verify_heapam.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * verify_heapam.c
 *    Functions to check postgresql heap relations for corruption
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2016-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 *
 *    contrib/amcheck/verify_heapam.c
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include "access/detoast.h"
#include "access/genam.h"
#include "access/heaptoast.h"
#include "access/multixact.h"
#include "access/relation.h"
#include "access/table.h"
#include "access/toast_internals.h"
#include "access/visibilitymap.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "catalog/pg_am.h"
#include "catalog/pg_class.h"
#include "funcapi.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "storage/procarray.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
 
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(verify_heapam);
 
/* The number of columns in tuples returned by verify_heapam */
#define HEAPCHECK_RELATION_COLS 4
 
/* The largest valid toast va_rawsize */
#define VARLENA_SIZE_LIMIT 0x3FFFFFFF
 
/*
 * Despite the name, we use this for reporting problems with both XIDs and
 * MXIDs.
 */
typedef enum XidBoundsViolation
{
    XID_INVALID,
    XID_IN_FUTURE,
    XID_PRECEDES_CLUSTERMIN,
    XID_PRECEDES_RELMIN,
    XID_BOUNDS_OK,
} XidBoundsViolation;
 
typedef enum XidCommitStatus
{
    XID_COMMITTED,
    XID_IS_CURRENT_XID,
    XID_IN_PROGRESS,
    XID_ABORTED,
} XidCommitStatus;
 
typedef enum SkipPages
{
    SKIP_PAGES_ALL_FROZEN,
    SKIP_PAGES_ALL_VISIBLE,
    SKIP_PAGES_NONE,
} SkipPages;
 
/*
 * Struct holding information about a toasted attribute sufficient to both
 * check the toasted attribute and, if found to be corrupt, to report where it
 * was encountered in the main table.
 */
typedef struct ToastedAttribute
{
    struct varatt_external toast_pointer;
    BlockNumber blkno;          /* block in main table */
    OffsetNumber offnum;        /* offset in main table */
    AttrNumber  attnum;         /* attribute in main table */
} ToastedAttribute;
 
/*
 * Struct holding the running context information during
 * a lifetime of a verify_heapam execution.
 */
typedef struct HeapCheckContext
{
    /*
     * Cached copies of values from TransamVariables and computed values from
     * them.
     */
    FullTransactionId next_fxid;    /* TransamVariables->nextXid */
    TransactionId next_xid;     /* 32-bit version of next_fxid */
    TransactionId oldest_xid;   /* TransamVariables->oldestXid */
    FullTransactionId oldest_fxid;  /* 64-bit version of oldest_xid, computed
                                     * relative to next_fxid */
    TransactionId safe_xmin;    /* this XID and newer ones can't become
                                 * all-visible while we're running */
 
    /*
     * Cached copy of value from MultiXactState
     */
    MultiXactId next_mxact;     /* MultiXactState->nextMXact */
    MultiXactId oldest_mxact;   /* MultiXactState->oldestMultiXactId */
 
    /*
     * Cached copies of the most recently checked xid and its status.
     */
    TransactionId cached_xid;
    XidCommitStatus cached_status;
 
    /* Values concerning the heap relation being checked */
    Relation    rel;
    TransactionId relfrozenxid;
    FullTransactionId relfrozenfxid;
    TransactionId relminmxid;
    Relation    toast_rel;
    Relation   *toast_indexes;
    Relation    valid_toast_index;
    int         num_toast_indexes;
 
    /* Values for iterating over pages in the relation */
    BlockNumber blkno;
    BufferAccessStrategy bstrategy;
    Buffer      buffer;
    Page        page;
 
    /* Values for iterating over tuples within a page */
    OffsetNumber offnum;
    ItemId      itemid;
    uint16      lp_len;
    uint16      lp_off;
    HeapTupleHeader tuphdr;
    int         natts;
 
    /* Values for iterating over attributes within the tuple */
    uint32      offset;         /* offset in tuple data */
    AttrNumber  attnum;
 
    /* True if tuple's xmax makes it eligible for pruning */
    bool        tuple_could_be_pruned;
 
    /*
     * List of ToastedAttribute structs for toasted attributes which are not
     * eligible for pruning and should be checked
     */
    List       *toasted_attributes;
 
    /* Whether verify_heapam has yet encountered any corrupt tuples */
    bool        is_corrupt;
 
    /* The descriptor and tuplestore for verify_heapam's result tuples */
    TupleDesc   tupdesc;
    Tuplestorestate *tupstore;
} HeapCheckContext;
 
/* Internal implementation */
static void check_tuple(HeapCheckContext *ctx,
                        bool *xmin_commit_status_ok,
                        XidCommitStatus *xmin_commit_status);
static void check_toast_tuple(HeapTuple toasttup, HeapCheckContext *ctx,
                              ToastedAttribute *ta, int32 *expected_chunk_seq,
                              uint32 extsize);
 
static bool check_tuple_attribute(HeapCheckContext *ctx);
static void check_toasted_attribute(HeapCheckContext *ctx,
                                    ToastedAttribute *ta);
 
static bool check_tuple_header(HeapCheckContext *ctx);
static bool check_tuple_visibility(HeapCheckContext *ctx,
                                   bool *xmin_commit_status_ok,
                                   XidCommitStatus *xmin_commit_status);
 
static void report_corruption(HeapCheckContext *ctx, char *msg);
static void report_toast_corruption(HeapCheckContext *ctx,
                                    ToastedAttribute *ta, char *msg);
static FullTransactionId FullTransactionIdFromXidAndCtx(TransactionId xid,
                                                        const HeapCheckContext *ctx);
static void update_cached_xid_range(HeapCheckContext *ctx);
static void update_cached_mxid_range(HeapCheckContext *ctx);
static XidBoundsViolation check_mxid_in_range(MultiXactId mxid,
                                              HeapCheckContext *ctx);
static XidBoundsViolation check_mxid_valid_in_rel(MultiXactId mxid,
                                                  HeapCheckContext *ctx);
static XidBoundsViolation get_xid_status(TransactionId xid,
                                         HeapCheckContext *ctx,
                                         XidCommitStatus *status);
 
/*
 * Scan and report corruption in heap pages, optionally reconciling toasted
 * attributes with entries in the associated toast table.  Intended to be
 * called from SQL with the following parameters:
 *
 *   relation:
 *     The Oid of the heap relation to be checked.
 *
 *   on_error_stop:
 *     Whether to stop at the end of the first page for which errors are
 *     detected.  Note that multiple rows may be returned.
 *
 *   check_toast:
 *     Whether to check each toasted attribute against the toast table to
 *     verify that it can be found there.
 *
 *   skip:
 *     What kinds of pages in the heap relation should be skipped.  Valid
 *     options are "all-visible", "all-frozen", and "none".
 *
 * Returns to the SQL caller a set of tuples, each containing the location
 * and a description of a corruption found in the heap.
 *
 * This code goes to some trouble to avoid crashing the server even if the
 * table pages are badly corrupted, but it's probably not perfect. If
 * check_toast is true, we'll use regular index lookups to try to fetch TOAST
 * tuples, which can certainly cause crashes if the right kind of corruption
 * exists in the toast table or index. No matter what parameters you pass,
 * we can't protect against crashes that might occur trying to look up the
 * commit status of transaction IDs (though we avoid trying to do such lookups
 * for transaction IDs that can't legally appear in the table).
 */
Datum
verify_heapam(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    ReturnSetInfo *rsinfo = (ReturnSetInfo *) fcinfo->resultinfo;
    HeapCheckContext ctx;
    Buffer      vmbuffer = InvalidBuffer;
    Oid         relid;
    bool        on_error_stop;
    bool        check_toast;
    SkipPages   skip_option = SKIP_PAGES_NONE;
    BlockNumber first_block;
    BlockNumber last_block;
    BlockNumber nblocks;
    const char *skip;
 
    /* Check supplied arguments */
    if (PG_ARGISNULL(0))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                 errmsg("relation cannot be null")));
    relid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
 
    if (PG_ARGISNULL(1))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                 errmsg("on_error_stop cannot be null")));
    on_error_stop = PG_GETARG_BOOL(1);
 
    if (PG_ARGISNULL(2))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                 errmsg("check_toast cannot be null")));
    check_toast = PG_GETARG_BOOL(2);
 
    if (PG_ARGISNULL(3))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                 errmsg("skip cannot be null")));
    skip = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(3));
    if (pg_strcasecmp(skip, "all-visible") == 0)
        skip_option = SKIP_PAGES_ALL_VISIBLE;
    else if (pg_strcasecmp(skip, "all-frozen") == 0)
        skip_option = SKIP_PAGES_ALL_FROZEN;
    else if (pg_strcasecmp(skip, "none") == 0)
        skip_option = SKIP_PAGES_NONE;
    else
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                 errmsg("invalid skip option"),
                 errhint("Valid skip options are \"all-visible\", \"all-frozen\", and \"none\".")));
 
    memset(&ctx, 0, sizeof(HeapCheckContext));
    ctx.cached_xid = InvalidTransactionId;
    ctx.toasted_attributes = NIL;
 
    /*
     * Any xmin newer than the xmin of our snapshot can't become all-visible
     * while we're running.
     */
    ctx.safe_xmin = GetTransactionSnapshot()->xmin;
 
    /*
     * If we report corruption when not examining some individual attribute,
     * we need attnum to be reported as NULL.  Set that up before any
     * corruption reporting might happen.
     */
    ctx.attnum = -1;
 
    /* Construct the tuplestore and tuple descriptor */
    InitMaterializedSRF(fcinfo, 0);
    ctx.tupdesc = rsinfo->setDesc;
    ctx.tupstore = rsinfo->setResult;
 
    /* Open relation, check relkind and access method */
    ctx.rel = relation_open(relid, AccessShareLock);
 
    /*
     * Check that a relation's relkind and access method are both supported.
     */
    if (!RELKIND_HAS_TABLE_AM(ctx.rel->rd_rel->relkind) &&
        ctx.rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_SEQUENCE)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
                 errmsg("cannot check relation \"%s\"",
                        RelationGetRelationName(ctx.rel)),
                 errdetail_relkind_not_supported(ctx.rel->rd_rel->relkind)));
 
    /*
     * Sequences always use heap AM, but they don't show that in the catalogs.
     * Other relkinds might be using a different AM, so check.
     */
    if (ctx.rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_SEQUENCE &&
        ctx.rel->rd_rel->relam != HEAP_TABLE_AM_OID)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("only heap AM is supported")));
 
    /*
     * Early exit for unlogged relations during recovery.  These will have no
     * relation fork, so there won't be anything to check.  We behave as if
     * the relation is empty.
     */
    if (ctx.rel->rd_rel->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED &&
        RecoveryInProgress())
    {
        ereport(DEBUG1,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_READ_ONLY_SQL_TRANSACTION),
                 errmsg("cannot verify unlogged relation \"%s\" during recovery, skipping",
                        RelationGetRelationName(ctx.rel))));
        relation_close(ctx.rel, AccessShareLock);
        PG_RETURN_NULL();
    }
 
    /* Early exit if the relation is empty */
    nblocks = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(ctx.rel);
    if (!nblocks)
    {
        relation_close(ctx.rel, AccessShareLock);
        PG_RETURN_NULL();
    }
 
    ctx.bstrategy = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD);
    ctx.buffer = InvalidBuffer;
    ctx.page = NULL;
 
    /* Validate block numbers, or handle nulls. */
    if (PG_ARGISNULL(4))
        first_block = 0;
    else
    {
        int64       fb = PG_GETARG_INT64(4);
 
        if (fb < 0 || fb >= nblocks)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                     errmsg("starting block number must be between 0 and %u",
                            nblocks - 1)));
        first_block = (BlockNumber) fb;
    }
    if (PG_ARGISNULL(5))
        last_block = nblocks - 1;
    else
    {
        int64       lb = PG_GETARG_INT64(5);
 
        if (lb < 0 || lb >= nblocks)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                     errmsg("ending block number must be between 0 and %u",
                            nblocks - 1)));
        last_block = (BlockNumber) lb;
    }
 
    /* Optionally open the toast relation, if any. */
    if (ctx.rel->rd_rel->reltoastrelid && check_toast)
    {
        int         offset;
 
        /* Main relation has associated toast relation */
        ctx.toast_rel = table_open(ctx.rel->rd_rel->reltoastrelid,
                                   AccessShareLock);
        offset = toast_open_indexes(ctx.toast_rel,
                                    AccessShareLock,
                                    &(ctx.toast_indexes),
                                    &(ctx.num_toast_indexes));
        ctx.valid_toast_index = ctx.toast_indexes[offset];
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * Main relation has no associated toast relation, or we're
         * intentionally skipping it.
         */
        ctx.toast_rel = NULL;
        ctx.toast_indexes = NULL;
        ctx.num_toast_indexes = 0;
    }
 
    update_cached_xid_range(&ctx);
    update_cached_mxid_range(&ctx);
    ctx.relfrozenxid = ctx.rel->rd_rel->relfrozenxid;
    ctx.relfrozenfxid = FullTransactionIdFromXidAndCtx(ctx.relfrozenxid, &ctx);
    ctx.relminmxid = ctx.rel->rd_rel->relminmxid;
 
    if (TransactionIdIsNormal(ctx.relfrozenxid))
        ctx.oldest_xid = ctx.relfrozenxid;
 
    for (ctx.blkno = first_block; ctx.blkno <= last_block; ctx.blkno++)
    {
        OffsetNumber maxoff;
        OffsetNumber predecessor[MaxOffsetNumber];
        OffsetNumber successor[MaxOffsetNumber];
        bool        lp_valid[MaxOffsetNumber];
        bool        xmin_commit_status_ok[MaxOffsetNumber];
        XidCommitStatus xmin_commit_status[MaxOffsetNumber];
 
        CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
 
        memset(predecessor, 0, sizeof(OffsetNumber) * MaxOffsetNumber);
 
        /* Optionally skip over all-frozen or all-visible blocks */
        if (skip_option != SKIP_PAGES_NONE)
        {
            int32       mapbits;
 
            mapbits = (int32) visibilitymap_get_status(ctx.rel, ctx.blkno,
                                                       &vmbuffer);
            if (skip_option == SKIP_PAGES_ALL_FROZEN)
            {
                if ((mapbits & VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN) != 0)
                    continue;
            }
 
            if (skip_option == SKIP_PAGES_ALL_VISIBLE)
            {
                if ((mapbits & VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_VISIBLE) != 0)
                    continue;
            }
        }
 
        /* Read and lock the next page. */
        ctx.buffer = ReadBufferExtended(ctx.rel, MAIN_FORKNUM, ctx.blkno,
                                        RBM_NORMAL, ctx.bstrategy);
        LockBuffer(ctx.buffer, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
        ctx.page = BufferGetPage(ctx.buffer);
 
        /* Perform tuple checks */
        maxoff = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(ctx.page);
        for (ctx.offnum = FirstOffsetNumber; ctx.offnum <= maxoff;
             ctx.offnum = OffsetNumberNext(ctx.offnum))
        {
            BlockNumber nextblkno;
            OffsetNumber nextoffnum;
 
            successor[ctx.offnum] = InvalidOffsetNumber;
            lp_valid[ctx.offnum] = false;
            xmin_commit_status_ok[ctx.offnum] = false;
            ctx.itemid = PageGetItemId(ctx.page, ctx.offnum);
 
            /* Skip over unused/dead line pointers */
            if (!ItemIdIsUsed(ctx.itemid) || ItemIdIsDead(ctx.itemid))
                continue;
 
            /*
             * If this line pointer has been redirected, check that it
             * redirects to a valid offset within the line pointer array
             */
            if (ItemIdIsRedirected(ctx.itemid))
            {
                OffsetNumber rdoffnum = ItemIdGetRedirect(ctx.itemid);
                ItemId      rditem;
 
                if (rdoffnum < FirstOffsetNumber)
                {
                    report_corruption(&ctx,
                                      psprintf("line pointer redirection to item at offset %u precedes minimum offset %u",
                                               (unsigned) rdoffnum,
                                               (unsigned) FirstOffsetNumber));
                    continue;
                }
                if (rdoffnum > maxoff)
                {
                    report_corruption(&ctx,
                                      psprintf("line pointer redirection to item at offset %u exceeds maximum offset %u",
                                               (unsigned) rdoffnum,
                                               (unsigned) maxoff));
                    continue;
                }
 
                /*
                 * Since we've checked that this redirect points to a line
                 * pointer between FirstOffsetNumber and maxoff, it should now
                 * be safe to fetch the referenced line pointer. We expect it
                 * to be LP_NORMAL; if not, that's corruption.
                 */
                rditem = PageGetItemId(ctx.page, rdoffnum);
                if (!ItemIdIsUsed(rditem))
                {
                    report_corruption(&ctx,
                                      psprintf("redirected line pointer points to an unused item at offset %u",
                                               (unsigned) rdoffnum));
                    continue;
                }
                else if (ItemIdIsDead(rditem))
                {
                    report_corruption(&ctx,
                                      psprintf("redirected line pointer points to a dead item at offset %u",
                                               (unsigned) rdoffnum));
                    continue;
                }
                else if (ItemIdIsRedirected(rditem))
                {
                    report_corruption(&ctx,
                                      psprintf("redirected line pointer points to another redirected line pointer at offset %u",
                                               (unsigned) rdoffnum));
                    continue;
                }
 
                /*
                 * Record the fact that this line pointer has passed basic
                 * sanity checking, and also the offset number to which it
                 * points.
                 */
                lp_valid[ctx.offnum] = true;
                successor[ctx.offnum] = rdoffnum;
                continue;
            }
 
            /* Sanity-check the line pointer's offset and length values */
            ctx.lp_len = ItemIdGetLength(ctx.itemid);
            ctx.lp_off = ItemIdGetOffset(ctx.itemid);
 
            if (ctx.lp_off != MAXALIGN(ctx.lp_off))
            {
                report_corruption(&ctx,
                                  psprintf("line pointer to page offset %u is not maximally aligned",
                                           ctx.lp_off));
                continue;
            }
            if (ctx.lp_len < MAXALIGN(SizeofHeapTupleHeader))
            {
                report_corruption(&ctx,
                                  psprintf("line pointer length %u is less than the minimum tuple header size %u",
                                           ctx.lp_len,
                                           (unsigned) MAXALIGN(SizeofHeapTupleHeader)));
                continue;
            }
            if (ctx.lp_off + ctx.lp_len > BLCKSZ)
            {
                report_corruption(&ctx,
                                  psprintf("line pointer to page offset %u with length %u ends beyond maximum page offset %u",
                                           ctx.lp_off,
                                           ctx.lp_len,
                                           (unsigned) BLCKSZ));
                continue;
            }
 
            /* It should be safe to examine the tuple's header, at least */
            lp_valid[ctx.offnum] = true;
            ctx.tuphdr = (HeapTupleHeader) PageGetItem(ctx.page, ctx.itemid);
            ctx.natts = HeapTupleHeaderGetNatts(ctx.tuphdr);
 
            /* Ok, ready to check this next tuple */
            check_tuple(&ctx,
                        &xmin_commit_status_ok[ctx.offnum],
                        &xmin_commit_status[ctx.offnum]);
 
            /*
             * If the CTID field of this tuple seems to point to another tuple
             * on the same page, record that tuple as the successor of this
             * one.
             */
            nextblkno = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(ctx.tuphdr)->t_ctid);
            nextoffnum = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&(ctx.tuphdr)->t_ctid);
            if (nextblkno == ctx.blkno && nextoffnum != ctx.offnum &&
                nextoffnum >= FirstOffsetNumber && nextoffnum <= maxoff)
                successor[ctx.offnum] = nextoffnum;
        }
 
        /*
         * Update chain validation. Check each line pointer that's got a valid
         * successor against that successor.
         */
        ctx.attnum = -1;
        for (ctx.offnum = FirstOffsetNumber; ctx.offnum <= maxoff;
             ctx.offnum = OffsetNumberNext(ctx.offnum))
        {
            ItemId      curr_lp;
            ItemId      next_lp;
            HeapTupleHeader curr_htup;
            HeapTupleHeader next_htup;
            TransactionId curr_xmin;
            TransactionId curr_xmax;
            TransactionId next_xmin;
            OffsetNumber nextoffnum = successor[ctx.offnum];
 
            /*
             * The current line pointer may not have a successor, either
             * because it's not valid or because it didn't point to anything.
             * In either case, we have to give up.
             *
             * If the current line pointer does point to something, it's
             * possible that the target line pointer isn't valid. We have to
             * give up in that case, too.
             */
            if (nextoffnum == InvalidOffsetNumber || !lp_valid[nextoffnum])
                continue;
 
            /* We have two valid line pointers that we can examine. */
            curr_lp = PageGetItemId(ctx.page, ctx.offnum);
            next_lp = PageGetItemId(ctx.page, nextoffnum);
 
            /* Handle the cases where the current line pointer is a redirect. */
            if (ItemIdIsRedirected(curr_lp))
            {
                /*
                 * We should not have set successor[ctx.offnum] to a value
                 * other than InvalidOffsetNumber unless that line pointer is
                 * LP_NORMAL.
                 */
                Assert(ItemIdIsNormal(next_lp));
 
                /* Can only redirect to a HOT tuple. */
                next_htup = (HeapTupleHeader) PageGetItem(ctx.page, next_lp);
                if (!HeapTupleHeaderIsHeapOnly(next_htup))
                {
                    report_corruption(&ctx,
                                      psprintf("redirected line pointer points to a non-heap-only tuple at offset %u",
                                               (unsigned) nextoffnum));
                }
 
                /* HOT chains should not intersect. */
                if (predecessor[nextoffnum] != InvalidOffsetNumber)
                {
                    report_corruption(&ctx,
                                      psprintf("redirect line pointer points to offset %u, but offset %u also points there",
                                               (unsigned) nextoffnum, (unsigned) predecessor[nextoffnum]));
                    continue;
                }
 
                /*
                 * This redirect and the tuple to which it points seem to be
                 * part of an update chain.
                 */
                predecessor[nextoffnum] = ctx.offnum;
                continue;
            }
 
            /*
             * If the next line pointer is a redirect, or if it's a tuple but
             * the XMAX of this tuple doesn't match the XMIN of the next
             * tuple, then the two aren't part of the same update chain and
             * there is nothing more to do.
             */
            if (ItemIdIsRedirected(next_lp))
                continue;
            curr_htup = (HeapTupleHeader) PageGetItem(ctx.page, curr_lp);
            curr_xmax = HeapTupleHeaderGetUpdateXid(curr_htup);
            next_htup = (HeapTupleHeader) PageGetItem(ctx.page, next_lp);
            next_xmin = HeapTupleHeaderGetXmin(next_htup);
            if (!TransactionIdIsValid(curr_xmax) ||
                !TransactionIdEquals(curr_xmax, next_xmin))
                continue;
 
            /* HOT chains should not intersect. */
            if (predecessor[nextoffnum] != InvalidOffsetNumber)
            {
                report_corruption(&ctx,
                                  psprintf("tuple points to new version at offset %u, but offset %u also points there",
                                           (unsigned) nextoffnum, (unsigned) predecessor[nextoffnum]));
                continue;
            }
 
            /*
             * This tuple and the tuple to which it points seem to be part of
             * an update chain.
             */
            predecessor[nextoffnum] = ctx.offnum;
 
            /*
             * If the current tuple is marked as HOT-updated, then the next
             * tuple should be marked as a heap-only tuple. Conversely, if the
             * current tuple isn't marked as HOT-updated, then the next tuple
             * shouldn't be marked as a heap-only tuple.
             *
             * NB: Can't use HeapTupleHeaderIsHotUpdated() as it checks if
             * hint bits indicate xmin/xmax aborted.
             */
            if (!(curr_htup->t_infomask2 & HEAP_HOT_UPDATED) &&
                HeapTupleHeaderIsHeapOnly(next_htup))
            {
                report_corruption(&ctx,
                                  psprintf("non-heap-only update produced a heap-only tuple at offset %u",
                                           (unsigned) nextoffnum));
            }
            if ((curr_htup->t_infomask2 & HEAP_HOT_UPDATED) &&
                !HeapTupleHeaderIsHeapOnly(next_htup))
            {
                report_corruption(&ctx,
                                  psprintf("heap-only update produced a non-heap only tuple at offset %u",
                                           (unsigned) nextoffnum));
            }
 
            /*
             * If the current tuple's xmin is still in progress but the
             * successor tuple's xmin is committed, that's corruption.
             *
             * NB: We recheck the commit status of the current tuple's xmin
             * here, because it might have committed after we checked it and
             * before we checked the commit status of the successor tuple's
             * xmin. This should be safe because the xmin itself can't have
             * changed, only its commit status.
             */
            curr_xmin = HeapTupleHeaderGetXmin(curr_htup);
            if (xmin_commit_status_ok[ctx.offnum] &&
                xmin_commit_status[ctx.offnum] == XID_IN_PROGRESS &&
                xmin_commit_status_ok[nextoffnum] &&
                xmin_commit_status[nextoffnum] == XID_COMMITTED &&
                TransactionIdIsInProgress(curr_xmin))
            {
                report_corruption(&ctx,
                                  psprintf("tuple with in-progress xmin %u was updated to produce a tuple at offset %u with committed xmin %u",
                                           (unsigned) curr_xmin,
                                           (unsigned) ctx.offnum,
                                           (unsigned) next_xmin));
            }
 
            /*
             * If the current tuple's xmin is aborted but the successor
             * tuple's xmin is in-progress or committed, that's corruption.
             */
            if (xmin_commit_status_ok[ctx.offnum] &&
                xmin_commit_status[ctx.offnum] == XID_ABORTED &&
                xmin_commit_status_ok[nextoffnum])
            {
                if (xmin_commit_status[nextoffnum] == XID_IN_PROGRESS)
                    report_corruption(&ctx,
                                      psprintf("tuple with aborted xmin %u was updated to produce a tuple at offset %u with in-progress xmin %u",
                                               (unsigned) curr_xmin,
                                               (unsigned) ctx.offnum,
                                               (unsigned) next_xmin));
                else if (xmin_commit_status[nextoffnum] == XID_COMMITTED)
                    report_corruption(&ctx,
                                      psprintf("tuple with aborted xmin %u was updated to produce a tuple at offset %u with committed xmin %u",
                                               (unsigned) curr_xmin,
                                               (unsigned) ctx.offnum,
                                               (unsigned) next_xmin));
            }
        }
 
        /*
         * An update chain can start either with a non-heap-only tuple or with
         * a redirect line pointer, but not with a heap-only tuple.
         *
         * (This check is in a separate loop because we need the predecessor
         * array to be fully populated before we can perform it.)
         */
        for (ctx.offnum = FirstOffsetNumber;
             ctx.offnum <= maxoff;
             ctx.offnum = OffsetNumberNext(ctx.offnum))
        {
            if (xmin_commit_status_ok[ctx.offnum] &&
                (xmin_commit_status[ctx.offnum] == XID_COMMITTED ||
                 xmin_commit_status[ctx.offnum] == XID_IN_PROGRESS) &&
                predecessor[ctx.offnum] == InvalidOffsetNumber)
            {
                ItemId      curr_lp;
 
                curr_lp = PageGetItemId(ctx.page, ctx.offnum);
                if (!ItemIdIsRedirected(curr_lp))
                {
                    HeapTupleHeader curr_htup;
 
                    curr_htup = (HeapTupleHeader)
                        PageGetItem(ctx.page, curr_lp);
                    if (HeapTupleHeaderIsHeapOnly(curr_htup))
                        report_corruption(&ctx,
                                          psprintf("tuple is root of chain but is marked as heap-only tuple"));
                }
            }
        }
 
        /* clean up */
        UnlockReleaseBuffer(ctx.buffer);
 
        /*
         * Check any toast pointers from the page whose lock we just released
         */
        if (ctx.toasted_attributes != NIL)
        {
            ListCell   *cell;
 
            foreach(cell, ctx.toasted_attributes)
                check_toasted_attribute(&ctx, lfirst(cell));
            list_free_deep(ctx.toasted_attributes);
            ctx.toasted_attributes = NIL;
        }
 
        if (on_error_stop && ctx.is_corrupt)
            break;
    }
 
    if (vmbuffer != InvalidBuffer)
        ReleaseBuffer(vmbuffer);
 
    /* Close the associated toast table and indexes, if any. */
    if (ctx.toast_indexes)
        toast_close_indexes(ctx.toast_indexes, ctx.num_toast_indexes,
                            AccessShareLock);
    if (ctx.toast_rel)
        table_close(ctx.toast_rel, AccessShareLock);
 
    /* Close the main relation */
    relation_close(ctx.rel, AccessShareLock);
 
    PG_RETURN_NULL();
}
 
/*
 * Shared internal implementation for report_corruption and
 * report_toast_corruption.
 */
static void
report_corruption_internal(Tuplestorestate *tupstore, TupleDesc tupdesc,
                           BlockNumber blkno, OffsetNumber offnum,
                           AttrNumber attnum, char *msg)
{
    Datum       values[HEAPCHECK_RELATION_COLS] = {0};
    bool        nulls[HEAPCHECK_RELATION_COLS] = {0};
    HeapTuple   tuple;
 
    values[0] = Int64GetDatum(blkno);
    values[1] = Int32GetDatum(offnum);
    values[2] = Int32GetDatum(attnum);
    nulls[2] = (attnum < 0);
    values[3] = CStringGetTextDatum(msg);
 
    /*
     * In principle, there is nothing to prevent a scan over a large, highly
     * corrupted table from using work_mem worth of memory building up the
     * tuplestore.  That's ok, but if we also leak the msg argument memory
     * until the end of the query, we could exceed work_mem by more than a
     * trivial amount.  Therefore, free the msg argument each time we are
     * called rather than waiting for our current memory context to be freed.
     */
    pfree(msg);
 
    tuple = heap_form_tuple(tupdesc, values, nulls);
    tuplestore_puttuple(tupstore, tuple);
}
 
/*
 * Record a single corruption found in the main table.  The values in ctx should
 * indicate the location of the corruption, and the msg argument should contain
 * a human-readable description of the corruption.
 *
 * The msg argument is pfree'd by this function.
 */
static void
report_corruption(HeapCheckContext *ctx, char *msg)
{
    report_corruption_internal(ctx->tupstore, ctx->tupdesc, ctx->blkno,
                               ctx->offnum, ctx->attnum, msg);
    ctx->is_corrupt = true;
}
 
/*
 * Record corruption found in the toast table.  The values in ta should
 * indicate the location in the main table where the toast pointer was
 * encountered, and the msg argument should contain a human-readable
 * description of the toast table corruption.
 *
 * As above, the msg argument is pfree'd by this function.
 */
static void
report_toast_corruption(HeapCheckContext *ctx, ToastedAttribute *ta,
                        char *msg)
{
    report_corruption_internal(ctx->tupstore, ctx->tupdesc, ta->blkno,
                               ta->offnum, ta->attnum, msg);
    ctx->is_corrupt = true;
}
 
/*
 * Check for tuple header corruption.
 *
 * Some kinds of corruption make it unsafe to check the tuple attributes, for
 * example when the line pointer refers to a range of bytes outside the page.
 * In such cases, we return false (not checkable) after recording appropriate
 * corruption messages.
 *
 * Some other kinds of tuple header corruption confuse the question of where
 * the tuple attributes begin, or how long the nulls bitmap is, etc., making it
 * unreasonable to attempt to check attributes, even if all candidate answers
 * to those questions would not result in reading past the end of the line
 * pointer or page.  In such cases, like above, we record corruption messages
 * about the header and then return false.
 *
 * Other kinds of tuple header corruption do not bear on the question of
 * whether the tuple attributes can be checked, so we record corruption
 * messages for them but we do not return false merely because we detected
 * them.
 *
 * Returns whether the tuple is sufficiently sensible to undergo visibility and
 * attribute checks.
 */
static bool
check_tuple_header(HeapCheckContext *ctx)
{
    HeapTupleHeader tuphdr = ctx->tuphdr;
    uint16      infomask = tuphdr->t_infomask;
    TransactionId curr_xmax = HeapTupleHeaderGetUpdateXid(tuphdr);
    bool        result = true;
    unsigned    expected_hoff;
 
    if (ctx->tuphdr->t_hoff > ctx->lp_len)
    {
        report_corruption(ctx,
                          psprintf("data begins at offset %u beyond the tuple length %u",
                                   ctx->tuphdr->t_hoff, ctx->lp_len));
        result = false;
    }
 
    if ((ctx->tuphdr->t_infomask & HEAP_XMAX_COMMITTED) &&
        (ctx->tuphdr->t_infomask & HEAP_XMAX_IS_MULTI))
    {
        report_corruption(ctx,
                          pstrdup("multixact should not be marked committed"));
 
        /*
         * This condition is clearly wrong, but it's not enough to justify
         * skipping further checks, because we don't rely on this to determine
         * whether the tuple is visible or to interpret other relevant header
         * fields.
         */
    }
 
    if (!TransactionIdIsValid(curr_xmax) &&
        HeapTupleHeaderIsHotUpdated(tuphdr))
    {
        report_corruption(ctx,
                          psprintf("tuple has been HOT updated, but xmax is 0"));
 
        /*
         * As above, even though this shouldn't happen, it's not sufficient
         * justification for skipping further checks, we should still be able
         * to perform sensibly.
         */
    }
 
    if (HeapTupleHeaderIsHeapOnly(tuphdr) &&
        ((tuphdr->t_infomask & HEAP_UPDATED) == 0))
    {
        report_corruption(ctx,
                          psprintf("tuple is heap only, but not the result of an update"));
 
        /* Here again, we can still perform further checks. */
    }
 
    if (infomask & HEAP_HASNULL)
        expected_hoff = MAXALIGN(SizeofHeapTupleHeader + BITMAPLEN(ctx->natts));
    else
        expected_hoff = MAXALIGN(SizeofHeapTupleHeader);
    if (ctx->tuphdr->t_hoff != expected_hoff)
    {
        if ((infomask & HEAP_HASNULL) && ctx->natts == 1)
            report_corruption(ctx,
                              psprintf("tuple data should begin at byte %u, but actually begins at byte %u (1 attribute, has nulls)",
                                       expected_hoff, ctx->tuphdr->t_hoff));
        else if ((infomask & HEAP_HASNULL))
            report_corruption(ctx,
                              psprintf("tuple data should begin at byte %u, but actually begins at byte %u (%u attributes, has nulls)",
                                       expected_hoff, ctx->tuphdr->t_hoff, ctx->natts));
        else if (ctx->natts == 1)
            report_corruption(ctx,
                              psprintf("tuple data should begin at byte %u, but actually begins at byte %u (1 attribute, no nulls)",
                                       expected_hoff, ctx->tuphdr->t_hoff));
        else
            report_corruption(ctx,
                              psprintf("tuple data should begin at byte %u, but actually begins at byte %u (%u attributes, no nulls)",
                                       expected_hoff, ctx->tuphdr->t_hoff, ctx->natts));
        result = false;
    }
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * Checks tuple visibility so we know which further checks are safe to
 * perform.
 *
 * If a tuple could have been inserted by a transaction that also added a
 * column to the table, but which ultimately did not commit, or which has not
 * yet committed, then the table's current TupleDesc might differ from the one
 * used to construct this tuple, so we must not check it.
 *
 * As a special case, if our own transaction inserted the tuple, even if we
 * added a column to the table, our TupleDesc should match.  We could check the
 * tuple, but choose not to do so.
 *
 * If a tuple has been updated or deleted, we can still read the old tuple for
 * corruption checking purposes, as long as we are careful about concurrent
 * vacuums.  The main table tuple itself cannot be vacuumed away because we
 * hold a buffer lock on the page, but if the deleting transaction is older
 * than our transaction snapshot's xmin, then vacuum could remove the toast at
 * any time, so we must not try to follow TOAST pointers.
 *
 * If xmin or xmax values are older than can be checked against clog, or appear
 * to be in the future (possibly due to wrap-around), then we cannot make a
 * determination about the visibility of the tuple, so we skip further checks.
 *
 * Returns true if the tuple itself should be checked, false otherwise.  Sets
 * ctx->tuple_could_be_pruned if the tuple -- and thus also any associated
 * TOAST tuples -- are eligible for pruning.
 *
 * Sets *xmin_commit_status_ok to true if the commit status of xmin is known
 * and false otherwise. If it's set to true, then also set *xmin_commit_status
 * to the actual commit status.
 */
static bool
check_tuple_visibility(HeapCheckContext *ctx, bool *xmin_commit_status_ok,
                       XidCommitStatus *xmin_commit_status)
{
    TransactionId xmin;
    TransactionId xvac;
    TransactionId xmax;
    XidCommitStatus xmin_status;
    XidCommitStatus xvac_status;
    XidCommitStatus xmax_status;
    HeapTupleHeader tuphdr = ctx->tuphdr;
 
    ctx->tuple_could_be_pruned = true;  /* have not yet proven otherwise */
    *xmin_commit_status_ok = false; /* have not yet proven otherwise */
 
    /* If xmin is normal, it should be within valid range */
    xmin = HeapTupleHeaderGetXmin(tuphdr);
    switch (get_xid_status(xmin, ctx, &xmin_status))
    {
        case XID_INVALID:
            /* Could be the result of a speculative insertion that aborted. */
            return false;
        case XID_BOUNDS_OK:
            *xmin_commit_status_ok = true;
            *xmin_commit_status = xmin_status;
            break;
        case XID_IN_FUTURE:
            report_corruption(ctx,
                              psprintf("xmin %u equals or exceeds next valid transaction ID %u:%u",
                                       xmin,
                                       EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->next_fxid),
                                       XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->next_fxid)));
            return false;
        case XID_PRECEDES_CLUSTERMIN:
            report_corruption(ctx,
                              psprintf("xmin %u precedes oldest valid transaction ID %u:%u",
                                       xmin,
                                       EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->oldest_fxid),
                                       XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->oldest_fxid)));
            return false;
        case XID_PRECEDES_RELMIN:
            report_corruption(ctx,
                              psprintf("xmin %u precedes relation freeze threshold %u:%u",
                                       xmin,
                                       EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->relfrozenfxid),
                                       XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->relfrozenfxid)));
            return false;
    }
 
    /*
     * Has inserting transaction committed?
     */
    if (!HeapTupleHeaderXminCommitted(tuphdr))
    {
        if (HeapTupleHeaderXminInvalid(tuphdr))
            return false;       /* inserter aborted, don't check */
        /* Used by pre-9.0 binary upgrades */
        else if (tuphdr->t_infomask & HEAP_MOVED_OFF)
        {
            xvac = HeapTupleHeaderGetXvac(tuphdr);
 
            switch (get_xid_status(xvac, ctx, &xvac_status))
            {
                case XID_INVALID:
                    report_corruption(ctx,
                                      pstrdup("old-style VACUUM FULL transaction ID for moved off tuple is invalid"));
                    return false;
                case XID_IN_FUTURE:
                    report_corruption(ctx,
                                      psprintf("old-style VACUUM FULL transaction ID %u for moved off tuple equals or exceeds next valid transaction ID %u:%u",
                                               xvac,
                                               EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->next_fxid),
                                               XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->next_fxid)));
                    return false;
                case XID_PRECEDES_RELMIN:
                    report_corruption(ctx,
                                      psprintf("old-style VACUUM FULL transaction ID %u for moved off tuple precedes relation freeze threshold %u:%u",
                                               xvac,
                                               EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->relfrozenfxid),
                                               XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->relfrozenfxid)));
                    return false;
                case XID_PRECEDES_CLUSTERMIN:
                    report_corruption(ctx,
                                      psprintf("old-style VACUUM FULL transaction ID %u for moved off tuple precedes oldest valid transaction ID %u:%u",
                                               xvac,
                                               EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->oldest_fxid),
                                               XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->oldest_fxid)));
                    return false;
                case XID_BOUNDS_OK:
                    break;
            }
 
            switch (xvac_status)
            {
                case XID_IS_CURRENT_XID:
                    report_corruption(ctx,
                                      psprintf("old-style VACUUM FULL transaction ID %u for moved off tuple matches our current transaction ID",
                                               xvac));
                    return false;
                case XID_IN_PROGRESS:
                    report_corruption(ctx,
                                      psprintf("old-style VACUUM FULL transaction ID %u for moved off tuple appears to be in progress",
                                               xvac));
                    return false;
 
                case XID_COMMITTED:
 
                    /*
                     * The tuple is dead, because the xvac transaction moved
                     * it off and committed. It's checkable, but also
                     * prunable.
                     */
                    return true;
 
                case XID_ABORTED:
 
                    /*
                     * The original xmin must have committed, because the xvac
                     * transaction tried to move it later. Since xvac is
                     * aborted, whether it's still alive now depends on the
                     * status of xmax.
                     */
                    break;
            }
        }
        /* Used by pre-9.0 binary upgrades */
        else if (tuphdr->t_infomask & HEAP_MOVED_IN)
        {
            xvac = HeapTupleHeaderGetXvac(tuphdr);
 
            switch (get_xid_status(xvac, ctx, &xvac_status))
            {
                case XID_INVALID:
                    report_corruption(ctx,
                                      pstrdup("old-style VACUUM FULL transaction ID for moved in tuple is invalid"));
                    return false;
                case XID_IN_FUTURE:
                    report_corruption(ctx,
                                      psprintf("old-style VACUUM FULL transaction ID %u for moved in tuple equals or exceeds next valid transaction ID %u:%u",
                                               xvac,
                                               EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->next_fxid),
                                               XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->next_fxid)));
                    return false;
                case XID_PRECEDES_RELMIN:
                    report_corruption(ctx,
                                      psprintf("old-style VACUUM FULL transaction ID %u for moved in tuple precedes relation freeze threshold %u:%u",
                                               xvac,
                                               EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->relfrozenfxid),
                                               XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->relfrozenfxid)));
                    return false;
                case XID_PRECEDES_CLUSTERMIN:
                    report_corruption(ctx,
                                      psprintf("old-style VACUUM FULL transaction ID %u for moved in tuple precedes oldest valid transaction ID %u:%u",
                                               xvac,
                                               EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->oldest_fxid),
                                               XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->oldest_fxid)));
                    return false;
                case XID_BOUNDS_OK:
                    break;
            }
 
            switch (xvac_status)
            {
                case XID_IS_CURRENT_XID:
                    report_corruption(ctx,
                                      psprintf("old-style VACUUM FULL transaction ID %u for moved in tuple matches our current transaction ID",
                                               xvac));
                    return false;
                case XID_IN_PROGRESS:
                    report_corruption(ctx,
                                      psprintf("old-style VACUUM FULL transaction ID %u for moved in tuple appears to be in progress",
                                               xvac));
                    return false;
 
                case XID_COMMITTED:
 
                    /*
                     * The original xmin must have committed, because the xvac
                     * transaction moved it later. Whether it's still alive
                     * now depends on the status of xmax.
                     */
                    break;
 
                case XID_ABORTED:
 
                    /*
                     * The tuple is dead, because the xvac transaction moved
                     * it off and committed. It's checkable, but also
                     * prunable.
                     */
                    return true;
            }
        }
        else if (xmin_status != XID_COMMITTED)
        {
            /*
             * Inserting transaction is not in progress, and not committed, so
             * it might have changed the TupleDesc in ways we don't know
             * about. Thus, don't try to check the tuple structure.
             *
             * If xmin_status happens to be XID_IS_CURRENT_XID, then in theory
             * any such DDL changes ought to be visible to us, so perhaps we
             * could check anyway in that case. But, for now, let's be
             * conservative and treat this like any other uncommitted insert.
             */
            return false;
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * Okay, the inserter committed, so it was good at some point.  Now what
     * about the deleting transaction?
     */
 
    if (tuphdr->t_infomask & HEAP_XMAX_IS_MULTI)
    {
        /*
         * xmax is a multixact, so sanity-check the MXID. Note that we do this
         * prior to checking for HEAP_XMAX_INVALID or
         * HEAP_XMAX_IS_LOCKED_ONLY. This might therefore complain about
         * things that wouldn't actually be a problem during a normal scan,
         * but eventually we're going to have to freeze, and that process will
         * ignore hint bits.
         *
         * Even if the MXID is out of range, we still know that the original
         * insert committed, so we can check the tuple itself. However, we
         * can't rule out the possibility that this tuple is dead, so don't
         * clear ctx->tuple_could_be_pruned. Possibly we should go ahead and
         * clear that flag anyway if HEAP_XMAX_INVALID is set or if
         * HEAP_XMAX_IS_LOCKED_ONLY is true, but for now we err on the side of
         * avoiding possibly-bogus complaints about missing TOAST entries.
         */
        xmax = HeapTupleHeaderGetRawXmax(tuphdr);
        switch (check_mxid_valid_in_rel(xmax, ctx))
        {
            case XID_INVALID:
                report_corruption(ctx,
                                  pstrdup("multitransaction ID is invalid"));
                return true;
            case XID_PRECEDES_RELMIN:
                report_corruption(ctx,
                                  psprintf("multitransaction ID %u precedes relation minimum multitransaction ID threshold %u",
                                           xmax, ctx->relminmxid));
                return true;
            case XID_PRECEDES_CLUSTERMIN:
                report_corruption(ctx,
                                  psprintf("multitransaction ID %u precedes oldest valid multitransaction ID threshold %u",
                                           xmax, ctx->oldest_mxact));
                return true;
            case XID_IN_FUTURE:
                report_corruption(ctx,
                                  psprintf("multitransaction ID %u equals or exceeds next valid multitransaction ID %u",
                                           xmax,
                                           ctx->next_mxact));
                return true;
            case XID_BOUNDS_OK:
                break;
        }
    }
 
    if (tuphdr->t_infomask & HEAP_XMAX_INVALID)
    {
        /*
         * This tuple is live.  A concurrently running transaction could
         * delete it before we get around to checking the toast, but any such
         * running transaction is surely not less than our safe_xmin, so the
         * toast cannot be vacuumed out from under us.
         */
        ctx->tuple_could_be_pruned = false;
        return true;
    }
 
    if (HEAP_XMAX_IS_LOCKED_ONLY(tuphdr->t_infomask))
    {
        /*
         * "Deleting" xact really only locked it, so the tuple is live in any
         * case.  As above, a concurrently running transaction could delete
         * it, but it cannot be vacuumed out from under us.
         */
        ctx->tuple_could_be_pruned = false;
        return true;
    }
 
    if (tuphdr->t_infomask & HEAP_XMAX_IS_MULTI)
    {
        /*
         * We already checked above that this multixact is within limits for
         * this table.  Now check the update xid from this multixact.
         */
        xmax = HeapTupleGetUpdateXid(tuphdr);
        switch (get_xid_status(xmax, ctx, &xmax_status))
        {
            case XID_INVALID:
                /* not LOCKED_ONLY, so it has to have an xmax */
                report_corruption(ctx,
                                  pstrdup("update xid is invalid"));
                return true;
            case XID_IN_FUTURE:
                report_corruption(ctx,
                                  psprintf("update xid %u equals or exceeds next valid transaction ID %u:%u",
                                           xmax,
                                           EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->next_fxid),
                                           XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->next_fxid)));
                return true;
            case XID_PRECEDES_RELMIN:
                report_corruption(ctx,
                                  psprintf("update xid %u precedes relation freeze threshold %u:%u",
                                           xmax,
                                           EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->relfrozenfxid),
                                           XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->relfrozenfxid)));
                return true;
            case XID_PRECEDES_CLUSTERMIN:
                report_corruption(ctx,
                                  psprintf("update xid %u precedes oldest valid transaction ID %u:%u",
                                           xmax,
                                           EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->oldest_fxid),
                                           XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->oldest_fxid)));
                return true;
            case XID_BOUNDS_OK:
                break;
        }
 
        switch (xmax_status)
        {
            case XID_IS_CURRENT_XID:
            case XID_IN_PROGRESS:
 
                /*
                 * The delete is in progress, so it cannot be visible to our
                 * snapshot.
                 */
                ctx->tuple_could_be_pruned = false;
                break;
            case XID_COMMITTED:
 
                /*
                 * The delete committed.  Whether the toast can be vacuumed
                 * away depends on how old the deleting transaction is.
                 */
                ctx->tuple_could_be_pruned = TransactionIdPrecedes(xmax,
                                                                   ctx->safe_xmin);
                break;
            case XID_ABORTED:
 
                /*
                 * The delete aborted or crashed.  The tuple is still live.
                 */
                ctx->tuple_could_be_pruned = false;
                break;
        }
 
        /* Tuple itself is checkable even if it's dead. */
        return true;
    }
 
    /* xmax is an XID, not a MXID. Sanity check it. */
    xmax = HeapTupleHeaderGetRawXmax(tuphdr);
    switch (get_xid_status(xmax, ctx, &xmax_status))
    {
        case XID_INVALID:
            ctx->tuple_could_be_pruned = false;
            return true;
        case XID_IN_FUTURE:
            report_corruption(ctx,
                              psprintf("xmax %u equals or exceeds next valid transaction ID %u:%u",
                                       xmax,
                                       EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->next_fxid),
                                       XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->next_fxid)));
            return false;       /* corrupt */
        case XID_PRECEDES_RELMIN:
            report_corruption(ctx,
                              psprintf("xmax %u precedes relation freeze threshold %u:%u",
                                       xmax,
                                       EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->relfrozenfxid),
                                       XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->relfrozenfxid)));
            return false;       /* corrupt */
        case XID_PRECEDES_CLUSTERMIN:
            report_corruption(ctx,
                              psprintf("xmax %u precedes oldest valid transaction ID %u:%u",
                                       xmax,
                                       EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->oldest_fxid),
                                       XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->oldest_fxid)));
            return false;       /* corrupt */
        case XID_BOUNDS_OK:
            break;
    }
 
    /*
     * Whether the toast can be vacuumed away depends on how old the deleting
     * transaction is.
     */
    switch (xmax_status)
    {
        case XID_IS_CURRENT_XID:
        case XID_IN_PROGRESS:
 
            /*
             * The delete is in progress, so it cannot be visible to our
             * snapshot.
             */
            ctx->tuple_could_be_pruned = false;
            break;
 
        case XID_COMMITTED:
 
            /*
             * The delete committed.  Whether the toast can be vacuumed away
             * depends on how old the deleting transaction is.
             */
            ctx->tuple_could_be_pruned = TransactionIdPrecedes(xmax,
                                                               ctx->safe_xmin);
            break;
 
        case XID_ABORTED:
 
            /*
             * The delete aborted or crashed.  The tuple is still live.
             */
            ctx->tuple_could_be_pruned = false;
            break;
    }
 
    /* Tuple itself is checkable even if it's dead. */
    return true;
}
 
 
/*
 * Check the current toast tuple against the state tracked in ctx, recording
 * any corruption found in ctx->tupstore.
 *
 * This is not equivalent to running verify_heapam on the toast table itself,
 * and is not hardened against corruption of the toast table.  Rather, when
 * validating a toasted attribute in the main table, the sequence of toast
 * tuples that store the toasted value are retrieved and checked in order, with
 * each toast tuple being checked against where we are in the sequence, as well
 * as each toast tuple having its varlena structure sanity checked.
 *
 * On entry, *expected_chunk_seq should be the chunk_seq value that we expect
 * to find in toasttup. On exit, it will be updated to the value the next call
 * to this function should expect to see.
 */
static void
check_toast_tuple(HeapTuple toasttup, HeapCheckContext *ctx,
                  ToastedAttribute *ta, int32 *expected_chunk_seq,
                  uint32 extsize)
{
    int32       chunk_seq;
    int32       last_chunk_seq = (extsize - 1) / TOAST_MAX_CHUNK_SIZE;
    Pointer     chunk;
    bool        isnull;
    int32       chunksize;
    int32       expected_size;
 
    /* Sanity-check the sequence number. */
    chunk_seq = DatumGetInt32(fastgetattr(toasttup, 2,
                                          ctx->toast_rel->rd_att, &isnull));
    if (isnull)
    {
        report_toast_corruption(ctx, ta,
                                psprintf("toast value %u has toast chunk with null sequence number",
                                         ta->toast_pointer.va_valueid));
        return;
    }
    if (chunk_seq != *expected_chunk_seq)
    {
        /* Either the TOAST index is corrupt, or we don't have all chunks. */
        report_toast_corruption(ctx, ta,
                                psprintf("toast value %u index scan returned chunk %d when expecting chunk %d",
                                         ta->toast_pointer.va_valueid,
                                         chunk_seq, *expected_chunk_seq));
    }
    *expected_chunk_seq = chunk_seq + 1;
 
    /* Sanity-check the chunk data. */
    chunk = DatumGetPointer(fastgetattr(toasttup, 3,
                                        ctx->toast_rel->rd_att, &isnull));
    if (isnull)
    {
        report_toast_corruption(ctx, ta,
                                psprintf("toast value %u chunk %d has null data",
                                         ta->toast_pointer.va_valueid,
                                         chunk_seq));
        return;
    }
    if (!VARATT_IS_EXTENDED(chunk))
        chunksize = VARSIZE(chunk) - VARHDRSZ;
    else if (VARATT_IS_SHORT(chunk))
    {
        /*
         * could happen due to heap_form_tuple doing its thing
         */
        chunksize = VARSIZE_SHORT(chunk) - VARHDRSZ_SHORT;
    }
    else
    {
        /* should never happen */
        uint32      header = ((varattrib_4b *) chunk)->va_4byte.va_header;
 
        report_toast_corruption(ctx, ta,
                                psprintf("toast value %u chunk %d has invalid varlena header %0x",
                                         ta->toast_pointer.va_valueid,
                                         chunk_seq, header));
        return;
    }
 
    /*
     * Some checks on the data we've found
     */
    if (chunk_seq > last_chunk_seq)
    {
        report_toast_corruption(ctx, ta,
                                psprintf("toast value %u chunk %d follows last expected chunk %d",
                                         ta->toast_pointer.va_valueid,
                                         chunk_seq, last_chunk_seq));
        return;
    }
 
    expected_size = chunk_seq < last_chunk_seq ? TOAST_MAX_CHUNK_SIZE
        : extsize - (last_chunk_seq * TOAST_MAX_CHUNK_SIZE);
 
    if (chunksize != expected_size)
        report_toast_corruption(ctx, ta,
                                psprintf("toast value %u chunk %d has size %u, but expected size %u",
                                         ta->toast_pointer.va_valueid,
                                         chunk_seq, chunksize, expected_size));
}
 
/*
 * Check the current attribute as tracked in ctx, recording any corruption
 * found in ctx->tupstore.
 *
 * This function follows the logic performed by heap_deform_tuple(), and in the
 * case of a toasted value, optionally stores the toast pointer so later it can
 * be checked following the logic of detoast_external_attr(), checking for any
 * conditions that would result in either of those functions Asserting or
 * crashing the backend.  The checks performed by Asserts present in those two
 * functions are also performed here and in check_toasted_attribute.  In cases
 * where those two functions are a bit cavalier in their assumptions about data
 * being correct, we perform additional checks not present in either of those
 * two functions.  Where some condition is checked in both of those functions,
 * we perform it here twice, as we parallel the logical flow of those two
 * functions.  The presence of duplicate checks seems a reasonable price to pay
 * for keeping this code tightly coupled with the code it protects.
 *
 * Returns true if the tuple attribute is sane enough for processing to
 * continue on to the next attribute, false otherwise.
 */
static bool
check_tuple_attribute(HeapCheckContext *ctx)
{
    Datum       attdatum;
    struct varlena *attr;
    char       *tp;             /* pointer to the tuple data */
    uint16      infomask;
    CompactAttribute *thisatt;
    struct varatt_external toast_pointer;
 
    infomask = ctx->tuphdr->t_infomask;
    thisatt = TupleDescCompactAttr(RelationGetDescr(ctx->rel), ctx->attnum);
 
    tp = (char *) ctx->tuphdr + ctx->tuphdr->t_hoff;
 
    if (ctx->tuphdr->t_hoff + ctx->offset > ctx->lp_len)
    {
        report_corruption(ctx,
                          psprintf("attribute with length %u starts at offset %u beyond total tuple length %u",
                                   thisatt->attlen,
                                   ctx->tuphdr->t_hoff + ctx->offset,
                                   ctx->lp_len));
        return false;
    }
 
    /* Skip null values */
    if (infomask & HEAP_HASNULL && att_isnull(ctx->attnum, ctx->tuphdr->t_bits))
        return true;
 
    /* Skip non-varlena values, but update offset first */
    if (thisatt->attlen != -1)
    {
        ctx->offset = att_nominal_alignby(ctx->offset, thisatt->attalignby);
        ctx->offset = att_addlength_pointer(ctx->offset, thisatt->attlen,
                                            tp + ctx->offset);
        if (ctx->tuphdr->t_hoff + ctx->offset > ctx->lp_len)
        {
            report_corruption(ctx,
                              psprintf("attribute with length %u ends at offset %u beyond total tuple length %u",
                                       thisatt->attlen,
                                       ctx->tuphdr->t_hoff + ctx->offset,
                                       ctx->lp_len));
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }
 
    /* Ok, we're looking at a varlena attribute. */
    ctx->offset = att_pointer_alignby(ctx->offset, thisatt->attalignby, -1,
                                      tp + ctx->offset);
 
    /* Get the (possibly corrupt) varlena datum */
    attdatum = fetchatt(thisatt, tp + ctx->offset);
 
    /*
     * We have the datum, but we cannot decode it carelessly, as it may still
     * be corrupt.
     */
 
    /*
     * Check that VARTAG_SIZE won't hit an Assert on a corrupt va_tag before
     * risking a call into att_addlength_pointer
     */
    if (VARATT_IS_EXTERNAL(tp + ctx->offset))
    {
        uint8       va_tag = VARTAG_EXTERNAL(tp + ctx->offset);
 
        if (va_tag != VARTAG_ONDISK)
        {
            report_corruption(ctx,
                              psprintf("toasted attribute has unexpected TOAST tag %u",
                                       va_tag));
            /* We can't know where the next attribute begins */
            return false;
        }
    }
 
    /* Ok, should be safe now */
    ctx->offset = att_addlength_pointer(ctx->offset, thisatt->attlen,
                                        tp + ctx->offset);
 
    if (ctx->tuphdr->t_hoff + ctx->offset > ctx->lp_len)
    {
        report_corruption(ctx,
                          psprintf("attribute with length %u ends at offset %u beyond total tuple length %u",
                                   thisatt->attlen,
                                   ctx->tuphdr->t_hoff + ctx->offset,
                                   ctx->lp_len));
 
        return false;
    }
 
    /*
     * heap_deform_tuple would be done with this attribute at this point,
     * having stored it in values[], and would continue to the next attribute.
     * We go further, because we need to check if the toast datum is corrupt.
     */
 
    attr = (struct varlena *) DatumGetPointer(attdatum);
 
    /*
     * Now we follow the logic of detoast_external_attr(), with the same
     * caveats about being paranoid about corruption.
     */
 
    /* Skip values that are not external */
    if (!VARATT_IS_EXTERNAL(attr))
        return true;
 
    /* It is external, and we're looking at a page on disk */
 
    /*
     * Must copy attr into toast_pointer for alignment considerations
     */
    VARATT_EXTERNAL_GET_POINTER(toast_pointer, attr);
 
    /* Toasted attributes too large to be untoasted should never be stored */
    if (toast_pointer.va_rawsize > VARLENA_SIZE_LIMIT)
        report_corruption(ctx,
                          psprintf("toast value %u rawsize %d exceeds limit %d",
                                   toast_pointer.va_valueid,
                                   toast_pointer.va_rawsize,
                                   VARLENA_SIZE_LIMIT));
 
    if (VARATT_EXTERNAL_IS_COMPRESSED(toast_pointer))
    {
        ToastCompressionId cmid;
        bool        valid = false;
 
        /* Compressed attributes should have a valid compression method */
        cmid = TOAST_COMPRESS_METHOD(&toast_pointer);
        switch (cmid)
        {
                /* List of all valid compression method IDs */
            case TOAST_PGLZ_COMPRESSION_ID:
            case TOAST_LZ4_COMPRESSION_ID:
                valid = true;
                break;
 
                /* Recognized but invalid compression method ID */
            case TOAST_INVALID_COMPRESSION_ID:
                break;
 
                /* Intentionally no default here */
        }
        if (!valid)
            report_corruption(ctx,
                              psprintf("toast value %u has invalid compression method id %d",
                                       toast_pointer.va_valueid, cmid));
    }
 
    /* The tuple header better claim to contain toasted values */
    if (!(infomask & HEAP_HASEXTERNAL))
    {
        report_corruption(ctx,
                          psprintf("toast value %u is external but tuple header flag HEAP_HASEXTERNAL not set",
                                   toast_pointer.va_valueid));
        return true;
    }
 
    /* The relation better have a toast table */
    if (!ctx->rel->rd_rel->reltoastrelid)
    {
        report_corruption(ctx,
                          psprintf("toast value %u is external but relation has no toast relation",
                                   toast_pointer.va_valueid));
        return true;
    }
 
    /* If we were told to skip toast checking, then we're done. */
    if (ctx->toast_rel == NULL)
        return true;
 
    /*
     * If this tuple is eligible to be pruned, we cannot check the toast.
     * Otherwise, we push a copy of the toast tuple so we can check it after
     * releasing the main table buffer lock.
     */
    if (!ctx->tuple_could_be_pruned)
    {
        ToastedAttribute *ta;
 
        ta = (ToastedAttribute *) palloc0(sizeof(ToastedAttribute));
 
        VARATT_EXTERNAL_GET_POINTER(ta->toast_pointer, attr);
        ta->blkno = ctx->blkno;
        ta->offnum = ctx->offnum;
        ta->attnum = ctx->attnum;
        ctx->toasted_attributes = lappend(ctx->toasted_attributes, ta);
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
/*
 * For each attribute collected in ctx->toasted_attributes, look up the value
 * in the toast table and perform checks on it.  This function should only be
 * called on toast pointers which cannot be vacuumed away during our
 * processing.
 */
static void
check_toasted_attribute(HeapCheckContext *ctx, ToastedAttribute *ta)
{
    ScanKeyData toastkey;
    SysScanDesc toastscan;
    bool        found_toasttup;
    HeapTuple   toasttup;
    uint32      extsize;
    int32       expected_chunk_seq = 0;
    int32       last_chunk_seq;
 
    extsize = VARATT_EXTERNAL_GET_EXTSIZE(ta->toast_pointer);
    last_chunk_seq = (extsize - 1) / TOAST_MAX_CHUNK_SIZE;
 
    /*
     * Setup a scan key to find chunks in toast table with matching va_valueid
     */
    ScanKeyInit(&toastkey,
                (AttrNumber) 1,
                BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
                ObjectIdGetDatum(ta->toast_pointer.va_valueid));
 
    /*
     * Check if any chunks for this toasted object exist in the toast table,
     * accessible via the index.
     */
    toastscan = systable_beginscan_ordered(ctx->toast_rel,
                                           ctx->valid_toast_index,
                                           get_toast_snapshot(), 1,
                                           &toastkey);
    found_toasttup = false;
    while ((toasttup =
            systable_getnext_ordered(toastscan,
                                     ForwardScanDirection)) != NULL)
    {
        found_toasttup = true;
        check_toast_tuple(toasttup, ctx, ta, &expected_chunk_seq, extsize);
    }
    systable_endscan_ordered(toastscan);
 
    if (!found_toasttup)
        report_toast_corruption(ctx, ta,
                                psprintf("toast value %u not found in toast table",
                                         ta->toast_pointer.va_valueid));
    else if (expected_chunk_seq <= last_chunk_seq)
        report_toast_corruption(ctx, ta,
                                psprintf("toast value %u was expected to end at chunk %d, but ended while expecting chunk %d",
                                         ta->toast_pointer.va_valueid,
                                         last_chunk_seq, expected_chunk_seq));
}
 
/*
 * Check the current tuple as tracked in ctx, recording any corruption found in
 * ctx->tupstore.
 *
 * We return some information about the status of xmin to aid in validating
 * update chains.
 */
static void
check_tuple(HeapCheckContext *ctx, bool *xmin_commit_status_ok,
            XidCommitStatus *xmin_commit_status)
{
    /*
     * Check various forms of tuple header corruption, and if the header is
     * too corrupt, do not continue with other checks.
     */
    if (!check_tuple_header(ctx))
        return;
 
    /*
     * Check tuple visibility.  If the inserting transaction aborted, we
     * cannot assume our relation description matches the tuple structure, and
     * therefore cannot check it.
     */
    if (!check_tuple_visibility(ctx, xmin_commit_status_ok,
                                xmin_commit_status))
        return;
 
    /*
     * The tuple is visible, so it must be compatible with the current version
     * of the relation descriptor. It might have fewer columns than are
     * present in the relation descriptor, but it cannot have more.
     */
    if (RelationGetDescr(ctx->rel)->natts < ctx->natts)
    {
        report_corruption(ctx,
                          psprintf("number of attributes %u exceeds maximum expected for table %u",
                                   ctx->natts,
                                   RelationGetDescr(ctx->rel)->natts));
        return;
    }
 
    /*
     * Check each attribute unless we hit corruption that confuses what to do
     * next, at which point we abort further attribute checks for this tuple.
     * Note that we don't abort for all types of corruption, only for those
     * types where we don't know how to continue.  We also don't abort the
     * checking of toasted attributes collected from the tuple prior to
     * aborting.  Those will still be checked later along with other toasted
     * attributes collected from the page.
     */
    ctx->offset = 0;
    for (ctx->attnum = 0; ctx->attnum < ctx->natts; ctx->attnum++)
        if (!check_tuple_attribute(ctx))
            break;              /* cannot continue */
 
    /* revert attnum to -1 until we again examine individual attributes */
    ctx->attnum = -1;
}
 
/*
 * Convert a TransactionId into a FullTransactionId using our cached values of
 * the valid transaction ID range.  It is the caller's responsibility to have
 * already updated the cached values, if necessary.
 */
static FullTransactionId
FullTransactionIdFromXidAndCtx(TransactionId xid, const HeapCheckContext *ctx)
{
    uint64      nextfxid_i;
    int32       diff;
    FullTransactionId fxid;
 
    Assert(TransactionIdIsNormal(ctx->next_xid));
    Assert(FullTransactionIdIsNormal(ctx->next_fxid));
    Assert(XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->next_fxid) == ctx->next_xid);
 
    if (!TransactionIdIsNormal(xid))
        return FullTransactionIdFromEpochAndXid(0, xid);
 
    nextfxid_i = U64FromFullTransactionId(ctx->next_fxid);
 
    /* compute the 32bit modulo difference */
    diff = (int32) (ctx->next_xid - xid);
 
    /*
     * In cases of corruption we might see a 32bit xid that is before epoch 0.
     * We can't represent that as a 64bit xid, due to 64bit xids being
     * unsigned integers, without the modulo arithmetic of 32bit xid. There's
     * no really nice way to deal with that, but it works ok enough to use
     * FirstNormalFullTransactionId in that case, as a freshly initdb'd
     * cluster already has a newer horizon.
     */
    if (diff > 0 && (nextfxid_i - FirstNormalTransactionId) < (int64) diff)
    {
        Assert(EpochFromFullTransactionId(ctx->next_fxid) == 0);
        fxid = FirstNormalFullTransactionId;
    }
    else
        fxid = FullTransactionIdFromU64(nextfxid_i - diff);
 
    Assert(FullTransactionIdIsNormal(fxid));
    return fxid;
}
 
/*
 * Update our cached range of valid transaction IDs.
 */
static void
update_cached_xid_range(HeapCheckContext *ctx)
{
    /* Make cached copies */
    LWLockAcquire(XidGenLock, LW_SHARED);
    ctx->next_fxid = TransamVariables->nextXid;
    ctx->oldest_xid = TransamVariables->oldestXid;
    LWLockRelease(XidGenLock);
 
    /* And compute alternate versions of the same */
    ctx->next_xid = XidFromFullTransactionId(ctx->next_fxid);
    ctx->oldest_fxid = FullTransactionIdFromXidAndCtx(ctx->oldest_xid, ctx);
}
 
/*
 * Update our cached range of valid multitransaction IDs.
 */
static void
update_cached_mxid_range(HeapCheckContext *ctx)
{
    ReadMultiXactIdRange(&ctx->oldest_mxact, &ctx->next_mxact);
}
 
/*
 * Return whether the given FullTransactionId is within our cached valid
 * transaction ID range.
 */
static inline bool
fxid_in_cached_range(FullTransactionId fxid, const HeapCheckContext *ctx)
{
    return (FullTransactionIdPrecedesOrEquals(ctx->oldest_fxid, fxid) &&
            FullTransactionIdPrecedes(fxid, ctx->next_fxid));
}
 
/*
 * Checks whether a multitransaction ID is in the cached valid range, returning
 * the nature of the range violation, if any.
 */
static XidBoundsViolation
check_mxid_in_range(MultiXactId mxid, HeapCheckContext *ctx)
{
    if (!TransactionIdIsValid(mxid))
        return XID_INVALID;
    if (MultiXactIdPrecedes(mxid, ctx->relminmxid))
        return XID_PRECEDES_RELMIN;
    if (MultiXactIdPrecedes(mxid, ctx->oldest_mxact))
        return XID_PRECEDES_CLUSTERMIN;
    if (MultiXactIdPrecedesOrEquals(ctx->next_mxact, mxid))
        return XID_IN_FUTURE;
    return XID_BOUNDS_OK;
}
 
/*
 * Checks whether the given mxid is valid to appear in the heap being checked,
 * returning the nature of the range violation, if any.
 *
 * This function attempts to return quickly by caching the known valid mxid
 * range in ctx.  Callers should already have performed the initial setup of
 * the cache prior to the first call to this function.
 */
static XidBoundsViolation
check_mxid_valid_in_rel(MultiXactId mxid, HeapCheckContext *ctx)
{
    XidBoundsViolation result;
 
    result = check_mxid_in_range(mxid, ctx);
    if (result == XID_BOUNDS_OK)
        return XID_BOUNDS_OK;
 
    /* The range may have advanced.  Recheck. */
    update_cached_mxid_range(ctx);
    return check_mxid_in_range(mxid, ctx);
}
 
/*
 * Checks whether the given transaction ID is (or was recently) valid to appear
 * in the heap being checked, or whether it is too old or too new to appear in
 * the relation, returning information about the nature of the bounds violation.
 *
 * We cache the range of valid transaction IDs.  If xid is in that range, we
 * conclude that it is valid, even though concurrent changes to the table might
 * invalidate it under certain corrupt conditions.  (For example, if the table
 * contains corrupt all-frozen bits, a concurrent vacuum might skip the page(s)
 * containing the xid and then truncate clog and advance the relfrozenxid
 * beyond xid.) Reporting the xid as valid under such conditions seems
 * acceptable, since if we had checked it earlier in our scan it would have
 * truly been valid at that time.
 *
 * If the status argument is not NULL, and if and only if the transaction ID
 * appears to be valid in this relation, the status argument will be set with
 * the commit status of the transaction ID.
 */
static XidBoundsViolation
get_xid_status(TransactionId xid, HeapCheckContext *ctx,
               XidCommitStatus *status)
{
    FullTransactionId fxid;
    FullTransactionId clog_horizon;
 
    /* Quick check for special xids */
    if (!TransactionIdIsValid(xid))
        return XID_INVALID;
    else if (xid == BootstrapTransactionId || xid == FrozenTransactionId)
    {
        if (status != NULL)
            *status = XID_COMMITTED;
        return XID_BOUNDS_OK;
    }
 
    /* Check if the xid is within bounds */
    fxid = FullTransactionIdFromXidAndCtx(xid, ctx);
    if (!fxid_in_cached_range(fxid, ctx))
    {
        /*
         * We may have been checking against stale values.  Update the cached
         * range to be sure, and since we relied on the cached range when we
         * performed the full xid conversion, reconvert.
         */
        update_cached_xid_range(ctx);
        fxid = FullTransactionIdFromXidAndCtx(xid, ctx);
    }
 
    if (FullTransactionIdPrecedesOrEquals(ctx->next_fxid, fxid))
        return XID_IN_FUTURE;
    if (FullTransactionIdPrecedes(fxid, ctx->oldest_fxid))
        return XID_PRECEDES_CLUSTERMIN;
    if (FullTransactionIdPrecedes(fxid, ctx->relfrozenfxid))
        return XID_PRECEDES_RELMIN;
 
    /* Early return if the caller does not request clog checking */
    if (status == NULL)
        return XID_BOUNDS_OK;
 
    /* Early return if we just checked this xid in a prior call */
    if (xid == ctx->cached_xid)
    {
        *status = ctx->cached_status;
        return XID_BOUNDS_OK;
    }
 
    *status = XID_COMMITTED;
    LWLockAcquire(XactTruncationLock, LW_SHARED);
    clog_horizon =
        FullTransactionIdFromXidAndCtx(TransamVariables->oldestClogXid,
                                       ctx);
    if (FullTransactionIdPrecedesOrEquals(clog_horizon, fxid))
    {
        if (TransactionIdIsCurrentTransactionId(xid))
            *status = XID_IS_CURRENT_XID;
        else if (TransactionIdIsInProgress(xid))
            *status = XID_IN_PROGRESS;
        else if (TransactionIdDidCommit(xid))
            *status = XID_COMMITTED;
        else
            *status = XID_ABORTED;
    }
    LWLockRelease(XactTruncationLock);
    ctx->cached_xid = xid;
    ctx->cached_status = *status;
    return XID_BOUNDS_OK;
}