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vacuumlazy.c
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1 /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
2  *
3  * vacuumlazy.c
4  * Concurrent ("lazy") vacuuming.
5  *
6  *
7  * The major space usage for LAZY VACUUM is storage for the array of dead tuple
8  * TIDs. We want to ensure we can vacuum even the very largest relations with
9  * finite memory space usage. To do that, we set upper bounds on the number of
10  * tuples we will keep track of at once.
11  *
12  * We are willing to use at most maintenance_work_mem (or perhaps
13  * autovacuum_work_mem) memory space to keep track of dead tuples. We
14  * initially allocate an array of TIDs of that size, with an upper limit that
15  * depends on table size (this limit ensures we don't allocate a huge area
16  * uselessly for vacuuming small tables). If the array threatens to overflow,
17  * we suspend the heap scan phase and perform a pass of index cleanup and page
18  * compaction, then resume the heap scan with an empty TID array.
19  *
20  * If we're processing a table with no indexes, we can just vacuum each page
21  * as we go; there's no need to save up multiple tuples to minimize the number
22  * of index scans performed. So we don't use maintenance_work_mem memory for
23  * the TID array, just enough to hold as many heap tuples as fit on one page.
24  *
25  * Lazy vacuum supports parallel execution with parallel worker processes. In
26  * a parallel vacuum, we perform both index vacuum and index cleanup with
27  * parallel worker processes. Individual indexes are processed by one vacuum
28  * process. At the beginning of a lazy vacuum (at lazy_scan_heap) we prepare
29  * the parallel context and initialize the DSM segment that contains shared
30  * information as well as the memory space for storing dead tuples. When
31  * starting either index vacuum or index cleanup, we launch parallel worker
32  * processes. Once all indexes are processed the parallel worker processes
33  * exit. After that, the leader process re-initializes the parallel context
34  * so that it can use the same DSM for multiple passes of index vacuum and
35  * for performing index cleanup. For updating the index statistics, we need
36  * to update the system table and since updates are not allowed during
37  * parallel mode we update the index statistics after exiting from the
38  * parallel mode.
39  *
40  * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2020, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
41  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
42  *
43  *
44  * IDENTIFICATION
45  * src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c
46  *
47  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
48  */
49 #include "postgres.h"
50 
51 #include <math.h>
52 
53 #include "access/amapi.h"
54 #include "access/genam.h"
55 #include "access/heapam.h"
56 #include "access/heapam_xlog.h"
57 #include "access/htup_details.h"
58 #include "access/multixact.h"
59 #include "access/parallel.h"
60 #include "access/transam.h"
61 #include "access/visibilitymap.h"
62 #include "access/xact.h"
63 #include "access/xlog.h"
64 #include "catalog/storage.h"
65 #include "commands/dbcommands.h"
66 #include "commands/progress.h"
67 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
68 #include "miscadmin.h"
69 #include "optimizer/paths.h"
70 #include "pgstat.h"
71 #include "portability/instr_time.h"
72 #include "postmaster/autovacuum.h"
73 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
74 #include "storage/freespace.h"
75 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
76 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
77 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
78 #include "utils/memutils.h"
79 #include "utils/pg_rusage.h"
80 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
81 
82 
83 /*
84  * Space/time tradeoff parameters: do these need to be user-tunable?
85  *
86  * To consider truncating the relation, we want there to be at least
87  * REL_TRUNCATE_MINIMUM or (relsize / REL_TRUNCATE_FRACTION) (whichever
88  * is less) potentially-freeable pages.
89  */
90 #define REL_TRUNCATE_MINIMUM 1000
91 #define REL_TRUNCATE_FRACTION 16
92 
93 /*
94  * Timing parameters for truncate locking heuristics.
95  *
96  * These were not exposed as user tunable GUC values because it didn't seem
97  * that the potential for improvement was great enough to merit the cost of
98  * supporting them.
99  */
100 #define VACUUM_TRUNCATE_LOCK_CHECK_INTERVAL 20 /* ms */
101 #define VACUUM_TRUNCATE_LOCK_WAIT_INTERVAL 50 /* ms */
102 #define VACUUM_TRUNCATE_LOCK_TIMEOUT 5000 /* ms */
103 
104 /*
105  * When a table has no indexes, vacuum the FSM after every 8GB, approximately
106  * (it won't be exact because we only vacuum FSM after processing a heap page
107  * that has some removable tuples). When there are indexes, this is ignored,
108  * and we vacuum FSM after each index/heap cleaning pass.
109  */
110 #define VACUUM_FSM_EVERY_PAGES \
111  ((BlockNumber) (((uint64) 8 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024) / BLCKSZ))
112 
113 /*
114  * Guesstimation of number of dead tuples per page. This is used to
115  * provide an upper limit to memory allocated when vacuuming small
116  * tables.
117  */
118 #define LAZY_ALLOC_TUPLES MaxHeapTuplesPerPage
119 
120 /*
121  * Before we consider skipping a page that's marked as clean in
122  * visibility map, we must've seen at least this many clean pages.
123  */
124 #define SKIP_PAGES_THRESHOLD ((BlockNumber) 32)
125 
126 /*
127  * Size of the prefetch window for lazy vacuum backwards truncation scan.
128  * Needs to be a power of 2.
129  */
130 #define PREFETCH_SIZE ((BlockNumber) 32)
131 
132 /*
133  * DSM keys for parallel vacuum. Unlike other parallel execution code, since
134  * we don't need to worry about DSM keys conflicting with plan_node_id we can
135  * use small integers.
136  */
137 #define PARALLEL_VACUUM_KEY_SHARED 1
138 #define PARALLEL_VACUUM_KEY_DEAD_TUPLES 2
139 #define PARALLEL_VACUUM_KEY_QUERY_TEXT 3
140 
141 /*
142  * Macro to check if we are in a parallel vacuum. If true, we are in the
143  * parallel mode and the DSM segment is initialized.
144  */
145 #define ParallelVacuumIsActive(lps) PointerIsValid(lps)
146 
147 /*
148  * LVDeadTuples stores the dead tuple TIDs collected during the heap scan.
149  * This is allocated in the DSM segment in parallel mode and in local memory
150  * in non-parallel mode.
151  */
152 typedef struct LVDeadTuples
153 {
154  int max_tuples; /* # slots allocated in array */
155  int num_tuples; /* current # of entries */
156  /* List of TIDs of tuples we intend to delete */
157  /* NB: this list is ordered by TID address */
158  ItemPointerData itemptrs[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER]; /* array of
159  * ItemPointerData */
160 } LVDeadTuples;
161 
162 /* The dead tuple space consists of LVDeadTuples and dead tuple TIDs */
163 #define SizeOfDeadTuples(cnt) \
164  add_size(offsetof(LVDeadTuples, itemptrs), \
165  mul_size(sizeof(ItemPointerData), cnt))
166 #define MAXDEADTUPLES(max_size) \
167  (((max_size) - offsetof(LVDeadTuples, itemptrs)) / sizeof(ItemPointerData))
168 
169 /*
170  * Shared information among parallel workers. So this is allocated in the DSM
171  * segment.
172  */
173 typedef struct LVShared
174 {
175  /*
176  * Target table relid and log level. These fields are not modified during
177  * the lazy vacuum.
178  */
179  Oid relid;
180  int elevel;
181 
182  /*
183  * An indication for vacuum workers to perform either index vacuum or
184  * index cleanup. first_time is true only if for_cleanup is true and
185  * bulk-deletion is not performed yet.
186  */
187  bool for_cleanup;
188  bool first_time;
189 
190  /*
191  * Fields for both index vacuum and cleanup.
192  *
193  * reltuples is the total number of input heap tuples. We set either old
194  * live tuples in the index vacuum case or the new live tuples in the
195  * index cleanup case.
196  *
197  * estimated_count is true if the reltuples is an estimated value.
198  */
199  double reltuples;
200  bool estimated_count;
201 
202  /*
203  * In single process lazy vacuum we could consume more memory during index
204  * vacuuming or cleanup apart from the memory for heap scanning. In
205  * parallel vacuum, since individual vacuum workers can consume memory
206  * equal to maintenance_work_mem, the new maintenance_work_mem for each
207  * worker is set such that the parallel operation doesn't consume more
208  * memory than single process lazy vacuum.
209  */
210  int maintenance_work_mem_worker;
211 
212  /*
213  * Shared vacuum cost balance. During parallel vacuum,
214  * VacuumSharedCostBalance points to this value and it accumulates the
215  * balance of each parallel vacuum worker.
216  */
217  pg_atomic_uint32 cost_balance;
218 
219  /*
220  * Number of active parallel workers. This is used for computing the
221  * minimum threshold of the vacuum cost balance for a worker to go for the
222  * delay.
223  */
224  pg_atomic_uint32 active_nworkers;
225 
226  /*
227  * Variables to control parallel vacuum. We have a bitmap to indicate
228  * which index has stats in shared memory. The set bit in the map
229  * indicates that the particular index supports a parallel vacuum.
230  */
231  pg_atomic_uint32 idx; /* counter for vacuuming and clean up */
232  uint32 offset; /* sizeof header incl. bitmap */
233  bits8 bitmap[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER]; /* bit map of NULLs */
234 
235  /* Shared index statistics data follows at end of struct */
236 } LVShared;
237 
238 #define SizeOfLVShared (offsetof(LVShared, bitmap) + sizeof(bits8))
239 #define GetSharedIndStats(s) \
240  ((LVSharedIndStats *)((char *)(s) + ((LVShared *)(s))->offset))
241 #define IndStatsIsNull(s, i) \
242  (!(((LVShared *)(s))->bitmap[(i) >> 3] & (1 << ((i) & 0x07))))
243 
244 /*
245  * Struct for an index bulk-deletion statistic used for parallel vacuum. This
246  * is allocated in the DSM segment.
247  */
248 typedef struct LVSharedIndStats
249 {
250  bool updated; /* are the stats updated? */
251  IndexBulkDeleteResult stats;
252 } LVSharedIndStats;
253 
254 /* Struct for maintaining a parallel vacuum state. */
255 typedef struct LVParallelState
256 {
257  ParallelContext *pcxt;
258 
259  /* Shared information among parallel vacuum workers */
260  LVShared *lvshared;
261 
262  /*
263  * The number of indexes that support parallel index bulk-deletion and
264  * parallel index cleanup respectively.
265  */
266  int nindexes_parallel_bulkdel;
267  int nindexes_parallel_cleanup;
268  int nindexes_parallel_condcleanup;
269 } LVParallelState;
270 
271 typedef struct LVRelStats
272 {
273  /* useindex = true means two-pass strategy; false means one-pass */
274  bool useindex;
275  /* Overall statistics about rel */
276  BlockNumber old_rel_pages; /* previous value of pg_class.relpages */
277  BlockNumber rel_pages; /* total number of pages */
278  BlockNumber scanned_pages; /* number of pages we examined */
279  BlockNumber pinskipped_pages; /* # of pages we skipped due to a pin */
280  BlockNumber frozenskipped_pages; /* # of frozen pages we skipped */
281  BlockNumber tupcount_pages; /* pages whose tuples we counted */
282  double old_live_tuples; /* previous value of pg_class.reltuples */
283  double new_rel_tuples; /* new estimated total # of tuples */
284  double new_live_tuples; /* new estimated total # of live tuples */
285  double new_dead_tuples; /* new estimated total # of dead tuples */
286  BlockNumber pages_removed;
287  double tuples_deleted;
288  BlockNumber nonempty_pages; /* actually, last nonempty page + 1 */
289  LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples;
290  int num_index_scans;
291  TransactionId latestRemovedXid;
292  bool lock_waiter_detected;
293 } LVRelStats;
294 
295 
296 /* A few variables that don't seem worth passing around as parameters */
297 static int elevel = -1;
298 
299 static TransactionId OldestXmin;
300 static TransactionId FreezeLimit;
301 static MultiXactId MultiXactCutoff;
302 
303 static BufferAccessStrategy vac_strategy;
304 
305 
306 /* non-export function prototypes */
307 static void lazy_scan_heap(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
308  LVRelStats *vacrelstats, Relation *Irel, int nindexes,
309  bool aggressive);
310 static void lazy_vacuum_heap(Relation onerel, LVRelStats *vacrelstats);
311 static bool lazy_check_needs_freeze(Buffer buf, bool *hastup);
312 static void lazy_vacuum_all_indexes(Relation onerel, Relation *Irel,
313  IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
314  LVRelStats *vacrelstats, LVParallelState *lps,
315  int nindexes);
316 static void lazy_vacuum_index(Relation indrel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
317  LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples, double reltuples);
318 static void lazy_cleanup_index(Relation indrel,
319  IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
320  double reltuples, bool estimated_count);
321 static int lazy_vacuum_page(Relation onerel, BlockNumber blkno, Buffer buffer,
322  int tupindex, LVRelStats *vacrelstats, Buffer *vmbuffer);
323 static bool should_attempt_truncation(VacuumParams *params,
324  LVRelStats *vacrelstats);
325 static void lazy_truncate_heap(Relation onerel, LVRelStats *vacrelstats);
326 static BlockNumber count_nondeletable_pages(Relation onerel,
327  LVRelStats *vacrelstats);
328 static void lazy_space_alloc(LVRelStats *vacrelstats, BlockNumber relblocks);
329 static void lazy_record_dead_tuple(LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples,
330  ItemPointer itemptr);
331 static bool lazy_tid_reaped(ItemPointer itemptr, void *state);
332 static int vac_cmp_itemptr(const void *left, const void *right);
333 static bool heap_page_is_all_visible(Relation rel, Buffer buf,
334  TransactionId *visibility_cutoff_xid, bool *all_frozen);
335 static void lazy_parallel_vacuum_indexes(Relation *Irel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
336  LVRelStats *vacrelstats, LVParallelState *lps,
337  int nindexes);
338 static void parallel_vacuum_index(Relation *Irel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
339  LVShared *lvshared, LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples,
340  int nindexes);
341 static void vacuum_indexes_leader(Relation *Irel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
342  LVRelStats *vacrelstats, LVParallelState *lps,
343  int nindexes);
344 static void vacuum_one_index(Relation indrel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
345  LVShared *lvshared, LVSharedIndStats *shared_indstats,
346  LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples);
347 static void lazy_cleanup_all_indexes(Relation *Irel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
348  LVRelStats *vacrelstats, LVParallelState *lps,
349  int nindexes);
350 static long compute_max_dead_tuples(BlockNumber relblocks, bool hasindex);
351 static int compute_parallel_vacuum_workers(Relation *Irel, int nindexes, int nrequested,
352  bool *can_parallel_vacuum);
353 static void prepare_index_statistics(LVShared *lvshared, bool *can_parallel_vacuum,
354  int nindexes);
355 static void update_index_statistics(Relation *Irel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
356  int nindexes);
357 static LVParallelState *begin_parallel_vacuum(Oid relid, Relation *Irel,
358  LVRelStats *vacrelstats, BlockNumber nblocks,
359  int nindexes, int nrequested);
360 static void end_parallel_vacuum(Relation *Irel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
361  LVParallelState *lps, int nindexes);
362 static LVSharedIndStats *get_indstats(LVShared *lvshared, int n);
363 static bool skip_parallel_vacuum_index(Relation indrel, LVShared *lvshared);
364 
365 
366 /*
367  * heap_vacuum_rel() -- perform VACUUM for one heap relation
368  *
369  * This routine vacuums a single heap, cleans out its indexes, and
370  * updates its relpages and reltuples statistics.
371  *
372  * At entry, we have already established a transaction and opened
373  * and locked the relation.
374  */
375 void
376 heap_vacuum_rel(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params,
377  BufferAccessStrategy bstrategy)
378 {
379  LVRelStats *vacrelstats;
380  Relation *Irel;
381  int nindexes;
382  PGRUsage ru0;
383  TimestampTz starttime = 0;
384  long secs;
385  int usecs;
386  double read_rate,
387  write_rate;
388  bool aggressive; /* should we scan all unfrozen pages? */
389  bool scanned_all_unfrozen; /* actually scanned all such pages? */
390  TransactionId xidFullScanLimit;
391  MultiXactId mxactFullScanLimit;
392  BlockNumber new_rel_pages;
393  BlockNumber new_rel_allvisible;
394  double new_live_tuples;
395  TransactionId new_frozen_xid;
396  MultiXactId new_min_multi;
397 
398  Assert(params != NULL);
399  Assert(params->index_cleanup != VACOPT_TERNARY_DEFAULT);
400  Assert(params->truncate != VACOPT_TERNARY_DEFAULT);
401 
402  /* not every AM requires these to be valid, but heap does */
403  Assert(TransactionIdIsNormal(onerel->rd_rel->relfrozenxid));
404  Assert(MultiXactIdIsValid(onerel->rd_rel->relminmxid));
405 
406  /* measure elapsed time iff autovacuum logging requires it */
407  if (IsAutoVacuumWorkerProcess() && params->log_min_duration >= 0)
408  {
409  pg_rusage_init(&ru0);
410  starttime = GetCurrentTimestamp();
411  }
412 
413  if (params->options & VACOPT_VERBOSE)
414  elevel = INFO;
415  else
416  elevel = DEBUG2;
417 
418  pgstat_progress_start_command(PROGRESS_COMMAND_VACUUM,
419  RelationGetRelid(onerel));
420 
421  vac_strategy = bstrategy;
422 
423  vacuum_set_xid_limits(onerel,
424  params->freeze_min_age,
425  params->freeze_table_age,
426  params->multixact_freeze_min_age,
427  params->multixact_freeze_table_age,
428  &OldestXmin, &FreezeLimit, &xidFullScanLimit,
429  &MultiXactCutoff, &mxactFullScanLimit);
430 
431  /*
432  * We request an aggressive scan if the table's frozen Xid is now older
433  * than or equal to the requested Xid full-table scan limit; or if the
434  * table's minimum MultiXactId is older than or equal to the requested
435  * mxid full-table scan limit; or if DISABLE_PAGE_SKIPPING was specified.
436  */
437  aggressive = TransactionIdPrecedesOrEquals(onerel->rd_rel->relfrozenxid,
438  xidFullScanLimit);
439  aggressive |= MultiXactIdPrecedesOrEquals(onerel->rd_rel->relminmxid,
440  mxactFullScanLimit);
441  if (params->options & VACOPT_DISABLE_PAGE_SKIPPING)
442  aggressive = true;
443 
444  /*
445  * Normally the relfrozenxid for an anti-wraparound vacuum will be old
446  * enough to force an aggressive vacuum. However, a concurrent vacuum
447  * might have already done this work that the relfrozenxid in relcache has
448  * been updated. If that happens this vacuum is redundant, so skip it.
449  */
450  if (params->is_wraparound && !aggressive)
451  {
452  ereport(DEBUG1,
453  (errmsg("skipping redundant vacuum to prevent wraparound of table \"%s.%s.%s\"",
454  get_database_name(MyDatabaseId),
455  get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(onerel)),
456  RelationGetRelationName(onerel))));
457  pgstat_progress_end_command();
458  return;
459  }
460 
461  vacrelstats = (LVRelStats *) palloc0(sizeof(LVRelStats));
462 
463  vacrelstats->old_rel_pages = onerel->rd_rel->relpages;
464  vacrelstats->old_live_tuples = onerel->rd_rel->reltuples;
465  vacrelstats->num_index_scans = 0;
466  vacrelstats->pages_removed = 0;
467  vacrelstats->lock_waiter_detected = false;
468 
469  /* Open all indexes of the relation */
470  vac_open_indexes(onerel, RowExclusiveLock, &nindexes, &Irel);
471  vacrelstats->useindex = (nindexes > 0 &&
472  params->index_cleanup == VACOPT_TERNARY_ENABLED);
473 
474  /* Do the vacuuming */
475  lazy_scan_heap(onerel, params, vacrelstats, Irel, nindexes, aggressive);
476 
477  /* Done with indexes */
478  vac_close_indexes(nindexes, Irel, NoLock);
479 
480  /*
481  * Compute whether we actually scanned the all unfrozen pages. If we did,
482  * we can adjust relfrozenxid and relminmxid.
483  *
484  * NB: We need to check this before truncating the relation, because that
485  * will change ->rel_pages.
486  */
487  if ((vacrelstats->scanned_pages + vacrelstats->frozenskipped_pages)
488  < vacrelstats->rel_pages)
489  {
490  Assert(!aggressive);
491  scanned_all_unfrozen = false;
492  }
493  else
494  scanned_all_unfrozen = true;
495 
496  /*
497  * Optionally truncate the relation.
498  */
499  if (should_attempt_truncation(params, vacrelstats))
500  lazy_truncate_heap(onerel, vacrelstats);
501 
502  /* Report that we are now doing final cleanup */
503  pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE,
504  PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE_FINAL_CLEANUP);
505 
506  /*
507  * Update statistics in pg_class.
508  *
509  * A corner case here is that if we scanned no pages at all because every
510  * page is all-visible, we should not update relpages/reltuples, because
511  * we have no new information to contribute. In particular this keeps us
512  * from replacing relpages=reltuples=0 (which means "unknown tuple
513  * density") with nonzero relpages and reltuples=0 (which means "zero
514  * tuple density") unless there's some actual evidence for the latter.
515  *
516  * It's important that we use tupcount_pages and not scanned_pages for the
517  * check described above; scanned_pages counts pages where we could not
518  * get cleanup lock, and which were processed only for frozenxid purposes.
519  *
520  * We do update relallvisible even in the corner case, since if the table
521  * is all-visible we'd definitely like to know that. But clamp the value
522  * to be not more than what we're setting relpages to.
523  *
524  * Also, don't change relfrozenxid/relminmxid if we skipped any pages,
525  * since then we don't know for certain that all tuples have a newer xmin.
526  */
527  new_rel_pages = vacrelstats->rel_pages;
528  new_live_tuples = vacrelstats->new_live_tuples;
529  if (vacrelstats->tupcount_pages == 0 && new_rel_pages > 0)
530  {
531  new_rel_pages = vacrelstats->old_rel_pages;
532  new_live_tuples = vacrelstats->old_live_tuples;
533  }
534 
535  visibilitymap_count(onerel, &new_rel_allvisible, NULL);
536  if (new_rel_allvisible > new_rel_pages)
537  new_rel_allvisible = new_rel_pages;
538 
539  new_frozen_xid = scanned_all_unfrozen ? FreezeLimit : InvalidTransactionId;
540  new_min_multi = scanned_all_unfrozen ? MultiXactCutoff : InvalidMultiXactId;
541 
542  vac_update_relstats(onerel,
543  new_rel_pages,
544  new_live_tuples,
545  new_rel_allvisible,
546  nindexes > 0,
547  new_frozen_xid,
548  new_min_multi,
549  false);
550 
551  /* report results to the stats collector, too */
552  pgstat_report_vacuum(RelationGetRelid(onerel),
553  onerel->rd_rel->relisshared,
554  new_live_tuples,
555  vacrelstats->new_dead_tuples);
556  pgstat_progress_end_command();
557 
558  /* and log the action if appropriate */
559  if (IsAutoVacuumWorkerProcess() && params->log_min_duration >= 0)
560  {
561  TimestampTz endtime = GetCurrentTimestamp();
562 
563  if (params->log_min_duration == 0 ||
564  TimestampDifferenceExceeds(starttime, endtime,
565  params->log_min_duration))
566  {
567  StringInfoData buf;
568  char *msgfmt;
569 
570  TimestampDifference(starttime, endtime, &secs, &usecs);
571 
572  read_rate = 0;
573  write_rate = 0;
574  if ((secs > 0) || (usecs > 0))
575  {
576  read_rate = (double) BLCKSZ * VacuumPageMiss / (1024 * 1024) /
577  (secs + usecs / 1000000.0);
578  write_rate = (double) BLCKSZ * VacuumPageDirty / (1024 * 1024) /
579  (secs + usecs / 1000000.0);
580  }
581 
582  /*
583  * This is pretty messy, but we split it up so that we can skip
584  * emitting individual parts of the message when not applicable.
585  */
586  initStringInfo(&buf);
587  if (params->is_wraparound)
588  {
589  /* an anti-wraparound vacuum has to be aggressive */
590  Assert(aggressive);
591  msgfmt = _("automatic aggressive vacuum to prevent wraparound of table \"%s.%s.%s\": index scans: %d\n");
592  }
593  else
594  {
595  if (aggressive)
596  msgfmt = _("automatic aggressive vacuum of table \"%s.%s.%s\": index scans: %d\n");
597  else
598  msgfmt = _("automatic vacuum of table \"%s.%s.%s\": index scans: %d\n");
599  }
600  appendStringInfo(&buf, msgfmt,
601  get_database_name(MyDatabaseId),
602  get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(onerel)),
603  RelationGetRelationName(onerel),
604  vacrelstats->num_index_scans);
605  appendStringInfo(&buf, _("pages: %u removed, %u remain, %u skipped due to pins, %u skipped frozen\n"),
606  vacrelstats->pages_removed,
607  vacrelstats->rel_pages,
608  vacrelstats->pinskipped_pages,
609  vacrelstats->frozenskipped_pages);
610  appendStringInfo(&buf,
611  _("tuples: %.0f removed, %.0f remain, %.0f are dead but not yet removable, oldest xmin: %u\n"),
612  vacrelstats->tuples_deleted,
613  vacrelstats->new_rel_tuples,
614  vacrelstats->new_dead_tuples,
615  OldestXmin);
616  appendStringInfo(&buf,
617  _("buffer usage: %lld hits, %lld misses, %lld dirtied\n"),
618  (long long) VacuumPageHit,
619  (long long) VacuumPageMiss,
620  (long long) VacuumPageDirty);
621  appendStringInfo(&buf, _("avg read rate: %.3f MB/s, avg write rate: %.3f MB/s\n"),
622  read_rate, write_rate);
623  appendStringInfo(&buf, _("system usage: %s"), pg_rusage_show(&ru0));
624 
625  ereport(LOG,
626  (errmsg_internal("%s", buf.data)));
627  pfree(buf.data);
628  }
629  }
630 }
631 
632 /*
633  * For Hot Standby we need to know the highest transaction id that will
634  * be removed by any change. VACUUM proceeds in a number of passes so
635  * we need to consider how each pass operates. The first phase runs
636  * heap_page_prune(), which can issue XLOG_HEAP2_CLEAN records as it
637  * progresses - these will have a latestRemovedXid on each record.
638  * In some cases this removes all of the tuples to be removed, though
639  * often we have dead tuples with index pointers so we must remember them
640  * for removal in phase 3. Index records for those rows are removed
641  * in phase 2 and index blocks do not have MVCC information attached.
642  * So before we can allow removal of any index tuples we need to issue
643  * a WAL record containing the latestRemovedXid of rows that will be
644  * removed in phase three. This allows recovery queries to block at the
645  * correct place, i.e. before phase two, rather than during phase three
646  * which would be after the rows have become inaccessible.
647  */
648 static void
649 vacuum_log_cleanup_info(Relation rel, LVRelStats *vacrelstats)
650 {
651  /*
652  * Skip this for relations for which no WAL is to be written, or if we're
653  * not trying to support archive recovery.
654  */
655  if (!RelationNeedsWAL(rel) || !XLogIsNeeded())
656  return;
657 
658  /*
659  * No need to write the record at all unless it contains a valid value
660  */
661  if (TransactionIdIsValid(vacrelstats->latestRemovedXid))
662  (void) log_heap_cleanup_info(rel->rd_node, vacrelstats->latestRemovedXid);
663 }
664 
665 /*
666  * lazy_scan_heap() -- scan an open heap relation
667  *
668  * This routine prunes each page in the heap, which will among other
669  * things truncate dead tuples to dead line pointers, defragment the
670  * page, and set commit status bits (see heap_page_prune). It also builds
671  * lists of dead tuples and pages with free space, calculates statistics
672  * on the number of live tuples in the heap, and marks pages as
673  * all-visible if appropriate. When done, or when we run low on space for
674  * dead-tuple TIDs, invoke vacuuming of indexes and call lazy_vacuum_heap
675  * to reclaim dead line pointers.
676  *
677  * If the table has at least two indexes, we execute both index vacuum
678  * and index cleanup with parallel workers unless the parallel vacuum is
679  * disabled. In a parallel vacuum, we enter parallel mode and then
680  * create both the parallel context and the DSM segment before starting
681  * heap scan so that we can record dead tuples to the DSM segment. All
682  * parallel workers are launched at beginning of index vacuuming and
683  * index cleanup and they exit once done with all indexes. At the end of
684  * this function we exit from parallel mode. Index bulk-deletion results
685  * are stored in the DSM segment and we update index statistics for all
686  * the indexes after exiting from parallel mode since writes are not
687  * allowed during parallel mode.
688  *
689  * If there are no indexes then we can reclaim line pointers on the fly;
690  * dead line pointers need only be retained until all index pointers that
691  * reference them have been killed.
692  */
693 static void
694 lazy_scan_heap(Relation onerel, VacuumParams *params, LVRelStats *vacrelstats,
695  Relation *Irel, int nindexes, bool aggressive)
696 {
697  LVParallelState *lps = NULL;
698  LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples;
699  BlockNumber nblocks,
700  blkno;
701  HeapTupleData tuple;
702  char *relname;
703  TransactionId relfrozenxid = onerel->rd_rel->relfrozenxid;
704  TransactionId relminmxid = onerel->rd_rel->relminmxid;
705  BlockNumber empty_pages,
706  vacuumed_pages,
707  next_fsm_block_to_vacuum;
708  double num_tuples, /* total number of nonremovable tuples */
709  live_tuples, /* live tuples (reltuples estimate) */
710  tups_vacuumed, /* tuples cleaned up by vacuum */
711  nkeep, /* dead-but-not-removable tuples */
712  nunused; /* unused line pointers */
713  IndexBulkDeleteResult **indstats;
714  int i;
715  PGRUsage ru0;
716  Buffer vmbuffer = InvalidBuffer;
717  BlockNumber next_unskippable_block;
718  bool skipping_blocks;
719  xl_heap_freeze_tuple *frozen;
720  StringInfoData buf;
721  const int initprog_index[] = {
722  PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE,
723  PROGRESS_VACUUM_TOTAL_HEAP_BLKS,
724  PROGRESS_VACUUM_MAX_DEAD_TUPLES
725  };
726  int64 initprog_val[3];
727 
728  pg_rusage_init(&ru0);
729 
730  relname = RelationGetRelationName(onerel);
731  if (aggressive)
732  ereport(elevel,
733  (errmsg("aggressively vacuuming \"%s.%s\"",
734  get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(onerel)),
735  relname)));
736  else
737  ereport(elevel,
738  (errmsg("vacuuming \"%s.%s\"",
739  get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(onerel)),
740  relname)));
741 
742  empty_pages = vacuumed_pages = 0;
743  next_fsm_block_to_vacuum = (BlockNumber) 0;
744  num_tuples = live_tuples = tups_vacuumed = nkeep = nunused = 0;
745 
746  indstats = (IndexBulkDeleteResult **)
747  palloc0(nindexes * sizeof(IndexBulkDeleteResult *));
748 
749  nblocks = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(onerel);
750  vacrelstats->rel_pages = nblocks;
751  vacrelstats->scanned_pages = 0;
752  vacrelstats->tupcount_pages = 0;
753  vacrelstats->nonempty_pages = 0;
754  vacrelstats->latestRemovedXid = InvalidTransactionId;
755 
756  /*
757  * Initialize the state for a parallel vacuum. As of now, only one worker
758  * can be used for an index, so we invoke parallelism only if there are at
759  * least two indexes on a table.
760  */
761  if (params->nworkers >= 0 && vacrelstats->useindex && nindexes > 1)
762  {
763  /*
764  * Since parallel workers cannot access data in temporary tables, we
765  * can't perform parallel vacuum on them.
766  */
767  if (RelationUsesLocalBuffers(onerel))
768  {
769  /*
770  * Give warning only if the user explicitly tries to perform a
771  * parallel vacuum on the temporary table.
772  */
773  if (params->nworkers > 0)
774  ereport(WARNING,
775  (errmsg("disabling parallel option of vacuum on \"%s\" --- cannot vacuum temporary tables in parallel",
776  RelationGetRelationName(onerel))));
777  }
778  else
779  lps = begin_parallel_vacuum(RelationGetRelid(onerel), Irel,
780  vacrelstats, nblocks, nindexes,
781  params->nworkers);
782  }
783 
784  /*
785  * Allocate the space for dead tuples in case the parallel vacuum is not
786  * initialized.
787  */
788  if (!ParallelVacuumIsActive(lps))
789  lazy_space_alloc(vacrelstats, nblocks);
790 
791  dead_tuples = vacrelstats->dead_tuples;
792  frozen = palloc(sizeof(xl_heap_freeze_tuple) * MaxHeapTuplesPerPage);
793 
794  /* Report that we're scanning the heap, advertising total # of blocks */
795  initprog_val[0] = PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE_SCAN_HEAP;
796  initprog_val[1] = nblocks;
797  initprog_val[2] = dead_tuples->max_tuples;
798  pgstat_progress_update_multi_param(3, initprog_index, initprog_val);
799 
800  /*
801  * Except when aggressive is set, we want to skip pages that are
802  * all-visible according to the visibility map, but only when we can skip
803  * at least SKIP_PAGES_THRESHOLD consecutive pages. Since we're reading
804  * sequentially, the OS should be doing readahead for us, so there's no
805  * gain in skipping a page now and then; that's likely to disable
806  * readahead and so be counterproductive. Also, skipping even a single
807  * page means that we can't update relfrozenxid, so we only want to do it
808  * if we can skip a goodly number of pages.
809  *
810  * When aggressive is set, we can't skip pages just because they are
811  * all-visible, but we can still skip pages that are all-frozen, since
812  * such pages do not need freezing and do not affect the value that we can
813  * safely set for relfrozenxid or relminmxid.
814  *
815  * Before entering the main loop, establish the invariant that
816  * next_unskippable_block is the next block number >= blkno that we can't
817  * skip based on the visibility map, either all-visible for a regular scan
818  * or all-frozen for an aggressive scan. We set it to nblocks if there's
819  * no such block. We also set up the skipping_blocks flag correctly at
820  * this stage.
821  *
822  * Note: The value returned by visibilitymap_get_status could be slightly
823  * out-of-date, since we make this test before reading the corresponding
824  * heap page or locking the buffer. This is OK. If we mistakenly think
825  * that the page is all-visible or all-frozen when in fact the flag's just
826  * been cleared, we might fail to vacuum the page. It's easy to see that
827  * skipping a page when aggressive is not set is not a very big deal; we
828  * might leave some dead tuples lying around, but the next vacuum will
829  * find them. But even when aggressive *is* set, it's still OK if we miss
830  * a page whose all-frozen marking has just been cleared. Any new XIDs
831  * just added to that page are necessarily newer than the GlobalXmin we
832  * computed, so they'll have no effect on the value to which we can safely
833  * set relfrozenxid. A similar argument applies for MXIDs and relminmxid.
834  *
835  * We will scan the table's last page, at least to the extent of
836  * determining whether it has tuples or not, even if it should be skipped
837  * according to the above rules; except when we've already determined that
838  * it's not worth trying to truncate the table. This avoids having
839  * lazy_truncate_heap() take access-exclusive lock on the table to attempt
840  * a truncation that just fails immediately because there are tuples in
841  * the last page. This is worth avoiding mainly because such a lock must
842  * be replayed on any hot standby, where it can be disruptive.
843  */
844  next_unskippable_block = 0;
845  if ((params->options & VACOPT_DISABLE_PAGE_SKIPPING) == 0)
846  {
847  while (next_unskippable_block < nblocks)
848  {
849  uint8 vmstatus;
850 
851  vmstatus = visibilitymap_get_status(onerel, next_unskippable_block,
852  &vmbuffer);
853  if (aggressive)
854  {
855  if ((vmstatus & VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN) == 0)
856  break;
857  }
858  else
859  {
860  if ((vmstatus & VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_VISIBLE) == 0)
861  break;
862  }
863  vacuum_delay_point();
864  next_unskippable_block++;
865  }
866  }
867 
868  if (next_unskippable_block >= SKIP_PAGES_THRESHOLD)
869  skipping_blocks = true;
870  else
871  skipping_blocks = false;
872 
873  for (blkno = 0; blkno < nblocks; blkno++)
874  {
875  Buffer buf;
876  Page page;
877  OffsetNumber offnum,
878  maxoff;
879  bool tupgone,
880  hastup;
881  int prev_dead_count;
882  int nfrozen;
883  Size freespace;
884  bool all_visible_according_to_vm = false;
885  bool all_visible;
886  bool all_frozen = true; /* provided all_visible is also true */
887  bool has_dead_tuples;
888  TransactionId visibility_cutoff_xid = InvalidTransactionId;
889 
890  /* see note above about forcing scanning of last page */
891 #define FORCE_CHECK_PAGE() \
892  (blkno == nblocks - 1 && should_attempt_truncation(params, vacrelstats))
893 
894  pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_VACUUM_HEAP_BLKS_SCANNED, blkno);
895 
896  if (blkno == next_unskippable_block)
897  {
898  /* Time to advance next_unskippable_block */
899  next_unskippable_block++;
900  if ((params->options & VACOPT_DISABLE_PAGE_SKIPPING) == 0)
901  {
902  while (next_unskippable_block < nblocks)
903  {
904  uint8 vmskipflags;
905 
906  vmskipflags = visibilitymap_get_status(onerel,
907  next_unskippable_block,
908  &vmbuffer);
909  if (aggressive)
910  {
911  if ((vmskipflags & VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN) == 0)
912  break;
913  }
914  else
915  {
916  if ((vmskipflags & VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_VISIBLE) == 0)
917  break;
918  }
919  vacuum_delay_point();
920  next_unskippable_block++;
921  }
922  }
923 
924  /*
925  * We know we can't skip the current block. But set up
926  * skipping_blocks to do the right thing at the following blocks.
927  */
928  if (next_unskippable_block - blkno > SKIP_PAGES_THRESHOLD)
929  skipping_blocks = true;
930  else
931  skipping_blocks = false;
932 
933  /*
934  * Normally, the fact that we can't skip this block must mean that
935  * it's not all-visible. But in an aggressive vacuum we know only
936  * that it's not all-frozen, so it might still be all-visible.
937  */
938  if (aggressive && VM_ALL_VISIBLE(onerel, blkno, &vmbuffer))
939  all_visible_according_to_vm = true;
940  }
941  else
942  {
943  /*
944  * The current block is potentially skippable; if we've seen a
945  * long enough run of skippable blocks to justify skipping it, and
946  * we're not forced to check it, then go ahead and skip.
947  * Otherwise, the page must be at least all-visible if not
948  * all-frozen, so we can set all_visible_according_to_vm = true.
949  */
950  if (skipping_blocks && !FORCE_CHECK_PAGE())
951  {
952  /*
953  * Tricky, tricky. If this is in aggressive vacuum, the page
954  * must have been all-frozen at the time we checked whether it
955  * was skippable, but it might not be any more. We must be
956  * careful to count it as a skipped all-frozen page in that
957  * case, or else we'll think we can't update relfrozenxid and
958  * relminmxid. If it's not an aggressive vacuum, we don't
959  * know whether it was all-frozen, so we have to recheck; but
960  * in this case an approximate answer is OK.
961  */
962  if (aggressive || VM_ALL_FROZEN(onerel, blkno, &vmbuffer))
963  vacrelstats->frozenskipped_pages++;
964  continue;
965  }
966  all_visible_according_to_vm = true;
967  }
968 
969  vacuum_delay_point();
970 
971  /*
972  * If we are close to overrunning the available space for dead-tuple
973  * TIDs, pause and do a cycle of vacuuming before we tackle this page.
974  */
975  if ((dead_tuples->max_tuples - dead_tuples->num_tuples) < MaxHeapTuplesPerPage &&
976  dead_tuples->num_tuples > 0)
977  {
978  /*
979  * Before beginning index vacuuming, we release any pin we may
980  * hold on the visibility map page. This isn't necessary for
981  * correctness, but we do it anyway to avoid holding the pin
982  * across a lengthy, unrelated operation.
983  */
984  if (BufferIsValid(vmbuffer))
985  {
986  ReleaseBuffer(vmbuffer);
987  vmbuffer = InvalidBuffer;
988  }
989 
990  /* Work on all the indexes, then the heap */
991  lazy_vacuum_all_indexes(onerel, Irel, indstats,
992  vacrelstats, lps, nindexes);
993 
994  /* Remove tuples from heap */
995  lazy_vacuum_heap(onerel, vacrelstats);
996 
997  /*
998  * Forget the now-vacuumed tuples, and press on, but be careful
999  * not to reset latestRemovedXid since we want that value to be
1000  * valid.
1001  */
1002  dead_tuples->num_tuples = 0;
1003 
1004  /*
1005  * Vacuum the Free Space Map to make newly-freed space visible on
1006  * upper-level FSM pages. Note we have not yet processed blkno.
1007  */
1008  FreeSpaceMapVacuumRange(onerel, next_fsm_block_to_vacuum, blkno);
1009  next_fsm_block_to_vacuum = blkno;
1010 
1011  /* Report that we are once again scanning the heap */
1012  pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE,
1013  PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE_SCAN_HEAP);
1014  }
1015 
1016  /*
1017  * Pin the visibility map page in case we need to mark the page
1018  * all-visible. In most cases this will be very cheap, because we'll
1019  * already have the correct page pinned anyway. However, it's
1020  * possible that (a) next_unskippable_block is covered by a different
1021  * VM page than the current block or (b) we released our pin and did a
1022  * cycle of index vacuuming.
1023  *
1024  */
1025  visibilitymap_pin(onerel, blkno, &vmbuffer);
1026 
1027  buf = ReadBufferExtended(onerel, MAIN_FORKNUM, blkno,
1028  RBM_NORMAL, vac_strategy);
1029 
1030  /* We need buffer cleanup lock so that we can prune HOT chains. */
1031  if (!ConditionalLockBufferForCleanup(buf))
1032  {
1033  /*
1034  * If we're not performing an aggressive scan to guard against XID
1035  * wraparound, and we don't want to forcibly check the page, then
1036  * it's OK to skip vacuuming pages we get a lock conflict on. They
1037  * will be dealt with in some future vacuum.
1038  */
1039  if (!aggressive && !FORCE_CHECK_PAGE())
1040  {
1041  ReleaseBuffer(buf);
1042  vacrelstats->pinskipped_pages++;
1043  continue;
1044  }
1045 
1046  /*
1047  * Read the page with share lock to see if any xids on it need to
1048  * be frozen. If not we just skip the page, after updating our
1049  * scan statistics. If there are some, we wait for cleanup lock.
1050  *
1051  * We could defer the lock request further by remembering the page
1052  * and coming back to it later, or we could even register
1053  * ourselves for multiple buffers and then service whichever one
1054  * is received first. For now, this seems good enough.
1055  *
1056  * If we get here with aggressive false, then we're just forcibly
1057  * checking the page, and so we don't want to insist on getting
1058  * the lock; we only need to know if the page contains tuples, so
1059  * that we can update nonempty_pages correctly. It's convenient
1060  * to use lazy_check_needs_freeze() for both situations, though.
1061  */
1062  LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
1063  if (!lazy_check_needs_freeze(buf, &hastup))
1064  {
1065  UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
1066  vacrelstats->scanned_pages++;
1067  vacrelstats->pinskipped_pages++;
1068  if (hastup)
1069  vacrelstats->nonempty_pages = blkno + 1;
1070  continue;
1071  }
1072  if (!aggressive)
1073  {
1074  /*
1075  * Here, we must not advance scanned_pages; that would amount
1076  * to claiming that the page contains no freezable tuples.
1077  */
1078  UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
1079  vacrelstats->pinskipped_pages++;
1080  if (hastup)
1081  vacrelstats->nonempty_pages = blkno + 1;
1082  continue;
1083  }
1084  LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_UNLOCK);
1085  LockBufferForCleanup(buf);
1086  /* drop through to normal processing */
1087  }
1088 
1089  vacrelstats->scanned_pages++;
1090  vacrelstats->tupcount_pages++;
1091 
1092  page = BufferGetPage(buf);
1093 
1094  if (PageIsNew(page))
1095  {
1096  bool still_new;
1097 
1098  /*
1099  * All-zeroes pages can be left over if either a backend extends
1100  * the relation by a single page, but crashes before the newly
1101  * initialized page has been written out, or when bulk-extending
1102  * the relation (which creates a number of empty pages at the tail
1103  * end of the relation, but enters them into the FSM).
1104  *
1105  * Make sure these pages are in the FSM, to ensure they can be
1106  * reused. Do that by testing if there's any space recorded for
1107  * the page. If not, enter it.
1108  *
1109  * Note we do not enter the page into the visibilitymap. That has
1110  * the downside that we repeatedly visit this page in subsequent
1111  * vacuums, but otherwise we'll never not discover the space on a
1112  * promoted standby. The harm of repeated checking ought to
1113  * normally not be too bad - the space usually should be used at
1114  * some point, otherwise there wouldn't be any regular vacuums.
1115  */
1116 
1117  /*
1118  * Perform checking of FSM after releasing lock, the fsm is
1119  * approximate, after all.
1120  */
1121  still_new = PageIsNew(page);
1122  UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
1123 
1124  if (still_new)
1125  {
1126  empty_pages++;
1127 
1128  if (GetRecordedFreeSpace(onerel, blkno) == 0)
1129  {
1130  Size freespace;
1131 
1132  freespace = BufferGetPageSize(buf) - SizeOfPageHeaderData;
1133  RecordPageWithFreeSpace(onerel, blkno, freespace);
1134  }
1135  }
1136  continue;
1137  }
1138 
1139  if (PageIsEmpty(page))
1140  {
1141  empty_pages++;
1142  freespace = PageGetHeapFreeSpace(page);
1143 
1144  /*
1145  * Empty pages are always all-visible and all-frozen (note that
1146  * the same is currently not true for new pages, see above).
1147  */
1148  if (!PageIsAllVisible(page))
1149  {
1150  START_CRIT_SECTION();
1151 
1152  /* mark buffer dirty before writing a WAL record */
1153  MarkBufferDirty(buf);
1154 
1155  /*
1156  * It's possible that another backend has extended the heap,
1157  * initialized the page, and then failed to WAL-log the page
1158  * due to an ERROR. Since heap extension is not WAL-logged,
1159  * recovery might try to replay our record setting the page
1160  * all-visible and find that the page isn't initialized, which
1161  * will cause a PANIC. To prevent that, check whether the
1162  * page has been previously WAL-logged, and if not, do that
1163  * now.
1164  */
1165  if (RelationNeedsWAL(onerel) &&
1166  PageGetLSN(page) == InvalidXLogRecPtr)
1167  log_newpage_buffer(buf, true);
1168 
1169  PageSetAllVisible(page);
1170  visibilitymap_set(onerel, blkno, buf, InvalidXLogRecPtr,
1171  vmbuffer, InvalidTransactionId,
1172  VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_VISIBLE | VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN);
1173  END_CRIT_SECTION();
1174  }
1175 
1176  UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
1177  RecordPageWithFreeSpace(onerel, blkno, freespace);
1178  continue;
1179  }
1180 
1181  /*
1182  * Prune all HOT-update chains in this page.
1183  *
1184  * We count tuples removed by the pruning step as removed by VACUUM.
1185  */
1186  tups_vacuumed += heap_page_prune(onerel, buf, OldestXmin, false,
1187  &vacrelstats->latestRemovedXid);
1188 
1189  /*
1190  * Now scan the page to collect vacuumable items and check for tuples
1191  * requiring freezing.
1192  */
1193  all_visible = true;
1194  has_dead_tuples = false;
1195  nfrozen = 0;
1196  hastup = false;
1197  prev_dead_count = dead_tuples->num_tuples;
1198  maxoff = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
1199 
1200  /*
1201  * Note: If you change anything in the loop below, also look at
1202  * heap_page_is_all_visible to see if that needs to be changed.
1203  */
1204  for (offnum = FirstOffsetNumber;
1205  offnum <= maxoff;
1206  offnum = OffsetNumberNext(offnum))
1207  {
1208  ItemId itemid;
1209 
1210  itemid = PageGetItemId(page, offnum);
1211 
1212  /* Unused items require no processing, but we count 'em */
1213  if (!ItemIdIsUsed(itemid))
1214  {
1215  nunused += 1;
1216  continue;
1217  }
1218 
1219  /* Redirect items mustn't be touched */
1220  if (ItemIdIsRedirected(itemid))
1221  {
1222  hastup = true; /* this page won't be truncatable */
1223  continue;
1224  }
1225 
1226  ItemPointerSet(&(tuple.t_self), blkno, offnum);
1227 
1228  /*
1229  * DEAD line pointers are to be vacuumed normally; but we don't
1230  * count them in tups_vacuumed, else we'd be double-counting (at
1231  * least in the common case where heap_page_prune() just freed up
1232  * a non-HOT tuple).
1233  */
1234  if (ItemIdIsDead(itemid))
1235  {
1236  lazy_record_dead_tuple(dead_tuples, &(tuple.t_self));
1237  all_visible = false;
1238  continue;
1239  }
1240 
1241  Assert(ItemIdIsNormal(itemid));
1242 
1243  tuple.t_data = (HeapTupleHeader) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
1244  tuple.t_len = ItemIdGetLength(itemid);
1245  tuple.t_tableOid = RelationGetRelid(onerel);
1246 
1247  tupgone = false;
1248 
1249  /*
1250  * The criteria for counting a tuple as live in this block need to
1251  * match what analyze.c's acquire_sample_rows() does, otherwise
1252  * VACUUM and ANALYZE may produce wildly different reltuples
1253  * values, e.g. when there are many recently-dead tuples.
1254  *
1255  * The logic here is a bit simpler than acquire_sample_rows(), as
1256  * VACUUM can't run inside a transaction block, which makes some
1257  * cases impossible (e.g. in-progress insert from the same
1258  * transaction).
1259  */
1260  switch (HeapTupleSatisfiesVacuum(&tuple, OldestXmin, buf))
1261  {
1262  case HEAPTUPLE_DEAD:
1263 
1264  /*
1265  * Ordinarily, DEAD tuples would have been removed by
1266  * heap_page_prune(), but it's possible that the tuple
1267  * state changed since heap_page_prune() looked. In
1268  * particular an INSERT_IN_PROGRESS tuple could have
1269  * changed to DEAD if the inserter aborted. So this
1270  * cannot be considered an error condition.
1271  *
1272  * If the tuple is HOT-updated then it must only be
1273  * removed by a prune operation; so we keep it just as if
1274  * it were RECENTLY_DEAD. Also, if it's a heap-only
1275  * tuple, we choose to keep it, because it'll be a lot
1276  * cheaper to get rid of it in the next pruning pass than
1277  * to treat it like an indexed tuple. Finally, if index
1278  * cleanup is disabled, the second heap pass will not
1279  * execute, and the tuple will not get removed, so we must
1280  * treat it like any other dead tuple that we choose to
1281  * keep.
1282  *
1283  * If this were to happen for a tuple that actually needed
1284  * to be deleted, we'd be in trouble, because it'd
1285  * possibly leave a tuple below the relation's xmin
1286  * horizon alive. heap_prepare_freeze_tuple() is prepared
1287  * to detect that case and abort the transaction,
1288  * preventing corruption.
1289  */
1290  if (HeapTupleIsHotUpdated(&tuple) ||
1291  HeapTupleIsHeapOnly(&tuple) ||
1292  params->index_cleanup == VACOPT_TERNARY_DISABLED)
1293  nkeep += 1;
1294  else
1295  tupgone = true; /* we can delete the tuple */
1296  all_visible = false;
1297  break;
1298  case HEAPTUPLE_LIVE:
1299 
1300  /*
1301  * Count it as live. Not only is this natural, but it's
1302  * also what acquire_sample_rows() does.
1303  */
1304  live_tuples += 1;
1305 
1306  /*
1307  * Is the tuple definitely visible to all transactions?
1308  *
1309  * NB: Like with per-tuple hint bits, we can't set the
1310  * PD_ALL_VISIBLE flag if the inserter committed
1311  * asynchronously. See SetHintBits for more info. Check
1312  * that the tuple is hinted xmin-committed because of
1313  * that.
1314  */
1315  if (all_visible)
1316  {
1317  TransactionId xmin;
1318 
1319  if (!HeapTupleHeaderXminCommitted(tuple.t_data))
1320  {
1321  all_visible = false;
1322  break;
1323  }
1324 
1325  /*
1326  * The inserter definitely committed. But is it old
1327  * enough that everyone sees it as committed?
1328  */
1329  xmin = HeapTupleHeaderGetXmin(tuple.t_data);
1330  if (!TransactionIdPrecedes(xmin, OldestXmin))
1331  {
1332  all_visible = false;
1333  break;
1334  }
1335 
1336  /* Track newest xmin on page. */
1337  if (TransactionIdFollows(xmin, visibility_cutoff_xid))
1338  visibility_cutoff_xid = xmin;
1339  }
1340  break;
1341  case HEAPTUPLE_RECENTLY_DEAD:
1342 
1343  /*
1344  * If tuple is recently deleted then we must not remove it
1345  * from relation.
1346  */
1347  nkeep += 1;
1348  all_visible = false;
1349  break;
1350  case HEAPTUPLE_INSERT_IN_PROGRESS:
1351 
1352  /*
1353  * This is an expected case during concurrent vacuum.
1354  *
1355  * We do not count these rows as live, because we expect
1356  * the inserting transaction to update the counters at
1357  * commit, and we assume that will happen only after we
1358  * report our results. This assumption is a bit shaky,
1359  * but it is what acquire_sample_rows() does, so be
1360  * consistent.
1361  */
1362  all_visible = false;
1363  break;
1364  case HEAPTUPLE_DELETE_IN_PROGRESS:
1365  /* This is an expected case during concurrent vacuum */
1366  all_visible = false;
1367 
1368  /*
1369  * Count such rows as live. As above, we assume the
1370  * deleting transaction will commit and update the
1371  * counters after we report.
1372  */
1373  live_tuples += 1;
1374  break;
1375  default:
1376  elog(ERROR, "unexpected HeapTupleSatisfiesVacuum result");
1377  break;
1378  }
1379 
1380  if (tupgone)
1381  {
1382  lazy_record_dead_tuple(dead_tuples, &(tuple.t_self));
1383  HeapTupleHeaderAdvanceLatestRemovedXid(tuple.t_data,
1384  &vacrelstats->latestRemovedXid);
1385  tups_vacuumed += 1;
1386  has_dead_tuples = true;
1387  }
1388  else
1389  {
1390  bool tuple_totally_frozen;
1391 
1392  num_tuples += 1;
1393  hastup = true;
1394 
1395  /*
1396  * Each non-removable tuple must be checked to see if it needs
1397  * freezing. Note we already have exclusive buffer lock.
1398  */
1399  if (heap_prepare_freeze_tuple(tuple.t_data,
1400  relfrozenxid, relminmxid,
1401  FreezeLimit, MultiXactCutoff,
1402  &frozen[nfrozen],
1403  &tuple_totally_frozen))
1404  frozen[nfrozen++].offset = offnum;
1405 
1406  if (!tuple_totally_frozen)
1407  all_frozen = false;
1408  }
1409  } /* scan along page */
1410 
1411  /*
1412  * If we froze any tuples, mark the buffer dirty, and write a WAL
1413  * record recording the changes. We must log the changes to be
1414  * crash-safe against future truncation of CLOG.
1415  */
1416  if (nfrozen > 0)
1417  {
1418  START_CRIT_SECTION();
1419 
1420  MarkBufferDirty(buf);
1421 
1422  /* execute collected freezes */
1423  for (i = 0; i < nfrozen; i++)
1424  {
1425  ItemId itemid;
1426  HeapTupleHeader htup;
1427 
1428  itemid = PageGetItemId(page, frozen[i].offset);
1429  htup = (HeapTupleHeader) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
1430 
1431  heap_execute_freeze_tuple(htup, &frozen[i]);
1432  }
1433 
1434  /* Now WAL-log freezing if necessary */
1435  if (RelationNeedsWAL(onerel))
1436  {
1437  XLogRecPtr recptr;
1438 
1439  recptr = log_heap_freeze(onerel, buf, FreezeLimit,
1440  frozen, nfrozen);
1441  PageSetLSN(page, recptr);
1442  }
1443 
1444  END_CRIT_SECTION();
1445  }
1446 
1447  /*
1448  * If there are no indexes we can vacuum the page right now instead of
1449  * doing a second scan. Also we don't do that but forget dead tuples
1450  * when index cleanup is disabled.
1451  */
1452  if (!vacrelstats->useindex && dead_tuples->num_tuples > 0)
1453  {
1454  if (nindexes == 0)
1455  {
1456  /* Remove tuples from heap if the table has no index */
1457  lazy_vacuum_page(onerel, blkno, buf, 0, vacrelstats, &vmbuffer);
1458  vacuumed_pages++;
1459  has_dead_tuples = false;
1460  }
1461  else
1462  {
1463  /*
1464  * Here, we have indexes but index cleanup is disabled.
1465  * Instead of vacuuming the dead tuples on the heap, we just
1466  * forget them.
1467  *
1468  * Note that vacrelstats->dead_tuples could have tuples which
1469  * became dead after HOT-pruning but are not marked dead yet.
1470  * We do not process them because it's a very rare condition,
1471  * and the next vacuum will process them anyway.
1472  */
1473  Assert(params->index_cleanup == VACOPT_TERNARY_DISABLED);
1474  }
1475 
1476  /*
1477  * Forget the now-vacuumed tuples, and press on, but be careful
1478  * not to reset latestRemovedXid since we want that value to be
1479  * valid.
1480  */
1481  dead_tuples->num_tuples = 0;
1482 
1483  /*
1484  * Periodically do incremental FSM vacuuming to make newly-freed
1485  * space visible on upper FSM pages. Note: although we've cleaned
1486  * the current block, we haven't yet updated its FSM entry (that
1487  * happens further down), so passing end == blkno is correct.
1488  */
1489  if (blkno - next_fsm_block_to_vacuum >= VACUUM_FSM_EVERY_PAGES)
1490  {
1491  FreeSpaceMapVacuumRange(onerel, next_fsm_block_to_vacuum,
1492  blkno);
1493  next_fsm_block_to_vacuum = blkno;
1494  }
1495  }
1496 
1497  freespace = PageGetHeapFreeSpace(page);
1498 
1499  /* mark page all-visible, if appropriate */
1500  if (all_visible && !all_visible_according_to_vm)
1501  {
1502  uint8 flags = VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_VISIBLE;
1503 
1504  if (all_frozen)
1505  flags |= VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN;
1506 
1507  /*
1508  * It should never be the case that the visibility map page is set
1509  * while the page-level bit is clear, but the reverse is allowed
1510  * (if checksums are not enabled). Regardless, set both bits so
1511  * that we get back in sync.
1512  *
1513  * NB: If the heap page is all-visible but the VM bit is not set,
1514  * we don't need to dirty the heap page. However, if checksums
1515  * are enabled, we do need to make sure that the heap page is
1516  * dirtied before passing it to visibilitymap_set(), because it
1517  * may be logged. Given that this situation should only happen in
1518  * rare cases after a crash, it is not worth optimizing.
1519  */
1520  PageSetAllVisible(page);
1521  MarkBufferDirty(buf);
1522  visibilitymap_set(onerel, blkno, buf, InvalidXLogRecPtr,
1523  vmbuffer, visibility_cutoff_xid, flags);
1524  }
1525 
1526  /*
1527  * As of PostgreSQL 9.2, the visibility map bit should never be set if
1528  * the page-level bit is clear. However, it's possible that the bit
1529  * got cleared after we checked it and before we took the buffer
1530  * content lock, so we must recheck before jumping to the conclusion
1531  * that something bad has happened.
1532  */
1533  else if (all_visible_according_to_vm && !PageIsAllVisible(page)
1534  && VM_ALL_VISIBLE(onerel, blkno, &vmbuffer))
1535  {
1536  elog(WARNING, "page is not marked all-visible but visibility map bit is set in relation \"%s\" page %u",
1537  relname, blkno);
1538  visibilitymap_clear(onerel, blkno, vmbuffer,
1539  VISIBILITYMAP_VALID_BITS);
1540  }
1541 
1542  /*
1543  * It's possible for the value returned by GetOldestXmin() to move
1544  * backwards, so it's not wrong for us to see tuples that appear to
1545  * not be visible to everyone yet, while PD_ALL_VISIBLE is already
1546  * set. The real safe xmin value never moves backwards, but
1547  * GetOldestXmin() is conservative and sometimes returns a value
1548  * that's unnecessarily small, so if we see that contradiction it just
1549  * means that the tuples that we think are not visible to everyone yet
1550  * actually are, and the PD_ALL_VISIBLE flag is correct.
1551  *
1552  * There should never be dead tuples on a page with PD_ALL_VISIBLE
1553  * set, however.
1554  */
1555  else if (PageIsAllVisible(page) && has_dead_tuples)
1556  {
1557  elog(WARNING, "page containing dead tuples is marked as all-visible in relation \"%s\" page %u",
1558  relname, blkno);
1559  PageClearAllVisible(page);
1560  MarkBufferDirty(buf);
1561  visibilitymap_clear(onerel, blkno, vmbuffer,
1562  VISIBILITYMAP_VALID_BITS);
1563  }
1564 
1565  /*
1566  * If the all-visible page is all-frozen but not marked as such yet,
1567  * mark it as all-frozen. Note that all_frozen is only valid if
1568  * all_visible is true, so we must check both.
1569  */
1570  else if (all_visible_according_to_vm && all_visible && all_frozen &&
1571  !VM_ALL_FROZEN(onerel, blkno, &vmbuffer))
1572  {
1573  /*
1574  * We can pass InvalidTransactionId as the cutoff XID here,
1575  * because setting the all-frozen bit doesn't cause recovery
1576  * conflicts.
1577  */
1578  visibilitymap_set(onerel, blkno, buf, InvalidXLogRecPtr,
1579  vmbuffer, InvalidTransactionId,
1580  VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN);
1581  }
1582 
1583  UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
1584 
1585  /* Remember the location of the last page with nonremovable tuples */
1586  if (hastup)
1587  vacrelstats->nonempty_pages = blkno + 1;
1588 
1589  /*
1590  * If we remembered any tuples for deletion, then the page will be
1591  * visited again by lazy_vacuum_heap, which will compute and record
1592  * its post-compaction free space. If not, then we're done with this
1593  * page, so remember its free space as-is. (This path will always be
1594  * taken if there are no indexes.)
1595  */
1596  if (dead_tuples->num_tuples == prev_dead_count)
1597  RecordPageWithFreeSpace(onerel, blkno, freespace);
1598  }
1599 
1600  /* report that everything is scanned and vacuumed */
1601  pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_VACUUM_HEAP_BLKS_SCANNED, blkno);
1602 
1603  pfree(frozen);
1604 
1605  /* save stats for use later */
1606  vacrelstats->tuples_deleted = tups_vacuumed;
1607  vacrelstats->new_dead_tuples = nkeep;
1608 
1609  /* now we can compute the new value for pg_class.reltuples */
1610  vacrelstats->new_live_tuples = vac_estimate_reltuples(onerel,
1611  nblocks,
1612  vacrelstats->tupcount_pages,
1613  live_tuples);
1614 
1615  /* also compute total number of surviving heap entries */
1616  vacrelstats->new_rel_tuples =
1617  vacrelstats->new_live_tuples + vacrelstats->new_dead_tuples;
1618 
1619  /*
1620  * Release any remaining pin on visibility map page.
1621  */
1622  if (BufferIsValid(vmbuffer))
1623  {
1624  ReleaseBuffer(vmbuffer);
1625  vmbuffer = InvalidBuffer;
1626  }
1627 
1628  /* If any tuples need to be deleted, perform final vacuum cycle */
1629  /* XXX put a threshold on min number of tuples here? */
1630  if (dead_tuples->num_tuples > 0)
1631  {
1632  /* Work on all the indexes, and then the heap */
1633  lazy_vacuum_all_indexes(onerel, Irel, indstats, vacrelstats,
1634  lps, nindexes);
1635 
1636  /* Remove tuples from heap */
1637  lazy_vacuum_heap(onerel, vacrelstats);
1638  }
1639 
1640  /*
1641  * Vacuum the remainder of the Free Space Map. We must do this whether or
1642  * not there were indexes.
1643  */
1644  if (blkno > next_fsm_block_to_vacuum)
1645  FreeSpaceMapVacuumRange(onerel, next_fsm_block_to_vacuum, blkno);
1646 
1647  /* report all blocks vacuumed */
1648  pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_VACUUM_HEAP_BLKS_VACUUMED, blkno);
1649 
1650  /* Do post-vacuum cleanup */
1651  if (vacrelstats->useindex)
1652  lazy_cleanup_all_indexes(Irel, indstats, vacrelstats, lps, nindexes);
1653 
1654  /*
1655  * End parallel mode before updating index statistics as we cannot write
1656  * during parallel mode.
1657  */
1658  if (ParallelVacuumIsActive(lps))
1659  end_parallel_vacuum(Irel, indstats, lps, nindexes);
1660 
1661  /* Update index statistics */
1662  update_index_statistics(Irel, indstats, nindexes);
1663 
1664  /* If no indexes, make log report that lazy_vacuum_heap would've made */
1665  if (vacuumed_pages)
1666  ereport(elevel,
1667  (errmsg("\"%s\": removed %.0f row versions in %u pages",
1668  RelationGetRelationName(onerel),
1669  tups_vacuumed, vacuumed_pages)));
1670 
1671  /*
1672  * This is pretty messy, but we split it up so that we can skip emitting
1673  * individual parts of the message when not applicable.
1674  */
1675  initStringInfo(&buf);
1676  appendStringInfo(&buf,
1677  _("%.0f dead row versions cannot be removed yet, oldest xmin: %u\n"),
1678  nkeep, OldestXmin);
1679  appendStringInfo(&buf, _("There were %.0f unused item identifiers.\n"),
1680  nunused);
1681  appendStringInfo(&buf, ngettext("Skipped %u page due to buffer pins, ",
1682  "Skipped %u pages due to buffer pins, ",
1683  vacrelstats->pinskipped_pages),
1684  vacrelstats->pinskipped_pages);
1685  appendStringInfo(&buf, ngettext("%u frozen page.\n",
1686  "%u frozen pages.\n",
1687  vacrelstats->frozenskipped_pages),
1688  vacrelstats->frozenskipped_pages);
1689  appendStringInfo(&buf, ngettext("%u page is entirely empty.\n",
1690  "%u pages are entirely empty.\n",
1691  empty_pages),
1692  empty_pages);
1693  appendStringInfo(&buf, _("%s."), pg_rusage_show(&ru0));
1694 
1695  ereport(elevel,
1696  (errmsg("\"%s\": found %.0f removable, %.0f nonremovable row versions in %u out of %u pages",
1697  RelationGetRelationName(onerel),
1698  tups_vacuumed, num_tuples,
1699  vacrelstats->scanned_pages, nblocks),
1700  errdetail_internal("%s", buf.data)));
1701  pfree(buf.data);
1702 }
1703 
1704 /*
1705  * lazy_vacuum_all_indexes() -- vacuum all indexes of relation.
1706  *
1707  * We process the indexes serially unless we are doing parallel vacuum.
1708  */
1709 static void
1710 lazy_vacuum_all_indexes(Relation onerel, Relation *Irel,
1711  IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
1712  LVRelStats *vacrelstats, LVParallelState *lps,
1713  int nindexes)
1714 {
1715  Assert(!IsParallelWorker());
1716  Assert(nindexes > 0);
1717 
1718  /* Log cleanup info before we touch indexes */
1719  vacuum_log_cleanup_info(onerel, vacrelstats);
1720 
1721  /* Report that we are now vacuuming indexes */
1722  pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE,
1723  PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE_VACUUM_INDEX);
1724 
1725  /* Perform index vacuuming with parallel workers for parallel vacuum. */
1726  if (ParallelVacuumIsActive(lps))
1727  {
1728  /* Tell parallel workers to do index vacuuming */
1729  lps->lvshared->for_cleanup = false;
1730  lps->lvshared->first_time = false;
1731 
1732  /*
1733  * We can only provide an approximate value of num_heap_tuples in
1734  * vacuum cases.
1735  */
1736  lps->lvshared->reltuples = vacrelstats->old_live_tuples;
1737  lps->lvshared->estimated_count = true;
1738 
1739  lazy_parallel_vacuum_indexes(Irel, stats, vacrelstats, lps, nindexes);
1740  }
1741  else
1742  {
1743  int idx;
1744 
1745  for (idx = 0; idx < nindexes; idx++)
1746  lazy_vacuum_index(Irel[idx], &stats[idx], vacrelstats->dead_tuples,
1747  vacrelstats->old_live_tuples);
1748  }
1749 
1750  /* Increase and report the number of index scans */
1751  vacrelstats->num_index_scans++;
1752  pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_VACUUM_NUM_INDEX_VACUUMS,
1753  vacrelstats->num_index_scans);
1754 }
1755 
1756 
1757 /*
1758  * lazy_vacuum_heap() -- second pass over the heap
1759  *
1760  * This routine marks dead tuples as unused and compacts out free
1761  * space on their pages. Pages not having dead tuples recorded from
1762  * lazy_scan_heap are not visited at all.
1763  *
1764  * Note: the reason for doing this as a second pass is we cannot remove
1765  * the tuples until we've removed their index entries, and we want to
1766  * process index entry removal in batches as large as possible.
1767  */
1768 static void
1769 lazy_vacuum_heap(Relation onerel, LVRelStats *vacrelstats)
1770 {
1771  int tupindex;
1772  int npages;
1773  PGRUsage ru0;
1774  Buffer vmbuffer = InvalidBuffer;
1775 
1776  /* Report that we are now vacuuming the heap */
1777  pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE,
1778  PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE_VACUUM_HEAP);
1779 
1780  pg_rusage_init(&ru0);
1781  npages = 0;
1782 
1783  tupindex = 0;
1784  while (tupindex < vacrelstats->dead_tuples->num_tuples)
1785  {
1786  BlockNumber tblk;
1787  Buffer buf;
1788  Page page;
1789  Size freespace;
1790 
1791  vacuum_delay_point();
1792 
1793  tblk = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&vacrelstats->dead_tuples->itemptrs[tupindex]);
1794  buf = ReadBufferExtended(onerel, MAIN_FORKNUM, tblk, RBM_NORMAL,
1795  vac_strategy);
1796  if (!ConditionalLockBufferForCleanup(buf))
1797  {
1798  ReleaseBuffer(buf);
1799  ++tupindex;
1800  continue;
1801  }
1802  tupindex = lazy_vacuum_page(onerel, tblk, buf, tupindex, vacrelstats,
1803  &vmbuffer);
1804 
1805  /* Now that we've compacted the page, record its available space */
1806  page = BufferGetPage(buf);
1807  freespace = PageGetHeapFreeSpace(page);
1808 
1809  UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
1810  RecordPageWithFreeSpace(onerel, tblk, freespace);
1811  npages++;
1812  }
1813 
1814  if (BufferIsValid(vmbuffer))
1815  {
1816  ReleaseBuffer(vmbuffer);
1817  vmbuffer = InvalidBuffer;
1818  }
1819 
1820  ereport(elevel,
1821  (errmsg("\"%s\": removed %d row versions in %d pages",
1822  RelationGetRelationName(onerel),
1823  tupindex, npages),
1824  errdetail_internal("%s", pg_rusage_show(&ru0))));
1825 }
1826 
1827 /*
1828  * lazy_vacuum_page() -- free dead tuples on a page
1829  * and repair its fragmentation.
1830  *
1831  * Caller must hold pin and buffer cleanup lock on the buffer.
1832  *
1833  * tupindex is the index in vacrelstats->dead_tuples of the first dead
1834  * tuple for this page. We assume the rest follow sequentially.
1835  * The return value is the first tupindex after the tuples of this page.
1836  */
1837 static int
1838 lazy_vacuum_page(Relation onerel, BlockNumber blkno, Buffer buffer,
1839  int tupindex, LVRelStats *vacrelstats, Buffer *vmbuffer)
1840 {
1841  LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples = vacrelstats->dead_tuples;
1842  Page page = BufferGetPage(buffer);
1843  OffsetNumber unused[MaxOffsetNumber];
1844  int uncnt = 0;
1845  TransactionId visibility_cutoff_xid;
1846  bool all_frozen;
1847 
1848  pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_VACUUM_HEAP_BLKS_VACUUMED, blkno);
1849 
1850  START_CRIT_SECTION();
1851 
1852  for (; tupindex < dead_tuples->num_tuples; tupindex++)
1853  {
1854  BlockNumber tblk;
1855  OffsetNumber toff;
1856  ItemId itemid;
1857 
1858  tblk = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&dead_tuples->itemptrs[tupindex]);
1859  if (tblk != blkno)
1860  break; /* past end of tuples for this block */
1861  toff = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&dead_tuples->itemptrs[tupindex]);
1862  itemid = PageGetItemId(page, toff);
1863  ItemIdSetUnused(itemid);
1864  unused[uncnt++] = toff;
1865  }
1866 
1867  PageRepairFragmentation(page);
1868 
1869  /*
1870  * Mark buffer dirty before we write WAL.
1871  */
1872  MarkBufferDirty(buffer);
1873 
1874  /* XLOG stuff */
1875  if (RelationNeedsWAL(onerel))
1876  {
1877  XLogRecPtr recptr;
1878 
1879  recptr = log_heap_clean(onerel, buffer,
1880  NULL, 0, NULL, 0,
1881  unused, uncnt,
1882  vacrelstats->latestRemovedXid);
1883  PageSetLSN(page, recptr);
1884  }
1885 
1886  /*
1887  * End critical section, so we safely can do visibility tests (which
1888  * possibly need to perform IO and allocate memory!). If we crash now the
1889  * page (including the corresponding vm bit) might not be marked all
1890  * visible, but that's fine. A later vacuum will fix that.
1891  */
1892  END_CRIT_SECTION();
1893 
1894  /*
1895  * Now that we have removed the dead tuples from the page, once again
1896  * check if the page has become all-visible. The page is already marked
1897  * dirty, exclusively locked, and, if needed, a full page image has been
1898  * emitted in the log_heap_clean() above.
1899  */
1900  if (heap_page_is_all_visible(onerel, buffer, &visibility_cutoff_xid,
1901  &all_frozen))
1902  PageSetAllVisible(page);
1903 
1904  /*
1905  * All the changes to the heap page have been done. If the all-visible
1906  * flag is now set, also set the VM all-visible bit (and, if possible, the
1907  * all-frozen bit) unless this has already been done previously.
1908  */
1909  if (PageIsAllVisible(page))
1910  {
1911  uint8 vm_status = visibilitymap_get_status(onerel, blkno, vmbuffer);
1912  uint8 flags = 0;
1913 
1914  /* Set the VM all-frozen bit to flag, if needed */
1915  if ((vm_status & VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_VISIBLE) == 0)
1916  flags |= VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_VISIBLE;
1917  if ((vm_status & VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN) == 0 && all_frozen)
1918  flags |= VISIBILITYMAP_ALL_FROZEN;
1919 
1920  Assert(BufferIsValid(*vmbuffer));
1921  if (flags != 0)
1922  visibilitymap_set(onerel, blkno, buffer, InvalidXLogRecPtr,
1923  *vmbuffer, visibility_cutoff_xid, flags);
1924  }
1925 
1926  return tupindex;
1927 }
1928 
1929 /*
1930  * lazy_check_needs_freeze() -- scan page to see if any tuples
1931  * need to be cleaned to avoid wraparound
1932  *
1933  * Returns true if the page needs to be vacuumed using cleanup lock.
1934  * Also returns a flag indicating whether page contains any tuples at all.
1935  */
1936 static bool
1937 lazy_check_needs_freeze(Buffer buf, bool *hastup)
1938 {
1939  Page page = BufferGetPage(buf);
1940  OffsetNumber offnum,
1941  maxoff;
1942  HeapTupleHeader tupleheader;
1943 
1944  *hastup = false;
1945 
1946  /*
1947  * New and empty pages, obviously, don't contain tuples. We could make
1948  * sure that the page is registered in the FSM, but it doesn't seem worth
1949  * waiting for a cleanup lock just for that, especially because it's
1950  * likely that the pin holder will do so.
1951  */
1952  if (PageIsNew(page) || PageIsEmpty(page))
1953  return false;
1954 
1955  maxoff = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
1956  for (offnum = FirstOffsetNumber;
1957  offnum <= maxoff;
1958  offnum = OffsetNumberNext(offnum))
1959  {
1960  ItemId itemid;
1961 
1962  itemid = PageGetItemId(page, offnum);
1963 
1964  /* this should match hastup test in count_nondeletable_pages() */
1965  if (ItemIdIsUsed(itemid))
1966  *hastup = true;
1967 
1968  /* dead and redirect items never need freezing */
1969  if (!ItemIdIsNormal(itemid))
1970  continue;
1971 
1972  tupleheader = (HeapTupleHeader) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
1973 
1974  if (heap_tuple_needs_freeze(tupleheader, FreezeLimit,
1975  MultiXactCutoff, buf))
1976  return true;
1977  } /* scan along page */
1978 
1979  return false;
1980 }
1981 
1982 /*
1983  * Perform index vacuum or index cleanup with parallel workers. This function
1984  * must be used by the parallel vacuum leader process. The caller must set
1985  * lps->lvshared->for_cleanup to indicate whether to perform vacuum or
1986  * cleanup.
1987  */
1988 static void
1989 lazy_parallel_vacuum_indexes(Relation *Irel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
1990  LVRelStats *vacrelstats, LVParallelState *lps,
1991  int nindexes)
1992 {
1993  int nworkers;
1994 
1995  Assert(!IsParallelWorker());
1996  Assert(ParallelVacuumIsActive(lps));
1997  Assert(nindexes > 0);
1998 
1999  /* Determine the number of parallel workers to launch */
2000  if (lps->lvshared->for_cleanup)
2001  {
2002  if (lps->lvshared->first_time)
2003  nworkers = lps->nindexes_parallel_cleanup +
2004  lps->nindexes_parallel_condcleanup;
2005  else
2006  nworkers = lps->nindexes_parallel_cleanup;
2007  }
2008  else
2009  nworkers = lps->nindexes_parallel_bulkdel;
2010 
2011  /* The leader process will participate */
2012  nworkers--;
2013 
2014  /*
2015  * It is possible that parallel context is initialized with fewer workers
2016  * than the number of indexes that need a separate worker in the current
2017  * phase, so we need to consider it. See compute_parallel_vacuum_workers.
2018  */
2019  nworkers = Min(nworkers, lps->pcxt->nworkers);
2020 
2021  /* Setup the shared cost-based vacuum delay and launch workers */
2022  if (nworkers > 0)
2023  {
2024  if (vacrelstats->num_index_scans > 0)
2025  {
2026  /* Reset the parallel index processing counter */
2027  pg_atomic_write_u32(&(lps->lvshared->idx), 0);
2028 
2029  /* Reinitialize the parallel context to relaunch parallel workers */
2030  ReinitializeParallelDSM(lps->pcxt);
2031  }
2032 
2033  /*
2034  * Set up shared cost balance and the number of active workers for
2035  * vacuum delay. We need to do this before launching workers as
2036  * otherwise, they might not see the updated values for these
2037  * parameters.
2038  */
2039  pg_atomic_write_u32(&(lps->lvshared->cost_balance), VacuumCostBalance);
2040  pg_atomic_write_u32(&(lps->lvshared->active_nworkers), 0);
2041 
2042  /*
2043  * The number of workers can vary between bulkdelete and cleanup
2044  * phase.
2045  */
2046  ReinitializeParallelWorkers(lps->pcxt, nworkers);
2047 
2048  LaunchParallelWorkers(lps->pcxt);
2049 
2050  if (lps->pcxt->nworkers_launched > 0)
2051  {
2052  /*
2053  * Reset the local cost values for leader backend as we have
2054  * already accumulated the remaining balance of heap.
2055  */
2056  VacuumCostBalance = 0;
2057  VacuumCostBalanceLocal = 0;
2058 
2059  /* Enable shared cost balance for leader backend */
2060  VacuumSharedCostBalance = &(lps->lvshared->cost_balance);
2061  VacuumActiveNWorkers = &(lps->lvshared->active_nworkers);
2062  }
2063 
2064  if (lps->lvshared->for_cleanup)
2065  ereport(elevel,
2066  (errmsg(ngettext("launched %d parallel vacuum worker for index cleanup (planned: %d)",
2067  "launched %d parallel vacuum workers for index cleanup (planned: %d)",
2068  lps->pcxt->nworkers_launched),
2069  lps->pcxt->nworkers_launched, nworkers)));
2070  else
2071  ereport(elevel,
2072  (errmsg(ngettext("launched %d parallel vacuum worker for index vacuuming (planned: %d)",
2073  "launched %d parallel vacuum workers for index vacuuming (planned: %d)",
2074  lps->pcxt->nworkers_launched),
2075  lps->pcxt->nworkers_launched, nworkers)));
2076  }
2077 
2078  /* Process the indexes that can be processed by only leader process */
2079  vacuum_indexes_leader(Irel, stats, vacrelstats, lps, nindexes);
2080 
2081  /*
2082  * Join as a parallel worker. The leader process alone processes all the
2083  * indexes in the case where no workers are launched.
2084  */
2085  parallel_vacuum_index(Irel, stats, lps->lvshared,
2086  vacrelstats->dead_tuples, nindexes);
2087 
2088  /* Wait for all vacuum workers to finish */
2089  WaitForParallelWorkersToFinish(lps->pcxt);
2090 
2091  /*
2092  * Carry the shared balance value to heap scan and disable shared costing
2093  */
2094  if (VacuumSharedCostBalance)
2095  {
2096  VacuumCostBalance = pg_atomic_read_u32(VacuumSharedCostBalance);
2097  VacuumSharedCostBalance = NULL;
2098  VacuumActiveNWorkers = NULL;
2099  }
2100 }
2101 
2102 /*
2103  * Index vacuum/cleanup routine used by the leader process and parallel
2104  * vacuum worker processes to process the indexes in parallel.
2105  */
2106 static void
2107 parallel_vacuum_index(Relation *Irel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
2108  LVShared *lvshared, LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples,
2109  int nindexes)
2110 {
2111  /*
2112  * Increment the active worker count if we are able to launch any worker.
2113  */
2114  if (VacuumActiveNWorkers)
2115  pg_atomic_add_fetch_u32(VacuumActiveNWorkers, 1);
2116 
2117  /* Loop until all indexes are vacuumed */
2118  for (;;)
2119  {
2120  int idx;
2121  LVSharedIndStats *shared_indstats;
2122 
2123  /* Get an index number to process */
2124  idx = pg_atomic_fetch_add_u32(&(lvshared->idx), 1);
2125 
2126  /* Done for all indexes? */
2127  if (idx >= nindexes)
2128  break;
2129 
2130  /* Get the index statistics of this index from DSM */
2131  shared_indstats = get_indstats(lvshared, idx);
2132 
2133  /*
2134  * Skip processing indexes that doesn't participate in parallel
2135  * operation
2136  */
2137  if (shared_indstats == NULL ||
2138  skip_parallel_vacuum_index(Irel[idx], lvshared))
2139  continue;
2140 
2141  /* Do vacuum or cleanup of the index */
2142  vacuum_one_index(Irel[idx], &(stats[idx]), lvshared, shared_indstats,
2143  dead_tuples);
2144  }
2145 
2146  /*
2147  * We have completed the index vacuum so decrement the active worker
2148  * count.
2149  */
2150  if (VacuumActiveNWorkers)
2151  pg_atomic_sub_fetch_u32(VacuumActiveNWorkers, 1);
2152 }
2153 
2154 /*
2155  * Vacuum or cleanup indexes that can be processed by only the leader process
2156  * because these indexes don't support parallel operation at that phase.
2157  */
2158 static void
2159 vacuum_indexes_leader(Relation *Irel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
2160  LVRelStats *vacrelstats, LVParallelState *lps,
2161  int nindexes)
2162 {
2163  int i;
2164 
2165  Assert(!IsParallelWorker());
2166 
2167  /*
2168  * Increment the active worker count if we are able to launch any worker.
2169  */
2170  if (VacuumActiveNWorkers)
2171  pg_atomic_add_fetch_u32(VacuumActiveNWorkers, 1);
2172 
2173  for (i = 0; i < nindexes; i++)
2174  {
2175  LVSharedIndStats *shared_indstats;
2176 
2177  shared_indstats = get_indstats(lps->lvshared, i);
2178 
2179  /* Process the indexes skipped by parallel workers */
2180  if (shared_indstats == NULL ||
2181  skip_parallel_vacuum_index(Irel[i], lps->lvshared))
2182  vacuum_one_index(Irel[i], &(stats[i]), lps->lvshared,
2183  shared_indstats, vacrelstats->dead_tuples);
2184  }
2185 
2186  /*
2187  * We have completed the index vacuum so decrement the active worker
2188  * count.
2189  */
2190  if (VacuumActiveNWorkers)
2191  pg_atomic_sub_fetch_u32(VacuumActiveNWorkers, 1);
2192 }
2193 
2194 /*
2195  * Vacuum or cleanup index either by leader process or by one of the worker
2196  * process. After processing the index this function copies the index
2197  * statistics returned from ambulkdelete and amvacuumcleanup to the DSM
2198  * segment.
2199  */
2200 static void
2201 vacuum_one_index(Relation indrel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
2202  LVShared *lvshared, LVSharedIndStats *shared_indstats,
2203  LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples)
2204 {
2205  IndexBulkDeleteResult *bulkdelete_res = NULL;
2206 
2207  if (shared_indstats)
2208  {
2209  /* Get the space for IndexBulkDeleteResult */
2210  bulkdelete_res = &(shared_indstats->stats);
2211 
2212  /*
2213  * Update the pointer to the corresponding bulk-deletion result if
2214  * someone has already updated it.
2215  */
2216  if (shared_indstats->updated && *stats == NULL)
2217  *stats = bulkdelete_res;
2218  }
2219 
2220  /* Do vacuum or cleanup of the index */
2221  if (lvshared->for_cleanup)
2222  lazy_cleanup_index(indrel, stats, lvshared->reltuples,
2223  lvshared->estimated_count);
2224  else
2225  lazy_vacuum_index(indrel, stats, dead_tuples,
2226  lvshared->reltuples);
2227 
2228  /*
2229  * Copy the index bulk-deletion result returned from ambulkdelete and
2230  * amvacuumcleanup to the DSM segment if it's the first time to get it
2231  * from them, because they allocate it locally and it's possible that an
2232  * index will be vacuumed by the different vacuum process at the next
2233  * time. The copying of the result normally happens only after the first
2234  * time of index vacuuming. From the second time, we pass the result on
2235  * the DSM segment so that they then update it directly.
2236  *
2237  * Since all vacuum workers write the bulk-deletion result at different
2238  * slots we can write them without locking.
2239  */
2240  if (shared_indstats && !shared_indstats->updated && *stats != NULL)
2241  {
2242  memcpy(bulkdelete_res, *stats, sizeof(IndexBulkDeleteResult));
2243  shared_indstats->updated = true;
2244 
2245  /*
2246  * Now that the stats[idx] points to the DSM segment, we don't need
2247  * the locally allocated results.
2248  */
2249  pfree(*stats);
2250  *stats = bulkdelete_res;
2251  }
2252 }
2253 
2254 /*
2255  * lazy_cleanup_all_indexes() -- cleanup all indexes of relation.
2256  *
2257  * Cleanup indexes. We process the indexes serially unless we are doing
2258  * parallel vacuum.
2259  */
2260 static void
2261 lazy_cleanup_all_indexes(Relation *Irel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
2262  LVRelStats *vacrelstats, LVParallelState *lps,
2263  int nindexes)
2264 {
2265  int idx;
2266 
2267  Assert(!IsParallelWorker());
2268  Assert(nindexes > 0);
2269 
2270  /* Report that we are now cleaning up indexes */
2271  pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE,
2272  PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE_INDEX_CLEANUP);
2273 
2274  /*
2275  * If parallel vacuum is active we perform index cleanup with parallel
2276  * workers.
2277  */
2278  if (ParallelVacuumIsActive(lps))
2279  {
2280  /* Tell parallel workers to do index cleanup */
2281  lps->lvshared->for_cleanup = true;
2282  lps->lvshared->first_time =
2283  (vacrelstats->num_index_scans == 0);
2284 
2285  /*
2286  * Now we can provide a better estimate of total number of surviving
2287  * tuples (we assume indexes are more interested in that than in the
2288  * number of nominally live tuples).
2289  */
2290  lps->lvshared->reltuples = vacrelstats->new_rel_tuples;
2291  lps->lvshared->estimated_count =
2292  (vacrelstats->tupcount_pages < vacrelstats->rel_pages);
2293 
2294  lazy_parallel_vacuum_indexes(Irel, stats, vacrelstats, lps, nindexes);
2295  }
2296  else
2297  {
2298  for (idx = 0; idx < nindexes; idx++)
2299  lazy_cleanup_index(Irel[idx], &stats[idx],
2300  vacrelstats->new_rel_tuples,
2301  vacrelstats->tupcount_pages < vacrelstats->rel_pages);
2302  }
2303 }
2304 
2305 /*
2306  * lazy_vacuum_index() -- vacuum one index relation.
2307  *
2308  * Delete all the index entries pointing to tuples listed in
2309  * dead_tuples, and update running statistics.
2310  *
2311  * reltuples is the number of heap tuples to be passed to the
2312  * bulkdelete callback.
2313  */
2314 static void
2315 lazy_vacuum_index(Relation indrel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
2316  LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples, double reltuples)
2317 {
2318  IndexVacuumInfo ivinfo;
2319  const char *msg;
2320  PGRUsage ru0;
2321 
2322  pg_rusage_init(&ru0);
2323 
2324  ivinfo.index = indrel;
2325  ivinfo.analyze_only = false;
2326  ivinfo.report_progress = false;
2327  ivinfo.estimated_count = true;
2328  ivinfo.message_level = elevel;
2329  ivinfo.num_heap_tuples = reltuples;
2330  ivinfo.strategy = vac_strategy;
2331 
2332  /* Do bulk deletion */
2333  *stats = index_bulk_delete(&ivinfo, *stats,
2334  lazy_tid_reaped, (void *) dead_tuples);
2335 
2336  if (IsParallelWorker())
2337  msg = gettext_noop("scanned index \"%s\" to remove %d row versions by parallel vacuum worker");
2338  else
2339  msg = gettext_noop("scanned index \"%s\" to remove %d row versions");
2340 
2341  ereport(elevel,
2342  (errmsg(msg,
2343  RelationGetRelationName(indrel),
2344  dead_tuples->num_tuples),
2345  errdetail_internal("%s", pg_rusage_show(&ru0))));
2346 }
2347 
2348 /*
2349  * lazy_cleanup_index() -- do post-vacuum cleanup for one index relation.
2350  *
2351  * reltuples is the number of heap tuples and estimated_count is true
2352  * if the reltuples is an estimated value.
2353  */
2354 static void
2355 lazy_cleanup_index(Relation indrel,
2356  IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
2357  double reltuples, bool estimated_count)
2358 {
2359  IndexVacuumInfo ivinfo;
2360  const char *msg;
2361  PGRUsage ru0;
2362 
2363  pg_rusage_init(&ru0);
2364 
2365  ivinfo.index = indrel;
2366  ivinfo.analyze_only = false;
2367  ivinfo.report_progress = false;
2368  ivinfo.estimated_count = estimated_count;
2369  ivinfo.message_level = elevel;
2370 
2371  ivinfo.num_heap_tuples = reltuples;
2372  ivinfo.strategy = vac_strategy;
2373 
2374  *stats = index_vacuum_cleanup(&ivinfo, *stats);
2375 
2376  if (!(*stats))
2377  return;
2378 
2379  if (IsParallelWorker())
2380  msg = gettext_noop("index \"%s\" now contains %.0f row versions in %u pages as reported by parallel vacuum worker");
2381  else
2382  msg = gettext_noop("index \"%s\" now contains %.0f row versions in %u pages");
2383 
2384  ereport(elevel,
2385  (errmsg(msg,
2386  RelationGetRelationName(indrel),
2387  (*stats)->num_index_tuples,
2388  (*stats)->num_pages),
2389  errdetail("%.0f index row versions were removed.\n"
2390  "%u index pages have been deleted, %u are currently reusable.\n"
2391  "%s.",
2392  (*stats)->tuples_removed,
2393  (*stats)->pages_deleted, (*stats)->pages_free,
2394  pg_rusage_show(&ru0))));
2395 }
2396 
2397 /*
2398  * should_attempt_truncation - should we attempt to truncate the heap?
2399  *
2400  * Don't even think about it unless we have a shot at releasing a goodly
2401  * number of pages. Otherwise, the time taken isn't worth it.
2402  *
2403  * Also don't attempt it if we are doing early pruning/vacuuming, because a
2404  * scan which cannot find a truncated heap page cannot determine that the
2405  * snapshot is too old to read that page. We might be able to get away with
2406  * truncating all except one of the pages, setting its LSN to (at least) the
2407  * maximum of the truncated range if we also treated an index leaf tuple
2408  * pointing to a missing heap page as something to trigger the "snapshot too
2409  * old" error, but that seems fragile and seems like it deserves its own patch
2410  * if we consider it.
2411  *
2412  * This is split out so that we can test whether truncation is going to be
2413  * called for before we actually do it. If you change the logic here, be
2414  * careful to depend only on fields that lazy_scan_heap updates on-the-fly.
2415  */
2416 static bool
2417 should_attempt_truncation(VacuumParams *params, LVRelStats *vacrelstats)
2418 {
2419  BlockNumber possibly_freeable;
2420 
2421  if (params->truncate == VACOPT_TERNARY_DISABLED)
2422  return false;
2423 
2424  possibly_freeable = vacrelstats->rel_pages - vacrelstats->nonempty_pages;
2425  if (possibly_freeable > 0 &&
2426  (possibly_freeable >= REL_TRUNCATE_MINIMUM ||
2427  possibly_freeable >= vacrelstats->rel_pages / REL_TRUNCATE_FRACTION) &&
2428  old_snapshot_threshold < 0)
2429  return true;
2430  else
2431  return false;
2432 }
2433 
2434 /*
2435  * lazy_truncate_heap - try to truncate off any empty pages at the end
2436  */
2437 static void
2438 lazy_truncate_heap(Relation onerel, LVRelStats *vacrelstats)
2439 {
2440  BlockNumber old_rel_pages = vacrelstats->rel_pages;
2441  BlockNumber new_rel_pages;
2442  int lock_retry;
2443 
2444  /* Report that we are now truncating */
2445  pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE,
2446  PROGRESS_VACUUM_PHASE_TRUNCATE);
2447 
2448  /*
2449  * Loop until no more truncating can be done.
2450  */
2451  do
2452  {
2453  PGRUsage ru0;
2454 
2455  pg_rusage_init(&ru0);
2456 
2457  /*
2458  * We need full exclusive lock on the relation in order to do
2459  * truncation. If we can't get it, give up rather than waiting --- we
2460  * don't want to block other backends, and we don't want to deadlock
2461  * (which is quite possible considering we already hold a lower-grade
2462  * lock).
2463  */
2464  vacrelstats->lock_waiter_detected = false;
2465  lock_retry = 0;
2466  while (true)
2467  {
2468  if (ConditionalLockRelation(onerel, AccessExclusiveLock))
2469  break;
2470 
2471  /*
2472  * Check for interrupts while trying to (re-)acquire the exclusive
2473  * lock.
2474  */
2475  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
2476 
2477  if (++lock_retry > (VACUUM_TRUNCATE_LOCK_TIMEOUT /
2478  VACUUM_TRUNCATE_LOCK_WAIT_INTERVAL))
2479  {
2480  /*
2481  * We failed to establish the lock in the specified number of
2482  * retries. This means we give up truncating.
2483  */
2484  vacrelstats->lock_waiter_detected = true;
2485  ereport(elevel,
2486  (errmsg("\"%s\": stopping truncate due to conflicting lock request",
2487  RelationGetRelationName(onerel))));
2488  return;
2489  }
2490 
2491  pg_usleep(VACUUM_TRUNCATE_LOCK_WAIT_INTERVAL * 1000L);
2492  }
2493 
2494  /*
2495  * Now that we have exclusive lock, look to see if the rel has grown
2496  * whilst we were vacuuming with non-exclusive lock. If so, give up;
2497  * the newly added pages presumably contain non-deletable tuples.
2498  */
2499  new_rel_pages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(onerel);
2500  if (new_rel_pages != old_rel_pages)
2501  {
2502  /*
2503  * Note: we intentionally don't update vacrelstats->rel_pages with
2504  * the new rel size here. If we did, it would amount to assuming
2505  * that the new pages are empty, which is unlikely. Leaving the
2506  * numbers alone amounts to assuming that the new pages have the
2507  * same tuple density as existing ones, which is less unlikely.
2508  */
2509  UnlockRelation(onerel, AccessExclusiveLock);
2510  return;
2511  }
2512 
2513  /*
2514  * Scan backwards from the end to verify that the end pages actually
2515  * contain no tuples. This is *necessary*, not optional, because
2516  * other backends could have added tuples to these pages whilst we
2517  * were vacuuming.
2518  */
2519  new_rel_pages = count_nondeletable_pages(onerel, vacrelstats);
2520 
2521  if (new_rel_pages >= old_rel_pages)
2522  {
2523  /* can't do anything after all */
2524  UnlockRelation(onerel, AccessExclusiveLock);
2525  return;
2526  }
2527 
2528  /*
2529  * Okay to truncate.
2530  */
2531  RelationTruncate(onerel, new_rel_pages);
2532 
2533  /*
2534  * We can release the exclusive lock as soon as we have truncated.
2535  * Other backends can't safely access the relation until they have
2536  * processed the smgr invalidation that smgrtruncate sent out ... but
2537  * that should happen as part of standard invalidation processing once
2538  * they acquire lock on the relation.
2539  */
2540  UnlockRelation(onerel, AccessExclusiveLock);
2541 
2542  /*
2543  * Update statistics. Here, it *is* correct to adjust rel_pages
2544  * without also touching reltuples, since the tuple count wasn't
2545  * changed by the truncation.
2546  */
2547  vacrelstats->pages_removed += old_rel_pages - new_rel_pages;
2548  vacrelstats->rel_pages = new_rel_pages;
2549 
2550  ereport(elevel,
2551  (errmsg("\"%s\": truncated %u to %u pages",
2552  RelationGetRelationName(onerel),
2553  old_rel_pages, new_rel_pages),
2554  errdetail_internal("%s",
2555  pg_rusage_show(&ru0))));
2556  old_rel_pages = new_rel_pages;
2557  } while (new_rel_pages > vacrelstats->nonempty_pages &&
2558  vacrelstats->lock_waiter_detected);
2559 }
2560 
2561 /*
2562  * Rescan end pages to verify that they are (still) empty of tuples.
2563  *
2564  * Returns number of nondeletable pages (last nonempty page + 1).
2565  */
2566 static BlockNumber
2567 count_nondeletable_pages(Relation onerel, LVRelStats *vacrelstats)
2568 {
2569  BlockNumber blkno;
2570  BlockNumber prefetchedUntil;
2571  instr_time starttime;
2572 
2573  /* Initialize the starttime if we check for conflicting lock requests */
2574  INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(starttime);
2575 
2576  /*
2577  * Start checking blocks at what we believe relation end to be and move
2578  * backwards. (Strange coding of loop control is needed because blkno is
2579  * unsigned.) To make the scan faster, we prefetch a few blocks at a time
2580  * in forward direction, so that OS-level readahead can kick in.
2581  */
2582  blkno = vacrelstats->rel_pages;
2583  StaticAssertStmt((PREFETCH_SIZE & (PREFETCH_SIZE - 1)) == 0,
2584  "prefetch size must be power of 2");
2585  prefetchedUntil = InvalidBlockNumber;
2586  while (blkno > vacrelstats->nonempty_pages)
2587  {
2588  Buffer buf;
2589  Page page;
2590  OffsetNumber offnum,
2591  maxoff;
2592  bool hastup;
2593 
2594  /*
2595  * Check if another process requests a lock on our relation. We are
2596  * holding an AccessExclusiveLock here, so they will be waiting. We
2597  * only do this once per VACUUM_TRUNCATE_LOCK_CHECK_INTERVAL, and we
2598  * only check if that interval has elapsed once every 32 blocks to
2599  * keep the number of system calls and actual shared lock table
2600  * lookups to a minimum.
2601  */
2602  if ((blkno % 32) == 0)
2603  {
2604  instr_time currenttime;
2605  instr_time elapsed;
2606 
2607  INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(currenttime);
2608  elapsed = currenttime;
2609  INSTR_TIME_SUBTRACT(elapsed, starttime);
2610  if ((INSTR_TIME_GET_MICROSEC(elapsed) / 1000)
2611  >= VACUUM_TRUNCATE_LOCK_CHECK_INTERVAL)
2612  {
2613  if (LockHasWaitersRelation(onerel, AccessExclusiveLock))
2614  {
2615  ereport(elevel,
2616  (errmsg("\"%s\": suspending truncate due to conflicting lock request",
2617  RelationGetRelationName(onerel))));
2618 
2619  vacrelstats->lock_waiter_detected = true;
2620  return blkno;
2621  }
2622  starttime = currenttime;
2623  }
2624  }
2625 
2626  /*
2627  * We don't insert a vacuum delay point here, because we have an
2628  * exclusive lock on the table which we want to hold for as short a
2629  * time as possible. We still need to check for interrupts however.
2630  */
2631  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
2632 
2633  blkno--;
2634 
2635  /* If we haven't prefetched this lot yet, do so now. */
2636  if (prefetchedUntil > blkno)
2637  {
2638  BlockNumber prefetchStart;
2639  BlockNumber pblkno;
2640 
2641  prefetchStart = blkno & ~(PREFETCH_SIZE - 1);
2642  for (pblkno = prefetchStart; pblkno <= blkno; pblkno++)
2643  {
2644  PrefetchBuffer(onerel, MAIN_FORKNUM, pblkno);
2645  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
2646  }
2647  prefetchedUntil = prefetchStart;
2648  }
2649 
2650  buf = ReadBufferExtended(onerel, MAIN_FORKNUM, blkno,
2651  RBM_NORMAL, vac_strategy);
2652 
2653  /* In this phase we only need shared access to the buffer */
2654  LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
2655 
2656  page = BufferGetPage(buf);
2657 
2658  if (PageIsNew(page) || PageIsEmpty(page))
2659  {
2660  UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
2661  continue;
2662  }
2663 
2664  hastup = false;
2665  maxoff = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
2666  for (offnum = FirstOffsetNumber;
2667  offnum <= maxoff;
2668  offnum = OffsetNumberNext(offnum))
2669  {
2670  ItemId itemid;
2671 
2672  itemid = PageGetItemId(page, offnum);
2673 
2674  /*
2675  * Note: any non-unused item should be taken as a reason to keep
2676  * this page. We formerly thought that DEAD tuples could be
2677  * thrown away, but that's not so, because we'd not have cleaned
2678  * out their index entries.
2679  */
2680  if (ItemIdIsUsed(itemid))
2681  {
2682  hastup = true;
2683  break; /* can stop scanning */
2684  }
2685  } /* scan along page */
2686 
2687  UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf);
2688 
2689  /* Done scanning if we found a tuple here */
2690  if (hastup)
2691  return blkno + 1;
2692  }
2693 
2694  /*
2695  * If we fall out of the loop, all the previously-thought-to-be-empty
2696  * pages still are; we need not bother to look at the last known-nonempty
2697  * page.
2698  */
2699  return vacrelstats->nonempty_pages;
2700 }
2701 
2702 /*
2703  * Return the maximum number of dead tuples we can record.
2704  */
2705 static long
2706 compute_max_dead_tuples(BlockNumber relblocks, bool useindex)
2707 {
2708  long maxtuples;
2709  int vac_work_mem = IsAutoVacuumWorkerProcess() &&
2710  autovacuum_work_mem != -1 ?
2711  autovacuum_work_mem : maintenance_work_mem;
2712 
2713  if (useindex)
2714  {
2715  maxtuples = MAXDEADTUPLES(vac_work_mem * 1024L);
2716  maxtuples = Min(maxtuples, INT_MAX);
2717  maxtuples = Min(maxtuples, MAXDEADTUPLES(MaxAllocSize));
2718 
2719  /* curious coding here to ensure the multiplication can't overflow */
2720  if ((BlockNumber) (maxtuples / LAZY_ALLOC_TUPLES) > relblocks)
2721  maxtuples = relblocks * LAZY_ALLOC_TUPLES;
2722 
2723  /* stay sane if small maintenance_work_mem */
2724  maxtuples = Max(maxtuples, MaxHeapTuplesPerPage);
2725  }
2726  else
2727  maxtuples = MaxHeapTuplesPerPage;
2728 
2729  return maxtuples;
2730 }
2731 
2732 /*
2733  * lazy_space_alloc - space allocation decisions for lazy vacuum
2734  *
2735  * See the comments at the head of this file for rationale.
2736  */
2737 static void
2738 lazy_space_alloc(LVRelStats *vacrelstats, BlockNumber relblocks)
2739 {
2740  LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples = NULL;
2741  long maxtuples;
2742 
2743  maxtuples = compute_max_dead_tuples(relblocks, vacrelstats->useindex);
2744 
2745  dead_tuples = (LVDeadTuples *) palloc(SizeOfDeadTuples(maxtuples));
2746  dead_tuples->num_tuples = 0;
2747  dead_tuples->max_tuples = (int) maxtuples;
2748 
2749  vacrelstats->dead_tuples = dead_tuples;
2750 }
2751 
2752 /*
2753  * lazy_record_dead_tuple - remember one deletable tuple
2754  */
2755 static void
2756 lazy_record_dead_tuple(LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples, ItemPointer itemptr)
2757 {
2758  /*
2759  * The array shouldn't overflow under normal behavior, but perhaps it
2760  * could if we are given a really small maintenance_work_mem. In that
2761  * case, just forget the last few tuples (we'll get 'em next time).
2762  */
2763  if (dead_tuples->num_tuples < dead_tuples->max_tuples)
2764  {
2765  dead_tuples->itemptrs[dead_tuples->num_tuples] = *itemptr;
2766  dead_tuples->num_tuples++;
2767  pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_VACUUM_NUM_DEAD_TUPLES,
2768  dead_tuples->num_tuples);
2769  }
2770 }
2771 
2772 /*
2773  * lazy_tid_reaped() -- is a particular tid deletable?
2774  *
2775  * This has the right signature to be an IndexBulkDeleteCallback.
2776  *
2777  * Assumes dead_tuples array is in sorted order.
2778  */
2779 static bool
2780 lazy_tid_reaped(ItemPointer itemptr, void *state)
2781 {
2782  LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples = (LVDeadTuples *) state;
2783  ItemPointer res;
2784 
2785  res = (ItemPointer) bsearch((void *) itemptr,
2786  (void *) dead_tuples->itemptrs,
2787  dead_tuples->num_tuples,
2788  sizeof(ItemPointerData),
2789  vac_cmp_itemptr);
2790 
2791  return (res != NULL);
2792 }
2793 
2794 /*
2795  * Comparator routines for use with qsort() and bsearch().
2796  */
2797 static int
2798 vac_cmp_itemptr(const void *left, const void *right)
2799 {
2800  BlockNumber lblk,
2801  rblk;
2802  OffsetNumber loff,
2803  roff;
2804 
2805  lblk = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber((ItemPointer) left);
2806  rblk = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber((ItemPointer) right);
2807 
2808  if (lblk < rblk)
2809  return -1;
2810  if (lblk > rblk)
2811  return 1;
2812 
2813  loff = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber((ItemPointer) left);
2814  roff = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber((ItemPointer) right);
2815 
2816  if (loff < roff)
2817  return -1;
2818  if (loff > roff)
2819  return 1;
2820 
2821  return 0;
2822 }
2823 
2824 /*
2825  * Check if every tuple in the given page is visible to all current and future
2826  * transactions. Also return the visibility_cutoff_xid which is the highest
2827  * xmin amongst the visible tuples. Set *all_frozen to true if every tuple
2828  * on this page is frozen.
2829  */
2830 static bool
2831 heap_page_is_all_visible(Relation rel, Buffer buf,
2832  TransactionId *visibility_cutoff_xid,
2833  bool *all_frozen)
2834 {
2835  Page page = BufferGetPage(buf);
2836  BlockNumber blockno = BufferGetBlockNumber(buf);
2837  OffsetNumber offnum,
2838  maxoff;
2839  bool all_visible = true;
2840 
2841  *visibility_cutoff_xid = InvalidTransactionId;
2842  *all_frozen = true;
2843 
2844  /*
2845  * This is a stripped down version of the line pointer scan in
2846  * lazy_scan_heap(). So if you change anything here, also check that code.
2847  */
2848  maxoff = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
2849  for (offnum = FirstOffsetNumber;
2850  offnum <= maxoff && all_visible;
2851  offnum = OffsetNumberNext(offnum))
2852  {
2853  ItemId itemid;
2854  HeapTupleData tuple;
2855 
2856  itemid = PageGetItemId(page, offnum);
2857 
2858  /* Unused or redirect line pointers are of no interest */
2859  if (!ItemIdIsUsed(itemid) || ItemIdIsRedirected(itemid))
2860  continue;
2861 
2862  ItemPointerSet(&(tuple.t_self), blockno, offnum);
2863 
2864  /*
2865  * Dead line pointers can have index pointers pointing to them. So
2866  * they can't be treated as visible
2867  */
2868  if (ItemIdIsDead(itemid))
2869  {
2870  all_visible = false;
2871  *all_frozen = false;
2872  break;
2873  }
2874 
2875  Assert(ItemIdIsNormal(itemid));
2876 
2877  tuple.t_data = (HeapTupleHeader) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
2878  tuple.t_len = ItemIdGetLength(itemid);
2879  tuple.t_tableOid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
2880 
2881  switch (HeapTupleSatisfiesVacuum(&tuple, OldestXmin, buf))
2882  {
2883  case HEAPTUPLE_LIVE:
2884  {
2885  TransactionId xmin;
2886 
2887  /* Check comments in lazy_scan_heap. */
2888  if (!HeapTupleHeaderXminCommitted(tuple.t_data))
2889  {
2890  all_visible = false;
2891  *all_frozen = false;
2892  break;
2893  }
2894 
2895  /*
2896  * The inserter definitely committed. But is it old enough
2897  * that everyone sees it as committed?
2898  */
2899  xmin = HeapTupleHeaderGetXmin(tuple.t_data);
2900  if (!TransactionIdPrecedes(xmin, OldestXmin))
2901  {
2902  all_visible = false;
2903  *all_frozen = false;
2904  break;
2905  }
2906 
2907  /* Track newest xmin on page. */
2908  if (TransactionIdFollows(xmin, *visibility_cutoff_xid))
2909  *visibility_cutoff_xid = xmin;
2910 
2911  /* Check whether this tuple is already frozen or not */
2912  if (all_visible && *all_frozen &&
2913  heap_tuple_needs_eventual_freeze(tuple.t_data))
2914  *all_frozen = false;
2915  }
2916  break;
2917 
2918  case HEAPTUPLE_DEAD:
2919  case HEAPTUPLE_RECENTLY_DEAD:
2920  case HEAPTUPLE_INSERT_IN_PROGRESS:
2921  case HEAPTUPLE_DELETE_IN_PROGRESS:
2922  {
2923  all_visible = false;
2924  *all_frozen = false;
2925  break;
2926  }
2927  default:
2928  elog(ERROR, "unexpected HeapTupleSatisfiesVacuum result");
2929  break;
2930  }
2931  } /* scan along page */
2932 
2933  return all_visible;
2934 }
2935 
2936 /*
2937  * Compute the number of parallel worker processes to request. Both index
2938  * vacuum and index cleanup can be executed with parallel workers. The index
2939  * is eligible for parallel vacuum iff it's size is greater than
2940  * min_parallel_index_scan_size as invoking workers for very small indexes
2941  * can hurt the performance.
2942  *
2943  * nrequested is the number of parallel workers that user requested. If
2944  * nrequested is 0, we compute the parallel degree based on nindexes, that is
2945  * the number of indexes that support parallel vacuum. This function also
2946  * sets can_parallel_vacuum to remember indexes that participate in parallel
2947  * vacuum.
2948  */
2949 static int
2950 compute_parallel_vacuum_workers(Relation *Irel, int nindexes, int nrequested,
2951  bool *can_parallel_vacuum)
2952 {
2953  int nindexes_parallel = 0;
2954  int nindexes_parallel_bulkdel = 0;
2955  int nindexes_parallel_cleanup = 0;
2956  int parallel_workers;
2957  int i;
2958 
2959  /*
2960  * We don't allow to perform parallel operation in standalone backend or
2961  * when parallelism is disabled.
2962  */
2963  if (!IsUnderPostmaster || max_parallel_maintenance_workers == 0)
2964  return 0;
2965 
2966  /*
2967  * Compute the number of indexes that can participate in parallel vacuum.
2968  */
2969  for (i = 0; i < nindexes; i++)
2970  {
2971  uint8 vacoptions = Irel[i]->rd_indam->amparallelvacuumoptions;
2972 
2973  if (vacoptions == VACUUM_OPTION_NO_PARALLEL ||
2974  RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(Irel[i]) < min_parallel_index_scan_size)
2975  continue;
2976 
2977  can_parallel_vacuum[i] = true;
2978 
2979  if ((vacoptions & VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL) != 0)
2980  nindexes_parallel_bulkdel++;
2981  if (((vacoptions & VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_CLEANUP) != 0) ||
2982  ((vacoptions & VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_COND_CLEANUP) != 0))
2983  nindexes_parallel_cleanup++;
2984  }
2985 
2986  nindexes_parallel = Max(nindexes_parallel_bulkdel,
2987  nindexes_parallel_cleanup);
2988 
2989  /* The leader process takes one index */
2990  nindexes_parallel--;
2991 
2992  /* No index supports parallel vacuum */
2993  if (nindexes_parallel <= 0)
2994  return 0;
2995 
2996  /* Compute the parallel degree */
2997  parallel_workers = (nrequested > 0) ?
2998  Min(nrequested, nindexes_parallel) : nindexes_parallel;
2999 
3000  /* Cap by max_parallel_maintenance_workers */
3001  parallel_workers = Min(parallel_workers, max_parallel_maintenance_workers);
3002 
3003  return parallel_workers;
3004 }
3005 
3006 /*
3007  * Initialize variables for shared index statistics, set NULL bitmap and the
3008  * size of stats for each index.
3009  */
3010 static void
3011 prepare_index_statistics(LVShared *lvshared, bool *can_parallel_vacuum,
3012  int nindexes)
3013 {
3014  int i;
3015 
3016  /* Currently, we don't support parallel vacuum for autovacuum */
3017  Assert(!IsAutoVacuumWorkerProcess());
3018 
3019  /* Set NULL for all indexes */
3020  memset(lvshared->bitmap, 0x00, BITMAPLEN(nindexes));
3021 
3022  for (i = 0; i < nindexes; i++)
3023  {
3024  if (!can_parallel_vacuum[i])
3025  continue;
3026 
3027  /* Set NOT NULL as this index do support parallelism */
3028  lvshared->bitmap[i >> 3] |= 1 << (i & 0x07);
3029  }
3030 }
3031 
3032 /*
3033  * Update index statistics in pg_class if the statistics is accurate.
3034  */
3035 static void
3036 update_index_statistics(Relation *Irel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
3037  int nindexes)
3038 {
3039  int i;
3040 
3041  Assert(!IsInParallelMode());
3042 
3043  for (i = 0; i < nindexes; i++)
3044  {
3045  if (stats[i] == NULL || stats[i]->estimated_count)
3046  continue;
3047 
3048  /* Update index statistics */
3049  vac_update_relstats(Irel[i],
3050  stats[i]->num_pages,
3051  stats[i]->num_index_tuples,
3052  0,
3053  false,
3054  InvalidTransactionId,
3055  InvalidMultiXactId,
3056  false);
3057  pfree(stats[i]);
3058  }
3059 }
3060 
3061 /*
3062  * This function prepares and returns parallel vacuum state if we can launch
3063  * even one worker. This function is responsible to enter parallel mode,
3064  * create a parallel context, and then initialize the DSM segment.
3065  */
3066 static LVParallelState *
3067 begin_parallel_vacuum(Oid relid, Relation *Irel, LVRelStats *vacrelstats,
3068  BlockNumber nblocks, int nindexes, int nrequested)
3069 {
3070  LVParallelState *lps = NULL;
3071  ParallelContext *pcxt;
3072  LVShared *shared;
3073  LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples;
3074  bool *can_parallel_vacuum;
3075  long maxtuples;
3076  char *sharedquery;
3077  Size est_shared;
3078  Size est_deadtuples;
3079  int nindexes_mwm = 0;
3080  int parallel_workers = 0;
3081  int querylen;
3082  int i;
3083 
3084  /*
3085  * A parallel vacuum must be requested and there must be indexes on the
3086  * relation
3087  */
3088  Assert(nrequested >= 0);
3089  Assert(nindexes > 0);
3090 
3091  /*
3092  * Compute the number of parallel vacuum workers to launch
3093  */
3094  can_parallel_vacuum = (bool *) palloc0(sizeof(bool) * nindexes);
3095  parallel_workers = compute_parallel_vacuum_workers(Irel, nindexes,
3096  nrequested,
3097  can_parallel_vacuum);
3098 
3099  /* Can't perform vacuum in parallel */
3100  if (parallel_workers <= 0)
3101  {
3102  pfree(can_parallel_vacuum);
3103  return lps;
3104  }
3105 
3106  lps = (LVParallelState *) palloc0(sizeof(LVParallelState));
3107 
3108  EnterParallelMode();
3109  pcxt = CreateParallelContext("postgres", "parallel_vacuum_main",
3110  parallel_workers);
3111  Assert(pcxt->nworkers > 0);
3112  lps->pcxt = pcxt;
3113 
3114  /* Estimate size for shared information -- PARALLEL_VACUUM_KEY_SHARED */
3115  est_shared = MAXALIGN(add_size(SizeOfLVShared, BITMAPLEN(nindexes)));
3116  for (i = 0; i < nindexes; i++)
3117  {
3118  uint8 vacoptions = Irel[i]->rd_indam->amparallelvacuumoptions;
3119 
3120  /*
3121  * Cleanup option should be either disabled, always performing in
3122  * parallel or conditionally performing in parallel.
3123  */
3124  Assert(((vacoptions & VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_CLEANUP) == 0) ||
3125  ((vacoptions & VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_COND_CLEANUP) == 0));
3126  Assert(vacoptions <= VACUUM_OPTION_MAX_VALID_VALUE);
3127 
3128  /* Skip indexes that don't participate in parallel vacuum */
3129  if (!can_parallel_vacuum[i])
3130  continue;
3131 
3132  if (Irel[i]->rd_indam->amusemaintenanceworkmem)
3133  nindexes_mwm++;
3134 
3135  est_shared = add_size(est_shared, sizeof(LVSharedIndStats));
3136 
3137  /*
3138  * Remember the number of indexes that support parallel operation for
3139  * each phase.
3140  */
3141  if ((vacoptions & VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL) != 0)
3142  lps->nindexes_parallel_bulkdel++;
3143  if ((vacoptions & VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_CLEANUP) != 0)
3144  lps->nindexes_parallel_cleanup++;
3145  if ((vacoptions & VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_COND_CLEANUP) != 0)
3146  lps->nindexes_parallel_condcleanup++;
3147  }
3148  shm_toc_estimate_chunk(&pcxt->estimator, est_shared);
3149  shm_toc_estimate_keys(&pcxt->estimator, 1);
3150 
3151  /* Estimate size for dead tuples -- PARALLEL_VACUUM_KEY_DEAD_TUPLES */
3152  maxtuples = compute_max_dead_tuples(nblocks, true);
3153  est_deadtuples = MAXALIGN(SizeOfDeadTuples(maxtuples));
3154  shm_toc_estimate_chunk(&pcxt->estimator, est_deadtuples);
3155  shm_toc_estimate_keys(&pcxt->estimator, 1);
3156 
3157  /* Finally, estimate PARALLEL_VACUUM_KEY_QUERY_TEXT space */
3158  querylen = strlen(debug_query_string);
3159  shm_toc_estimate_chunk(&pcxt->estimator, querylen + 1);
3160  shm_toc_estimate_keys(&pcxt->estimator, 1);
3161 
3162  InitializeParallelDSM(pcxt);
3163 
3164  /* Prepare shared information */
3165  shared = (LVShared *) shm_toc_allocate(pcxt->toc, est_shared);
3166  MemSet(shared, 0, est_shared);
3167  shared->relid = relid;
3168  shared->elevel = elevel;
3169  shared->maintenance_work_mem_worker =
3170  (nindexes_mwm > 0) ?
3171  maintenance_work_mem / Min(parallel_workers, nindexes_mwm) :
3172  maintenance_work_mem;
3173 
3174  pg_atomic_init_u32(&(shared->cost_balance), 0);
3175  pg_atomic_init_u32(&(shared->active_nworkers), 0);
3176  pg_atomic_init_u32(&(shared->idx), 0);
3177  shared->offset = MAXALIGN(add_size(SizeOfLVShared, BITMAPLEN(nindexes)));
3178  prepare_index_statistics(shared, can_parallel_vacuum, nindexes);
3179 
3180  shm_toc_insert(pcxt->toc, PARALLEL_VACUUM_KEY_SHARED, shared);
3181  lps->lvshared = shared;
3182 
3183  /* Prepare the dead tuple space */
3184  dead_tuples = (LVDeadTuples *) shm_toc_allocate(pcxt->toc, est_deadtuples);
3185  dead_tuples->max_tuples = maxtuples;
3186  dead_tuples->num_tuples = 0;
3187  MemSet(dead_tuples->itemptrs, 0, sizeof(ItemPointerData) * maxtuples);
3188  shm_toc_insert(pcxt->toc, PARALLEL_VACUUM_KEY_DEAD_TUPLES, dead_tuples);
3189  vacrelstats->dead_tuples = dead_tuples;
3190 
3191  /* Store query string for workers */
3192  sharedquery = (char *) shm_toc_allocate(pcxt->toc, querylen + 1);
3193  memcpy(sharedquery, debug_query_string, querylen + 1);
3194  sharedquery[querylen] = '\0';
3195  shm_toc_insert(pcxt->toc, PARALLEL_VACUUM_KEY_QUERY_TEXT, sharedquery);
3196 
3197  pfree(can_parallel_vacuum);
3198  return lps;
3199 }
3200 
3201 /*
3202  * Destroy the parallel context, and end parallel mode.
3203  *
3204  * Since writes are not allowed during the parallel mode, so we copy the
3205  * updated index statistics from DSM in local memory and then later use that
3206  * to update the index statistics. One might think that we can exit from
3207  * parallel mode, update the index statistics and then destroy parallel
3208  * context, but that won't be safe (see ExitParallelMode).
3209  */
3210 static void
3211 end_parallel_vacuum(Relation *Irel, IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats,
3212  LVParallelState *lps, int nindexes)
3213 {
3214  int i;
3215 
3216  Assert(!IsParallelWorker());
3217 
3218  /* Copy the updated statistics */
3219  for (i = 0; i < nindexes; i++)
3220  {
3221  LVSharedIndStats *indstats = get_indstats(lps->lvshared, i);
3222 
3223  /*
3224  * Skip unused slot. The statistics of this index are already stored
3225  * in local memory.
3226  */
3227  if (indstats == NULL)
3228  continue;
3229 
3230  if (indstats->updated)
3231  {
3232  stats[i] = (IndexBulkDeleteResult *) palloc0(sizeof(IndexBulkDeleteResult));
3233  memcpy(stats[i], &(indstats->stats), sizeof(IndexBulkDeleteResult));
3234  }
3235  else
3236  stats[i] = NULL;
3237  }
3238 
3239  DestroyParallelContext(lps->pcxt);
3240  ExitParallelMode();
3241 
3242  /* Deactivate parallel vacuum */
3243  pfree(lps);
3244  lps = NULL;
3245 }
3246 
3247 /* Return the Nth index statistics or NULL */
3248 static LVSharedIndStats *
3249 get_indstats(LVShared *lvshared, int n)
3250 {
3251  int i;
3252  char *p;
3253 
3254  if (IndStatsIsNull(lvshared, n))
3255  return NULL;
3256 
3257  p = (char *) GetSharedIndStats(lvshared);
3258  for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
3259  {
3260  if (IndStatsIsNull(lvshared, i))
3261  continue;
3262 
3263  p += sizeof(LVSharedIndStats);
3264  }
3265 
3266  return (LVSharedIndStats *) p;
3267 }
3268 
3269 /*
3270  * Returns true, if the given index can't participate in parallel index vacuum
3271  * or parallel index cleanup, false, otherwise.
3272  */
3273 static bool
3274 skip_parallel_vacuum_index(Relation indrel, LVShared *lvshared)
3275 {
3276  uint8 vacoptions = indrel->rd_indam->amparallelvacuumoptions;
3277 
3278  /* first_time must be true only if for_cleanup is true */
3279  Assert(lvshared->for_cleanup || !lvshared->first_time);
3280 
3281  if (lvshared->for_cleanup)
3282  {
3283  /* Skip, if the index does not support parallel cleanup */
3284  if (((vacoptions & VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_CLEANUP) == 0) &&
3285  ((vacoptions & VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_COND_CLEANUP) == 0))
3286  return true;
3287 
3288  /*
3289  * Skip, if the index supports parallel cleanup conditionally, but we
3290  * have already processed the index (for bulkdelete). See the
3291  * comments for option VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_COND_CLEANUP to know
3292  * when indexes support parallel cleanup conditionally.
3293  */
3294  if (!lvshared->first_time &&
3295  ((vacoptions & VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_COND_CLEANUP) != 0))
3296  return true;
3297  }
3298  else if ((vacoptions & VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL) == 0)
3299  {
3300  /* Skip if the index does not support parallel bulk deletion */
3301  return true;
3302  }
3303 
3304  return false;
3305 }
3306 
3307 /*
3308  * Perform work within a launched parallel process.
3309  *
3310  * Since parallel vacuum workers perform only index vacuum or index cleanup,
3311  * we don't need to report the progress information.
3312  */
3313 void
3314 parallel_vacuum_main(dsm_segment *seg, shm_toc *toc)
3315 {
3316  Relation onerel;
3317  Relation *indrels;
3318  LVShared *lvshared;
3319  LVDeadTuples *dead_tuples;
3320  int nindexes;
3321  char *sharedquery;
3322  IndexBulkDeleteResult **stats;
3323 
3324  lvshared = (LVShared *) shm_toc_lookup(toc, PARALLEL_VACUUM_KEY_SHARED,
3325  false);
3326  elevel = lvshared->elevel;
3327 
3328  ereport(DEBUG1,
3329  (errmsg("starting parallel vacuum worker for %s",
3330  lvshared->for_cleanup ? "cleanup" : "bulk delete")));
3331 
3332  /* Set debug_query_string for individual workers */
3333  sharedquery = shm_toc_lookup(toc, PARALLEL_VACUUM_KEY_QUERY_TEXT, false);
3334  debug_query_string = sharedquery;
3335  pgstat_report_activity(STATE_RUNNING, debug_query_string);
3336 
3337  /*
3338  * Open table. The lock mode is the same as the leader process. It's
3339  * okay because the lock mode does not conflict among the parallel
3340  * workers.
3341  */
3342  onerel = table_open(lvshared->relid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
3343 
3344  /*
3345  * Open all indexes. indrels are sorted in order by OID, which should be
3346  * matched to the leader's one.
3347  */
3348  vac_open_indexes(onerel, RowExclusiveLock, &nindexes, &indrels);
3349  Assert(nindexes > 0);
3350 
3351  /* Set dead tuple space */
3352  dead_tuples = (LVDeadTuples *) shm_toc_lookup(toc,
3353  PARALLEL_VACUUM_KEY_DEAD_TUPLES,
3354  false);
3355 
3356  /* Set cost-based vacuum delay */
3357  VacuumCostActive = (VacuumCostDelay > 0);
3358  VacuumCostBalance = 0;
3359  VacuumPageHit = 0;
3360  VacuumPageMiss = 0;
3361  VacuumPageDirty = 0;
3362  VacuumCostBalanceLocal = 0;
3363  VacuumSharedCostBalance = &(lvshared->cost_balance);
3364  VacuumActiveNWorkers = &(lvshared->active_nworkers);
3365 
3366  stats = (IndexBulkDeleteResult **)
3367  palloc0(nindexes * sizeof(IndexBulkDeleteResult *));
3368 
3369  if (lvshared->maintenance_work_mem_worker > 0)
3370  maintenance_work_mem = lvshared->maintenance_work_mem_worker;
3371 
3372  /* Process indexes to perform vacuum/cleanup */
3373  parallel_vacuum_index(indrels, stats, lvshared, dead_tuples, nindexes);
3374 
3375  vac_close_indexes(nindexes, indrels, RowExclusiveLock);
3376  table_close(onerel, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
3377  pfree(stats);
3378 }
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