_be(targetTypeId),
                            format_type_be(exprType(rhs))),
                     errhint("You will need to rewrite or cast the expression."),
                     parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
    }

    return result;
}

/*
 * helper for transformAssignmentIndirection: process container assignment
 */
static Node *
transformAssignmentSubscripts(ParseState *pstate,
                              Node *basenode,
                              const char *targetName,
                              Oid targetTypeId,
                              int32 targetTypMod,
                              Oid targetCollation,
                              List *subscripts,
                              bool isSlice,
                              List *indirection,
                              ListCell *next_indirection,
                              Node *rhs,
                              int location)
{
    Node       *result;
    Oid         containerType;
    int32       containerTypMod;
    Oid         elementTypeId;
    Oid         typeNeeded;
    Oid         collationNeeded;

    Assert(subscripts != NIL);

    /* Identify the actual array type and element type involved */
    containerType = targetTypeId;
    containerTypMod = targetTypMod;
    elementTypeId = transformContainerType(&containerType, &containerTypMod);

    /* Identify type that RHS must provide */
    typeNeeded = isSlice ? containerType : elementTypeId;

    /*
     * container normally has same collation as elements, but there's an
     * exception: we might be subscripting a domain over a container type. In
     * that case use collation of the base type.
     */
    if (containerType == targetTypeId)
        collationNeeded = targetCollation;
    else
        collationNeeded = get_typcollation(containerType);

    /* recurse to create appropriate RHS for container assign */
    rhs = transformAssignmentIndirection(pstate,
                                         NULL,
                                         targetName,
                                         true,
                                         typeNeeded,
                                         containerTypMod,
                                         collationNeeded,
                                         indirection,
                                         next_indirection,
                                         rhs,
                                         location);

    /* process subscripts */
    result = (Node *) transformContainerSubscripts(pstate,
                                                   basenode,
                                                   containerType,
                                                   elementTypeId,
                                                   containerTypMod,
                                                   subscripts,
                                                   rhs);

    /* If target was a domain over container, need to coerce up to the domain */
    if (containerType != targetTypeId)
    {
        Oid         resulttype = exprType(result);

        result = coerce_to_target_type(pstate,
                                       result, resulttype,
                                       targetTypeId, targetTypMod,
                                       COERCION_ASSIGNMENT,
                                       COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST,
                                       -1);
        /* can fail if we had int2vector/oidvector, but not for true domains */
        if (result == NULL)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_CANNOT_COERCE),
                     errmsg("cannot cast type %s to %s",
                            format_type_be(resulttype),
                            format_type_be(targetTypeId)),
                     parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
    }

    return result;
}


/*
 * checkInsertTargets -
 *    generate a list of INSERT column targets if not supplied, or
 *    test supplied column names to make sure they are in target table.
 *    Also return an integer list of the columns' attribute numbers.
 */
List *
checkInsertTargets(ParseState *pstate, List *cols, List **attrnos)
{
    *attrnos = NIL;

    if (cols == NIL)
    {
        /*
         * Generate default column list for INSERT.
         */
        int         numcol = RelationGetNumberOfAttributes(pstate->p_target_relation);

        int         i;

        for (i = 0; i < numcol; i++)
        {
            ResTarget  *col;
            Form_pg_attribute attr;

            attr = TupleDescAttr(pstate->p_target_relation->rd_att, i);

            if (attr->attisdropped)
                continue;

            col = makeNode(ResTarget);
            col->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
            col->indirection = NIL;
            col->val = NULL;
            col->location = -1;
            cols = lappend(cols, col);
            *attrnos = lappend_int(*attrnos, i + 1);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * Do initial validation of user-supplied INSERT column list.
         */
        Bitmapset  *wholecols = NULL;
        Bitmapset  *partialcols = NULL;
        ListCell   *tl;

        foreach(tl, cols)
        {
            ResTarget  *col = (ResTarget *) lfirst(tl);
            char       *name = col->name;
            int         attrno;

            /* Lookup column name, ereport on failure */
            attrno = attnameAttNum(pstate->p_target_relation, name, false);
            if (attrno == InvalidAttrNumber)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
                         errmsg("column \"%s\" of relation \"%s\" does not exist",
                                name,
                                RelationGetRelationName(pstate->p_target_relation)),
                         parser_errposition(pstate, col->location)));

            /*
             * Check for duplicates, but only of whole columns --- we allow
             * INSERT INTO foo (col.subcol1, col.subcol2)
             */
            if (col->indirection == NIL)
            {
                /* whole column; must not have any other assignment */
                if (bms_is_member(attrno, wholecols) ||
                    bms_is_member(attrno, partialcols))
                    ereport(ERROR,
                            (errcode(ERRCODE_DUPLICATE_COLUMN),
                             errmsg("column \"%s\" specified more than once",
                                    name),
                             parser_errposition(pstate, col->location)));
                wholecols = bms_add_member(wholecols, attrno);
            }
            else
            {
                /* partial column; must not have any whole assignment */
                if (bms_is_member(attrno, wholecols))
                    ereport(ERROR,
                            (errcode(ERRCODE_DUPLICATE_COLUMN),
                             errmsg("column \"%s\" specified more than once",
                                    name),
                             parser_errposition(pstate, col->location)));
                partialcols = bms_add_member(partialcols, attrno);
            }

            *attrnos = lappend_int(*attrnos, attrno);
        }
    }

    return cols;
}

/*
 * ExpandColumnRefStar()
 *      Transforms foo.* into a list of expressions or targetlist entries.
 *
 * This handles the case where '*' appears as the last or only item in a
 * ColumnRef.  The code is shared between the case of foo.* at the top level
 * in a SELECT target list (where we want TargetEntry nodes in the result)
 * and foo.* in a ROW() or VALUES() construct (where we want just bare
 * expressions).
 *
 * The referenced columns are marked as requiring SELECT access.
 */
static List *
ExpandColumnRefStar(ParseState *pstate, ColumnRef *cref,
                    bool make_target_entry)
{
    List       *fields = cref->fields;
    int         numnames = list_length(fields);

    if (numnames == 1)
    {
        /*
         * Target item is a bare '*', expand all tables
         *
         * (e.g., SELECT * FROM emp, dept)
         *
         * Since the grammar only accepts bare '*' at top level of SELECT, we
         * need not handle the make_target_entry==false case here.
         */
        Assert(make_target_entry);
        return ExpandAllTables(pstate, cref->location);
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * Target item is relation.*, expand that table
         *
         * (e.g., SELECT emp.*, dname FROM emp, dept)
         *
         * Note: this code is a lot like transformColumnRef; it's tempting to
         * call that instead and then replace the resulting whole-row Var with
         * a list of Vars.  However, that would leave us with the RTE's
         * selectedCols bitmap showing the whole row as needing select
         * permission, as well as the individual columns.  That would be
         * incorrect (since columns added later shouldn't need select
         * permissions).  We could try to remove the whole-row permission bit
         * after the fact, but duplicating code is less messy.
         */
        char       *nspname = NULL;
        char       *relname = NULL;
        RangeTblEntry *rte = NULL;
        int         levels_up;
        enum
        {
            CRSERR_NO_RTE,
            CRSERR_WRONG_DB,
            CRSERR_TOO_MANY
        }           crserr = CRSERR_NO_RTE;

        /*
         * Give the PreParseColumnRefHook, if any, first shot.  If it returns
         * non-null then we should use that expression.
         */
        if (pstate->p_pre_columnref_hook != NULL)
        {
            Node       *node;

            node = pstate->p_pre_columnref_hook(pstate, cref);
            if (node != NULL)
                return ExpandRowReference(pstate, node, make_target_entry);
        }

        switch (numnames)
        {
            case 2:
                relname = strVal(linitial(fields));
                rte = refnameRangeTblEntry(pstate, nspname, relname,
                                           cref->location,
                                           &levels_up);
                break;
            case 3:
                nspname = strVal(linitial(fields));
                relname = strVal(lsecond(fields));
                rte = refnameRangeTblEntry(pstate, nspname, relname,
                                           cref->location,
                                           &levels_up);
                break;
            case 4:
                {
                    char       *catname = strVal(linitial(fields));

                    /*
                     * We check the catalog name and then ignore it.
                     */
                    if (strcmp(catname, get_database_name(MyDatabaseId)) != 0)
                    {
                        crserr = CRSERR_WRONG_DB;
                        break;
                    }
                    nspname = strVal(lsecond(fields));
                    relname = strVal(lthird(fields));
                    rte = refnameRangeTblEntry(pstate, nspname, relname,
                                               cref->location,
                                               &levels_up);
                    break;
                }
            default:
                crserr = CRSERR_TOO_MANY;
                break;
        }

        /*
         * Now give the PostParseColumnRefHook, if any, a chance. We cheat a
         * bit by passing the RangeTblEntry, not a Var, as the planned
         * translation.  (A single Var wouldn't be strictly correct anyway.
         * This convention allows hooks that really care to know what is
         * happening.)
         */
        if (pstate->p_post_columnref_hook != NULL)
        {
            Node       *node;

            node = pstate->p_post_columnref_hook(pstate, cref,
                                                 (Node *) rte);
            if (node != NULL)
            {
                if (rte != NULL)
                    ereport(ERROR,
                            (errcode(ERRCODE_AMBIGUOUS_COLUMN),
                             errmsg("column reference \"%s\" is ambiguous",
                                    NameListToString(cref->fields)),
                             parser_errposition(pstate, cref->location)));
                return ExpandRowReference(pstate, node, make_target_entry);
            }
        }

        /*
         * Throw error if no translation found.
         */
        if (rte == NULL)
        {
            switch (crserr)
            {
                case CRSERR_NO_RTE:
                    errorMissingRTE(pstate, makeRangeVar(nspname, relname,
                                                         cref->location));
                    break;
                case CRSERR_WRONG_DB:
                    ereport(ERROR,
                            (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                             errmsg("cross-database references are not implemented: %s",
                                    NameListToString(cref->fields)),
                             parser_errposition(pstate, cref->location)));
                    break;
                case CRSERR_TOO_MANY:
                    ereport(ERROR,
                            (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                             errmsg("improper qualified name (too many dotted names): %s",
                                    NameListToString(cref->fields)),
                             parser_errposition(pstate, cref->location)));
                    break;
            }
        }

        /*
         * OK, expand the RTE into fields.
         */
        return ExpandSingleTable(pstate, rte, cref->location, make_target_entry);
    }
}

/*
 * ExpandAllTables()
 *      Transforms '*' (in the target list) into a list of targetlist entries.
 *
 * tlist entries are generated for each relation visible for unqualified
 * column name access.  We do not consider qualified-name-only entries because
 * that would include input tables of aliasless JOINs, NEW/OLD pseudo-entries,
 * etc.
 *
 * The referenced relations/columns are marked as requiring SELECT access.
 */
static List *
ExpandAllTables(ParseState *pstate, int location)
{
    List       *target = NIL;
    bool        found_table = false;
    ListCell   *l;

    foreach(l, pstate->p_namespace)
    {
        ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem = (ParseNamespaceItem *) lfirst(l);
        RangeTblEntry *rte = nsitem->p_rte;

        /* Ignore table-only items */
        if (!nsitem->p_cols_visible)
            continue;
        /* Should not have any lateral-only items when parsing targetlist */
        Assert(!nsitem->p_lateral_only);
        /* Remember we found a p_cols_visible item */
        found_table = true;

        target = list_concat(target,
                             expandRelAttrs(pstate,
                                            rte,
                                            RTERangeTablePosn(pstate, rte,
                                                              NULL),
                                            0,
                                            location));
    }

    /*
     * Check for "SELECT *;".  We do it this way, rather than checking for
     * target == NIL, because we want to allow SELECT * FROM a zero_column
     * table.
     */
    if (!found_table)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                 errmsg("SELECT * with no tables specified is not valid"),
                 parser_errposition(pstate, location)));

    return target;
}

/*
 * ExpandIndirectionStar()
 *      Transforms foo.* into a list of expressions or targetlist entries.
 *
 * This handles the case where '*' appears as the last item in A_Indirection.
 * The code is shared between the case of foo.* at the top level in a SELECT
 * target list (where we want TargetEntry nodes in the result) and foo.* in
 * a ROW() or VALUES() construct (where we want just bare expressions).
 * For robustness, we use a separate "make_target_entry" flag to control
 * this rather than relying on exprKind.
 */
static List *
ExpandIndirectionStar(ParseState *pstate, A_Indirection *ind,
                      bool make_target_entry, ParseExprKind exprKind)
{
    Node       *expr;

    /* Strip off the '*' to create a reference to the rowtype object */
    ind = copyObject(ind);
    ind->indirection = list_truncate(ind->indirection,
                                     list_length(ind->indirection) - 1);

    /* And transform that */
    expr = transformExpr(pstate, (Node *) ind, exprKind);

    /* Expand the rowtype expression into individual fields */
    return ExpandRowReference(pstate, expr, make_target_entry);
}

/*
 * ExpandSingleTable()
 *      Transforms foo.* into a list of expressions or targetlist entries.
 *
 * This handles the case where foo has been determined to be a simple
 * reference to an RTE, so we can just generate Vars for the expressions.
 *
 * The referenced columns are marked as requiring SELECT access.
 */
static List *
ExpandSingleTable(ParseState *pstate, RangeTblEntry *rte,
                  int location, bool make_target_entry)
{
    int         sublevels_up;
    int         rtindex;

    rtindex = RTERangeTablePosn(pstate, rte, &sublevels_up);

    if (make_target_entry)
    {
        /* expandRelAttrs handles permissions marking */
        return expandRelAttrs(pstate, rte, rtindex, sublevels_up,
                              location);
    }
    else
    {
        List       *vars;
        ListCell   *l;

        expandRTE(rte, rtindex, sublevels_up, location, false,
                  NULL, &vars);

        /*
         * Require read access to the table.  This is normally redundant with
         * the markVarForSelectPriv calls below, but not if the table has zero
         * columns.
         */
        rte->requiredPerms |= ACL_SELECT;

        /* Require read access to each column */
        foreach(l, vars)
        {
            Var        *var = (Var *) lfirst(l);

            markVarForSelectPriv(pstate, var, rte);
        }

        return vars;
    }
}

/*
 * ExpandRowReference()
 *      Transforms foo.* into a list of expressions or targetlist entries.
 *
 * This handles the case where foo is an arbitrary expression of composite
 * type.
 */
static List *
ExpandRowReference(ParseState *pstate, Node *expr,
                   bool make_target_entry)
{
    List       *result = NIL;
    TupleDesc   tupleDesc;
    int         numAttrs;
    int         i;

    /*
     * If the rowtype expression is a whole-row Var, we can expand the fields
     * as simple Vars.  Note: if the RTE is a relation, this case leaves us
     * with the RTE's selectedCols bitmap showing the whole row as needing
     * select permission, as well as the individual columns.  However, we can
     * only get here for weird notations like (table.*).*, so it's not worth
     * trying to clean up --- arguably, the permissions marking is correct
     * anyway for such cases.
     */
    if (IsA(expr, Var) &&
        ((Var *) expr)->varattno == InvalidAttrNumber)
    {
        Var        *var = (Var *) expr;
        RangeTblEntry *rte;

        rte = GetRTEByRangeTablePosn(pstate, var->varno, var->varlevelsup);
        return ExpandSingleTable(pstate, rte, var->location, make_target_entry);
    }

    /*
     * Otherwise we have to do it the hard way.  Our current implementation is
     * to generate multiple copies of the expression and do FieldSelects.
     * (This can be pretty inefficient if the expression involves nontrivial
     * computation :-(.)
     *
     * Verify it's a composite type, and get the tupdesc.
     * get_expr_result_tupdesc() handles this conveniently.
     *
     * If it's a Var of type RECORD, we have to work even harder: we have to
     * find what the Var refers to, and pass that to get_expr_result_tupdesc.
     * That task is handled by expandRecordVariable().
     */
    if (IsA(expr, Var) &&
        ((Var *) expr)->vartype == RECORDOID)
        tupleDesc = expandRecordVariable(pstate, (Var *) expr, 0);
    else
        tupleDesc = get_expr_result_tupdesc(expr, false);
    Assert(tupleDesc);

    /* Generate a list of references to the individual fields */
    numAttrs = tupleDesc->natts;
    for (i = 0; i < numAttrs; i++)
    {
        Form_pg_attribute att = TupleDescAttr(tupleDesc, i);
        FieldSelect *fselect;

        if (att->attisdropped)
            continue;

        fselect = makeNode(FieldSelect);
        fselect->arg = (Expr *) copyObject(expr);
        fselect->fieldnum = i + 1;
        fselect->resulttype = att->atttypid;
        fselect->resulttypmod = att->atttypmod;
        /* save attribute's collation for parse_collate.c */
        fselect->resultcollid = att->attcollation;

        if (make_target_entry)
        {
            /* add TargetEntry decoration */
            TargetEntry *te;

            te = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) fselect,
                                 (AttrNumber) pstate->p_next_resno++,
                                 pstrdup(NameStr(att->attname)),
                                 false);
            result = lappend(result, te);
        }
        else
            result = lappend(result, fselect);
    }

    return result;
}

/*
 * expandRecordVariable
 *      Get the tuple descriptor for a Var of type RECORD, if possible.
 *
 * Since no actual table or view column is allowed to have type RECORD, such
 * a Var must refer to a JOIN or FUNCTION RTE or to a subquery output.  We
 * drill down to find the ultimate defining expression and attempt to infer
 * the tupdesc from it.  We ereport if we can't determine the tupdesc.
 *
 * levelsup is an extra offset to interpret the Var's varlevelsup correctly.
 */
TupleDesc
expandRecordVariable(ParseState *pstate, Var *var, int levelsup)
{
    TupleDesc   tupleDesc;
    int         netlevelsup;
    RangeTblEntry *rte;
    AttrNumber  attnum;
    Node       *expr;

    /* Check my caller didn't mess up */
    Assert(IsA(var, Var));
    Assert(var->vartype == RECORDOID);

    netlevelsup = var->varlevelsup + levelsup;
    rte = GetRTEByRangeTablePosn(pstate, var->varno, netlevelsup);
    attnum = var->varattno;

    if (attnum == InvalidAttrNumber)
    {
        /* Whole-row reference to an RTE, so expand the known fields */
        List       *names,
                   *vars;
        ListCell   *lname,
                   *lvar;
        int         i;

        expandRTE(rte, var->varno, 0, var->location, false,
                  &names, &vars);

        tupleDesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(list_length(vars));
        i = 1;
        forboth(lname, names, lvar, vars)
        {
            char       *label = strVal(lfirst(lname));
            Node       *varnode = (Node *) lfirst(lvar);

            TupleDescInitEntry(tupleDesc, i,
                               label,
                               exprType(varnode),
                               exprTypmod(varnode),
                               0);
            TupleDescInitEntryCollation(tupleDesc, i,
                                        exprCollation(varnode));
            i++;
        }
        Assert(lname == NULL && lvar == NULL);  /* lists same length? */

        return tupleDesc;
    }

    expr = (Node *) var;        /* default if we can't drill down */

    switch (rte->rtekind)
    {
        case RTE_RELATION:
        case RTE_VALUES:
        case RTE_NAMEDTUPLESTORE:
        case RTE_RESULT:

            /*
             * This case should not occur: a column of a table, values list,
             * or ENR shouldn't have type RECORD.  Fall through and fail (most
             * likely) at the bottom.
             */
            break;
        case RTE_SUBQUERY:
            {
                /* Subselect-in-FROM: examine sub-select's output expr */
                TargetEntry *ste = get_tle_by_resno(rte->subquery->targetList,
                                                    attnum);

                if (ste == NULL || ste->resjunk)
                    elog(ERROR, "subquery %s does not have attribute %d",
                         rte->eref->aliasname, attnum);
                expr = (Node *) ste->expr;
                if (IsA(expr, Var))
                {
                    /*
                     * Recurse into the sub-select to see what its Var refers
                     * to.  We have to build an additional level of ParseState
                     * to keep in step with varlevelsup in the subselect.
                     */
                    ParseState  mypstate;

                    MemSet(&mypstate, 0, sizeof(mypstate));
                    mypstate.parentParseState = pstate;
                    mypstate.p_rtable = rte->subquery->rtable;
                    /* don't bother filling the rest of the fake pstate */

                    return expandRecordVariable(&mypstate, (Var *) expr, 0);
                }
                /* else fall through to inspect the expression */
            }
            break;
        case RTE_JOIN:
            /* Join RTE --- recursively inspect the alias variable */
            Assert(attnum > 0 && attnum <= list_length(rte->joinaliasvars));
            expr = (Node *) list_nth(rte->joinaliasvars, attnum - 1);
            Assert(expr != NULL);
            /* We intentionally don't strip implicit coercions here */
            if (IsA(expr, Var))
                return expandRecordVariable(pstate, (Var *) expr, netlevelsup);
            /* else fall through to inspect the expression */
            break;
        case RTE_FUNCTION:

            /*
             * We couldn't get here unless a function is declared with one of
             * its result columns as RECORD, which is not allowed.
             */
            break;
        case RTE_TABLEFUNC:

            /*
             * Table function cannot have columns with RECORD type.
             */
            break;
        case RTE_CTE:
            /* CTE reference: examine subquery's output expr */
            if (!rte->self_reference)
            {
                CommonTableExpr *cte = GetCTEForRTE(pstate, rte, netlevelsup);
                TargetEntry *ste;

                ste = get_tle_by_resno(GetCTETargetList(cte), attnum);
                if (ste == NULL || ste->resjunk)
                    elog(ERROR, "subquery %s does not have attribute %d",
                         rte->eref->aliasname, attnum);
                expr = (Node *) ste->expr;
                if (IsA(expr, Var))
                {
                    /*
                     * Recurse into the CTE to see what its Var refers to. We
                     * have to build an additional level of ParseState to keep
                     * in step with varlevelsup in the CTE; furthermore it
                     * could be an outer CTE.
                     */
                    ParseState  mypstate;
                    Index       levelsup;

                    MemSet(&mypstate, 0, sizeof(mypstate));
                    /* this loop must work, since GetCTEForRTE did */
                    for (levelsup = 0;
                         levelsup < rte->ctelevelsup + netlevelsup;
                         levelsup++)
                        pstate = pstate->parentParseState;
                    mypstate.parentParseState = pstate;
                    mypstate.p_rtable = ((Query *) cte->ctequery)->rtable;
                    /* don't bother filling the rest of the fake pstate */

                    return expandRecordVariable(&mypstate, (Var *) expr, 0);
                }
                /* else fall through to inspect the expression */
            }
            break;
    }

    /*
     * We now have an expression we can't expand any more, so see if
     * get_expr_result_tupdesc() can do anything with it.
     */
    return get_expr_result_tupdesc(expr, false);
}


/*
 * FigureColname -
 *    if the name of the resulting column is not specified in the target
 *    list, we have to guess a suitable name.  The SQL spec provides some
 *    guidance, but not much...
 *
 * Note that the argument is the *untransformed* parse tree for the target
 * item.  This is a shade easier to work with than the transformed tree.
 */
char *
FigureColname(Node *node)
{
    char       *name = NULL;

    (void) FigureColnameInternal(node, &name);
    if (name != NULL)
        return name;
    /* default result if we can't guess anything */
    return "?column?";
}

/*
 * FigureIndexColname -
 *    choose the name for an expression column in an index
 *
 * This is actually just like FigureColname, except we return NULL if
 * we can't pick a good name.
 */
char *
FigureIndexColname(Node *node)
{
    char       *name = NULL;

    (void) FigureColnameInternal(node, &name);
    return name;
}

/*
 * FigureColnameInternal -
 *    internal workhorse for FigureColname
 *
 * Return value indicates strength of confidence in result:
 *      0 - no information
 *      1 - second-best name choice
 *      2 - good name choice
 * The return value is actually only used internally.
 * If the result isn't zero, *name is set to the chosen name.
 */
static int
FigureColnameInternal(Node *node, char **name)
{
    int         strength = 0;

    if (node == NULL)
        return strength;

    switch (nodeTag(node))
    {
        case T_ColumnRef:
            {
                char       *fname = NULL;
                ListCell   *l;

                /* find last field name, if any, ignoring "*" */
                foreach(l, ((ColumnRef *) node)->fields)
                {
                    Node       *i = lfirst(l);

                    if (IsA(i, String))
                        fname = strVal(i);
                }
                if (fname)
                {
                    *name = fname;
                    return 2;
                }
            }
            break;
        case T_A_Indirection:
            {
                A_Indirection *ind = (A_Indirection *) node;
                char       *fname = NULL;
                ListCell   *l;

                /* find last field name, if any, ignoring "*" and subscripts */
                foreach(l, ind->indirection)
                {
                    Node       *i = lfirst(l);

                    if (IsA(i, String))
                        fname = strVal(i);
                }
                if (fname)
                {
                    *name = fname;
                    return 2;
                }
                return FigureColnameInternal(ind->arg, name);
            }
            break;
        case T_FuncCall:
            *name = strVal(llast(((FuncCall *) node)->funcname));
            return 2;
        case T_A_Expr:
            if (((A_Expr *) node)->kind == AEXPR_NULLIF)
            {
                /* make nullif() act like a regular function */
                *name = "nullif";
                return 2;
            }
            if (((A_Expr *) node)->kind == AEXPR_PAREN)
            {
                /* look through dummy parenthesis node */
                return FigureColnameInternal(((A_Expr *) node)->lexpr, name);
            }
            break;
        case T_TypeCast:
            strength = FigureColnameInternal(((TypeCast *) node)->arg,
                                             name);
            if (strength <= 1)
            {
                if (((TypeCast *) node)->typeName != NULL)
                {
                    *name = strVal(llast(((TypeCast *) node)->typeName->names));
                    return 1;
                }
            }
            break;
        case T_CollateClause:
            return FigureColnameInternal(((CollateClause *) node)->arg, name);
        case T_GroupingFunc:
            /* make GROUPING() act like a regular function */
            *name = "grouping";
            return 2;
        case T_SubLink:
            switch (((SubLink *) node)->subLinkType)
            {
                case EXISTS_SUBLINK:
                    *name = "exists";
                    return 2;
                case ARRAY_SUBLINK:
                    *name = "array";
                    return 2;
                case EXPR_SUBLINK:
                    {
                        /* Get column name of the subquery's single target */
                        SubLink    *sublink = (SubLink *) node;
                        Query      *query = (Query *) sublink->subselect;

                        /*
                         * The subquery has probably already been transformed,
                         * but let's be careful and check that.  (The reason
                         * we can see a transformed subquery here is that
                         * transformSubLink is lazy and modifies the SubLink
                         * node in-place.)
                         */
                        if (IsA(query, Query))
                        {
                            TargetEntry *te = (TargetEntry *) linitial(query->targetList);

                            if (te->resname)
                            {
                                *name = te->resname;
                                return 2;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                    /* As with other operator-like nodes, these have no names */
                case MULTIEXPR_SUBLINK:
                case ALL_SUBLINK:
                case ANY_SUBLINK:
                case ROWCOMPARE_SUBLINK:
                case CTE_SUBLINK:
                    break;
            }
            break;
        case T_CaseExpr:
            strength = FigureColnameInternal((Node *) ((CaseExpr *) node)->defresult,
                                             name);
            if (strength <= 1)
            {
                *name = "case";
                return 1;
            }
            break;
        case T_A_ArrayExpr:
            /* make ARRAY[] act like a function */
            *name = "array";
            return 2;
        case T_RowExpr:
            /* make ROW() act like a function */
            *name = "row";
            return 2;
        case T_CoalesceExpr:
            /* make coalesce() act like a regular function */
            *name = "coalesce";
            return 2;
        case T_MinMaxExpr:
            /* make greatest/least act like a regular function */
            switch (((MinMaxExpr *) node)->op)
            {
                case IS_GREATEST:
                    *name = "greatest";
                    return 2;
                case IS_LEAST:
                    *name = "least";
                    return 2;
            }
            break;
        case T_SQLValueFunction:
            /* make these act like a function or variable */
            switch (((SQLValueFunction *) node)->op)
            {
                case SVFOP_CURRENT_DATE:
                    *name = "current_date";
                    return 2;
                case SVFOP_CURRENT_TIME:
                case SVFOP_CURRENT_TIME_N:
                    *name = "current_time";
                    return 2;
                case SVFOP_CURRENT_TIMESTAMP:
                case SVFOP_CURRENT_TIMESTAMP_N:
                    *name = "current_timestamp";
                    return 2;
                case SVFOP_LOCALTIME:
                case SVFOP_LOCALTIME_N:
                    *name = "localtime";
                    return 2;
                case SVFOP_LOCALTIMESTAMP:
                case SVFOP_LOCALTIMESTAMP_N:
                    *name = "localtimestamp";
                    return 2;
                case SVFOP_CURRENT_ROLE:
                    *name = "current_role";
                    return 2;
                case SVFOP_CURRENT_USER:
                    *name = "current_user";
                    return 2;
                case SVFOP_USER:
                    *name = "user";
                    return 2;
                case SVFOP_SESSION_USER:
                    *name = "session_user";
                    return 2;
                case SVFOP_CURRENT_CATALOG:
                    *name = "current_catalog";
                    return 2;
                case SVFOP_CURRENT_SCHEMA:
                    *name = "current_schema";
                    return 2;
            }
            break;
        case T_XmlExpr:
            /* make SQL/XML functions act like a regular function */
            switch (((XmlExpr *) node)->op)
            {
                case IS_XMLCONCAT:
                    *name = "xmlconcat";
                    return 2;
                case IS_XMLELEMENT:
                    *name = "xmlelement";
                    return 2;
                case IS_XMLFOREST:
                    *name = "xmlforest";
                    return 2;
                case IS_XMLPARSE:
                    *name = "xmlparse";
                    return 2;
                case IS_XMLPI:
                    *name = "xmlpi";
                    return 2;
                case IS_XMLROOT:
                    *name = "xmlroot";
                    return 2;
                case IS_XMLSERIALIZE:
                    *name = "xmlserialize";
                    return 2;
                case IS_DOCUMENT:
                    /* nothing */
                    break;
            }
            break;
        case T_XmlSerialize:
            *name = "xmlserialize";
            return 2;
        default:
            break;
    }

    return strength;
}