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parse_expr.c
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1 /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
2  *
3  * parse_expr.c
4  * handle expressions in parser
5  *
6  * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2020, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
7  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
8  *
9  *
10  * IDENTIFICATION
11  * src/backend/parser/parse_expr.c
12  *
13  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
14  */
15 
16 #include "postgres.h"
17 
18 #include "catalog/pg_type.h"
19 #include "commands/dbcommands.h"
20 #include "miscadmin.h"
21 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
22 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
23 #include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
24 #include "parser/analyze.h"
25 #include "parser/parse_agg.h"
26 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
27 #include "parser/parse_coerce.h"
28 #include "parser/parse_collate.h"
29 #include "parser/parse_expr.h"
30 #include "parser/parse_func.h"
31 #include "parser/parse_oper.h"
32 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
33 #include "parser/parse_target.h"
34 #include "parser/parse_type.h"
35 #include "utils/builtins.h"
36 #include "utils/date.h"
37 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
38 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
39 #include "utils/xml.h"
40 
41 /* GUC parameters */
42 bool operator_precedence_warning = false;
43 bool Transform_null_equals = false;
44 
45 /*
46  * Node-type groups for operator precedence warnings
47  * We use zero for everything not otherwise classified
48  */
49 #define PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_IS 1 /* postfix IS tests (NullTest, etc) */
50 #define PREC_GROUP_INFIX_IS 2 /* infix IS (IS DISTINCT FROM, etc) */
51 #define PREC_GROUP_LESS 3 /* < > */
52 #define PREC_GROUP_EQUAL 4 /* = */
53 #define PREC_GROUP_LESS_EQUAL 5 /* <= >= <> */
54 #define PREC_GROUP_LIKE 6 /* LIKE ILIKE SIMILAR */
55 #define PREC_GROUP_BETWEEN 7 /* BETWEEN */
56 #define PREC_GROUP_IN 8 /* IN */
57 #define PREC_GROUP_NOT_LIKE 9 /* NOT LIKE/ILIKE/SIMILAR */
58 #define PREC_GROUP_NOT_BETWEEN 10 /* NOT BETWEEN */
59 #define PREC_GROUP_NOT_IN 11 /* NOT IN */
60 #define PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_OP 12 /* generic postfix operators */
61 #define PREC_GROUP_INFIX_OP 13 /* generic infix operators */
62 #define PREC_GROUP_PREFIX_OP 14 /* generic prefix operators */
63 
64 /*
65  * Map precedence groupings to old precedence ordering
66  *
67  * Old precedence order:
68  * 1. NOT
69  * 2. =
70  * 3. < >
71  * 4. LIKE ILIKE SIMILAR
72  * 5. BETWEEN
73  * 6. IN
74  * 7. generic postfix Op
75  * 8. generic Op, including <= => <>
76  * 9. generic prefix Op
77  * 10. IS tests (NullTest, BooleanTest, etc)
78  *
79  * NOT BETWEEN etc map to BETWEEN etc when considered as being on the left,
80  * but to NOT when considered as being on the right, because of the buggy
81  * precedence handling of those productions in the old grammar.
82  */
83 static const int oldprecedence_l[] = {
84  0, 10, 10, 3, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
85 };
86 static const int oldprecedence_r[] = {
87  0, 10, 10, 3, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 1, 1, 1, 7, 8, 9
88 };
89 
90 static Node *transformExprRecurse(ParseState *pstate, Node *expr);
91 static Node *transformParamRef(ParseState *pstate, ParamRef *pref);
92 static Node *transformAExprOp(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a);
93 static Node *transformAExprOpAny(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a);
94 static Node *transformAExprOpAll(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a);
95 static Node *transformAExprDistinct(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a);
96 static Node *transformAExprNullIf(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a);
97 static Node *transformAExprOf(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a);
98 static Node *transformAExprIn(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a);
99 static Node *transformAExprBetween(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a);
100 static Node *transformBoolExpr(ParseState *pstate, BoolExpr *a);
101 static Node *transformFuncCall(ParseState *pstate, FuncCall *fn);
102 static Node *transformMultiAssignRef(ParseState *pstate, MultiAssignRef *maref);
103 static Node *transformCaseExpr(ParseState *pstate, CaseExpr *c);
104 static Node *transformSubLink(ParseState *pstate, SubLink *sublink);
105 static Node *transformArrayExpr(ParseState *pstate, A_ArrayExpr *a,
106  Oid array_type, Oid element_type, int32 typmod);
107 static Node *transformRowExpr(ParseState *pstate, RowExpr *r, bool allowDefault);
108 static Node *transformCoalesceExpr(ParseState *pstate, CoalesceExpr *c);
109 static Node *transformMinMaxExpr(ParseState *pstate, MinMaxExpr *m);
110 static Node *transformSQLValueFunction(ParseState *pstate,
111  SQLValueFunction *svf);
112 static Node *transformXmlExpr(ParseState *pstate, XmlExpr *x);
113 static Node *transformXmlSerialize(ParseState *pstate, XmlSerialize *xs);
114 static Node *transformBooleanTest(ParseState *pstate, BooleanTest *b);
115 static Node *transformCurrentOfExpr(ParseState *pstate, CurrentOfExpr *cexpr);
116 static Node *transformColumnRef(ParseState *pstate, ColumnRef *cref);
117 static Node *transformWholeRowRef(ParseState *pstate,
118  ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem,
119  int sublevels_up, int location);
120 static Node *transformIndirection(ParseState *pstate, A_Indirection *ind);
121 static Node *transformTypeCast(ParseState *pstate, TypeCast *tc);
122 static Node *transformCollateClause(ParseState *pstate, CollateClause *c);
123 static Node *make_row_comparison_op(ParseState *pstate, List *opname,
124  List *largs, List *rargs, int location);
125 static Node *make_row_distinct_op(ParseState *pstate, List *opname,
126  RowExpr *lrow, RowExpr *rrow, int location);
127 static Expr *make_distinct_op(ParseState *pstate, List *opname,
128  Node *ltree, Node *rtree, int location);
129 static Node *make_nulltest_from_distinct(ParseState *pstate,
130  A_Expr *distincta, Node *arg);
131 static int operator_precedence_group(Node *node, const char **nodename);
132 static void emit_precedence_warnings(ParseState *pstate,
133  int opgroup, const char *opname,
134  Node *lchild, Node *rchild,
135  int location);
136 
137 
138 /*
139  * transformExpr -
140  * Analyze and transform expressions. Type checking and type casting is
141  * done here. This processing converts the raw grammar output into
142  * expression trees with fully determined semantics.
143  */
144 Node *
145 transformExpr(ParseState *pstate, Node *expr, ParseExprKind exprKind)
146 {
147  Node *result;
148  ParseExprKind sv_expr_kind;
149 
150  /* Save and restore identity of expression type we're parsing */
151  Assert(exprKind != EXPR_KIND_NONE);
152  sv_expr_kind = pstate->p_expr_kind;
153  pstate->p_expr_kind = exprKind;
154 
155  result = transformExprRecurse(pstate, expr);
156 
157  pstate->p_expr_kind = sv_expr_kind;
158 
159  return result;
160 }
161 
162 static Node *
163 transformExprRecurse(ParseState *pstate, Node *expr)
164 {
165  Node *result;
166 
167  if (expr == NULL)
168  return NULL;
169 
170  /* Guard against stack overflow due to overly complex expressions */
171  check_stack_depth();
172 
173  switch (nodeTag(expr))
174  {
175  case T_ColumnRef:
176  result = transformColumnRef(pstate, (ColumnRef *) expr);
177  break;
178 
179  case T_ParamRef:
180  result = transformParamRef(pstate, (ParamRef *) expr);
181  break;
182 
183  case T_A_Const:
184  {
185  A_Const *con = (A_Const *) expr;
186  Value *val = &con->val;
187 
188  result = (Node *) make_const(pstate, val, con->location);
189  break;
190  }
191 
192  case T_A_Indirection:
193  result = transformIndirection(pstate, (A_Indirection *) expr);
194  break;
195 
196  case T_A_ArrayExpr:
197  result = transformArrayExpr(pstate, (A_ArrayExpr *) expr,
198  InvalidOid, InvalidOid, -1);
199  break;
200 
201  case T_TypeCast:
202  result = transformTypeCast(pstate, (TypeCast *) expr);
203  break;
204 
205  case T_CollateClause:
206  result = transformCollateClause(pstate, (CollateClause *) expr);
207  break;
208 
209  case T_A_Expr:
210  {
211  A_Expr *a = (A_Expr *) expr;
212 
213  switch (a->kind)
214  {
215  case AEXPR_OP:
216  result = transformAExprOp(pstate, a);
217  break;
218  case AEXPR_OP_ANY:
219  result = transformAExprOpAny(pstate, a);
220  break;
221  case AEXPR_OP_ALL:
222  result = transformAExprOpAll(pstate, a);
223  break;
224  case AEXPR_DISTINCT:
225  case AEXPR_NOT_DISTINCT:
226  result = transformAExprDistinct(pstate, a);
227  break;
228  case AEXPR_NULLIF:
229  result = transformAExprNullIf(pstate, a);
230  break;
231  case AEXPR_OF:
232  result = transformAExprOf(pstate, a);
233  break;
234  case AEXPR_IN:
235  result = transformAExprIn(pstate, a);
236  break;
237  case AEXPR_LIKE:
238  case AEXPR_ILIKE:
239  case AEXPR_SIMILAR:
240  /* we can transform these just like AEXPR_OP */
241  result = transformAExprOp(pstate, a);
242  break;
243  case AEXPR_BETWEEN:
244  case AEXPR_NOT_BETWEEN:
245  case AEXPR_BETWEEN_SYM:
246  case AEXPR_NOT_BETWEEN_SYM:
247  result = transformAExprBetween(pstate, a);
248  break;
249  case AEXPR_PAREN:
250  result = transformExprRecurse(pstate, a->lexpr);
251  break;
252  default:
253  elog(ERROR, "unrecognized A_Expr kind: %d", a->kind);
254  result = NULL; /* keep compiler quiet */
255  break;
256  }
257  break;
258  }
259 
260  case T_BoolExpr:
261  result = transformBoolExpr(pstate, (BoolExpr *) expr);
262  break;
263 
264  case T_FuncCall:
265  result = transformFuncCall(pstate, (FuncCall *) expr);
266  break;
267 
268  case T_MultiAssignRef:
269  result = transformMultiAssignRef(pstate, (MultiAssignRef *) expr);
270  break;
271 
272  case T_GroupingFunc:
273  result = transformGroupingFunc(pstate, (GroupingFunc *) expr);
274  break;
275 
276  case T_NamedArgExpr:
277  {
278  NamedArgExpr *na = (NamedArgExpr *) expr;
279 
280  na->arg = (Expr *) transformExprRecurse(pstate, (Node *) na->arg);
281  result = expr;
282  break;
283  }
284 
285  case T_SubLink:
286  result = transformSubLink(pstate, (SubLink *) expr);
287  break;
288 
289  case T_CaseExpr:
290  result = transformCaseExpr(pstate, (CaseExpr *) expr);
291  break;
292 
293  case T_RowExpr:
294  result = transformRowExpr(pstate, (RowExpr *) expr, false);
295  break;
296 
297  case T_CoalesceExpr:
298  result = transformCoalesceExpr(pstate, (CoalesceExpr *) expr);
299  break;
300 
301  case T_MinMaxExpr:
302  result = transformMinMaxExpr(pstate, (MinMaxExpr *) expr);
303  break;
304 
305  case T_SQLValueFunction:
306  result = transformSQLValueFunction(pstate,
307  (SQLValueFunction *) expr);
308  break;
309 
310  case T_XmlExpr:
311  result = transformXmlExpr(pstate, (XmlExpr *) expr);
312  break;
313 
314  case T_XmlSerialize:
315  result = transformXmlSerialize(pstate, (XmlSerialize *) expr);
316  break;
317 
318  case T_NullTest:
319  {
320  NullTest *n = (NullTest *) expr;
321 
322  if (operator_precedence_warning)
323  emit_precedence_warnings(pstate, PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_IS, "IS",
324  (Node *) n->arg, NULL,
325  n->location);
326 
327  n->arg = (Expr *) transformExprRecurse(pstate, (Node *) n->arg);
328  /* the argument can be any type, so don't coerce it */
329  n->argisrow = type_is_rowtype(exprType((Node *) n->arg));
330  result = expr;
331  break;
332  }
333 
334  case T_BooleanTest:
335  result = transformBooleanTest(pstate, (BooleanTest *) expr);
336  break;
337 
338  case T_CurrentOfExpr:
339  result = transformCurrentOfExpr(pstate, (CurrentOfExpr *) expr);
340  break;
341 
342  /*
343  * In all places where DEFAULT is legal, the caller should have
344  * processed it rather than passing it to transformExpr().
345  */
346  case T_SetToDefault:
347  ereport(ERROR,
348  (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
349  errmsg("DEFAULT is not allowed in this context"),
350  parser_errposition(pstate,
351  ((SetToDefault *) expr)->location)));
352  break;
353 
354  /*
355  * CaseTestExpr doesn't require any processing; it is only
356  * injected into parse trees in a fully-formed state.
357  *
358  * Ordinarily we should not see a Var here, but it is convenient
359  * for transformJoinUsingClause() to create untransformed operator
360  * trees containing already-transformed Vars. The best
361  * alternative would be to deconstruct and reconstruct column
362  * references, which seems expensively pointless. So allow it.
363  */
364  case T_CaseTestExpr:
365  case T_Var:
366  {
367  result = (Node *) expr;
368  break;
369  }
370 
371  default:
372  /* should not reach here */
373  elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(expr));
374  result = NULL; /* keep compiler quiet */
375  break;
376  }
377 
378  return result;
379 }
380 
381 /*
382  * helper routine for delivering "column does not exist" error message
383  *
384  * (Usually we don't have to work this hard, but the general case of field
385  * selection from an arbitrary node needs it.)
386  */
387 static void
388 unknown_attribute(ParseState *pstate, Node *relref, const char *attname,
389  int location)
390 {
391  RangeTblEntry *rte;
392 
393  if (IsA(relref, Var) &&
394  ((Var *) relref)->varattno == InvalidAttrNumber)
395  {
396  /* Reference the RTE by alias not by actual table name */
397  rte = GetRTEByRangeTablePosn(pstate,
398  ((Var *) relref)->varno,
399  ((Var *) relref)->varlevelsup);
400  ereport(ERROR,
401  (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
402  errmsg("column %s.%s does not exist",
403  rte->eref->aliasname, attname),
404  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
405  }
406  else
407  {
408  /* Have to do it by reference to the type of the expression */
409  Oid relTypeId = exprType(relref);
410 
411  if (ISCOMPLEX(relTypeId))
412  ereport(ERROR,
413  (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
414  errmsg("column \"%s\" not found in data type %s",
415  attname, format_type_be(relTypeId)),
416  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
417  else if (relTypeId == RECORDOID)
418  ereport(ERROR,
419  (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
420  errmsg("could not identify column \"%s\" in record data type",
421  attname),
422  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
423  else
424  ereport(ERROR,
425  (errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
426  errmsg("column notation .%s applied to type %s, "
427  "which is not a composite type",
428  attname, format_type_be(relTypeId)),
429  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
430  }
431 }
432 
433 static Node *
434 transformIndirection(ParseState *pstate, A_Indirection *ind)
435 {
436  Node *last_srf = pstate->p_last_srf;
437  Node *result = transformExprRecurse(pstate, ind->arg);
438  List *subscripts = NIL;
439  int location = exprLocation(result);
440  ListCell *i;
441 
442  /*
443  * We have to split any field-selection operations apart from
444  * subscripting. Adjacent A_Indices nodes have to be treated as a single
445  * multidimensional subscript operation.
446  */
447  foreach(i, ind->indirection)
448  {
449  Node *n = lfirst(i);
450 
451  if (IsA(n, A_Indices))
452  subscripts = lappend(subscripts, n);
453  else if (IsA(n, A_Star))
454  {
455  ereport(ERROR,
456  (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
457  errmsg("row expansion via \"*\" is not supported here"),
458  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
459  }
460  else
461  {
462  Node *newresult;
463 
464  Assert(IsA(n, String));
465 
466  /* process subscripts before this field selection */
467  if (subscripts)
468  result = (Node *) transformContainerSubscripts(pstate,
469  result,
470  exprType(result),
471  InvalidOid,
472  exprTypmod(result),
473  subscripts,
474  NULL);
475  subscripts = NIL;
476 
477  newresult = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate,
478  list_make1(n),
479  list_make1(result),
480  last_srf,
481  NULL,
482  false,
483  location);
484  if (newresult == NULL)
485  unknown_attribute(pstate, result, strVal(n), location);
486  result = newresult;
487  }
488  }
489  /* process trailing subscripts, if any */
490  if (subscripts)
491  result = (Node *) transformContainerSubscripts(pstate,
492  result,
493  exprType(result),
494  InvalidOid,
495  exprTypmod(result),
496  subscripts,
497  NULL);
498 
499  return result;
500 }
501 
502 /*
503  * Transform a ColumnRef.
504  *
505  * If you find yourself changing this code, see also ExpandColumnRefStar.
506  */
507 static Node *
508 transformColumnRef(ParseState *pstate, ColumnRef *cref)
509 {
510  Node *node = NULL;
511  char *nspname = NULL;
512  char *relname = NULL;
513  char *colname = NULL;
514  ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
515  int levels_up;
516  enum
517  {
518  CRERR_NO_COLUMN,
519  CRERR_NO_RTE,
520  CRERR_WRONG_DB,
521  CRERR_TOO_MANY
522  } crerr = CRERR_NO_COLUMN;
523  const char *err;
524 
525  /*
526  * Check to see if the column reference is in an invalid place within the
527  * query. We allow column references in most places, except in default
528  * expressions and partition bound expressions.
529  */
530  err = NULL;
531  switch (pstate->p_expr_kind)
532  {
533  case EXPR_KIND_NONE:
534  Assert(false); /* can't happen */
535  break;
536  case EXPR_KIND_OTHER:
537  case EXPR_KIND_JOIN_ON:
538  case EXPR_KIND_JOIN_USING:
539  case EXPR_KIND_FROM_SUBSELECT:
540  case EXPR_KIND_FROM_FUNCTION:
541  case EXPR_KIND_WHERE:
542  case EXPR_KIND_POLICY:
543  case EXPR_KIND_HAVING:
544  case EXPR_KIND_FILTER:
545  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_PARTITION:
546  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_ORDER:
547  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_FRAME_RANGE:
548  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_FRAME_ROWS:
549  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_FRAME_GROUPS:
550  case EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET:
551  case EXPR_KIND_INSERT_TARGET:
552  case EXPR_KIND_UPDATE_SOURCE:
553  case EXPR_KIND_UPDATE_TARGET:
554  case EXPR_KIND_GROUP_BY:
555  case EXPR_KIND_ORDER_BY:
556  case EXPR_KIND_DISTINCT_ON:
557  case EXPR_KIND_LIMIT:
558  case EXPR_KIND_OFFSET:
559  case EXPR_KIND_RETURNING:
560  case EXPR_KIND_VALUES:
561  case EXPR_KIND_VALUES_SINGLE:
562  case EXPR_KIND_CHECK_CONSTRAINT:
563  case EXPR_KIND_DOMAIN_CHECK:
564  case EXPR_KIND_FUNCTION_DEFAULT:
565  case EXPR_KIND_INDEX_EXPRESSION:
566  case EXPR_KIND_INDEX_PREDICATE:
567  case EXPR_KIND_ALTER_COL_TRANSFORM:
568  case EXPR_KIND_EXECUTE_PARAMETER:
569  case EXPR_KIND_TRIGGER_WHEN:
570  case EXPR_KIND_PARTITION_EXPRESSION:
571  case EXPR_KIND_CALL_ARGUMENT:
572  case EXPR_KIND_COPY_WHERE:
573  case EXPR_KIND_GENERATED_COLUMN:
574  /* okay */
575  break;
576 
577  case EXPR_KIND_COLUMN_DEFAULT:
578  err = _("cannot use column reference in DEFAULT expression");
579  break;
580  case EXPR_KIND_PARTITION_BOUND:
581  err = _("cannot use column reference in partition bound expression");
582  break;
583 
584  /*
585  * There is intentionally no default: case here, so that the
586  * compiler will warn if we add a new ParseExprKind without
587  * extending this switch. If we do see an unrecognized value at
588  * runtime, the behavior will be the same as for EXPR_KIND_OTHER,
589  * which is sane anyway.
590  */
591  }
592  if (err)
593  ereport(ERROR,
594  (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
595  errmsg_internal("%s", err),
596  parser_errposition(pstate, cref->location)));
597 
598  /*
599  * Give the PreParseColumnRefHook, if any, first shot. If it returns
600  * non-null then that's all, folks.
601  */
602  if (pstate->p_pre_columnref_hook != NULL)
603  {
604  node = pstate->p_pre_columnref_hook(pstate, cref);
605  if (node != NULL)
606  return node;
607  }
608 
609  /*----------
610  * The allowed syntaxes are:
611  *
612  * A First try to resolve as unqualified column name;
613  * if no luck, try to resolve as unqualified table name (A.*).
614  * A.B A is an unqualified table name; B is either a
615  * column or function name (trying column name first).
616  * A.B.C schema A, table B, col or func name C.
617  * A.B.C.D catalog A, schema B, table C, col or func D.
618  * A.* A is an unqualified table name; means whole-row value.
619  * A.B.* whole-row value of table B in schema A.
620  * A.B.C.* whole-row value of table C in schema B in catalog A.
621  *
622  * We do not need to cope with bare "*"; that will only be accepted by
623  * the grammar at the top level of a SELECT list, and transformTargetList
624  * will take care of it before it ever gets here. Also, "A.*" etc will
625  * be expanded by transformTargetList if they appear at SELECT top level,
626  * so here we are only going to see them as function or operator inputs.
627  *
628  * Currently, if a catalog name is given then it must equal the current
629  * database name; we check it here and then discard it.
630  *----------
631  */
632  switch (list_length(cref->fields))
633  {
634  case 1:
635  {
636  Node *field1 = (Node *) linitial(cref->fields);
637 
638  Assert(IsA(field1, String));
639  colname = strVal(field1);
640 
641  /* Try to identify as an unqualified column */
642  node = colNameToVar(pstate, colname, false, cref->location);
643 
644  if (node == NULL)
645  {
646  /*
647  * Not known as a column of any range-table entry.
648  *
649  * Try to find the name as a relation. Note that only
650  * relations already entered into the rangetable will be
651  * recognized.
652  *
653  * This is a hack for backwards compatibility with
654  * PostQUEL-inspired syntax. The preferred form now is
655  * "rel.*".
656  */
657  nsitem = refnameNamespaceItem(pstate, NULL, colname,
658  cref->location,
659  &levels_up);
660  if (nsitem)
661  node = transformWholeRowRef(pstate, nsitem, levels_up,
662  cref->location);
663  }
664  break;
665  }
666  case 2:
667  {
668  Node *field1 = (Node *) linitial(cref->fields);
669  Node *field2 = (Node *) lsecond(cref->fields);
670 
671  Assert(IsA(field1, String));
672  relname = strVal(field1);
673 
674  /* Locate the referenced nsitem */
675  nsitem = refnameNamespaceItem(pstate, nspname, relname,
676  cref->location,
677  &levels_up);
678  if (nsitem == NULL)
679  {
680  crerr = CRERR_NO_RTE;
681  break;
682  }
683 
684  /* Whole-row reference? */
685  if (IsA(field2, A_Star))
686  {
687  node = transformWholeRowRef(pstate, nsitem, levels_up,
688  cref->location);
689  break;
690  }
691 
692  Assert(IsA(field2, String));
693  colname = strVal(field2);
694 
695  /* Try to identify as a column of the nsitem */
696  node = scanNSItemForColumn(pstate, nsitem, levels_up, colname,
697  cref->location);
698  if (node == NULL)
699  {
700  /* Try it as a function call on the whole row */
701  node = transformWholeRowRef(pstate, nsitem, levels_up,
702  cref->location);
703  node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate,
704  list_make1(makeString(colname)),
705  list_make1(node),
706  pstate->p_last_srf,
707  NULL,
708  false,
709  cref->location);
710  }
711  break;
712  }
713  case 3:
714  {
715  Node *field1 = (Node *) linitial(cref->fields);
716  Node *field2 = (Node *) lsecond(cref->fields);
717  Node *field3 = (Node *) lthird(cref->fields);
718 
719  Assert(IsA(field1, String));
720  nspname = strVal(field1);
721  Assert(IsA(field2, String));
722  relname = strVal(field2);
723 
724  /* Locate the referenced nsitem */
725  nsitem = refnameNamespaceItem(pstate, nspname, relname,
726  cref->location,
727  &levels_up);
728  if (nsitem == NULL)
729  {
730  crerr = CRERR_NO_RTE;
731  break;
732  }
733 
734  /* Whole-row reference? */
735  if (IsA(field3, A_Star))
736  {
737  node = transformWholeRowRef(pstate, nsitem, levels_up,
738  cref->location);
739  break;
740  }
741 
742  Assert(IsA(field3, String));
743  colname = strVal(field3);
744 
745  /* Try to identify as a column of the nsitem */
746  node = scanNSItemForColumn(pstate, nsitem, levels_up, colname,
747  cref->location);
748  if (node == NULL)
749  {
750  /* Try it as a function call on the whole row */
751  node = transformWholeRowRef(pstate, nsitem, levels_up,
752  cref->location);
753  node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate,
754  list_make1(makeString(colname)),
755  list_make1(node),
756  pstate->p_last_srf,
757  NULL,
758  false,
759  cref->location);
760  }
761  break;
762  }
763  case 4:
764  {
765  Node *field1 = (Node *) linitial(cref->fields);
766  Node *field2 = (Node *) lsecond(cref->fields);
767  Node *field3 = (Node *) lthird(cref->fields);
768  Node *field4 = (Node *) lfourth(cref->fields);
769  char *catname;
770 
771  Assert(IsA(field1, String));
772  catname = strVal(field1);
773  Assert(IsA(field2, String));
774  nspname = strVal(field2);
775  Assert(IsA(field3, String));
776  relname = strVal(field3);
777 
778  /*
779  * We check the catalog name and then ignore it.
780  */
781  if (strcmp(catname, get_database_name(MyDatabaseId)) != 0)
782  {
783  crerr = CRERR_WRONG_DB;
784  break;
785  }
786 
787  /* Locate the referenced nsitem */
788  nsitem = refnameNamespaceItem(pstate, nspname, relname,
789  cref->location,
790  &levels_up);
791  if (nsitem == NULL)
792  {
793  crerr = CRERR_NO_RTE;
794  break;
795  }
796 
797  /* Whole-row reference? */
798  if (IsA(field4, A_Star))
799  {
800  node = transformWholeRowRef(pstate, nsitem, levels_up,
801  cref->location);
802  break;
803  }
804 
805  Assert(IsA(field4, String));
806  colname = strVal(field4);
807 
808  /* Try to identify as a column of the nsitem */
809  node = scanNSItemForColumn(pstate, nsitem, levels_up, colname,
810  cref->location);
811  if (node == NULL)
812  {
813  /* Try it as a function call on the whole row */
814  node = transformWholeRowRef(pstate, nsitem, levels_up,
815  cref->location);
816  node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate,
817  list_make1(makeString(colname)),
818  list_make1(node),
819  pstate->p_last_srf,
820  NULL,
821  false,
822  cref->location);
823  }
824  break;
825  }
826  default:
827  crerr = CRERR_TOO_MANY; /* too many dotted names */
828  break;
829  }
830 
831  /*
832  * Now give the PostParseColumnRefHook, if any, a chance. We pass the
833  * translation-so-far so that it can throw an error if it wishes in the
834  * case that it has a conflicting interpretation of the ColumnRef. (If it
835  * just translates anyway, we'll throw an error, because we can't undo
836  * whatever effects the preceding steps may have had on the pstate.) If it
837  * returns NULL, use the standard translation, or throw a suitable error
838  * if there is none.
839  */
840  if (pstate->p_post_columnref_hook != NULL)
841  {
842  Node *hookresult;
843 
844  hookresult = pstate->p_post_columnref_hook(pstate, cref, node);
845  if (node == NULL)
846  node = hookresult;
847  else if (hookresult != NULL)
848  ereport(ERROR,
849  (errcode(ERRCODE_AMBIGUOUS_COLUMN),
850  errmsg("column reference \"%s\" is ambiguous",
851  NameListToString(cref->fields)),
852  parser_errposition(pstate, cref->location)));
853  }
854 
855  /*
856  * Throw error if no translation found.
857  */
858  if (node == NULL)
859  {
860  switch (crerr)
861  {
862  case CRERR_NO_COLUMN:
863  errorMissingColumn(pstate, relname, colname, cref->location);
864  break;
865  case CRERR_NO_RTE:
866  errorMissingRTE(pstate, makeRangeVar(nspname, relname,
867  cref->location));
868  break;
869  case CRERR_WRONG_DB:
870  ereport(ERROR,
871  (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
872  errmsg("cross-database references are not implemented: %s",
873  NameListToString(cref->fields)),
874  parser_errposition(pstate, cref->location)));
875  break;
876  case CRERR_TOO_MANY:
877  ereport(ERROR,
878  (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
879  errmsg("improper qualified name (too many dotted names): %s",
880  NameListToString(cref->fields)),
881  parser_errposition(pstate, cref->location)));
882  break;
883  }
884  }
885 
886  return node;
887 }
888 
889 static Node *
890 transformParamRef(ParseState *pstate, ParamRef *pref)
891 {
892  Node *result;
893 
894  /*
895  * The core parser knows nothing about Params. If a hook is supplied,
896  * call it. If not, or if the hook returns NULL, throw a generic error.
897  */
898  if (pstate->p_paramref_hook != NULL)
899  result = pstate->p_paramref_hook(pstate, pref);
900  else
901  result = NULL;
902 
903  if (result == NULL)
904  ereport(ERROR,
905  (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_PARAMETER),
906  errmsg("there is no parameter $%d", pref->number),
907  parser_errposition(pstate, pref->location)));
908 
909  return result;
910 }
911 
912 /* Test whether an a_expr is a plain NULL constant or not */
913 static bool
914 exprIsNullConstant(Node *arg)
915 {
916  if (arg && IsA(arg, A_Const))
917  {
918  A_Const *con = (A_Const *) arg;
919 
920  if (con->val.type == T_Null)
921  return true;
922  }
923  return false;
924 }
925 
926 static Node *
927 transformAExprOp(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a)
928 {
929  Node *lexpr = a->lexpr;
930  Node *rexpr = a->rexpr;
931  Node *result;
932 
933  if (operator_precedence_warning)
934  {
935  int opgroup;
936  const char *opname;
937 
938  opgroup = operator_precedence_group((Node *) a, &opname);
939  if (opgroup > 0)
940  emit_precedence_warnings(pstate, opgroup, opname,
941  lexpr, rexpr,
942  a->location);
943 
944  /* Look through AEXPR_PAREN nodes so they don't affect tests below */
945  while (lexpr && IsA(lexpr, A_Expr) &&
946  ((A_Expr *) lexpr)->kind == AEXPR_PAREN)
947  lexpr = ((A_Expr *) lexpr)->lexpr;
948  while (rexpr && IsA(rexpr, A_Expr) &&
949  ((A_Expr *) rexpr)->kind == AEXPR_PAREN)
950  rexpr = ((A_Expr *) rexpr)->lexpr;
951  }
952 
953  /*
954  * Special-case "foo = NULL" and "NULL = foo" for compatibility with
955  * standards-broken products (like Microsoft's). Turn these into IS NULL
956  * exprs. (If either side is a CaseTestExpr, then the expression was
957  * generated internally from a CASE-WHEN expression, and
958  * transform_null_equals does not apply.)
959  */
960  if (Transform_null_equals &&
961  list_length(a->name) == 1 &&
962  strcmp(strVal(linitial(a->name)), "=") == 0 &&
963  (exprIsNullConstant(lexpr) || exprIsNullConstant(rexpr)) &&
964  (!IsA(lexpr, CaseTestExpr) &&!IsA(rexpr, CaseTestExpr)))
965  {
966  NullTest *n = makeNode(NullTest);
967 
968  n->nulltesttype = IS_NULL;
969  n->location = a->location;
970 
971  if (exprIsNullConstant(lexpr))
972  n->arg = (Expr *) rexpr;
973  else
974  n->arg = (Expr *) lexpr;
975 
976  result = transformExprRecurse(pstate, (Node *) n);
977  }
978  else if (lexpr && IsA(lexpr, RowExpr) &&
979  rexpr && IsA(rexpr, SubLink) &&
980  ((SubLink *) rexpr)->subLinkType == EXPR_SUBLINK)
981  {
982  /*
983  * Convert "row op subselect" into a ROWCOMPARE sublink. Formerly the
984  * grammar did this, but now that a row construct is allowed anywhere
985  * in expressions, it's easier to do it here.
986  */
987  SubLink *s = (SubLink *) rexpr;
988 
989  s->subLinkType = ROWCOMPARE_SUBLINK;
990  s->testexpr = lexpr;
991  s->operName = a->name;
992  s->location = a->location;
993  result = transformExprRecurse(pstate, (Node *) s);
994  }
995  else if (lexpr && IsA(lexpr, RowExpr) &&
996  rexpr && IsA(rexpr, RowExpr))
997  {
998  /* ROW() op ROW() is handled specially */
999  lexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, lexpr);
1000  rexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, rexpr);
1001 
1002  result = make_row_comparison_op(pstate,
1003  a->name,
1004  castNode(RowExpr, lexpr)->args,
1005  castNode(RowExpr, rexpr)->args,
1006  a->location);
1007  }
1008  else
1009  {
1010  /* Ordinary scalar operator */
1011  Node *last_srf = pstate->p_last_srf;
1012 
1013  lexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, lexpr);
1014  rexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, rexpr);
1015 
1016  result = (Node *) make_op(pstate,
1017  a->name,
1018  lexpr,
1019  rexpr,
1020  last_srf,
1021  a->location);
1022  }
1023 
1024  return result;
1025 }
1026 
1027 static Node *
1028 transformAExprOpAny(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a)
1029 {
1030  Node *lexpr = a->lexpr;
1031  Node *rexpr = a->rexpr;
1032 
1033  if (operator_precedence_warning)
1034  emit_precedence_warnings(pstate, PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_OP,
1035  strVal(llast(a->name)),
1036  lexpr, NULL,
1037  a->location);
1038 
1039  lexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, lexpr);
1040  rexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, rexpr);
1041 
1042  return (Node *) make_scalar_array_op(pstate,
1043  a->name,
1044  true,
1045  lexpr,
1046  rexpr,
1047  a->location);
1048 }
1049 
1050 static Node *
1051 transformAExprOpAll(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a)
1052 {
1053  Node *lexpr = a->lexpr;
1054  Node *rexpr = a->rexpr;
1055 
1056  if (operator_precedence_warning)
1057  emit_precedence_warnings(pstate, PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_OP,
1058  strVal(llast(a->name)),
1059  lexpr, NULL,
1060  a->location);
1061 
1062  lexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, lexpr);
1063  rexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, rexpr);
1064 
1065  return (Node *) make_scalar_array_op(pstate,
1066  a->name,
1067  false,
1068  lexpr,
1069  rexpr,
1070  a->location);
1071 }
1072 
1073 static Node *
1074 transformAExprDistinct(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a)
1075 {
1076  Node *lexpr = a->lexpr;
1077  Node *rexpr = a->rexpr;
1078  Node *result;
1079 
1080  if (operator_precedence_warning)
1081  emit_precedence_warnings(pstate, PREC_GROUP_INFIX_IS, "IS",
1082  lexpr, rexpr,
1083  a->location);
1084 
1085  /*
1086  * If either input is an undecorated NULL literal, transform to a NullTest
1087  * on the other input. That's simpler to process than a full DistinctExpr,
1088  * and it avoids needing to require that the datatype have an = operator.
1089  */
1090  if (exprIsNullConstant(rexpr))
1091  return make_nulltest_from_distinct(pstate, a, lexpr);
1092  if (exprIsNullConstant(lexpr))
1093  return make_nulltest_from_distinct(pstate, a, rexpr);
1094 
1095  lexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, lexpr);
1096  rexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, rexpr);
1097 
1098  if (lexpr && IsA(lexpr, RowExpr) &&
1099  rexpr && IsA(rexpr, RowExpr))
1100  {
1101  /* ROW() op ROW() is handled specially */
1102  result = make_row_distinct_op(pstate, a->name,
1103  (RowExpr *) lexpr,
1104  (RowExpr *) rexpr,
1105  a->location);
1106  }
1107  else
1108  {
1109  /* Ordinary scalar operator */
1110  result = (Node *) make_distinct_op(pstate,
1111  a->name,
1112  lexpr,
1113  rexpr,
1114  a->location);
1115  }
1116 
1117  /*
1118  * If it's NOT DISTINCT, we first build a DistinctExpr and then stick a
1119  * NOT on top.
1120  */
1121  if (a->kind == AEXPR_NOT_DISTINCT)
1122  result = (Node *) makeBoolExpr(NOT_EXPR,
1123  list_make1(result),
1124  a->location);
1125 
1126  return result;
1127 }
1128 
1129 static Node *
1130 transformAExprNullIf(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a)
1131 {
1132  Node *lexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, a->lexpr);
1133  Node *rexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, a->rexpr);
1134  OpExpr *result;
1135 
1136  result = (OpExpr *) make_op(pstate,
1137  a->name,
1138  lexpr,
1139  rexpr,
1140  pstate->p_last_srf,
1141  a->location);
1142 
1143  /*
1144  * The comparison operator itself should yield boolean ...
1145  */
1146  if (result->opresulttype != BOOLOID)
1147  ereport(ERROR,
1148  (errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
1149  errmsg("NULLIF requires = operator to yield boolean"),
1150  parser_errposition(pstate, a->location)));
1151  if (result->opretset)
1152  ereport(ERROR,
1153  (errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
1154  /* translator: %s is name of a SQL construct, eg NULLIF */
1155  errmsg("%s must not return a set", "NULLIF"),
1156  parser_errposition(pstate, a->location)));
1157 
1158  /*
1159  * ... but the NullIfExpr will yield the first operand's type.
1160  */
1161  result->opresulttype = exprType((Node *) linitial(result->args));
1162 
1163  /*
1164  * We rely on NullIfExpr and OpExpr being the same struct
1165  */
1166  NodeSetTag(result, T_NullIfExpr);
1167 
1168  return (Node *) result;
1169 }
1170 
1171 /*
1172  * Checking an expression for match to a list of type names. Will result
1173  * in a boolean constant node.
1174  */
1175 static Node *
1176 transformAExprOf(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a)
1177 {
1178  Node *lexpr = a->lexpr;
1179  Const *result;
1180  ListCell *telem;
1181  Oid ltype,
1182  rtype;
1183  bool matched = false;
1184 
1185  if (operator_precedence_warning)
1186  emit_precedence_warnings(pstate, PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_IS, "IS",
1187  lexpr, NULL,
1188  a->location);
1189 
1190  lexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, lexpr);
1191 
1192  ltype = exprType(lexpr);
1193  foreach(telem, (List *) a->rexpr)
1194  {
1195  rtype = typenameTypeId(pstate, lfirst(telem));
1196  matched = (rtype == ltype);
1197  if (matched)
1198  break;
1199  }
1200 
1201  /*
1202  * We have two forms: equals or not equals. Flip the sense of the result
1203  * for not equals.
1204  */
1205  if (strcmp(strVal(linitial(a->name)), "<>") == 0)
1206  matched = (!matched);
1207 
1208  result = (Const *) makeBoolConst(matched, false);
1209 
1210  /* Make the result have the original input's parse location */
1211  result->location = exprLocation((Node *) a);
1212 
1213  return (Node *) result;
1214 }
1215 
1216 static Node *
1217 transformAExprIn(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a)
1218 {
1219  Node *result = NULL;
1220  Node *lexpr;
1221  List *rexprs;
1222  List *rvars;
1223  List *rnonvars;
1224  bool useOr;
1225  ListCell *l;
1226 
1227  /*
1228  * If the operator is <>, combine with AND not OR.
1229  */
1230  if (strcmp(strVal(linitial(a->name)), "<>") == 0)
1231  useOr = false;
1232  else
1233  useOr = true;
1234 
1235  if (operator_precedence_warning)
1236  emit_precedence_warnings(pstate,
1237  useOr ? PREC_GROUP_IN : PREC_GROUP_NOT_IN,
1238  "IN",
1239  a->lexpr, NULL,
1240  a->location);
1241 
1242  /*
1243  * We try to generate a ScalarArrayOpExpr from IN/NOT IN, but this is only
1244  * possible if there is a suitable array type available. If not, we fall
1245  * back to a boolean condition tree with multiple copies of the lefthand
1246  * expression. Also, any IN-list items that contain Vars are handled as
1247  * separate boolean conditions, because that gives the planner more scope
1248  * for optimization on such clauses.
1249  *
1250  * First step: transform all the inputs, and detect whether any contain
1251  * Vars.
1252  */
1253  lexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, a->lexpr);
1254  rexprs = rvars = rnonvars = NIL;
1255  foreach(l, (List *) a->rexpr)
1256  {
1257  Node *rexpr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, lfirst(l));
1258 
1259  rexprs = lappend(rexprs, rexpr);
1260  if (contain_vars_of_level(rexpr, 0))
1261  rvars = lappend(rvars, rexpr);
1262  else
1263  rnonvars = lappend(rnonvars, rexpr);
1264  }
1265 
1266  /*
1267  * ScalarArrayOpExpr is only going to be useful if there's more than one
1268  * non-Var righthand item.
1269  */
1270  if (list_length(rnonvars) > 1)
1271  {
1272  List *allexprs;
1273  Oid scalar_type;
1274  Oid array_type;
1275 
1276  /*
1277  * Try to select a common type for the array elements. Note that
1278  * since the LHS' type is first in the list, it will be preferred when
1279  * there is doubt (eg, when all the RHS items are unknown literals).
1280  *
1281  * Note: use list_concat here not lcons, to avoid damaging rnonvars.
1282  */
1283  allexprs = list_concat(list_make1(lexpr), rnonvars);
1284  scalar_type = select_common_type(pstate, allexprs, NULL, NULL);
1285 
1286  /*
1287  * Do we have an array type to use? Aside from the case where there
1288  * isn't one, we don't risk using ScalarArrayOpExpr when the common
1289  * type is RECORD, because the RowExpr comparison logic below can cope
1290  * with some cases of non-identical row types.
1291  */
1292  if (OidIsValid(scalar_type) && scalar_type != RECORDOID)
1293  array_type = get_array_type(scalar_type);
1294  else
1295  array_type = InvalidOid;
1296  if (array_type != InvalidOid)
1297  {
1298  /*
1299  * OK: coerce all the right-hand non-Var inputs to the common type
1300  * and build an ArrayExpr for them.
1301  */
1302  List *aexprs;
1303  ArrayExpr *newa;
1304 
1305  aexprs = NIL;
1306  foreach(l, rnonvars)
1307  {
1308  Node *rexpr = (Node *) lfirst(l);
1309 
1310  rexpr = coerce_to_common_type(pstate, rexpr,
1311  scalar_type,
1312  "IN");
1313  aexprs = lappend(aexprs, rexpr);
1314  }
1315  newa = makeNode(ArrayExpr);
1316  newa->array_typeid = array_type;
1317  /* array_collid will be set by parse_collate.c */
1318  newa->element_typeid = scalar_type;
1319  newa->elements = aexprs;
1320  newa->multidims = false;
1321  newa->location = -1;
1322 
1323  result = (Node *) make_scalar_array_op(pstate,
1324  a->name,
1325  useOr,
1326  lexpr,
1327  (Node *) newa,
1328  a->location);
1329 
1330  /* Consider only the Vars (if any) in the loop below */
1331  rexprs = rvars;
1332  }
1333  }
1334 
1335  /*
1336  * Must do it the hard way, ie, with a boolean expression tree.
1337  */
1338  foreach(l, rexprs)
1339  {
1340  Node *rexpr = (Node *) lfirst(l);
1341  Node *cmp;
1342 
1343  if (IsA(lexpr, RowExpr) &&
1344  IsA(rexpr, RowExpr))
1345  {
1346  /* ROW() op ROW() is handled specially */
1347  cmp = make_row_comparison_op(pstate,
1348  a->name,
1349  copyObject(((RowExpr *) lexpr)->args),
1350  ((RowExpr *) rexpr)->args,
1351  a->location);
1352  }
1353  else
1354  {
1355  /* Ordinary scalar operator */
1356  cmp = (Node *) make_op(pstate,
1357  a->name,
1358  copyObject(lexpr),
1359  rexpr,
1360  pstate->p_last_srf,
1361  a->location);
1362  }
1363 
1364  cmp = coerce_to_boolean(pstate, cmp, "IN");
1365  if (result == NULL)
1366  result = cmp;
1367  else
1368  result = (Node *) makeBoolExpr(useOr ? OR_EXPR : AND_EXPR,
1369  list_make2(result, cmp),
1370  a->location);
1371  }
1372 
1373  return result;
1374 }
1375 
1376 static Node *
1377 transformAExprBetween(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *a)
1378 {
1379  Node *aexpr;
1380  Node *bexpr;
1381  Node *cexpr;
1382  Node *result;
1383  Node *sub1;
1384  Node *sub2;
1385  List *args;
1386 
1387  /* Deconstruct A_Expr into three subexprs */
1388  aexpr = a->lexpr;
1389  args = castNode(List, a->rexpr);
1390  Assert(list_length(args) == 2);
1391  bexpr = (Node *) linitial(args);
1392  cexpr = (Node *) lsecond(args);
1393 
1394  if (operator_precedence_warning)
1395  {
1396  int opgroup;
1397  const char *opname;
1398 
1399  opgroup = operator_precedence_group((Node *) a, &opname);
1400  emit_precedence_warnings(pstate, opgroup, opname,
1401  aexpr, cexpr,
1402  a->location);
1403  /* We can ignore bexpr thanks to syntactic restrictions */
1404  /* Wrap subexpressions to prevent extra warnings */
1405  aexpr = (Node *) makeA_Expr(AEXPR_PAREN, NIL, aexpr, NULL, -1);
1406  bexpr = (Node *) makeA_Expr(AEXPR_PAREN, NIL, bexpr, NULL, -1);
1407  cexpr = (Node *) makeA_Expr(AEXPR_PAREN, NIL, cexpr, NULL, -1);
1408  }
1409 
1410  /*
1411  * Build the equivalent comparison expression. Make copies of
1412  * multiply-referenced subexpressions for safety. (XXX this is really
1413  * wrong since it results in multiple runtime evaluations of what may be
1414  * volatile expressions ...)
1415  *
1416  * Ideally we would not use hard-wired operators here but instead use
1417  * opclasses. However, mixed data types and other issues make this
1418  * difficult:
1419  * http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-hackers/2008-08/msg01142.php
1420  */
1421  switch (a->kind)
1422  {
1423  case AEXPR_BETWEEN:
1424  args = list_make2(makeSimpleA_Expr(AEXPR_OP, ">=",
1425  aexpr, bexpr,
1426  a->location),
1427  makeSimpleA_Expr(AEXPR_OP, "<=",
1428  copyObject(aexpr), cexpr,
1429  a->location));
1430  result = (Node *) makeBoolExpr(AND_EXPR, args, a->location);
1431  break;
1432  case AEXPR_NOT_BETWEEN:
1433  args = list_make2(makeSimpleA_Expr(AEXPR_OP, "<",
1434  aexpr, bexpr,
1435  a->location),
1436  makeSimpleA_Expr(AEXPR_OP, ">",
1437  copyObject(aexpr), cexpr,
1438  a->location));
1439  result = (Node *) makeBoolExpr(OR_EXPR, args, a->location);
1440  break;
1441  case AEXPR_BETWEEN_SYM:
1442  args = list_make2(makeSimpleA_Expr(AEXPR_OP, ">=",
1443  aexpr, bexpr,
1444  a->location),
1445  makeSimpleA_Expr(AEXPR_OP, "<=",
1446  copyObject(aexpr), cexpr,
1447  a->location));
1448  sub1 = (Node *) makeBoolExpr(AND_EXPR, args, a->location);
1449  args = list_make2(makeSimpleA_Expr(AEXPR_OP, ">=",
1450  copyObject(aexpr), copyObject(cexpr),
1451  a->location),
1452  makeSimpleA_Expr(AEXPR_OP, "<=",
1453  copyObject(aexpr), copyObject(bexpr),
1454  a->location));
1455  sub2 = (Node *) makeBoolExpr(AND_EXPR, args, a->location);
1456  args = list_make2(sub1, sub2);
1457  result = (Node *) makeBoolExpr(OR_EXPR, args, a->location);
1458  break;
1459  case AEXPR_NOT_BETWEEN_SYM:
1460  args = list_make2(makeSimpleA_Expr(AEXPR_OP, "<",
1461  aexpr, bexpr,
1462  a->location),
1463  makeSimpleA_Expr(AEXPR_OP, ">",
1464  copyObject(aexpr), cexpr,
1465  a->location));
1466  sub1 = (Node *) makeBoolExpr(OR_EXPR, args, a->location);
1467  args = list_make2(makeSimpleA_Expr(AEXPR_OP, "<",
1468  copyObject(aexpr), copyObject(cexpr),
1469  a->location),
1470  makeSimpleA_Expr(AEXPR_OP, ">",
1471  copyObject(aexpr), copyObject(bexpr),
1472  a->location));
1473  sub2 = (Node *) makeBoolExpr(OR_EXPR, args, a->location);
1474  args = list_make2(sub1, sub2);
1475  result = (Node *) makeBoolExpr(AND_EXPR, args, a->location);
1476  break;
1477  default:
1478  elog(ERROR, "unrecognized A_Expr kind: %d", a->kind);
1479  result = NULL; /* keep compiler quiet */
1480  break;
1481  }
1482 
1483  return transformExprRecurse(pstate, result);
1484 }
1485 
1486 static Node *
1487 transformBoolExpr(ParseState *pstate, BoolExpr *a)
1488 {
1489  List *args = NIL;
1490  const char *opname;
1491  ListCell *lc;
1492 
1493  switch (a->boolop)
1494  {
1495  case AND_EXPR:
1496  opname = "AND";
1497  break;
1498  case OR_EXPR:
1499  opname = "OR";
1500  break;
1501  case NOT_EXPR:
1502  opname = "NOT";
1503  break;
1504  default:
1505  elog(ERROR, "unrecognized boolop: %d", (int) a->boolop);
1506  opname = NULL; /* keep compiler quiet */
1507  break;
1508  }
1509 
1510  foreach(lc, a->args)
1511  {
1512  Node *arg = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
1513 
1514  arg = transformExprRecurse(pstate, arg);
1515  arg = coerce_to_boolean(pstate, arg, opname);
1516  args = lappend(args, arg);
1517  }
1518 
1519  return (Node *) makeBoolExpr(a->boolop, args, a->location);
1520 }
1521 
1522 static Node *
1523 transformFuncCall(ParseState *pstate, FuncCall *fn)
1524 {
1525  Node *last_srf = pstate->p_last_srf;
1526  List *targs;
1527  ListCell *args;
1528 
1529  /* Transform the list of arguments ... */
1530  targs = NIL;
1531  foreach(args, fn->args)
1532  {
1533  targs = lappend(targs, transformExprRecurse(pstate,
1534  (Node *) lfirst(args)));
1535  }
1536 
1537  /*
1538  * When WITHIN GROUP is used, we treat its ORDER BY expressions as
1539  * additional arguments to the function, for purposes of function lookup
1540  * and argument type coercion. So, transform each such expression and add
1541  * them to the targs list. We don't explicitly mark where each argument
1542  * came from, but ParseFuncOrColumn can tell what's what by reference to
1543  * list_length(fn->agg_order).
1544  */
1545  if (fn->agg_within_group)
1546  {
1547  Assert(fn->agg_order != NIL);
1548  foreach(args, fn->agg_order)
1549  {
1550  SortBy *arg = (SortBy *) lfirst(args);
1551 
1552  targs = lappend(targs, transformExpr(pstate, arg->node,
1553  EXPR_KIND_ORDER_BY));
1554  }
1555  }
1556 
1557  /* ... and hand off to ParseFuncOrColumn */
1558  return ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate,
1559  fn->funcname,
1560  targs,
1561  last_srf,
1562  fn,
1563  false,
1564  fn->location);
1565 }
1566 
1567 static Node *
1568 transformMultiAssignRef(ParseState *pstate, MultiAssignRef *maref)
1569 {
1570  SubLink *sublink;
1571  RowExpr *rexpr;
1572  Query *qtree;
1573  TargetEntry *tle;
1574 
1575  /* We should only see this in first-stage processing of UPDATE tlists */
1576  Assert(pstate->p_expr_kind == EXPR_KIND_UPDATE_SOURCE);
1577 
1578  /* We only need to transform the source if this is the first column */
1579  if (maref->colno == 1)
1580  {
1581  /*
1582  * For now, we only allow EXPR SubLinks and RowExprs as the source of
1583  * an UPDATE multiassignment. This is sufficient to cover interesting
1584  * cases; at worst, someone would have to write (SELECT * FROM expr)
1585  * to expand a composite-returning expression of another form.
1586  */
1587  if (IsA(maref->source, SubLink) &&
1588  ((SubLink *) maref->source)->subLinkType == EXPR_SUBLINK)
1589  {
1590  /* Relabel it as a MULTIEXPR_SUBLINK */
1591  sublink = (SubLink *) maref->source;
1592  sublink->subLinkType = MULTIEXPR_SUBLINK;
1593  /* And transform it */
1594  sublink = (SubLink *) transformExprRecurse(pstate,
1595  (Node *) sublink);
1596 
1597  qtree = castNode(Query, sublink->subselect);
1598 
1599  /* Check subquery returns required number of columns */
1600  if (count_nonjunk_tlist_entries(qtree->targetList) != maref->ncolumns)
1601  ereport(ERROR,
1602  (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
1603  errmsg("number of columns does not match number of values"),
1604  parser_errposition(pstate, sublink->location)));
1605 
1606  /*
1607  * Build a resjunk tlist item containing the MULTIEXPR SubLink,
1608  * and add it to pstate->p_multiassign_exprs, whence it will later
1609  * get appended to the completed targetlist. We needn't worry
1610  * about selecting a resno for it; transformUpdateStmt will do
1611  * that.
1612  */
1613  tle = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) sublink, 0, NULL, true);
1614  pstate->p_multiassign_exprs = lappend(pstate->p_multiassign_exprs,
1615  tle);
1616 
1617  /*
1618  * Assign a unique-within-this-targetlist ID to the MULTIEXPR
1619  * SubLink. We can just use its position in the
1620  * p_multiassign_exprs list.
1621  */
1622  sublink->subLinkId = list_length(pstate->p_multiassign_exprs);
1623  }
1624  else if (IsA(maref->source, RowExpr))
1625  {
1626  /* Transform the RowExpr, allowing SetToDefault items */
1627  rexpr = (RowExpr *) transformRowExpr(pstate,
1628  (RowExpr *) maref->source,
1629  true);
1630 
1631  /* Check it returns required number of columns */
1632  if (list_length(rexpr->args) != maref->ncolumns)
1633  ereport(ERROR,
1634  (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
1635  errmsg("number of columns does not match number of values"),
1636  parser_errposition(pstate, rexpr->location)));
1637 
1638  /*
1639  * Temporarily append it to p_multiassign_exprs, so we can get it
1640  * back when we come back here for additional columns.
1641  */
1642  tle = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) rexpr, 0, NULL, true);
1643  pstate->p_multiassign_exprs = lappend(pstate->p_multiassign_exprs,
1644  tle);
1645  }
1646  else
1647  ereport(ERROR,
1648  (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
1649  errmsg("source for a multiple-column UPDATE item must be a sub-SELECT or ROW() expression"),
1650  parser_errposition(pstate, exprLocation(maref->source))));
1651  }
1652  else
1653  {
1654  /*
1655  * Second or later column in a multiassignment. Re-fetch the
1656  * transformed SubLink or RowExpr, which we assume is still the last
1657  * entry in p_multiassign_exprs.
1658  */
1659  Assert(pstate->p_multiassign_exprs != NIL);
1660  tle = (TargetEntry *) llast(pstate->p_multiassign_exprs);
1661  }
1662 
1663  /*
1664  * Emit the appropriate output expression for the current column
1665  */
1666  if (IsA(tle->expr, SubLink))
1667  {
1668  Param *param;
1669 
1670  sublink = (SubLink *) tle->expr;
1671  Assert(sublink->subLinkType == MULTIEXPR_SUBLINK);
1672  qtree = castNode(Query, sublink->subselect);
1673 
1674  /* Build a Param representing the current subquery output column */
1675  tle = (TargetEntry *) list_nth(qtree->targetList, maref->colno - 1);
1676  Assert(!tle->resjunk);
1677 
1678  param = makeNode(Param);
1679  param->paramkind = PARAM_MULTIEXPR;
1680  param->paramid = (sublink->subLinkId << 16) | maref->colno;
1681  param->paramtype = exprType((Node *) tle->expr);
1682  param->paramtypmod = exprTypmod((Node *) tle->expr);
1683  param->paramcollid = exprCollation((Node *) tle->expr);
1684  param->location = exprLocation((Node *) tle->expr);
1685 
1686  return (Node *) param;
1687  }
1688 
1689  if (IsA(tle->expr, RowExpr))
1690  {
1691  Node *result;
1692 
1693  rexpr = (RowExpr *) tle->expr;
1694 
1695  /* Just extract and return the next element of the RowExpr */
1696  result = (Node *) list_nth(rexpr->args, maref->colno - 1);
1697 
1698  /*
1699  * If we're at the last column, delete the RowExpr from
1700  * p_multiassign_exprs; we don't need it anymore, and don't want it in
1701  * the finished UPDATE tlist.
1702  */
1703  if (maref->colno == maref->ncolumns)
1704  pstate->p_multiassign_exprs =
1705  list_delete_ptr(pstate->p_multiassign_exprs, tle);
1706 
1707  return result;
1708  }
1709 
1710  elog(ERROR, "unexpected expr type in multiassign list");
1711  return NULL; /* keep compiler quiet */
1712 }
1713 
1714 static Node *
1715 transformCaseExpr(ParseState *pstate, CaseExpr *c)
1716 {
1717  CaseExpr *newc = makeNode(CaseExpr);
1718  Node *last_srf = pstate->p_last_srf;
1719  Node *arg;
1720  CaseTestExpr *placeholder;
1721  List *newargs;
1722  List *resultexprs;
1723  ListCell *l;
1724  Node *defresult;
1725  Oid ptype;
1726 
1727  /* transform the test expression, if any */
1728  arg = transformExprRecurse(pstate, (Node *) c->arg);
1729 
1730  /* generate placeholder for test expression */
1731  if (arg)
1732  {
1733  /*
1734  * If test expression is an untyped literal, force it to text. We have
1735  * to do something now because we won't be able to do this coercion on
1736  * the placeholder. This is not as flexible as what was done in 7.4
1737  * and before, but it's good enough to handle the sort of silly coding
1738  * commonly seen.
1739  */
1740  if (exprType(arg) == UNKNOWNOID)
1741  arg = coerce_to_common_type(pstate, arg, TEXTOID, "CASE");
1742 
1743  /*
1744  * Run collation assignment on the test expression so that we know
1745  * what collation to mark the placeholder with. In principle we could
1746  * leave it to parse_collate.c to do that later, but propagating the
1747  * result to the CaseTestExpr would be unnecessarily complicated.
1748  */
1749  assign_expr_collations(pstate, arg);
1750 
1751  placeholder = makeNode(CaseTestExpr);
1752  placeholder->typeId = exprType(arg);
1753  placeholder->typeMod = exprTypmod(arg);
1754  placeholder->collation = exprCollation(arg);
1755  }
1756  else
1757  placeholder = NULL;
1758 
1759  newc->arg = (Expr *) arg;
1760 
1761  /* transform the list of arguments */
1762  newargs = NIL;
1763  resultexprs = NIL;
1764  foreach(l, c->args)
1765  {
1766  CaseWhen *w = lfirst_node(CaseWhen, l);
1767  CaseWhen *neww = makeNode(CaseWhen);
1768  Node *warg;
1769 
1770  warg = (Node *) w->expr;
1771  if (placeholder)
1772  {
1773  /* shorthand form was specified, so expand... */
1774  warg = (Node *) makeSimpleA_Expr(AEXPR_OP, "=",
1775  (Node *) placeholder,
1776  warg,
1777  w->location);
1778  }
1779  neww->expr = (Expr *) transformExprRecurse(pstate, warg);
1780 
1781  neww->expr = (Expr *) coerce_to_boolean(pstate,
1782  (Node *) neww->expr,
1783  "CASE/WHEN");
1784 
1785  warg = (Node *) w->result;
1786  neww->result = (Expr *) transformExprRecurse(pstate, warg);
1787  neww->location = w->location;
1788 
1789  newargs = lappend(newargs, neww);
1790  resultexprs = lappend(resultexprs, neww->result);
1791  }
1792 
1793  newc->args = newargs;
1794 
1795  /* transform the default clause */
1796  defresult = (Node *) c->defresult;
1797  if (defresult == NULL)
1798  {
1799  A_Const *n = makeNode(A_Const);
1800 
1801  n->val.type = T_Null;
1802  n->location = -1;
1803  defresult = (Node *) n;
1804  }
1805  newc->defresult = (Expr *) transformExprRecurse(pstate, defresult);
1806 
1807  /*
1808  * Note: default result is considered the most significant type in
1809  * determining preferred type. This is how the code worked before, but it
1810  * seems a little bogus to me --- tgl
1811  */
1812  resultexprs = lcons(newc->defresult, resultexprs);
1813 
1814  ptype = select_common_type(pstate, resultexprs, "CASE", NULL);
1815  Assert(OidIsValid(ptype));
1816  newc->casetype = ptype;
1817  /* casecollid will be set by parse_collate.c */
1818 
1819  /* Convert default result clause, if necessary */
1820  newc->defresult = (Expr *)
1821  coerce_to_common_type(pstate,
1822  (Node *) newc->defresult,
1823  ptype,
1824  "CASE/ELSE");
1825 
1826  /* Convert when-clause results, if necessary */
1827  foreach(l, newc->args)
1828  {
1829  CaseWhen *w = (CaseWhen *) lfirst(l);
1830 
1831  w->result = (Expr *)
1832  coerce_to_common_type(pstate,
1833  (Node *) w->result,
1834  ptype,
1835  "CASE/WHEN");
1836  }
1837 
1838  /* if any subexpression contained a SRF, complain */
1839  if (pstate->p_last_srf != last_srf)
1840  ereport(ERROR,
1841  (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
1842  /* translator: %s is name of a SQL construct, eg GROUP BY */
1843  errmsg("set-returning functions are not allowed in %s",
1844  "CASE"),
1845  errhint("You might be able to move the set-returning function into a LATERAL FROM item."),
1846  parser_errposition(pstate,
1847  exprLocation(pstate->p_last_srf))));
1848 
1849  newc->location = c->location;
1850 
1851  return (Node *) newc;
1852 }
1853 
1854 static Node *
1855 transformSubLink(ParseState *pstate, SubLink *sublink)
1856 {
1857  Node *result = (Node *) sublink;
1858  Query *qtree;
1859  const char *err;
1860 
1861  /*
1862  * Check to see if the sublink is in an invalid place within the query. We
1863  * allow sublinks everywhere in SELECT/INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE, but generally
1864  * not in utility statements.
1865  */
1866  err = NULL;
1867  switch (pstate->p_expr_kind)
1868  {
1869  case EXPR_KIND_NONE:
1870  Assert(false); /* can't happen */
1871  break;
1872  case EXPR_KIND_OTHER:
1873  /* Accept sublink here; caller must throw error if wanted */
1874  break;
1875  case EXPR_KIND_JOIN_ON:
1876  case EXPR_KIND_JOIN_USING:
1877  case EXPR_KIND_FROM_SUBSELECT:
1878  case EXPR_KIND_FROM_FUNCTION:
1879  case EXPR_KIND_WHERE:
1880  case EXPR_KIND_POLICY:
1881  case EXPR_KIND_HAVING:
1882  case EXPR_KIND_FILTER:
1883  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_PARTITION:
1884  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_ORDER:
1885  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_FRAME_RANGE:
1886  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_FRAME_ROWS:
1887  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_FRAME_GROUPS:
1888  case EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET:
1889  case EXPR_KIND_INSERT_TARGET:
1890  case EXPR_KIND_UPDATE_SOURCE:
1891  case EXPR_KIND_UPDATE_TARGET:
1892  case EXPR_KIND_GROUP_BY:
1893  case EXPR_KIND_ORDER_BY:
1894  case EXPR_KIND_DISTINCT_ON:
1895  case EXPR_KIND_LIMIT:
1896  case EXPR_KIND_OFFSET:
1897  case EXPR_KIND_RETURNING:
1898  case EXPR_KIND_VALUES:
1899  case EXPR_KIND_VALUES_SINGLE:
1900  /* okay */
1901  break;
1902  case EXPR_KIND_CHECK_CONSTRAINT:
1903  case EXPR_KIND_DOMAIN_CHECK:
1904  err = _("cannot use subquery in check constraint");
1905  break;
1906  case EXPR_KIND_COLUMN_DEFAULT:
1907  case EXPR_KIND_FUNCTION_DEFAULT:
1908  err = _("cannot use subquery in DEFAULT expression");
1909  break;
1910  case EXPR_KIND_INDEX_EXPRESSION:
1911  err = _("cannot use subquery in index expression");
1912  break;
1913  case EXPR_KIND_INDEX_PREDICATE:
1914  err = _("cannot use subquery in index predicate");
1915  break;
1916  case EXPR_KIND_ALTER_COL_TRANSFORM:
1917  err = _("cannot use subquery in transform expression");
1918  break;
1919  case EXPR_KIND_EXECUTE_PARAMETER:
1920  err = _("cannot use subquery in EXECUTE parameter");
1921  break;
1922  case EXPR_KIND_TRIGGER_WHEN:
1923  err = _("cannot use subquery in trigger WHEN condition");
1924  break;
1925  case EXPR_KIND_PARTITION_BOUND:
1926  err = _("cannot use subquery in partition bound");
1927  break;
1928  case EXPR_KIND_PARTITION_EXPRESSION:
1929  err = _("cannot use subquery in partition key expression");
1930  break;
1931  case EXPR_KIND_CALL_ARGUMENT:
1932  err = _("cannot use subquery in CALL argument");
1933  break;
1934  case EXPR_KIND_COPY_WHERE:
1935  err = _("cannot use subquery in COPY FROM WHERE condition");
1936  break;
1937  case EXPR_KIND_GENERATED_COLUMN:
1938  err = _("cannot use subquery in column generation expression");
1939  break;
1940 
1941  /*
1942  * There is intentionally no default: case here, so that the
1943  * compiler will warn if we add a new ParseExprKind without
1944  * extending this switch. If we do see an unrecognized value at
1945  * runtime, the behavior will be the same as for EXPR_KIND_OTHER,
1946  * which is sane anyway.
1947  */
1948  }
1949  if (err)
1950  ereport(ERROR,
1951  (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
1952  errmsg_internal("%s", err),
1953  parser_errposition(pstate, sublink->location)));
1954 
1955  pstate->p_hasSubLinks = true;
1956 
1957  /*
1958  * OK, let's transform the sub-SELECT.
1959  */
1960  qtree = parse_sub_analyze(sublink->subselect, pstate, NULL, false, true);
1961 
1962  /*
1963  * Check that we got a SELECT. Anything else should be impossible given
1964  * restrictions of the grammar, but check anyway.
1965  */
1966  if (!IsA(qtree, Query) ||
1967  qtree->commandType != CMD_SELECT)
1968  elog(ERROR, "unexpected non-SELECT command in SubLink");
1969 
1970  sublink->subselect = (Node *) qtree;
1971 
1972  if (sublink->subLinkType == EXISTS_SUBLINK)
1973  {
1974  /*
1975  * EXISTS needs no test expression or combining operator. These fields
1976  * should be null already, but make sure.
1977  */
1978  sublink->testexpr = NULL;
1979  sublink->operName = NIL;
1980  }
1981  else if (sublink->subLinkType == EXPR_SUBLINK ||
1982  sublink->subLinkType == ARRAY_SUBLINK)
1983  {
1984  /*
1985  * Make sure the subselect delivers a single column (ignoring resjunk
1986  * targets).
1987  */
1988  if (count_nonjunk_tlist_entries(qtree->targetList) != 1)
1989  ereport(ERROR,
1990  (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
1991  errmsg("subquery must return only one column"),
1992  parser_errposition(pstate, sublink->location)));
1993 
1994  /*
1995  * EXPR and ARRAY need no test expression or combining operator. These
1996  * fields should be null already, but make sure.
1997  */
1998  sublink->testexpr = NULL;
1999  sublink->operName = NIL;
2000  }
2001  else if (sublink->subLinkType == MULTIEXPR_SUBLINK)
2002  {
2003  /* Same as EXPR case, except no restriction on number of columns */
2004  sublink->testexpr = NULL;
2005  sublink->operName = NIL;
2006  }
2007  else
2008  {
2009  /* ALL, ANY, or ROWCOMPARE: generate row-comparing expression */
2010  Node *lefthand;
2011  List *left_list;
2012  List *right_list;
2013  ListCell *l;
2014 
2015  if (operator_precedence_warning)
2016  {
2017  if (sublink->operName == NIL)
2018  emit_precedence_warnings(pstate, PREC_GROUP_IN, "IN",
2019  sublink->testexpr, NULL,
2020  sublink->location);
2021  else
2022  emit_precedence_warnings(pstate, PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_OP,
2023  strVal(llast(sublink->operName)),
2024  sublink->testexpr, NULL,
2025  sublink->location);
2026  }
2027 
2028  /*
2029  * If the source was "x IN (select)", convert to "x = ANY (select)".
2030  */
2031  if (sublink->operName == NIL)
2032  sublink->operName = list_make1(makeString("="));
2033 
2034  /*
2035  * Transform lefthand expression, and convert to a list
2036  */
2037  lefthand = transformExprRecurse(pstate, sublink->testexpr);
2038  if (lefthand && IsA(lefthand, RowExpr))
2039  left_list = ((RowExpr *) lefthand)->args;
2040  else
2041  left_list = list_make1(lefthand);
2042 
2043  /*
2044  * Build a list of PARAM_SUBLINK nodes representing the output columns
2045  * of the subquery.
2046  */
2047  right_list = NIL;
2048  foreach(l, qtree->targetList)
2049  {
2050  TargetEntry *tent = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(l);
2051  Param *param;
2052 
2053  if (tent->resjunk)
2054  continue;
2055 
2056  param = makeNode(Param);
2057  param->paramkind = PARAM_SUBLINK;
2058  param->paramid = tent->resno;
2059  param->paramtype = exprType((Node *) tent->expr);
2060  param->paramtypmod = exprTypmod((Node *) tent->expr);
2061  param->paramcollid = exprCollation((Node *) tent->expr);
2062  param->location = -1;
2063 
2064  right_list = lappend(right_list, param);
2065  }
2066 
2067  /*
2068  * We could rely on make_row_comparison_op to complain if the list
2069  * lengths differ, but we prefer to generate a more specific error
2070  * message.
2071  */
2072  if (list_length(left_list) < list_length(right_list))
2073  ereport(ERROR,
2074  (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
2075  errmsg("subquery has too many columns"),
2076  parser_errposition(pstate, sublink->location)));
2077  if (list_length(left_list) > list_length(right_list))
2078  ereport(ERROR,
2079  (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
2080  errmsg("subquery has too few columns"),
2081  parser_errposition(pstate, sublink->location)));
2082 
2083  /*
2084  * Identify the combining operator(s) and generate a suitable
2085  * row-comparison expression.
2086  */
2087  sublink->testexpr = make_row_comparison_op(pstate,
2088  sublink->operName,
2089  left_list,
2090  right_list,
2091  sublink->location);
2092  }
2093 
2094  return result;
2095 }
2096 
2097 /*
2098  * transformArrayExpr
2099  *
2100  * If the caller specifies the target type, the resulting array will
2101  * be of exactly that type. Otherwise we try to infer a common type
2102  * for the elements using select_common_type().
2103  */
2104 static Node *
2105 transformArrayExpr(ParseState *pstate, A_ArrayExpr *a,
2106  Oid array_type, Oid element_type, int32 typmod)
2107 {
2108  ArrayExpr *newa = makeNode(ArrayExpr);
2109  List *newelems = NIL;
2110  List *newcoercedelems = NIL;
2111  ListCell *element;
2112  Oid coerce_type;
2113  bool coerce_hard;
2114 
2115  /*
2116  * Transform the element expressions
2117  *
2118  * Assume that the array is one-dimensional unless we find an array-type
2119  * element expression.
2120  */
2121  newa->multidims = false;
2122  foreach(element, a->elements)
2123  {
2124  Node *e = (Node *) lfirst(element);
2125  Node *newe;
2126 
2127  /* Look through AEXPR_PAREN nodes so they don't affect test below */
2128  while (e && IsA(e, A_Expr) &&
2129  ((A_Expr *) e)->kind == AEXPR_PAREN)
2130  e = ((A_Expr *) e)->lexpr;
2131 
2132  /*
2133  * If an element is itself an A_ArrayExpr, recurse directly so that we
2134  * can pass down any target type we were given.
2135  */
2136  if (IsA(e, A_ArrayExpr))
2137  {
2138  newe = transformArrayExpr(pstate,
2139  (A_ArrayExpr *) e,
2140  array_type,
2141  element_type,
2142  typmod);
2143  /* we certainly have an array here */
2144  Assert(array_type == InvalidOid || array_type == exprType(newe));
2145  newa->multidims = true;
2146  }
2147  else
2148  {
2149  newe = transformExprRecurse(pstate, e);
2150 
2151  /*
2152  * Check for sub-array expressions, if we haven't already found
2153  * one.
2154  */
2155  if (!newa->multidims && type_is_array(exprType(newe)))
2156  newa->multidims = true;
2157  }
2158 
2159  newelems = lappend(newelems, newe);
2160  }
2161 
2162  /*
2163  * Select a target type for the elements.
2164  *
2165  * If we haven't been given a target array type, we must try to deduce a
2166  * common type based on the types of the individual elements present.
2167  */
2168  if (OidIsValid(array_type))
2169  {
2170  /* Caller must ensure array_type matches element_type */
2171  Assert(OidIsValid(element_type));
2172  coerce_type = (newa->multidims ? array_type : element_type);
2173  coerce_hard = true;
2174  }
2175  else
2176  {
2177  /* Can't handle an empty array without a target type */
2178  if (newelems == NIL)
2179  ereport(ERROR,
2180  (errcode(ERRCODE_INDETERMINATE_DATATYPE),
2181  errmsg("cannot determine type of empty array"),
2182  errhint("Explicitly cast to the desired type, "
2183  "for example ARRAY[]::integer[]."),
2184  parser_errposition(pstate, a->location)));
2185 
2186  /* Select a common type for the elements */
2187  coerce_type = select_common_type(pstate, newelems, "ARRAY", NULL);
2188 
2189  if (newa->multidims)
2190  {
2191  array_type = coerce_type;
2192  element_type = get_element_type(array_type);
2193  if (!OidIsValid(element_type))
2194  ereport(ERROR,
2195  (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
2196  errmsg("could not find element type for data type %s",
2197  format_type_be(array_type)),
2198  parser_errposition(pstate, a->location)));
2199  }
2200  else
2201  {
2202  element_type = coerce_type;
2203  array_type = get_array_type(element_type);
2204  if (!OidIsValid(array_type))
2205  ereport(ERROR,
2206  (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
2207  errmsg("could not find array type for data type %s",
2208  format_type_be(element_type)),
2209  parser_errposition(pstate, a->location)));
2210  }
2211  coerce_hard = false;
2212  }
2213 
2214  /*
2215  * Coerce elements to target type
2216  *
2217  * If the array has been explicitly cast, then the elements are in turn
2218  * explicitly coerced.
2219  *
2220  * If the array's type was merely derived from the common type of its
2221  * elements, then the elements are implicitly coerced to the common type.
2222  * This is consistent with other uses of select_common_type().
2223  */
2224  foreach(element, newelems)
2225  {
2226  Node *e = (Node *) lfirst(element);
2227  Node *newe;
2228 
2229  if (coerce_hard)
2230  {
2231  newe = coerce_to_target_type(pstate, e,
2232  exprType(e),
2233  coerce_type,
2234  typmod,
2235  COERCION_EXPLICIT,
2236  COERCE_EXPLICIT_CAST,
2237  -1);
2238  if (newe == NULL)
2239  ereport(ERROR,
2240  (errcode(ERRCODE_CANNOT_COERCE),
2241  errmsg("cannot cast type %s to %s",
2242  format_type_be(exprType(e)),
2243  format_type_be(coerce_type)),
2244  parser_errposition(pstate, exprLocation(e))));
2245  }
2246  else
2247  newe = coerce_to_common_type(pstate, e,
2248  coerce_type,
2249  "ARRAY");
2250  newcoercedelems = lappend(newcoercedelems, newe);
2251  }
2252 
2253  newa->array_typeid = array_type;
2254  /* array_collid will be set by parse_collate.c */
2255  newa->element_typeid = element_type;
2256  newa->elements = newcoercedelems;
2257  newa->location = a->location;
2258 
2259  return (Node *) newa;
2260 }
2261 
2262 static Node *
2263 transformRowExpr(ParseState *pstate, RowExpr *r, bool allowDefault)
2264 {
2265  RowExpr *newr;
2266  char fname[16];
2267  int fnum;
2268 
2269  newr = makeNode(RowExpr);
2270 
2271  /* Transform the field expressions */
2272  newr->args = transformExpressionList(pstate, r->args,
2273  pstate->p_expr_kind, allowDefault);
2274 
2275  /* Barring later casting, we consider the type RECORD */
2276  newr->row_typeid = RECORDOID;
2277  newr->row_format = COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST;
2278 
2279  /* ROW() has anonymous columns, so invent some field names */
2280  newr->colnames = NIL;
2281  for (fnum = 1; fnum <= list_length(newr->args); fnum++)
2282  {
2283  snprintf(fname, sizeof(fname), "f%d", fnum);
2284  newr->colnames = lappend(newr->colnames, makeString(pstrdup(fname)));
2285  }
2286 
2287  newr->location = r->location;
2288 
2289  return (Node *) newr;
2290 }
2291 
2292 static Node *
2293 transformCoalesceExpr(ParseState *pstate, CoalesceExpr *c)
2294 {
2295  CoalesceExpr *newc = makeNode(CoalesceExpr);
2296  Node *last_srf = pstate->p_last_srf;
2297  List *newargs = NIL;
2298  List *newcoercedargs = NIL;
2299  ListCell *args;
2300 
2301  foreach(args, c->args)
2302  {
2303  Node *e = (Node *) lfirst(args);
2304  Node *newe;
2305 
2306  newe = transformExprRecurse(pstate, e);
2307  newargs = lappend(newargs, newe);
2308  }
2309 
2310  newc->coalescetype = select_common_type(pstate, newargs, "COALESCE", NULL);
2311  /* coalescecollid will be set by parse_collate.c */
2312 
2313  /* Convert arguments if necessary */
2314  foreach(args, newargs)
2315  {
2316  Node *e = (Node *) lfirst(args);
2317  Node *newe;
2318 
2319  newe = coerce_to_common_type(pstate, e,
2320  newc->coalescetype,
2321  "COALESCE");
2322  newcoercedargs = lappend(newcoercedargs, newe);
2323  }
2324 
2325  /* if any subexpression contained a SRF, complain */
2326  if (pstate->p_last_srf != last_srf)
2327  ereport(ERROR,
2328  (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
2329  /* translator: %s is name of a SQL construct, eg GROUP BY */
2330  errmsg("set-returning functions are not allowed in %s",
2331  "COALESCE"),
2332  errhint("You might be able to move the set-returning function into a LATERAL FROM item."),
2333  parser_errposition(pstate,
2334  exprLocation(pstate->p_last_srf))));
2335 
2336  newc->args = newcoercedargs;
2337  newc->location = c->location;
2338  return (Node *) newc;
2339 }
2340 
2341 static Node *
2342 transformMinMaxExpr(ParseState *pstate, MinMaxExpr *m)
2343 {
2344  MinMaxExpr *newm = makeNode(MinMaxExpr);
2345  List *newargs = NIL;
2346  List *newcoercedargs = NIL;
2347  const char *funcname = (m->op == IS_GREATEST) ? "GREATEST" : "LEAST";
2348  ListCell *args;
2349 
2350  newm->op = m->op;
2351  foreach(args, m->args)
2352  {
2353  Node *e = (Node *) lfirst(args);
2354  Node *newe;
2355 
2356  newe = transformExprRecurse(pstate, e);
2357  newargs = lappend(newargs, newe);
2358  }
2359 
2360  newm->minmaxtype = select_common_type(pstate, newargs, funcname, NULL);
2361  /* minmaxcollid and inputcollid will be set by parse_collate.c */
2362 
2363  /* Convert arguments if necessary */
2364  foreach(args, newargs)
2365  {
2366  Node *e = (Node *) lfirst(args);
2367  Node *newe;
2368 
2369  newe = coerce_to_common_type(pstate, e,
2370  newm->minmaxtype,
2371  funcname);
2372  newcoercedargs = lappend(newcoercedargs, newe);
2373  }
2374 
2375  newm->args = newcoercedargs;
2376  newm->location = m->location;
2377  return (Node *) newm;
2378 }
2379 
2380 static Node *
2381 transformSQLValueFunction(ParseState *pstate, SQLValueFunction *svf)
2382 {
2383  /*
2384  * All we need to do is insert the correct result type and (where needed)
2385  * validate the typmod, so we just modify the node in-place.
2386  */
2387  switch (svf->op)
2388  {
2389  case SVFOP_CURRENT_DATE:
2390  svf->type = DATEOID;
2391  break;
2392  case SVFOP_CURRENT_TIME:
2393  svf->type = TIMETZOID;
2394  break;
2395  case SVFOP_CURRENT_TIME_N:
2396  svf->type = TIMETZOID;
2397  svf->typmod = anytime_typmod_check(true, svf->typmod);
2398  break;
2399  case SVFOP_CURRENT_TIMESTAMP:
2400  svf->type = TIMESTAMPTZOID;
2401  break;
2402  case SVFOP_CURRENT_TIMESTAMP_N:
2403  svf->type = TIMESTAMPTZOID;
2404  svf->typmod = anytimestamp_typmod_check(true, svf->typmod);
2405  break;
2406  case SVFOP_LOCALTIME:
2407  svf->type = TIMEOID;
2408  break;
2409  case SVFOP_LOCALTIME_N:
2410  svf->type = TIMEOID;
2411  svf->typmod = anytime_typmod_check(false, svf->typmod);
2412  break;
2413  case SVFOP_LOCALTIMESTAMP:
2414  svf->type = TIMESTAMPOID;
2415  break;
2416  case SVFOP_LOCALTIMESTAMP_N:
2417  svf->type = TIMESTAMPOID;
2418  svf->typmod = anytimestamp_typmod_check(false, svf->typmod);
2419  break;
2420  case SVFOP_CURRENT_ROLE:
2421  case SVFOP_CURRENT_USER:
2422  case SVFOP_USER:
2423  case SVFOP_SESSION_USER:
2424  case SVFOP_CURRENT_CATALOG:
2425  case SVFOP_CURRENT_SCHEMA:
2426  svf->type = NAMEOID;
2427  break;
2428  }
2429 
2430  return (Node *) svf;
2431 }
2432 
2433 static Node *
2434 transformXmlExpr(ParseState *pstate, XmlExpr *x)
2435 {
2436  XmlExpr *newx;
2437  ListCell *lc;
2438  int i;
2439 
2440  if (operator_precedence_warning && x->op == IS_DOCUMENT)
2441  emit_precedence_warnings(pstate, PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_IS, "IS",
2442  (Node *) linitial(x->args), NULL,
2443  x->location);
2444 
2445  newx = makeNode(XmlExpr);
2446  newx->op = x->op;
2447  if (x->name)
2448  newx->name = map_sql_identifier_to_xml_name(x->name, false, false);
2449  else
2450  newx->name = NULL;
2451  newx->xmloption = x->xmloption;
2452  newx->type = XMLOID; /* this just marks the node as transformed */
2453  newx->typmod = -1;
2454  newx->location = x->location;
2455 
2456  /*
2457  * gram.y built the named args as a list of ResTarget. Transform each,
2458  * and break the names out as a separate list.
2459  */
2460  newx->named_args = NIL;
2461  newx->arg_names = NIL;
2462 
2463  foreach(lc, x->named_args)
2464  {
2465  ResTarget *r = lfirst_node(ResTarget, lc);
2466  Node *expr;
2467  char *argname;
2468 
2469  expr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, r->val);
2470 
2471  if (r->name)
2472  argname = map_sql_identifier_to_xml_name(r->name, false, false);
2473  else if (IsA(r->val, ColumnRef))
2474  argname = map_sql_identifier_to_xml_name(FigureColname(r->val),
2475  true, false);
2476  else
2477  {
2478  ereport(ERROR,
2479  (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
2480  x->op == IS_XMLELEMENT
2481  ? errmsg("unnamed XML attribute value must be a column reference")
2482  : errmsg("unnamed XML element value must be a column reference"),
2483  parser_errposition(pstate, r->location)));
2484  argname = NULL; /* keep compiler quiet */
2485  }
2486 
2487  /* reject duplicate argnames in XMLELEMENT only */
2488  if (x->op == IS_XMLELEMENT)
2489  {
2490  ListCell *lc2;
2491 
2492  foreach(lc2, newx->arg_names)
2493  {
2494  if (strcmp(argname, strVal(lfirst(lc2))) == 0)
2495  ereport(ERROR,
2496  (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
2497  errmsg("XML attribute name \"%s\" appears more than once",
2498  argname),
2499  parser_errposition(pstate, r->location)));
2500  }
2501  }
2502 
2503  newx->named_args = lappend(newx->named_args, expr);
2504  newx->arg_names = lappend(newx->arg_names, makeString(argname));
2505  }
2506 
2507  /* The other arguments are of varying types depending on the function */
2508  newx->args = NIL;
2509  i = 0;
2510  foreach(lc, x->args)
2511  {
2512  Node *e = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
2513  Node *newe;
2514 
2515  newe = transformExprRecurse(pstate, e);
2516  switch (x->op)
2517  {
2518  case IS_XMLCONCAT:
2519  newe = coerce_to_specific_type(pstate, newe, XMLOID,
2520  "XMLCONCAT");
2521  break;
2522  case IS_XMLELEMENT:
2523  /* no coercion necessary */
2524  break;
2525  case IS_XMLFOREST:
2526  newe = coerce_to_specific_type(pstate, newe, XMLOID,
2527  "XMLFOREST");
2528  break;
2529  case IS_XMLPARSE:
2530  if (i == 0)
2531  newe = coerce_to_specific_type(pstate, newe, TEXTOID,
2532  "XMLPARSE");
2533  else
2534  newe = coerce_to_boolean(pstate, newe, "XMLPARSE");
2535  break;
2536  case IS_XMLPI:
2537  newe = coerce_to_specific_type(pstate, newe, TEXTOID,
2538  "XMLPI");
2539  break;
2540  case IS_XMLROOT:
2541  if (i == 0)
2542  newe = coerce_to_specific_type(pstate, newe, XMLOID,
2543  "XMLROOT");
2544  else if (i == 1)
2545  newe = coerce_to_specific_type(pstate, newe, TEXTOID,
2546  "XMLROOT");
2547  else
2548  newe = coerce_to_specific_type(pstate, newe, INT4OID,
2549  "XMLROOT");
2550  break;
2551  case IS_XMLSERIALIZE:
2552  /* not handled here */
2553  Assert(false);
2554  break;
2555  case IS_DOCUMENT:
2556  newe = coerce_to_specific_type(pstate, newe, XMLOID,
2557  "IS DOCUMENT");
2558  break;
2559  }
2560  newx->args = lappend(newx->args, newe);
2561  i++;
2562  }
2563 
2564  return (Node *) newx;
2565 }
2566 
2567 static Node *
2568 transformXmlSerialize(ParseState *pstate, XmlSerialize *xs)
2569 {
2570  Node *result;
2571  XmlExpr *xexpr;
2572  Oid targetType;
2573  int32 targetTypmod;
2574 
2575  xexpr = makeNode(XmlExpr);
2576  xexpr->op = IS_XMLSERIALIZE;
2577  xexpr->args = list_make1(coerce_to_specific_type(pstate,
2578  transformExprRecurse(pstate, xs->expr),
2579  XMLOID,
2580  "XMLSERIALIZE"));
2581 
2582  typenameTypeIdAndMod(pstate, xs->typeName, &targetType, &targetTypmod);
2583 
2584  xexpr->xmloption = xs->xmloption;
2585  xexpr->location = xs->location;
2586  /* We actually only need these to be able to parse back the expression. */
2587  xexpr->type = targetType;
2588  xexpr->typmod = targetTypmod;
2589 
2590  /*
2591  * The actual target type is determined this way. SQL allows char and
2592  * varchar as target types. We allow anything that can be cast implicitly
2593  * from text. This way, user-defined text-like data types automatically
2594  * fit in.
2595  */
2596  result = coerce_to_target_type(pstate, (Node *) xexpr,
2597  TEXTOID, targetType, targetTypmod,
2598  COERCION_IMPLICIT,
2599  COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST,
2600  -1);
2601  if (result == NULL)
2602  ereport(ERROR,
2603  (errcode(ERRCODE_CANNOT_COERCE),
2604  errmsg("cannot cast XMLSERIALIZE result to %s",
2605  format_type_be(targetType)),
2606  parser_errposition(pstate, xexpr->location)));
2607  return result;
2608 }
2609 
2610 static Node *
2611 transformBooleanTest(ParseState *pstate, BooleanTest *b)
2612 {
2613  const char *clausename;
2614 
2615  if (operator_precedence_warning)
2616  emit_precedence_warnings(pstate, PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_IS, "IS",
2617  (Node *) b->arg, NULL,
2618  b->location);
2619 
2620  switch (b->booltesttype)
2621  {
2622  case IS_TRUE:
2623  clausename = "IS TRUE";
2624  break;
2625  case IS_NOT_TRUE:
2626  clausename = "IS NOT TRUE";
2627  break;
2628  case IS_FALSE:
2629  clausename = "IS FALSE";
2630  break;
2631  case IS_NOT_FALSE:
2632  clausename = "IS NOT FALSE";
2633  break;
2634  case IS_UNKNOWN:
2635  clausename = "IS UNKNOWN";
2636  break;
2637  case IS_NOT_UNKNOWN:
2638  clausename = "IS NOT UNKNOWN";
2639  break;
2640  default:
2641  elog(ERROR, "unrecognized booltesttype: %d",
2642  (int) b->booltesttype);
2643  clausename = NULL; /* keep compiler quiet */
2644  }
2645 
2646  b->arg = (Expr *) transformExprRecurse(pstate, (Node *) b->arg);
2647 
2648  b->arg = (Expr *) coerce_to_boolean(pstate,
2649  (Node *) b->arg,
2650  clausename);
2651 
2652  return (Node *) b;
2653 }
2654 
2655 static Node *
2656 transformCurrentOfExpr(ParseState *pstate, CurrentOfExpr *cexpr)
2657 {
2658  /* CURRENT OF can only appear at top level of UPDATE/DELETE */
2659  Assert(pstate->p_target_nsitem != NULL);
2660  cexpr->cvarno = pstate->p_target_nsitem->p_rtindex;
2661 
2662  /*
2663  * Check to see if the cursor name matches a parameter of type REFCURSOR.
2664  * If so, replace the raw name reference with a parameter reference. (This
2665  * is a hack for the convenience of plpgsql.)
2666  */
2667  if (cexpr->cursor_name != NULL) /* in case already transformed */
2668  {
2669  ColumnRef *cref = makeNode(ColumnRef);
2670  Node *node = NULL;
2671 
2672  /* Build an unqualified ColumnRef with the given name */
2673  cref->fields = list_make1(makeString(cexpr->cursor_name));
2674  cref->location = -1;
2675 
2676  /* See if there is a translation available from a parser hook */
2677  if (pstate->p_pre_columnref_hook != NULL)
2678  node = pstate->p_pre_columnref_hook(pstate, cref);
2679  if (node == NULL && pstate->p_post_columnref_hook != NULL)
2680  node = pstate->p_post_columnref_hook(pstate, cref, NULL);
2681 
2682  /*
2683  * XXX Should we throw an error if we get a translation that isn't a
2684  * refcursor Param? For now it seems best to silently ignore false
2685  * matches.
2686  */
2687  if (node != NULL && IsA(node, Param))
2688  {
2689  Param *p = (Param *) node;
2690 
2691  if (p->paramkind == PARAM_EXTERN &&
2692  p->paramtype == REFCURSOROID)
2693  {
2694  /* Matches, so convert CURRENT OF to a param reference */
2695  cexpr->cursor_name = NULL;
2696  cexpr->cursor_param = p->paramid;
2697  }
2698  }
2699  }
2700 
2701  return (Node *) cexpr;
2702 }
2703 
2704 /*
2705  * Construct a whole-row reference to represent the notation "relation.*".
2706  */
2707 static Node *
2708 transformWholeRowRef(ParseState *pstate, ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem,
2709  int sublevels_up, int location)
2710 {
2711  Var *result;
2712 
2713  /*
2714  * Build the appropriate referencing node. Note that if the RTE is a
2715  * function returning scalar, we create just a plain reference to the
2716  * function value, not a composite containing a single column. This is
2717  * pretty inconsistent at first sight, but it's what we've done
2718  * historically. One argument for it is that "rel" and "rel.*" mean the
2719  * same thing for composite relations, so why not for scalar functions...
2720  */
2721  result = makeWholeRowVar(nsitem->p_rte, nsitem->p_rtindex,
2722  sublevels_up, true);
2723 
2724  /* location is not filled in by makeWholeRowVar */
2725  result->location = location;
2726 
2727  /* mark relation as requiring whole-row SELECT access */
2728  markVarForSelectPriv(pstate, result, nsitem->p_rte);
2729 
2730  return (Node *) result;
2731 }
2732 
2733 /*
2734  * Handle an explicit CAST construct.
2735  *
2736  * Transform the argument, look up the type name, and apply any necessary
2737  * coercion function(s).
2738  */
2739 static Node *
2740 transformTypeCast(ParseState *pstate, TypeCast *tc)
2741 {
2742  Node *result;
2743  Node *arg = tc->arg;
2744  Node *expr;
2745  Oid inputType;
2746  Oid targetType;
2747  int32 targetTypmod;
2748  int location;
2749 
2750  /* Look up the type name first */
2751  typenameTypeIdAndMod(pstate, tc->typeName, &targetType, &targetTypmod);
2752 
2753  /*
2754  * Look through any AEXPR_PAREN nodes that may have been inserted thanks
2755  * to operator_precedence_warning. Otherwise, ARRAY[]::foo[] behaves
2756  * differently from (ARRAY[])::foo[].
2757  */
2758  while (arg && IsA(arg, A_Expr) &&
2759  ((A_Expr *) arg)->kind == AEXPR_PAREN)
2760  arg = ((A_Expr *) arg)->lexpr;
2761 
2762  /*
2763  * If the subject of the typecast is an ARRAY[] construct and the target
2764  * type is an array type, we invoke transformArrayExpr() directly so that
2765  * we can pass down the type information. This avoids some cases where
2766  * transformArrayExpr() might not infer the correct type. Otherwise, just
2767  * transform the argument normally.
2768  */
2769  if (IsA(arg, A_ArrayExpr))
2770  {
2771  Oid targetBaseType;
2772  int32 targetBaseTypmod;
2773  Oid elementType;
2774 
2775  /*
2776  * If target is a domain over array, work with the base array type
2777  * here. Below, we'll cast the array type to the domain. In the
2778  * usual case that the target is not a domain, the remaining steps
2779  * will be a no-op.
2780  */
2781  targetBaseTypmod = targetTypmod;
2782  targetBaseType = getBaseTypeAndTypmod(targetType, &targetBaseTypmod);
2783  elementType = get_element_type(targetBaseType);
2784  if (OidIsValid(elementType))
2785  {
2786  expr = transformArrayExpr(pstate,
2787  (A_ArrayExpr *) arg,
2788  targetBaseType,
2789  elementType,
2790  targetBaseTypmod);
2791  }
2792  else
2793  expr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, arg);
2794  }
2795  else
2796  expr = transformExprRecurse(pstate, arg);
2797 
2798  inputType = exprType(expr);
2799  if (inputType == InvalidOid)
2800  return expr; /* do nothing if NULL input */
2801 
2802  /*
2803  * Location of the coercion is preferentially the location of the :: or
2804  * CAST symbol, but if there is none then use the location of the type
2805  * name (this can happen in TypeName 'string' syntax, for instance).
2806  */
2807  location = tc->location;
2808  if (location < 0)
2809  location = tc->typeName->location;
2810 
2811  result = coerce_to_target_type(pstate, expr, inputType,
2812  targetType, targetTypmod,
2813  COERCION_EXPLICIT,
2814  COERCE_EXPLICIT_CAST,
2815  location);
2816  if (result == NULL)
2817  ereport(ERROR,
2818  (errcode(ERRCODE_CANNOT_COERCE),
2819  errmsg("cannot cast type %s to %s",
2820  format_type_be(inputType),
2821  format_type_be(targetType)),
2822  parser_coercion_errposition(pstate, location, expr)));
2823 
2824  return result;
2825 }
2826 
2827 /*
2828  * Handle an explicit COLLATE clause.
2829  *
2830  * Transform the argument, and look up the collation name.
2831  */
2832 static Node *
2833 transformCollateClause(ParseState *pstate, CollateClause *c)
2834 {
2835  CollateExpr *newc;
2836  Oid argtype;
2837 
2838  newc = makeNode(CollateExpr);
2839  newc->arg = (Expr *) transformExprRecurse(pstate, c->arg);
2840 
2841  argtype = exprType((Node *) newc->arg);
2842 
2843  /*
2844  * The unknown type is not collatable, but coerce_type() takes care of it
2845  * separately, so we'll let it go here.
2846  */
2847  if (!type_is_collatable(argtype) && argtype != UNKNOWNOID)
2848  ereport(ERROR,
2849  (errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
2850  errmsg("collations are not supported by type %s",
2851  format_type_be(argtype)),
2852  parser_errposition(pstate, c->location)));
2853 
2854  newc->collOid = LookupCollation(pstate, c->collname, c->location);
2855  newc->location = c->location;
2856 
2857  return (Node *) newc;
2858 }
2859 
2860 /*
2861  * Transform a "row compare-op row" construct
2862  *
2863  * The inputs are lists of already-transformed expressions.
2864  * As with coerce_type, pstate may be NULL if no special unknown-Param
2865  * processing is wanted.
2866  *
2867  * The output may be a single OpExpr, an AND or OR combination of OpExprs,
2868  * or a RowCompareExpr. In all cases it is guaranteed to return boolean.
2869  * The AND, OR, and RowCompareExpr cases further imply things about the
2870  * behavior of the operators (ie, they behave as =, <>, or < <= > >=).
2871  */
2872 static Node *
2873 make_row_comparison_op(ParseState *pstate, List *opname,
2874  List *largs, List *rargs, int location)
2875 {
2876  RowCompareExpr *rcexpr;
2877  RowCompareType rctype;
2878  List *opexprs;
2879  List *opnos;
2880  List *opfamilies;
2881  ListCell *l,
2882  *r;
2883  List **opinfo_lists;
2884  Bitmapset *strats;
2885  int nopers;
2886  int i;
2887 
2888  nopers = list_length(largs);
2889  if (nopers != list_length(rargs))
2890  ereport(ERROR,
2891  (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
2892  errmsg("unequal number of entries in row expressions"),
2893  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
2894 
2895  /*
2896  * We can't compare zero-length rows because there is no principled basis
2897  * for figuring out what the operator is.
2898  */
2899  if (nopers == 0)
2900  ereport(ERROR,
2901  (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
2902  errmsg("cannot compare rows of zero length"),
2903  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
2904 
2905  /*
2906  * Identify all the pairwise operators, using make_op so that behavior is
2907  * the same as in the simple scalar case.
2908  */
2909  opexprs = NIL;
2910  forboth(l, largs, r, rargs)
2911  {
2912  Node *larg = (Node *) lfirst(l);
2913  Node *rarg = (Node *) lfirst(r);
2914  OpExpr *cmp;
2915 
2916  cmp = castNode(OpExpr, make_op(pstate, opname, larg, rarg,
2917  pstate->p_last_srf, location));
2918 
2919  /*
2920  * We don't use coerce_to_boolean here because we insist on the
2921  * operator yielding boolean directly, not via coercion. If it
2922  * doesn't yield bool it won't be in any index opfamilies...
2923  */
2924  if (cmp->opresulttype != BOOLOID)
2925  ereport(ERROR,
2926  (errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
2927  errmsg("row comparison operator must yield type boolean, "
2928  "not type %s",
2929  format_type_be(cmp->opresulttype)),
2930  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
2931  if (expression_returns_set((Node *) cmp))
2932  ereport(ERROR,
2933  (errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
2934  errmsg("row comparison operator must not return a set"),
2935  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
2936  opexprs = lappend(opexprs, cmp);
2937  }
2938 
2939  /*
2940  * If rows are length 1, just return the single operator. In this case we
2941  * don't insist on identifying btree semantics for the operator (but we
2942  * still require it to return boolean).
2943  */
2944  if (nopers == 1)
2945  return (Node *) linitial(opexprs);
2946 
2947  /*
2948  * Now we must determine which row comparison semantics (= <> < <= > >=)
2949  * apply to this set of operators. We look for btree opfamilies
2950  * containing the operators, and see which interpretations (strategy
2951  * numbers) exist for each operator.
2952  */
2953  opinfo_lists = (List **) palloc(nopers * sizeof(List *));
2954  strats = NULL;
2955  i = 0;
2956  foreach(l, opexprs)
2957  {
2958  Oid opno = ((OpExpr *) lfirst(l))->opno;
2959  Bitmapset *this_strats;
2960  ListCell *j;
2961 
2962  opinfo_lists[i] = get_op_btree_interpretation(opno);
2963 
2964  /*
2965  * convert strategy numbers into a Bitmapset to make the intersection
2966  * calculation easy.
2967  */
2968  this_strats = NULL;
2969  foreach(j, opinfo_lists[i])
2970  {
2971  OpBtreeInterpretation *opinfo = lfirst(j);
2972 
2973  this_strats = bms_add_member(this_strats, opinfo->strategy);
2974  }
2975  if (i == 0)
2976  strats = this_strats;
2977  else
2978  strats = bms_int_members(strats, this_strats);
2979  i++;
2980  }
2981 
2982  /*
2983  * If there are multiple common interpretations, we may use any one of
2984  * them ... this coding arbitrarily picks the lowest btree strategy
2985  * number.
2986  */
2987  i = bms_first_member(strats);
2988  if (i < 0)
2989  {
2990  /* No common interpretation, so fail */
2991  ereport(ERROR,
2992  (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
2993  errmsg("could not determine interpretation of row comparison operator %s",
2994  strVal(llast(opname))),
2995  errhint("Row comparison operators must be associated with btree operator families."),
2996  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
2997  }
2998  rctype = (RowCompareType) i;
2999 
3000  /*
3001  * For = and <> cases, we just combine the pairwise operators with AND or
3002  * OR respectively.
3003  */
3004  if (rctype == ROWCOMPARE_EQ)
3005  return (Node *) makeBoolExpr(AND_EXPR, opexprs, location);
3006  if (rctype == ROWCOMPARE_NE)
3007  return (Node *) makeBoolExpr(OR_EXPR, opexprs, location);
3008 
3009  /*
3010  * Otherwise we need to choose exactly which opfamily to associate with
3011  * each operator.
3012  */
3013  opfamilies = NIL;
3014  for (i = 0; i < nopers; i++)
3015  {
3016  Oid opfamily = InvalidOid;
3017  ListCell *j;
3018 
3019  foreach(j, opinfo_lists[i])
3020  {
3021  OpBtreeInterpretation *opinfo = lfirst(j);
3022 
3023  if (opinfo->strategy == rctype)
3024  {
3025  opfamily = opinfo->opfamily_id;
3026  break;
3027  }
3028  }
3029  if (OidIsValid(opfamily))
3030  opfamilies = lappend_oid(opfamilies, opfamily);
3031  else /* should not happen */
3032  ereport(ERROR,
3033  (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
3034  errmsg("could not determine interpretation of row comparison operator %s",
3035  strVal(llast(opname))),
3036  errdetail("There are multiple equally-plausible candidates."),
3037  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
3038  }
3039 
3040  /*
3041  * Now deconstruct the OpExprs and create a RowCompareExpr.
3042  *
3043  * Note: can't just reuse the passed largs/rargs lists, because of
3044  * possibility that make_op inserted coercion operations.
3045  */
3046  opnos = NIL;
3047  largs = NIL;
3048  rargs = NIL;
3049  foreach(l, opexprs)
3050  {
3051  OpExpr *cmp = (OpExpr *) lfirst(l);
3052 
3053  opnos = lappend_oid(opnos, cmp->opno);
3054  largs = lappend(largs, linitial(cmp->args));
3055  rargs = lappend(rargs, lsecond(cmp->args));
3056  }
3057 
3058  rcexpr = makeNode(RowCompareExpr);
3059  rcexpr->rctype = rctype;
3060  rcexpr->opnos = opnos;
3061  rcexpr->opfamilies = opfamilies;
3062  rcexpr->inputcollids = NIL; /* assign_expr_collations will fix this */
3063  rcexpr->largs = largs;
3064  rcexpr->rargs = rargs;
3065 
3066  return (Node *) rcexpr;
3067 }
3068 
3069 /*
3070  * Transform a "row IS DISTINCT FROM row" construct
3071  *
3072  * The input RowExprs are already transformed
3073  */
3074 static Node *
3075 make_row_distinct_op(ParseState *pstate, List *opname,
3076  RowExpr *lrow, RowExpr *rrow,
3077  int location)
3078 {
3079  Node *result = NULL;
3080  List *largs = lrow->args;
3081  List *rargs = rrow->args;
3082  ListCell *l,
3083  *r;
3084 
3085  if (list_length(largs) != list_length(rargs))
3086  ereport(ERROR,
3087  (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
3088  errmsg("unequal number of entries in row expressions"),
3089  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
3090 
3091  forboth(l, largs, r, rargs)
3092  {
3093  Node *larg = (Node *) lfirst(l);
3094  Node *rarg = (Node *) lfirst(r);
3095  Node *cmp;
3096 
3097  cmp = (Node *) make_distinct_op(pstate, opname, larg, rarg, location);
3098  if (result == NULL)
3099  result = cmp;
3100  else
3101  result = (Node *) makeBoolExpr(OR_EXPR,
3102  list_make2(result, cmp),
3103  location);
3104  }
3105 
3106  if (result == NULL)
3107  {
3108  /* zero-length rows? Generate constant FALSE */
3109  result = makeBoolConst(false, false);
3110  }
3111 
3112  return result;
3113 }
3114 
3115 /*
3116  * make the node for an IS DISTINCT FROM operator
3117  */
3118 static Expr *
3119 make_distinct_op(ParseState *pstate, List *opname, Node *ltree, Node *rtree,
3120  int location)
3121 {
3122  Expr *result;
3123 
3124  result = make_op(pstate, opname, ltree, rtree,
3125  pstate->p_last_srf, location);
3126  if (((OpExpr *) result)->opresulttype != BOOLOID)
3127  ereport(ERROR,
3128  (errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
3129  errmsg("IS DISTINCT FROM requires = operator to yield boolean"),
3130  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
3131  if (((OpExpr *) result)->opretset)
3132  ereport(ERROR,
3133  (errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
3134  /* translator: %s is name of a SQL construct, eg NULLIF */
3135  errmsg("%s must not return a set", "IS DISTINCT FROM"),
3136  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
3137 
3138  /*
3139  * We rely on DistinctExpr and OpExpr being same struct
3140  */
3141  NodeSetTag(result, T_DistinctExpr);
3142 
3143  return result;
3144 }
3145 
3146 /*
3147  * Produce a NullTest node from an IS [NOT] DISTINCT FROM NULL construct
3148  *
3149  * "arg" is the untransformed other argument
3150  */
3151 static Node *
3152 make_nulltest_from_distinct(ParseState *pstate, A_Expr *distincta, Node *arg)
3153 {
3154  NullTest *nt = makeNode(NullTest);
3155 
3156  nt->arg = (Expr *) transformExprRecurse(pstate, arg);
3157  /* the argument can be any type, so don't coerce it */
3158  if (distincta->kind == AEXPR_NOT_DISTINCT)
3159  nt->nulltesttype = IS_NULL;
3160  else
3161  nt->nulltesttype = IS_NOT_NULL;
3162  /* argisrow = false is correct whether or not arg is composite */
3163  nt->argisrow = false;
3164  nt->location = distincta->location;
3165  return (Node *) nt;
3166 }
3167 
3168 /*
3169  * Identify node's group for operator precedence warnings
3170  *
3171  * For items in nonzero groups, also return a suitable node name into *nodename
3172  *
3173  * Note: group zero is used for nodes that are higher or lower precedence
3174  * than everything that changed precedence; we need never issue warnings
3175  * related to such nodes.
3176  */
3177 static int
3178 operator_precedence_group(Node *node, const char **nodename)
3179 {
3180  int group = 0;
3181 
3182  *nodename = NULL;
3183  if (node == NULL)
3184  return 0;
3185 
3186  if (IsA(node, A_Expr))
3187  {
3188  A_Expr *aexpr = (A_Expr *) node;
3189 
3190  if (aexpr->kind == AEXPR_OP &&
3191  aexpr->lexpr != NULL &&
3192  aexpr->rexpr != NULL)
3193  {
3194  /* binary operator */
3195  if (list_length(aexpr->name) == 1)
3196  {
3197  *nodename = strVal(linitial(aexpr->name));
3198  /* Ignore if op was always higher priority than IS-tests */
3199  if (strcmp(*nodename, "+") == 0 ||
3200  strcmp(*nodename, "-") == 0 ||
3201  strcmp(*nodename, "*") == 0 ||
3202  strcmp(*nodename, "/") == 0 ||
3203  strcmp(*nodename, "%") == 0 ||
3204  strcmp(*nodename, "^") == 0)
3205  group = 0;
3206  else if (strcmp(*nodename, "<") == 0 ||
3207  strcmp(*nodename, ">") == 0)
3208  group = PREC_GROUP_LESS;
3209  else if (strcmp(*nodename, "=") == 0)
3210  group = PREC_GROUP_EQUAL;
3211  else if (strcmp(*nodename, "<=") == 0 ||
3212  strcmp(*nodename, ">=") == 0 ||
3213  strcmp(*nodename, "<>") == 0)
3214  group = PREC_GROUP_LESS_EQUAL;
3215  else
3216  group = PREC_GROUP_INFIX_OP;
3217  }
3218  else
3219  {
3220  /* schema-qualified operator syntax */
3221  *nodename = "OPERATOR()";
3222  group = PREC_GROUP_INFIX_OP;
3223  }
3224  }
3225  else if (aexpr->kind == AEXPR_OP &&
3226  aexpr->lexpr == NULL &&
3227  aexpr->rexpr != NULL)
3228  {
3229  /* prefix operator */
3230  if (list_length(aexpr->name) == 1)
3231  {
3232  *nodename = strVal(linitial(aexpr->name));
3233  /* Ignore if op was always higher priority than IS-tests */
3234  if (strcmp(*nodename, "+") == 0 ||
3235  strcmp(*nodename, "-") == 0)
3236  group = 0;
3237  else
3238  group = PREC_GROUP_PREFIX_OP;
3239  }
3240  else
3241  {
3242  /* schema-qualified operator syntax */
3243  *nodename = "OPERATOR()";
3244  group = PREC_GROUP_PREFIX_OP;
3245  }
3246  }
3247  else if (aexpr->kind == AEXPR_OP &&
3248  aexpr->lexpr != NULL &&
3249  aexpr->rexpr == NULL)
3250  {
3251  /* postfix operator */
3252  if (list_length(aexpr->name) == 1)
3253  {
3254  *nodename = strVal(linitial(aexpr->name));
3255  group = PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_OP;
3256  }
3257  else
3258  {
3259  /* schema-qualified operator syntax */
3260  *nodename = "OPERATOR()";
3261  group = PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_OP;
3262  }
3263  }
3264  else if (aexpr->kind == AEXPR_OP_ANY ||
3265  aexpr->kind == AEXPR_OP_ALL)
3266  {
3267  *nodename = strVal(llast(aexpr->name));
3268  group = PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_OP;
3269  }
3270  else if (aexpr->kind == AEXPR_DISTINCT ||
3271  aexpr->kind == AEXPR_NOT_DISTINCT)
3272  {
3273  *nodename = "IS";
3274  group = PREC_GROUP_INFIX_IS;
3275  }
3276  else if (aexpr->kind == AEXPR_OF)
3277  {
3278  *nodename = "IS";
3279  group = PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_IS;
3280  }
3281  else if (aexpr->kind == AEXPR_IN)
3282  {
3283  *nodename = "IN";
3284  if (strcmp(strVal(linitial(aexpr->name)), "=") == 0)
3285  group = PREC_GROUP_IN;
3286  else
3287  group = PREC_GROUP_NOT_IN;
3288  }
3289  else if (aexpr->kind == AEXPR_LIKE)
3290  {
3291  *nodename = "LIKE";
3292  if (strcmp(strVal(linitial(aexpr->name)), "~~") == 0)
3293  group = PREC_GROUP_LIKE;
3294  else
3295  group = PREC_GROUP_NOT_LIKE;
3296  }
3297  else if (aexpr->kind == AEXPR_ILIKE)
3298  {
3299  *nodename = "ILIKE";
3300  if (strcmp(strVal(linitial(aexpr->name)), "~~*") == 0)
3301  group = PREC_GROUP_LIKE;
3302  else
3303  group = PREC_GROUP_NOT_LIKE;
3304  }
3305  else if (aexpr->kind == AEXPR_SIMILAR)
3306  {
3307  *nodename = "SIMILAR";
3308  if (strcmp(strVal(linitial(aexpr->name)), "~") == 0)
3309  group = PREC_GROUP_LIKE;
3310  else
3311  group = PREC_GROUP_NOT_LIKE;
3312  }
3313  else if (aexpr->kind == AEXPR_BETWEEN ||
3314  aexpr->kind == AEXPR_BETWEEN_SYM)
3315  {
3316  Assert(list_length(aexpr->name) == 1);
3317  *nodename = strVal(linitial(aexpr->name));
3318  group = PREC_GROUP_BETWEEN;
3319  }
3320  else if (aexpr->kind == AEXPR_NOT_BETWEEN ||
3321  aexpr->kind == AEXPR_NOT_BETWEEN_SYM)
3322  {
3323  Assert(list_length(aexpr->name) == 1);
3324  *nodename = strVal(linitial(aexpr->name));
3325  group = PREC_GROUP_NOT_BETWEEN;
3326  }
3327  }
3328  else if (IsA(node, NullTest) ||
3329  IsA(node, BooleanTest))
3330  {
3331  *nodename = "IS";
3332  group = PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_IS;
3333  }
3334  else if (IsA(node, XmlExpr))
3335  {
3336  XmlExpr *x = (XmlExpr *) node;
3337 
3338  if (x->op == IS_DOCUMENT)
3339  {
3340  *nodename = "IS";
3341  group = PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_IS;
3342  }
3343  }
3344  else if (IsA(node, SubLink))
3345  {
3346  SubLink *s = (SubLink *) node;
3347 
3348  if (s->subLinkType == ANY_SUBLINK ||
3349  s->subLinkType == ALL_SUBLINK)
3350  {
3351  if (s->operName == NIL)
3352  {
3353  *nodename = "IN";
3354  group = PREC_GROUP_IN;
3355  }
3356  else
3357  {
3358  *nodename = strVal(llast(s->operName));
3359  group = PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_OP;
3360  }
3361  }
3362  }
3363  else if (IsA(node, BoolExpr))
3364  {
3365  /*
3366  * Must dig into NOTs to see if it's IS NOT DOCUMENT or NOT IN. This
3367  * opens us to possibly misrecognizing, eg, NOT (x IS DOCUMENT) as a
3368  * problematic construct. We can tell the difference by checking
3369  * whether the parse locations of the two nodes are identical.
3370  *
3371  * Note that when we are comparing the child node to its own children,
3372  * we will not know that it was a NOT. Fortunately, that doesn't
3373  * matter for these cases.
3374  */
3375  BoolExpr *b = (BoolExpr *) node;
3376 
3377  if (b->boolop == NOT_EXPR)
3378  {
3379  Node *child = (Node *) linitial(b->args);
3380 
3381  if (IsA(child, XmlExpr))
3382  {
3383  XmlExpr *x = (XmlExpr *) child;
3384 
3385  if (x->op == IS_DOCUMENT &&
3386  x->location == b->location)
3387  {
3388  *nodename = "IS";
3389  group = PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_IS;
3390  }
3391  }
3392  else if (IsA(child, SubLink))
3393  {
3394  SubLink *s = (SubLink *) child;
3395 
3396  if (s->subLinkType == ANY_SUBLINK && s->operName == NIL &&
3397  s->location == b->location)
3398  {
3399  *nodename = "IN";
3400  group = PREC_GROUP_NOT_IN;
3401  }
3402  }
3403  }
3404  }
3405  return group;
3406 }
3407 
3408 /*
3409  * helper routine for delivering 9.4-to-9.5 operator precedence warnings
3410  *
3411  * opgroup/opname/location represent some parent node
3412  * lchild, rchild are its left and right children (either could be NULL)
3413  *
3414  * This should be called before transforming the child nodes, since if a
3415  * precedence-driven parsing change has occurred in a query that used to work,
3416  * it's quite possible that we'll get a semantic failure while analyzing the
3417  * child expression. We want to produce the warning before that happens.
3418  * In any case, operator_precedence_group() expects untransformed input.
3419  */
3420 static void
3421 emit_precedence_warnings(ParseState *pstate,
3422  int opgroup, const char *opname,
3423  Node *lchild, Node *rchild,
3424  int location)
3425 {
3426  int cgroup;
3427  const char *copname;
3428 
3429  Assert(opgroup > 0);
3430 
3431  /*
3432  * Complain if left child, which should be same or higher precedence
3433  * according to current rules, used to be lower precedence.
3434  *
3435  * Exception to precedence rules: if left child is IN or NOT IN or a
3436  * postfix operator, the grouping is syntactically forced regardless of
3437  * precedence.
3438  */
3439  cgroup = operator_precedence_group(lchild, &copname);
3440  if (cgroup > 0)
3441  {
3442  if (oldprecedence_l[cgroup] < oldprecedence_r[opgroup] &&
3443  cgroup != PREC_GROUP_IN &&
3444  cgroup != PREC_GROUP_NOT_IN &&
3445  cgroup != PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_OP &&
3446  cgroup != PREC_GROUP_POSTFIX_IS)
3447  ereport(WARNING,
3448  (errmsg("operator precedence change: %s is now lower precedence than %s",
3449  opname, copname),
3450  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
3451  }
3452 
3453  /*
3454  * Complain if right child, which should be higher precedence according to
3455  * current rules, used to be same or lower precedence.
3456  *
3457  * Exception to precedence rules: if right child is a prefix operator, the
3458  * grouping is syntactically forced regardless of precedence.
3459  */
3460  cgroup = operator_precedence_group(rchild, &copname);
3461  if (cgroup > 0)
3462  {
3463  if (oldprecedence_r[cgroup] <= oldprecedence_l[opgroup] &&
3464  cgroup != PREC_GROUP_PREFIX_OP)
3465  ereport(WARNING,
3466  (errmsg("operator precedence change: %s is now lower precedence than %s",
3467  opname, copname),
3468  parser_errposition(pstate, location)));
3469  }
3470 }
3471 
3472 /*
3473  * Produce a string identifying an expression by kind.
3474  *
3475  * Note: when practical, use a simple SQL keyword for the result. If that
3476  * doesn't work well, check call sites to see whether custom error message
3477  * strings are required.
3478  */
3479 const char *
3480 ParseExprKindName(ParseExprKind exprKind)
3481 {
3482  switch (exprKind)
3483  {
3484  case EXPR_KIND_NONE:
3485  return "invalid expression context";
3486  case EXPR_KIND_OTHER:
3487  return "extension expression";
3488  case EXPR_KIND_JOIN_ON:
3489  return "JOIN/ON";
3490  case EXPR_KIND_JOIN_USING:
3491  return "JOIN/USING";
3492  case EXPR_KIND_FROM_SUBSELECT:
3493  return "sub-SELECT in FROM";
3494  case EXPR_KIND_FROM_FUNCTION:
3495  return "function in FROM";
3496  case EXPR_KIND_WHERE:
3497  return "WHERE";
3498  case EXPR_KIND_POLICY:
3499  return "POLICY";
3500  case EXPR_KIND_HAVING:
3501  return "HAVING";
3502  case EXPR_KIND_FILTER:
3503  return "FILTER";
3504  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_PARTITION:
3505  return "window PARTITION BY";
3506  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_ORDER:
3507  return "window ORDER BY";
3508  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_FRAME_RANGE:
3509  return "window RANGE";
3510  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_FRAME_ROWS:
3511  return "window ROWS";
3512  case EXPR_KIND_WINDOW_FRAME_GROUPS:
3513  return "window GROUPS";
3514  case EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET:
3515  return "SELECT";
3516  case EXPR_KIND_INSERT_TARGET:
3517  return "INSERT";
3518  case EXPR_KIND_UPDATE_SOURCE:
3519  case EXPR_KIND_UPDATE_TARGET:
3520  return "UPDATE";
3521  case EXPR_KIND_GROUP_BY:
3522  return "GROUP BY";
3523  case EXPR_KIND_ORDER_BY:
3524  return "ORDER BY";
3525  case EXPR_KIND_DISTINCT_ON:
3526  return "DISTINCT ON";
3527  case EXPR_KIND_LIMIT:
3528  return "LIMIT";
3529  case EXPR_KIND_OFFSET:
3530  return "OFFSET";
3531  case EXPR_KIND_RETURNING:
3532  return "RETURNING";
3533  case EXPR_KIND_VALUES:
3534  case EXPR_KIND_VALUES_SINGLE:
3535  return "VALUES";
3536  case EXPR_KIND_CHECK_CONSTRAINT:
3537  case EXPR_KIND_DOMAIN_CHECK:
3538  return "CHECK";
3539  case EXPR_KIND_COLUMN_DEFAULT:
3540  case EXPR_KIND_FUNCTION_DEFAULT:
3541  return "DEFAULT";
3542  case EXPR_KIND_INDEX_EXPRESSION:
3543  return "index expression";
3544  case EXPR_KIND_INDEX_PREDICATE:
3545  return "index predicate";
3546  case EXPR_KIND_ALTER_COL_TRANSFORM:
3547  return "USING";
3548  case EXPR_KIND_EXECUTE_PARAMETER:
3549  return "EXECUTE";
3550  case EXPR_KIND_TRIGGER_WHEN:
3551  return "WHEN";
3552  case EXPR_KIND_PARTITION_BOUND:
3553  return "partition bound";
3554  case EXPR_KIND_PARTITION_EXPRESSION:
3555  return "PARTITION BY";
3556  case EXPR_KIND_CALL_ARGUMENT:
3557  return "CALL";
3558  case EXPR_KIND_COPY_WHERE:
3559  return "WHERE";
3560  case EXPR_KIND_GENERATED_COLUMN:
3561  return "GENERATED AS";
3562 
3563  /*
3564  * There is intentionally no default: case here, so that the
3565  * compiler will warn if we add a new ParseExprKind without
3566  * extending this switch. If we do see an unrecognized value at
3567  * runtime, we'll fall through to the "unrecognized" return.
3568  */
3569  }
3570  return "unrecognized expression kind";
3571 }
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