explain.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * explain.c
 *    Explain query execution plans
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994-5, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/commands/explain.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "commands/createas.h"
#include "commands/defrem.h"
#include "commands/explain.h"
#include "commands/explain_dr.h"
#include "commands/explain_format.h"
#include "commands/explain_state.h"
#include "commands/prepare.h"
#include "foreign/fdwapi.h"
#include "jit/jit.h"
#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
#include "libpq/protocol.h"
#include "nodes/extensible.h"
#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "parser/analyze.h"
#include "parser/parsetree.h"
#include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/guc_tables.h"
#include "utils/json.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
#include "utils/ruleutils.h"
#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
#include "utils/tuplesort.h"
#include "utils/typcache.h"
#include "utils/xml.h"
 
 
/* Hook for plugins to get control in ExplainOneQuery() */
ExplainOneQuery_hook_type ExplainOneQuery_hook = NULL;
 
/* Hook for plugins to get control in explain_get_index_name() */
explain_get_index_name_hook_type explain_get_index_name_hook = NULL;
 
/* per-plan and per-node hooks for plugins to print additional info */
explain_per_plan_hook_type explain_per_plan_hook = NULL;
explain_per_node_hook_type explain_per_node_hook = NULL;
 
/*
 * Various places within need to convert bytes to kilobytes.  Round these up
 * to the next whole kilobyte.
 */
#define BYTES_TO_KILOBYTES(b) (((b) + 1023) / 1024)
 
static void ExplainOneQuery(Query *query, int cursorOptions,
                            IntoClause *into, ExplainState *es,
                            ParseState *pstate, ParamListInfo params);
static void ExplainPrintJIT(ExplainState *es, int jit_flags,
                            JitInstrumentation *ji);
static void ExplainPrintSerialize(ExplainState *es,
                                  SerializeMetrics *metrics);
static void report_triggers(ResultRelInfo *rInfo, bool show_relname,
                            ExplainState *es);
static double elapsed_time(instr_time *starttime);
static bool ExplainPreScanNode(PlanState *planstate, Bitmapset **rels_used);
static void ExplainNode(PlanState *planstate, List *ancestors,
                        const char *relationship, const char *plan_name,
                        ExplainState *es);
static void show_plan_tlist(PlanState *planstate, List *ancestors,
                            ExplainState *es);
static void show_expression(Node *node, const char *qlabel,
                            PlanState *planstate, List *ancestors,
                            bool useprefix, ExplainState *es);
static void show_qual(List *qual, const char *qlabel,
                      PlanState *planstate, List *ancestors,
                      bool useprefix, ExplainState *es);
static void show_scan_qual(List *qual, const char *qlabel,
                           PlanState *planstate, List *ancestors,
                           ExplainState *es);
static void show_upper_qual(List *qual, const char *qlabel,
                            PlanState *planstate, List *ancestors,
                            ExplainState *es);
static void show_sort_keys(SortState *sortstate, List *ancestors,
                           ExplainState *es);
static void show_incremental_sort_keys(IncrementalSortState *incrsortstate,
                                       List *ancestors, ExplainState *es);
static void show_merge_append_keys(MergeAppendState *mstate, List *ancestors,
                                   ExplainState *es);
static void show_agg_keys(AggState *astate, List *ancestors,
                          ExplainState *es);
static void show_grouping_sets(PlanState *planstate, Agg *agg,
                               List *ancestors, ExplainState *es);
static void show_grouping_set_keys(PlanState *planstate,
                                   Agg *aggnode, Sort *sortnode,
                                   List *context, bool useprefix,
                                   List *ancestors, ExplainState *es);
static void show_group_keys(GroupState *gstate, List *ancestors,
                            ExplainState *es);
static void show_sort_group_keys(PlanState *planstate, const char *qlabel,
                                 int nkeys, int nPresortedKeys, AttrNumber *keycols,
                                 Oid *sortOperators, Oid *collations, bool *nullsFirst,
                                 List *ancestors, ExplainState *es);
static void show_sortorder_options(StringInfo buf, Node *sortexpr,
                                   Oid sortOperator, Oid collation, bool nullsFirst);
static void show_window_def(WindowAggState *planstate,
                            List *ancestors, ExplainState *es);
static void show_window_keys(StringInfo buf, PlanState *planstate,
                             int nkeys, AttrNumber *keycols,
                             List *ancestors, ExplainState *es);
static void show_storage_info(char *maxStorageType, int64 maxSpaceUsed,
                              ExplainState *es);
static void show_tablesample(TableSampleClause *tsc, PlanState *planstate,
                             List *ancestors, ExplainState *es);
static void show_sort_info(SortState *sortstate, ExplainState *es);
static void show_incremental_sort_info(IncrementalSortState *incrsortstate,
                                       ExplainState *es);
static void show_hash_info(HashState *hashstate, ExplainState *es);
static void show_material_info(MaterialState *mstate, ExplainState *es);
static void show_windowagg_info(WindowAggState *winstate, ExplainState *es);
static void show_ctescan_info(CteScanState *ctescanstate, ExplainState *es);
static void show_table_func_scan_info(TableFuncScanState *tscanstate,
                                      ExplainState *es);
static void show_recursive_union_info(RecursiveUnionState *rstate,
                                      ExplainState *es);
static void show_memoize_info(MemoizeState *mstate, List *ancestors,
                              ExplainState *es);
static void show_hashagg_info(AggState *aggstate, ExplainState *es);
static void show_indexsearches_info(PlanState *planstate, ExplainState *es);
static void show_tidbitmap_info(BitmapHeapScanState *planstate,
                                ExplainState *es);
static void show_instrumentation_count(const char *qlabel, int which,
                                       PlanState *planstate, ExplainState *es);
static void show_foreignscan_info(ForeignScanState *fsstate, ExplainState *es);
static const char *explain_get_index_name(Oid indexId);
static bool peek_buffer_usage(ExplainState *es, const BufferUsage *usage);
static void show_buffer_usage(ExplainState *es, const BufferUsage *usage);
static void show_wal_usage(ExplainState *es, const WalUsage *usage);
static void show_memory_counters(ExplainState *es,
                                 const MemoryContextCounters *mem_counters);
static void ExplainIndexScanDetails(Oid indexid, ScanDirection indexorderdir,
                                    ExplainState *es);
static void ExplainScanTarget(Scan *plan, ExplainState *es);
static void ExplainModifyTarget(ModifyTable *plan, ExplainState *es);
static void ExplainTargetRel(Plan *plan, Index rti, ExplainState *es);
static void show_modifytable_info(ModifyTableState *mtstate, List *ancestors,
                                  ExplainState *es);
static void ExplainMemberNodes(PlanState **planstates, int nplans,
                               List *ancestors, ExplainState *es);
static void ExplainMissingMembers(int nplans, int nchildren, ExplainState *es);
static void ExplainSubPlans(List *plans, List *ancestors,
                            const char *relationship, ExplainState *es);
static void ExplainCustomChildren(CustomScanState *css,
                                  List *ancestors, ExplainState *es);
static ExplainWorkersState *ExplainCreateWorkersState(int num_workers);
static void ExplainOpenWorker(int n, ExplainState *es);
static void ExplainCloseWorker(int n, ExplainState *es);
static void ExplainFlushWorkersState(ExplainState *es);
 
 
 
/*
 * ExplainQuery -
 *    execute an EXPLAIN command
 */
void
ExplainQuery(ParseState *pstate, ExplainStmt *stmt,
             ParamListInfo params, DestReceiver *dest)
{
    ExplainState *es = NewExplainState();
    TupOutputState *tstate;
    JumbleState *jstate = NULL;
    Query      *query;
    List       *rewritten;
 
    /* Configure the ExplainState based on the provided options */
    ParseExplainOptionList(es, stmt->options, pstate);
 
    /* Extract the query and, if enabled, jumble it */
    query = castNode(Query, stmt->query);
    if (IsQueryIdEnabled())
        jstate = JumbleQuery(query);
 
    if (post_parse_analyze_hook)
        (*post_parse_analyze_hook) (pstate, query, jstate);
 
    /*
     * Parse analysis was done already, but we still have to run the rule
     * rewriter.  We do not do AcquireRewriteLocks: we assume the query either
     * came straight from the parser, or suitable locks were acquired by
     * plancache.c.
     */
    rewritten = QueryRewrite(castNode(Query, stmt->query));
 
    /* emit opening boilerplate */
    ExplainBeginOutput(es);
 
    if (rewritten == NIL)
    {
        /*
         * In the case of an INSTEAD NOTHING, tell at least that.  But in
         * non-text format, the output is delimited, so this isn't necessary.
         */
        if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, "Query rewrites to nothing\n");
    }
    else
    {
        ListCell   *l;
 
        /* Explain every plan */
        foreach(l, rewritten)
        {
            ExplainOneQuery(lfirst_node(Query, l),
                            CURSOR_OPT_PARALLEL_OK, NULL, es,
                            pstate, params);
 
            /* Separate plans with an appropriate separator */
            if (lnext(rewritten, l) != NULL)
                ExplainSeparatePlans(es);
        }
    }
 
    /* emit closing boilerplate */
    ExplainEndOutput(es);
    Assert(es->indent == 0);
 
    /* output tuples */
    tstate = begin_tup_output_tupdesc(dest, ExplainResultDesc(stmt),
                                      &TTSOpsVirtual);
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
        do_text_output_multiline(tstate, es->str->data);
    else
        do_text_output_oneline(tstate, es->str->data);
    end_tup_output(tstate);
 
    pfree(es->str->data);
}
 
/*
 * ExplainResultDesc -
 *    construct the result tupledesc for an EXPLAIN
 */
TupleDesc
ExplainResultDesc(ExplainStmt *stmt)
{
    TupleDesc   tupdesc;
    ListCell   *lc;
    Oid         result_type = TEXTOID;
 
    /* Check for XML format option */
    foreach(lc, stmt->options)
    {
        DefElem    *opt = (DefElem *) lfirst(lc);
 
        if (strcmp(opt->defname, "format") == 0)
        {
            char       *p = defGetString(opt);
 
            if (strcmp(p, "xml") == 0)
                result_type = XMLOID;
            else if (strcmp(p, "json") == 0)
                result_type = JSONOID;
            else
                result_type = TEXTOID;
            /* don't "break", as ExplainQuery will use the last value */
        }
    }
 
    /* Need a tuple descriptor representing a single TEXT or XML column */
    tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(1);
    TupleDescInitEntry(tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 1, "QUERY PLAN",
                       result_type, -1, 0);
    return tupdesc;
}
 
/*
 * ExplainOneQuery -
 *    print out the execution plan for one Query
 *
 * "into" is NULL unless we are explaining the contents of a CreateTableAsStmt.
 */
static void
ExplainOneQuery(Query *query, int cursorOptions,
                IntoClause *into, ExplainState *es,
                ParseState *pstate, ParamListInfo params)
{
    /* planner will not cope with utility statements */
    if (query->commandType == CMD_UTILITY)
    {
        ExplainOneUtility(query->utilityStmt, into, es, pstate, params);
        return;
    }
 
    /* if an advisor plugin is present, let it manage things */
    if (ExplainOneQuery_hook)
        (*ExplainOneQuery_hook) (query, cursorOptions, into, es,
                                 pstate->p_sourcetext, params, pstate->p_queryEnv);
    else
        standard_ExplainOneQuery(query, cursorOptions, into, es,
                                 pstate->p_sourcetext, params, pstate->p_queryEnv);
}
 
/*
 * standard_ExplainOneQuery -
 *    print out the execution plan for one Query, without calling a hook.
 */
void
standard_ExplainOneQuery(Query *query, int cursorOptions,
                         IntoClause *into, ExplainState *es,
                         const char *queryString, ParamListInfo params,
                         QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
{
    PlannedStmt *plan;
    instr_time  planstart,
                planduration;
    BufferUsage bufusage_start,
                bufusage;
    MemoryContextCounters mem_counters;
    MemoryContext planner_ctx = NULL;
    MemoryContext saved_ctx = NULL;
 
    if (es->memory)
    {
        /*
         * Create a new memory context to measure planner's memory consumption
         * accurately.  Note that if the planner were to be modified to use a
         * different memory context type, here we would be changing that to
         * AllocSet, which might be undesirable.  However, we don't have a way
         * to create a context of the same type as another, so we pray and
         * hope that this is OK.
         */
        planner_ctx = AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
                                            "explain analyze planner context",
                                            ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
        saved_ctx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(planner_ctx);
    }
 
    if (es->buffers)
        bufusage_start = pgBufferUsage;
    INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(planstart);
 
    /* plan the query */
    plan = pg_plan_query(query, queryString, cursorOptions, params);
 
    INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(planduration);
    INSTR_TIME_SUBTRACT(planduration, planstart);
 
    if (es->memory)
    {
        MemoryContextSwitchTo(saved_ctx);
        MemoryContextMemConsumed(planner_ctx, &mem_counters);
    }
 
    /* calc differences of buffer counters. */
    if (es->buffers)
    {
        memset(&bufusage, 0, sizeof(BufferUsage));
        BufferUsageAccumDiff(&bufusage, &pgBufferUsage, &bufusage_start);
    }
 
    /* run it (if needed) and produce output */
    ExplainOnePlan(plan, into, es, queryString, params, queryEnv,
                   &planduration, (es->buffers ? &bufusage : NULL),
                   es->memory ? &mem_counters : NULL);
}
 
/*
 * ExplainOneUtility -
 *    print out the execution plan for one utility statement
 *    (In general, utility statements don't have plans, but there are some
 *    we treat as special cases)
 *
 * "into" is NULL unless we are explaining the contents of a CreateTableAsStmt.
 *
 * This is exported because it's called back from prepare.c in the
 * EXPLAIN EXECUTE case.  In that case, we'll be dealing with a statement
 * that's in the plan cache, so we have to ensure we don't modify it.
 */
void
ExplainOneUtility(Node *utilityStmt, IntoClause *into, ExplainState *es,
                  ParseState *pstate, ParamListInfo params)
{
    if (utilityStmt == NULL)
        return;
 
    if (IsA(utilityStmt, CreateTableAsStmt))
    {
        /*
         * We have to rewrite the contained SELECT and then pass it back to
         * ExplainOneQuery.  Copy to be safe in the EXPLAIN EXECUTE case.
         */
        CreateTableAsStmt *ctas = (CreateTableAsStmt *) utilityStmt;
        Query      *ctas_query;
        List       *rewritten;
        JumbleState *jstate = NULL;
 
        /*
         * Check if the relation exists or not.  This is done at this stage to
         * avoid query planning or execution.
         */
        if (CreateTableAsRelExists(ctas))
        {
            if (ctas->objtype == OBJECT_TABLE)
                ExplainDummyGroup("CREATE TABLE AS", NULL, es);
            else if (ctas->objtype == OBJECT_MATVIEW)
                ExplainDummyGroup("CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, es);
            else
                elog(ERROR, "unexpected object type: %d",
                     (int) ctas->objtype);
            return;
        }
 
        ctas_query = castNode(Query, copyObject(ctas->query));
        if (IsQueryIdEnabled())
            jstate = JumbleQuery(ctas_query);
        if (post_parse_analyze_hook)
            (*post_parse_analyze_hook) (pstate, ctas_query, jstate);
        rewritten = QueryRewrite(ctas_query);
        Assert(list_length(rewritten) == 1);
        ExplainOneQuery(linitial_node(Query, rewritten),
                        CURSOR_OPT_PARALLEL_OK, ctas->into, es,
                        pstate, params);
    }
    else if (IsA(utilityStmt, DeclareCursorStmt))
    {
        /*
         * Likewise for DECLARE CURSOR.
         *
         * Notice that if you say EXPLAIN ANALYZE DECLARE CURSOR then we'll
         * actually run the query.  This is different from pre-8.3 behavior
         * but seems more useful than not running the query.  No cursor will
         * be created, however.
         */
        DeclareCursorStmt *dcs = (DeclareCursorStmt *) utilityStmt;
        Query      *dcs_query;
        List       *rewritten;
        JumbleState *jstate = NULL;
 
        dcs_query = castNode(Query, copyObject(dcs->query));
        if (IsQueryIdEnabled())
            jstate = JumbleQuery(dcs_query);
        if (post_parse_analyze_hook)
            (*post_parse_analyze_hook) (pstate, dcs_query, jstate);
 
        rewritten = QueryRewrite(dcs_query);
        Assert(list_length(rewritten) == 1);
        ExplainOneQuery(linitial_node(Query, rewritten),
                        dcs->options, NULL, es,
                        pstate, params);
    }
    else if (IsA(utilityStmt, ExecuteStmt))
        ExplainExecuteQuery((ExecuteStmt *) utilityStmt, into, es,
                            pstate, params);
    else if (IsA(utilityStmt, NotifyStmt))
    {
        if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, "NOTIFY\n");
        else
            ExplainDummyGroup("Notify", NULL, es);
    }
    else
    {
        if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            appendStringInfoString(es->str,
                                   "Utility statements have no plan structure\n");
        else
            ExplainDummyGroup("Utility Statement", NULL, es);
    }
}
 
/*
 * ExplainOnePlan -
 *      given a planned query, execute it if needed, and then print
 *      EXPLAIN output
 *
 * "into" is NULL unless we are explaining the contents of a CreateTableAsStmt,
 * in which case executing the query should result in creating that table.
 *
 * This is exported because it's called back from prepare.c in the
 * EXPLAIN EXECUTE case, and because an index advisor plugin would need
 * to call it.
 */
void
ExplainOnePlan(PlannedStmt *plannedstmt, IntoClause *into, ExplainState *es,
               const char *queryString, ParamListInfo params,
               QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, const instr_time *planduration,
               const BufferUsage *bufusage,
               const MemoryContextCounters *mem_counters)
{
    DestReceiver *dest;
    QueryDesc  *queryDesc;
    instr_time  starttime;
    double      totaltime = 0;
    int         eflags;
    int         instrument_option = 0;
    SerializeMetrics serializeMetrics = {0};
 
    Assert(plannedstmt->commandType != CMD_UTILITY);
 
    if (es->analyze && es->timing)
        instrument_option |= INSTRUMENT_TIMER;
    else if (es->analyze)
        instrument_option |= INSTRUMENT_ROWS;
 
    if (es->buffers)
        instrument_option |= INSTRUMENT_BUFFERS;
    if (es->wal)
        instrument_option |= INSTRUMENT_WAL;
 
    /*
     * We always collect timing for the entire statement, even when node-level
     * timing is off, so we don't look at es->timing here.  (We could skip
     * this if !es->summary, but it's hardly worth the complication.)
     */
    INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(starttime);
 
    /*
     * Use a snapshot with an updated command ID to ensure this query sees
     * results of any previously executed queries.
     */
    PushCopiedSnapshot(GetActiveSnapshot());
    UpdateActiveSnapshotCommandId();
 
    /*
     * We discard the output if we have no use for it.  If we're explaining
     * CREATE TABLE AS, we'd better use the appropriate tuple receiver, while
     * the SERIALIZE option requires its own tuple receiver.  (If you specify
     * SERIALIZE while explaining CREATE TABLE AS, you'll see zeroes for the
     * results, which is appropriate since no data would have gone to the
     * client.)
     */
    if (into)
        dest = CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(into);
    else if (es->serialize != EXPLAIN_SERIALIZE_NONE)
        dest = CreateExplainSerializeDestReceiver(es);
    else
        dest = None_Receiver;
 
    /* Create a QueryDesc for the query */
    queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plannedstmt, queryString,
                                GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
                                dest, params, queryEnv, instrument_option);
 
    /* Select execution options */
    if (es->analyze)
        eflags = 0;             /* default run-to-completion flags */
    else
        eflags = EXEC_FLAG_EXPLAIN_ONLY;
    if (es->generic)
        eflags |= EXEC_FLAG_EXPLAIN_GENERIC;
    if (into)
        eflags |= GetIntoRelEFlags(into);
 
    /* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
    ExecutorStart(queryDesc, eflags);
 
    /* Execute the plan for statistics if asked for */
    if (es->analyze)
    {
        ScanDirection dir;
 
        /* EXPLAIN ANALYZE CREATE TABLE AS WITH NO DATA is weird */
        if (into && into->skipData)
            dir = NoMovementScanDirection;
        else
            dir = ForwardScanDirection;
 
        /* run the plan */
        ExecutorRun(queryDesc, dir, 0);
 
        /* run cleanup too */
        ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 
        /* We can't run ExecutorEnd 'till we're done printing the stats... */
        totaltime += elapsed_time(&starttime);
    }
 
    /* grab serialization metrics before we destroy the DestReceiver */
    if (es->serialize != EXPLAIN_SERIALIZE_NONE)
        serializeMetrics = GetSerializationMetrics(dest);
 
    /* call the DestReceiver's destroy method even during explain */
    dest->rDestroy(dest);
 
    ExplainOpenGroup("Query", NULL, true, es);
 
    /* Create textual dump of plan tree */
    ExplainPrintPlan(es, queryDesc);
 
    /* Show buffer and/or memory usage in planning */
    if (peek_buffer_usage(es, bufusage) || mem_counters)
    {
        ExplainOpenGroup("Planning", "Planning", true, es);
 
        if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, "Planning:\n");
            es->indent++;
        }
 
        if (bufusage)
            show_buffer_usage(es, bufusage);
 
        if (mem_counters)
            show_memory_counters(es, mem_counters);
 
        if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            es->indent--;
 
        ExplainCloseGroup("Planning", "Planning", true, es);
    }
 
    if (es->summary && planduration)
    {
        double      plantime = INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(*planduration);
 
        ExplainPropertyFloat("Planning Time", "ms", 1000.0 * plantime, 3, es);
    }
 
    /* Print info about runtime of triggers */
    if (es->analyze)
        ExplainPrintTriggers(es, queryDesc);
 
    /*
     * Print info about JITing. Tied to es->costs because we don't want to
     * display this in regression tests, as it'd cause output differences
     * depending on build options.  Might want to separate that out from COSTS
     * at a later stage.
     */
    if (es->costs)
        ExplainPrintJITSummary(es, queryDesc);
 
    /* Print info about serialization of output */
    if (es->serialize != EXPLAIN_SERIALIZE_NONE)
        ExplainPrintSerialize(es, &serializeMetrics);
 
    /* Allow plugins to print additional information */
    if (explain_per_plan_hook)
        (*explain_per_plan_hook) (plannedstmt, into, es, queryString,
                                  params, queryEnv);
 
    /*
     * Close down the query and free resources.  Include time for this in the
     * total execution time (although it should be pretty minimal).
     */
    INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(starttime);
 
    ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
 
    FreeQueryDesc(queryDesc);
 
    PopActiveSnapshot();
 
    /* We need a CCI just in case query expanded to multiple plans */
    if (es->analyze)
        CommandCounterIncrement();
 
    totaltime += elapsed_time(&starttime);
 
    /*
     * We only report execution time if we actually ran the query (that is,
     * the user specified ANALYZE), and if summary reporting is enabled (the
     * user can set SUMMARY OFF to not have the timing information included in
     * the output).  By default, ANALYZE sets SUMMARY to true.
     */
    if (es->summary && es->analyze)
        ExplainPropertyFloat("Execution Time", "ms", 1000.0 * totaltime, 3,
                             es);
 
    ExplainCloseGroup("Query", NULL, true, es);
}
 
/*
 * ExplainPrintSettings -
 *    Print summary of modified settings affecting query planning.
 */
static void
ExplainPrintSettings(ExplainState *es)
{
    int         num;
    struct config_generic **gucs;
 
    /* bail out if information about settings not requested */
    if (!es->settings)
        return;
 
    /* request an array of relevant settings */
    gucs = get_explain_guc_options(&num);
 
    if (es->format != EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        ExplainOpenGroup("Settings", "Settings", true, es);
 
        for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
        {
            char       *setting;
            struct config_generic *conf = gucs[i];
 
            setting = GetConfigOptionByName(conf->name, NULL, true);
 
            ExplainPropertyText(conf->name, setting, es);
        }
 
        ExplainCloseGroup("Settings", "Settings", true, es);
    }
    else
    {
        StringInfoData str;
 
        /* In TEXT mode, print nothing if there are no options */
        if (num <= 0)
            return;
 
        initStringInfo(&str);
 
        for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
        {
            char       *setting;
            struct config_generic *conf = gucs[i];
 
            if (i > 0)
                appendStringInfoString(&str, ", ");
 
            setting = GetConfigOptionByName(conf->name, NULL, true);
 
            if (setting)
                appendStringInfo(&str, "%s = '%s'", conf->name, setting);
            else
                appendStringInfo(&str, "%s = NULL", conf->name);
        }
 
        ExplainPropertyText("Settings", str.data, es);
    }
}
 
/*
 * ExplainPrintPlan -
 *    convert a QueryDesc's plan tree to text and append it to es->str
 *
 * The caller should have set up the options fields of *es, as well as
 * initializing the output buffer es->str.  Also, output formatting state
 * such as the indent level is assumed valid.  Plan-tree-specific fields
 * in *es are initialized here.
 *
 * NB: will not work on utility statements
 */
void
ExplainPrintPlan(ExplainState *es, QueryDesc *queryDesc)
{
    Bitmapset  *rels_used = NULL;
    PlanState  *ps;
    ListCell   *lc;
 
    /* Set up ExplainState fields associated with this plan tree */
    Assert(queryDesc->plannedstmt != NULL);
    es->pstmt = queryDesc->plannedstmt;
    es->rtable = queryDesc->plannedstmt->rtable;
    ExplainPreScanNode(queryDesc->planstate, &rels_used);
    es->rtable_names = select_rtable_names_for_explain(es->rtable, rels_used);
    es->deparse_cxt = deparse_context_for_plan_tree(queryDesc->plannedstmt,
                                                    es->rtable_names);
    es->printed_subplans = NULL;
    es->rtable_size = list_length(es->rtable);
    foreach(lc, es->rtable)
    {
        RangeTblEntry *rte = lfirst_node(RangeTblEntry, lc);
 
        if (rte->rtekind == RTE_GROUP)
        {
            es->rtable_size--;
            break;
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * Sometimes we mark a Gather node as "invisible", which means that it's
     * not to be displayed in EXPLAIN output.  The purpose of this is to allow
     * running regression tests with debug_parallel_query=regress to get the
     * same results as running the same tests with debug_parallel_query=off.
     * Such marking is currently only supported on a Gather at the top of the
     * plan.  We skip that node, and we must also hide per-worker detail data
     * further down in the plan tree.
     */
    ps = queryDesc->planstate;
    if (IsA(ps, GatherState) && ((Gather *) ps->plan)->invisible)
    {
        ps = outerPlanState(ps);
        es->hide_workers = true;
    }
    ExplainNode(ps, NIL, NULL, NULL, es);
 
    /*
     * If requested, include information about GUC parameters with values that
     * don't match the built-in defaults.
     */
    ExplainPrintSettings(es);
 
    /*
     * COMPUTE_QUERY_ID_REGRESS means COMPUTE_QUERY_ID_AUTO, but we don't show
     * the queryid in any of the EXPLAIN plans to keep stable the results
     * generated by regression test suites.
     */
    if (es->verbose && queryDesc->plannedstmt->queryId != UINT64CONST(0) &&
        compute_query_id != COMPUTE_QUERY_ID_REGRESS)
    {
        /*
         * Output the queryid as an int64 rather than a uint64 so we match
         * what would be seen in the BIGINT pg_stat_statements.queryid column.
         */
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Query Identifier", NULL, (int64)
                               queryDesc->plannedstmt->queryId, es);
    }
}
 
/*
 * ExplainPrintTriggers -
 *    convert a QueryDesc's trigger statistics to text and append it to
 *    es->str
 *
 * The caller should have set up the options fields of *es, as well as
 * initializing the output buffer es->str.  Other fields in *es are
 * initialized here.
 */
void
ExplainPrintTriggers(ExplainState *es, QueryDesc *queryDesc)
{
    ResultRelInfo *rInfo;
    bool        show_relname;
    List       *resultrels;
    List       *routerels;
    List       *targrels;
    ListCell   *l;
 
    resultrels = queryDesc->estate->es_opened_result_relations;
    routerels = queryDesc->estate->es_tuple_routing_result_relations;
    targrels = queryDesc->estate->es_trig_target_relations;
 
    ExplainOpenGroup("Triggers", "Triggers", false, es);
 
    show_relname = (list_length(resultrels) > 1 ||
                    routerels != NIL || targrels != NIL);
    foreach(l, resultrels)
    {
        rInfo = (ResultRelInfo *) lfirst(l);
        report_triggers(rInfo, show_relname, es);
    }
 
    foreach(l, routerels)
    {
        rInfo = (ResultRelInfo *) lfirst(l);
        report_triggers(rInfo, show_relname, es);
    }
 
    foreach(l, targrels)
    {
        rInfo = (ResultRelInfo *) lfirst(l);
        report_triggers(rInfo, show_relname, es);
    }
 
    ExplainCloseGroup("Triggers", "Triggers", false, es);
}
 
/*
 * ExplainPrintJITSummary -
 *    Print summarized JIT instrumentation from leader and workers
 */
void
ExplainPrintJITSummary(ExplainState *es, QueryDesc *queryDesc)
{
    JitInstrumentation ji = {0};
 
    if (!(queryDesc->estate->es_jit_flags & PGJIT_PERFORM))
        return;
 
    /*
     * Work with a copy instead of modifying the leader state, since this
     * function may be called twice
     */
    if (queryDesc->estate->es_jit)
        InstrJitAgg(&ji, &queryDesc->estate->es_jit->instr);
 
    /* If this process has done JIT in parallel workers, merge stats */
    if (queryDesc->estate->es_jit_worker_instr)
        InstrJitAgg(&ji, queryDesc->estate->es_jit_worker_instr);
 
    ExplainPrintJIT(es, queryDesc->estate->es_jit_flags, &ji);
}
 
/*
 * ExplainPrintJIT -
 *    Append information about JITing to es->str.
 */
static void
ExplainPrintJIT(ExplainState *es, int jit_flags, JitInstrumentation *ji)
{
    instr_time  total_time;
 
    /* don't print information if no JITing happened */
    if (!ji || ji->created_functions == 0)
        return;
 
    /* calculate total time */
    INSTR_TIME_SET_ZERO(total_time);
    /* don't add deform_counter, it's included in generation_counter */
    INSTR_TIME_ADD(total_time, ji->generation_counter);
    INSTR_TIME_ADD(total_time, ji->inlining_counter);
    INSTR_TIME_ADD(total_time, ji->optimization_counter);
    INSTR_TIME_ADD(total_time, ji->emission_counter);
 
    ExplainOpenGroup("JIT", "JIT", true, es);
 
    /* for higher density, open code the text output format */
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        ExplainIndentText(es);
        appendStringInfoString(es->str, "JIT:\n");
        es->indent++;
 
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Functions", NULL, ji->created_functions, es);
 
        ExplainIndentText(es);
        appendStringInfo(es->str, "Options: %s %s, %s %s, %s %s, %s %s\n",
                         "Inlining", jit_flags & PGJIT_INLINE ? "true" : "false",
                         "Optimization", jit_flags & PGJIT_OPT3 ? "true" : "false",
                         "Expressions", jit_flags & PGJIT_EXPR ? "true" : "false",
                         "Deforming", jit_flags & PGJIT_DEFORM ? "true" : "false");
 
        if (es->analyze && es->timing)
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfo(es->str,
                             "Timing: %s %.3f ms (%s %.3f ms), %s %.3f ms, %s %.3f ms, %s %.3f ms, %s %.3f ms\n",
                             "Generation", 1000.0 * INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(ji->generation_counter),
                             "Deform", 1000.0 * INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(ji->deform_counter),
                             "Inlining", 1000.0 * INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(ji->inlining_counter),
                             "Optimization", 1000.0 * INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(ji->optimization_counter),
                             "Emission", 1000.0 * INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(ji->emission_counter),
                             "Total", 1000.0 * INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(total_time));
        }
 
        es->indent--;
    }
    else
    {
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Functions", NULL, ji->created_functions, es);
 
        ExplainOpenGroup("Options", "Options", true, es);
        ExplainPropertyBool("Inlining", jit_flags & PGJIT_INLINE, es);
        ExplainPropertyBool("Optimization", jit_flags & PGJIT_OPT3, es);
        ExplainPropertyBool("Expressions", jit_flags & PGJIT_EXPR, es);
        ExplainPropertyBool("Deforming", jit_flags & PGJIT_DEFORM, es);
        ExplainCloseGroup("Options", "Options", true, es);
 
        if (es->analyze && es->timing)
        {
            ExplainOpenGroup("Timing", "Timing", true, es);
 
            ExplainOpenGroup("Generation", "Generation", true, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Deform", "ms",
                                 1000.0 * INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(ji->deform_counter),
                                 3, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Total", "ms",
                                 1000.0 * INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(ji->generation_counter),
                                 3, es);
            ExplainCloseGroup("Generation", "Generation", true, es);
 
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Inlining", "ms",
                                 1000.0 * INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(ji->inlining_counter),
                                 3, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Optimization", "ms",
                                 1000.0 * INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(ji->optimization_counter),
                                 3, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Emission", "ms",
                                 1000.0 * INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(ji->emission_counter),
                                 3, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Total", "ms",
                                 1000.0 * INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(total_time),
                                 3, es);
 
            ExplainCloseGroup("Timing", "Timing", true, es);
        }
    }
 
    ExplainCloseGroup("JIT", "JIT", true, es);
}
 
/*
 * ExplainPrintSerialize -
 *    Append information about query output volume to es->str.
 */
static void
ExplainPrintSerialize(ExplainState *es, SerializeMetrics *metrics)
{
    const char *format;
 
    /* We shouldn't get called for EXPLAIN_SERIALIZE_NONE */
    if (es->serialize == EXPLAIN_SERIALIZE_TEXT)
        format = "text";
    else
    {
        Assert(es->serialize == EXPLAIN_SERIALIZE_BINARY);
        format = "binary";
    }
 
    ExplainOpenGroup("Serialization", "Serialization", true, es);
 
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        ExplainIndentText(es);
        if (es->timing)
            appendStringInfo(es->str, "Serialization: time=%.3f ms  output=" UINT64_FORMAT "kB  format=%s\n",
                             1000.0 * INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(metrics->timeSpent),
                             BYTES_TO_KILOBYTES(metrics->bytesSent),
                             format);
        else
            appendStringInfo(es->str, "Serialization: output=" UINT64_FORMAT "kB  format=%s\n",
                             BYTES_TO_KILOBYTES(metrics->bytesSent),
                             format);
 
        if (es->buffers && peek_buffer_usage(es, &metrics->bufferUsage))
        {
            es->indent++;
            show_buffer_usage(es, &metrics->bufferUsage);
            es->indent--;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        if (es->timing)
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Time", "ms",
                                 1000.0 * INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(metrics->timeSpent),
                                 3, es);
        ExplainPropertyUInteger("Output Volume", "kB",
                                BYTES_TO_KILOBYTES(metrics->bytesSent), es);
        ExplainPropertyText("Format", format, es);
        if (es->buffers)
            show_buffer_usage(es, &metrics->bufferUsage);
    }
 
    ExplainCloseGroup("Serialization", "Serialization", true, es);
}
 
/*
 * ExplainQueryText -
 *    add a "Query Text" node that contains the actual text of the query
 *
 * The caller should have set up the options fields of *es, as well as
 * initializing the output buffer es->str.
 *
 */
void
ExplainQueryText(ExplainState *es, QueryDesc *queryDesc)
{
    if (queryDesc->sourceText)
        ExplainPropertyText("Query Text", queryDesc->sourceText, es);
}
 
/*
 * ExplainQueryParameters -
 *    add a "Query Parameters" node that describes the parameters of the query
 *
 * The caller should have set up the options fields of *es, as well as
 * initializing the output buffer es->str.
 *
 */
void
ExplainQueryParameters(ExplainState *es, ParamListInfo params, int maxlen)
{
    char       *str;
 
    /* This check is consistent with errdetail_params() */
    if (params == NULL || params->numParams <= 0 || maxlen == 0)
        return;
 
    str = BuildParamLogString(params, NULL, maxlen);
    if (str && str[0] != '\0')
        ExplainPropertyText("Query Parameters", str, es);
}
 
/*
 * report_triggers -
 *      report execution stats for a single relation's triggers
 */
static void
report_triggers(ResultRelInfo *rInfo, bool show_relname, ExplainState *es)
{
    int         nt;
 
    if (!rInfo->ri_TrigDesc || !rInfo->ri_TrigInstrument)
        return;
    for (nt = 0; nt < rInfo->ri_TrigDesc->numtriggers; nt++)
    {
        Trigger    *trig = rInfo->ri_TrigDesc->triggers + nt;
        Instrumentation *instr = rInfo->ri_TrigInstrument + nt;
        char       *relname;
        char       *conname = NULL;
 
        /* Must clean up instrumentation state */
        InstrEndLoop(instr);
 
        /*
         * We ignore triggers that were never invoked; they likely aren't
         * relevant to the current query type.
         */
        if (instr->ntuples == 0)
            continue;
 
        ExplainOpenGroup("Trigger", NULL, true, es);
 
        relname = RelationGetRelationName(rInfo->ri_RelationDesc);
        if (OidIsValid(trig->tgconstraint))
            conname = get_constraint_name(trig->tgconstraint);
 
        /*
         * In text format, we avoid printing both the trigger name and the
         * constraint name unless VERBOSE is specified.  In non-text formats
         * we just print everything.
         */
        if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
        {
            if (es->verbose || conname == NULL)
                appendStringInfo(es->str, "Trigger %s", trig->tgname);
            else
                appendStringInfoString(es->str, "Trigger");
            if (conname)
                appendStringInfo(es->str, " for constraint %s", conname);
            if (show_relname)
                appendStringInfo(es->str, " on %s", relname);
            if (es->timing)
                appendStringInfo(es->str, ": time=%.3f calls=%.0f\n",
                                 1000.0 * instr->total, instr->ntuples);
            else
                appendStringInfo(es->str, ": calls=%.0f\n", instr->ntuples);
        }
        else
        {
            ExplainPropertyText("Trigger Name", trig->tgname, es);
            if (conname)
                ExplainPropertyText("Constraint Name", conname, es);
            ExplainPropertyText("Relation", relname, es);
            if (es->timing)
                ExplainPropertyFloat("Time", "ms", 1000.0 * instr->total, 3,
                                     es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Calls", NULL, instr->ntuples, 0, es);
        }
 
        if (conname)
            pfree(conname);
 
        ExplainCloseGroup("Trigger", NULL, true, es);
    }
}
 
/* Compute elapsed time in seconds since given timestamp */
static double
elapsed_time(instr_time *starttime)
{
    instr_time  endtime;
 
    INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(endtime);
    INSTR_TIME_SUBTRACT(endtime, *starttime);
    return INSTR_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(endtime);
}
 
/*
 * ExplainPreScanNode -
 *    Prescan the planstate tree to identify which RTEs are referenced
 *
 * Adds the relid of each referenced RTE to *rels_used.  The result controls
 * which RTEs are assigned aliases by select_rtable_names_for_explain.
 * This ensures that we don't confusingly assign un-suffixed aliases to RTEs
 * that never appear in the EXPLAIN output (such as inheritance parents).
 */
static bool
ExplainPreScanNode(PlanState *planstate, Bitmapset **rels_used)
{
    Plan       *plan = planstate->plan;
 
    switch (nodeTag(plan))
    {
        case T_SeqScan:
        case T_SampleScan:
        case T_IndexScan:
        case T_IndexOnlyScan:
        case T_BitmapHeapScan:
        case T_TidScan:
        case T_TidRangeScan:
        case T_SubqueryScan:
        case T_FunctionScan:
        case T_TableFuncScan:
        case T_ValuesScan:
        case T_CteScan:
        case T_NamedTuplestoreScan:
        case T_WorkTableScan:
            *rels_used = bms_add_member(*rels_used,
                                        ((Scan *) plan)->scanrelid);
            break;
        case T_ForeignScan:
            *rels_used = bms_add_members(*rels_used,
                                         ((ForeignScan *) plan)->fs_base_relids);
            break;
        case T_CustomScan:
            *rels_used = bms_add_members(*rels_used,
                                         ((CustomScan *) plan)->custom_relids);
            break;
        case T_ModifyTable:
            *rels_used = bms_add_member(*rels_used,
                                        ((ModifyTable *) plan)->nominalRelation);
            if (((ModifyTable *) plan)->exclRelRTI)
                *rels_used = bms_add_member(*rels_used,
                                            ((ModifyTable *) plan)->exclRelRTI);
            /* Ensure Vars used in RETURNING will have refnames */
            if (plan->targetlist)
                *rels_used = bms_add_member(*rels_used,
                                            linitial_int(((ModifyTable *) plan)->resultRelations));
            break;
        case T_Append:
            *rels_used = bms_add_members(*rels_used,
                                         ((Append *) plan)->apprelids);
            break;
        case T_MergeAppend:
            *rels_used = bms_add_members(*rels_used,
                                         ((MergeAppend *) plan)->apprelids);
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
 
    return planstate_tree_walker(planstate, ExplainPreScanNode, rels_used);
}
 
/*
 * plan_is_disabled
 *      Checks if the given plan node type was disabled during query planning.
 *      This is evident by the disabled_nodes field being higher than the sum of
 *      the disabled_nodes field from the plan's children.
 */
static bool
plan_is_disabled(Plan *plan)
{
    int         child_disabled_nodes;
 
    /* The node is certainly not disabled if this is zero */
    if (plan->disabled_nodes == 0)
        return false;
 
    child_disabled_nodes = 0;
 
    /*
     * Handle special nodes first.  Children of BitmapOrs and BitmapAnds can't
     * be disabled, so no need to handle those specifically.
     */
    if (IsA(plan, Append))
    {
        ListCell   *lc;
        Append     *aplan = (Append *) plan;
 
        /*
         * Sum the Append childrens' disabled_nodes.  This purposefully
         * includes any run-time pruned children.  Ignoring those could give
         * us the incorrect number of disabled nodes.
         */
        foreach(lc, aplan->appendplans)
        {
            Plan       *subplan = lfirst(lc);
 
            child_disabled_nodes += subplan->disabled_nodes;
        }
    }
    else if (IsA(plan, MergeAppend))
    {
        ListCell   *lc;
        MergeAppend *maplan = (MergeAppend *) plan;
 
        /*
         * Sum the MergeAppend childrens' disabled_nodes.  This purposefully
         * includes any run-time pruned children.  Ignoring those could give
         * us the incorrect number of disabled nodes.
         */
        foreach(lc, maplan->mergeplans)
        {
            Plan       *subplan = lfirst(lc);
 
            child_disabled_nodes += subplan->disabled_nodes;
        }
    }
    else if (IsA(plan, SubqueryScan))
        child_disabled_nodes += ((SubqueryScan *) plan)->subplan->disabled_nodes;
    else if (IsA(plan, CustomScan))
    {
        ListCell   *lc;
        CustomScan *cplan = (CustomScan *) plan;
 
        foreach(lc, cplan->custom_plans)
        {
            Plan       *subplan = lfirst(lc);
 
            child_disabled_nodes += subplan->disabled_nodes;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * Else, sum up disabled_nodes from the plan's inner and outer side.
         */
        if (outerPlan(plan))
            child_disabled_nodes += outerPlan(plan)->disabled_nodes;
        if (innerPlan(plan))
            child_disabled_nodes += innerPlan(plan)->disabled_nodes;
    }
 
    /*
     * It's disabled if the plan's disabled_nodes is higher than the sum of
     * its child's plan disabled_nodes.
     */
    if (plan->disabled_nodes > child_disabled_nodes)
        return true;
 
    return false;
}
 
/*
 * ExplainNode -
 *    Appends a description of a plan tree to es->str
 *
 * planstate points to the executor state node for the current plan node.
 * We need to work from a PlanState node, not just a Plan node, in order to
 * get at the instrumentation data (if any) as well as the list of subplans.
 *
 * ancestors is a list of parent Plan and SubPlan nodes, most-closely-nested
 * first.  These are needed in order to interpret PARAM_EXEC Params.
 *
 * relationship describes the relationship of this plan node to its parent
 * (eg, "Outer", "Inner"); it can be null at top level.  plan_name is an
 * optional name to be attached to the node.
 *
 * In text format, es->indent is controlled in this function since we only
 * want it to change at plan-node boundaries (but a few subroutines will
 * transiently increment it).  In non-text formats, es->indent corresponds
 * to the nesting depth of logical output groups, and therefore is controlled
 * by ExplainOpenGroup/ExplainCloseGroup.
 */
static void
ExplainNode(PlanState *planstate, List *ancestors,
            const char *relationship, const char *plan_name,
            ExplainState *es)
{
    Plan       *plan = planstate->plan;
    const char *pname;          /* node type name for text output */
    const char *sname;          /* node type name for non-text output */
    const char *strategy = NULL;
    const char *partialmode = NULL;
    const char *operation = NULL;
    const char *custom_name = NULL;
    ExplainWorkersState *save_workers_state = es->workers_state;
    int         save_indent = es->indent;
    bool        haschildren;
    bool        isdisabled;
 
    /*
     * Prepare per-worker output buffers, if needed.  We'll append the data in
     * these to the main output string further down.
     */
    if (planstate->worker_instrument && es->analyze && !es->hide_workers)
        es->workers_state = ExplainCreateWorkersState(planstate->worker_instrument->num_workers);
    else
        es->workers_state = NULL;
 
    /* Identify plan node type, and print generic details */
    switch (nodeTag(plan))
    {
        case T_Result:
            pname = sname = "Result";
            break;
        case T_ProjectSet:
            pname = sname = "ProjectSet";
            break;
        case T_ModifyTable:
            sname = "ModifyTable";
            switch (((ModifyTable *) plan)->operation)
            {
                case CMD_INSERT:
                    pname = operation = "Insert";
                    break;
                case CMD_UPDATE:
                    pname = operation = "Update";
                    break;
                case CMD_DELETE:
                    pname = operation = "Delete";
                    break;
                case CMD_MERGE:
                    pname = operation = "Merge";
                    break;
                default:
                    pname = "???";
                    break;
            }
            break;
        case T_Append:
            pname = sname = "Append";
            break;
        case T_MergeAppend:
            pname = sname = "Merge Append";
            break;
        case T_RecursiveUnion:
            pname = sname = "Recursive Union";
            break;
        case T_BitmapAnd:
            pname = sname = "BitmapAnd";
            break;
        case T_BitmapOr:
            pname = sname = "BitmapOr";
            break;
        case T_NestLoop:
            pname = sname = "Nested Loop";
            break;
        case T_MergeJoin:
            pname = "Merge";    /* "Join" gets added by jointype switch */
            sname = "Merge Join";
            break;
        case T_HashJoin:
            pname = "Hash";     /* "Join" gets added by jointype switch */
            sname = "Hash Join";
            break;
        case T_SeqScan:
            pname = sname = "Seq Scan";
            break;
        case T_SampleScan:
            pname = sname = "Sample Scan";
            break;
        case T_Gather:
            pname = sname = "Gather";
            break;
        case T_GatherMerge:
            pname = sname = "Gather Merge";
            break;
        case T_IndexScan:
            pname = sname = "Index Scan";
            break;
        case T_IndexOnlyScan:
            pname = sname = "Index Only Scan";
            break;
        case T_BitmapIndexScan:
            pname = sname = "Bitmap Index Scan";
            break;
        case T_BitmapHeapScan:
            pname = sname = "Bitmap Heap Scan";
            break;
        case T_TidScan:
            pname = sname = "Tid Scan";
            break;
        case T_TidRangeScan:
            pname = sname = "Tid Range Scan";
            break;
        case T_SubqueryScan:
            pname = sname = "Subquery Scan";
            break;
        case T_FunctionScan:
            pname = sname = "Function Scan";
            break;
        case T_TableFuncScan:
            pname = sname = "Table Function Scan";
            break;
        case T_ValuesScan:
            pname = sname = "Values Scan";
            break;
        case T_CteScan:
            pname = sname = "CTE Scan";
            break;
        case T_NamedTuplestoreScan:
            pname = sname = "Named Tuplestore Scan";
            break;
        case T_WorkTableScan:
            pname = sname = "WorkTable Scan";
            break;
        case T_ForeignScan:
            sname = "Foreign Scan";
            switch (((ForeignScan *) plan)->operation)
            {
                case CMD_SELECT:
                    pname = "Foreign Scan";
                    operation = "Select";
                    break;
                case CMD_INSERT:
                    pname = "Foreign Insert";
                    operation = "Insert";
                    break;
                case CMD_UPDATE:
                    pname = "Foreign Update";
                    operation = "Update";
                    break;
                case CMD_DELETE:
                    pname = "Foreign Delete";
                    operation = "Delete";
                    break;
                default:
                    pname = "???";
                    break;
            }
            break;
        case T_CustomScan:
            sname = "Custom Scan";
            custom_name = ((CustomScan *) plan)->methods->CustomName;
            if (custom_name)
                pname = psprintf("Custom Scan (%s)", custom_name);
            else
                pname = sname;
            break;
        case T_Material:
            pname = sname = "Materialize";
            break;
        case T_Memoize:
            pname = sname = "Memoize";
            break;
        case T_Sort:
            pname = sname = "Sort";
            break;
        case T_IncrementalSort:
            pname = sname = "Incremental Sort";
            break;
        case T_Group:
            pname = sname = "Group";
            break;
        case T_Agg:
            {
                Agg        *agg = (Agg *) plan;
 
                sname = "Aggregate";
                switch (agg->aggstrategy)
                {
                    case AGG_PLAIN:
                        pname = "Aggregate";
                        strategy = "Plain";
                        break;
                    case AGG_SORTED:
                        pname = "GroupAggregate";
                        strategy = "Sorted";
                        break;
                    case AGG_HASHED:
                        pname = "HashAggregate";
                        strategy = "Hashed";
                        break;
                    case AGG_MIXED:
                        pname = "MixedAggregate";
                        strategy = "Mixed";
                        break;
                    default:
                        pname = "Aggregate ???";
                        strategy = "???";
                        break;
                }
 
                if (DO_AGGSPLIT_SKIPFINAL(agg->aggsplit))
                {
                    partialmode = "Partial";
                    pname = psprintf("%s %s", partialmode, pname);
                }
                else if (DO_AGGSPLIT_COMBINE(agg->aggsplit))
                {
                    partialmode = "Finalize";
                    pname = psprintf("%s %s", partialmode, pname);
                }
                else
                    partialmode = "Simple";
            }
            break;
        case T_WindowAgg:
            pname = sname = "WindowAgg";
            break;
        case T_Unique:
            pname = sname = "Unique";
            break;
        case T_SetOp:
            sname = "SetOp";
            switch (((SetOp *) plan)->strategy)
            {
                case SETOP_SORTED:
                    pname = "SetOp";
                    strategy = "Sorted";
                    break;
                case SETOP_HASHED:
                    pname = "HashSetOp";
                    strategy = "Hashed";
                    break;
                default:
                    pname = "SetOp ???";
                    strategy = "???";
                    break;
            }
            break;
        case T_LockRows:
            pname = sname = "LockRows";
            break;
        case T_Limit:
            pname = sname = "Limit";
            break;
        case T_Hash:
            pname = sname = "Hash";
            break;
        default:
            pname = sname = "???";
            break;
    }
 
    ExplainOpenGroup("Plan",
                     relationship ? NULL : "Plan",
                     true, es);
 
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        if (plan_name)
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfo(es->str, "%s\n", plan_name);
            es->indent++;
        }
        if (es->indent)
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, "->  ");
            es->indent += 2;
        }
        if (plan->parallel_aware)
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, "Parallel ");
        if (plan->async_capable)
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, "Async ");
        appendStringInfoString(es->str, pname);
        es->indent++;
    }
    else
    {
        ExplainPropertyText("Node Type", sname, es);
        if (strategy)
            ExplainPropertyText("Strategy", strategy, es);
        if (partialmode)
            ExplainPropertyText("Partial Mode", partialmode, es);
        if (operation)
            ExplainPropertyText("Operation", operation, es);
        if (relationship)
            ExplainPropertyText("Parent Relationship", relationship, es);
        if (plan_name)
            ExplainPropertyText("Subplan Name", plan_name, es);
        if (custom_name)
            ExplainPropertyText("Custom Plan Provider", custom_name, es);
        ExplainPropertyBool("Parallel Aware", plan->parallel_aware, es);
        ExplainPropertyBool("Async Capable", plan->async_capable, es);
    }
 
    switch (nodeTag(plan))
    {
        case T_SeqScan:
        case T_SampleScan:
        case T_BitmapHeapScan:
        case T_TidScan:
        case T_TidRangeScan:
        case T_SubqueryScan:
        case T_FunctionScan:
        case T_TableFuncScan:
        case T_ValuesScan:
        case T_CteScan:
        case T_WorkTableScan:
            ExplainScanTarget((Scan *) plan, es);
            break;
        case T_ForeignScan:
        case T_CustomScan:
            if (((Scan *) plan)->scanrelid > 0)
                ExplainScanTarget((Scan *) plan, es);
            break;
        case T_IndexScan:
            {
                IndexScan  *indexscan = (IndexScan *) plan;
 
                ExplainIndexScanDetails(indexscan->indexid,
                                        indexscan->indexorderdir,
                                        es);
                ExplainScanTarget((Scan *) indexscan, es);
            }
            break;
        case T_IndexOnlyScan:
            {
                IndexOnlyScan *indexonlyscan = (IndexOnlyScan *) plan;
 
                ExplainIndexScanDetails(indexonlyscan->indexid,
                                        indexonlyscan->indexorderdir,
                                        es);
                ExplainScanTarget((Scan *) indexonlyscan, es);
            }
            break;
        case T_BitmapIndexScan:
            {
                BitmapIndexScan *bitmapindexscan = (BitmapIndexScan *) plan;
                const char *indexname =
                    explain_get_index_name(bitmapindexscan->indexid);
 
                if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " on %s",
                                     quote_identifier(indexname));
                else
                    ExplainPropertyText("Index Name", indexname, es);
            }
            break;
        case T_ModifyTable:
            ExplainModifyTarget((ModifyTable *) plan, es);
            break;
        case T_NestLoop:
        case T_MergeJoin:
        case T_HashJoin:
            {
                const char *jointype;
 
                switch (((Join *) plan)->jointype)
                {
                    case JOIN_INNER:
                        jointype = "Inner";
                        break;
                    case JOIN_LEFT:
                        jointype = "Left";
                        break;
                    case JOIN_FULL:
                        jointype = "Full";
                        break;
                    case JOIN_RIGHT:
                        jointype = "Right";
                        break;
                    case JOIN_SEMI:
                        jointype = "Semi";
                        break;
                    case JOIN_ANTI:
                        jointype = "Anti";
                        break;
                    case JOIN_RIGHT_SEMI:
                        jointype = "Right Semi";
                        break;
                    case JOIN_RIGHT_ANTI:
                        jointype = "Right Anti";
                        break;
                    default:
                        jointype = "???";
                        break;
                }
                if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
                {
                    /*
                     * For historical reasons, the join type is interpolated
                     * into the node type name...
                     */
                    if (((Join *) plan)->jointype != JOIN_INNER)
                        appendStringInfo(es->str, " %s Join", jointype);
                    else if (!IsA(plan, NestLoop))
                        appendStringInfoString(es->str, " Join");
                }
                else
                    ExplainPropertyText("Join Type", jointype, es);
            }
            break;
        case T_SetOp:
            {
                const char *setopcmd;
 
                switch (((SetOp *) plan)->cmd)
                {
                    case SETOPCMD_INTERSECT:
                        setopcmd = "Intersect";
                        break;
                    case SETOPCMD_INTERSECT_ALL:
                        setopcmd = "Intersect All";
                        break;
                    case SETOPCMD_EXCEPT:
                        setopcmd = "Except";
                        break;
                    case SETOPCMD_EXCEPT_ALL:
                        setopcmd = "Except All";
                        break;
                    default:
                        setopcmd = "???";
                        break;
                }
                if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " %s", setopcmd);
                else
                    ExplainPropertyText("Command", setopcmd, es);
            }
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
 
    if (es->costs)
    {
        if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
        {
            appendStringInfo(es->str, "  (cost=%.2f..%.2f rows=%.0f width=%d)",
                             plan->startup_cost, plan->total_cost,
                             plan->plan_rows, plan->plan_width);
        }
        else
        {
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Startup Cost", NULL, plan->startup_cost,
                                 2, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Total Cost", NULL, plan->total_cost,
                                 2, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Plan Rows", NULL, plan->plan_rows,
                                 0, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Plan Width", NULL, plan->plan_width,
                                   es);
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * We have to forcibly clean up the instrumentation state because we
     * haven't done ExecutorEnd yet.  This is pretty grotty ...
     *
     * Note: contrib/auto_explain could cause instrumentation to be set up
     * even though we didn't ask for it here.  Be careful not to print any
     * instrumentation results the user didn't ask for.  But we do the
     * InstrEndLoop call anyway, if possible, to reduce the number of cases
     * auto_explain has to contend with.
     */
    if (planstate->instrument)
        InstrEndLoop(planstate->instrument);
 
    if (es->analyze &&
        planstate->instrument && planstate->instrument->nloops > 0)
    {
        double      nloops = planstate->instrument->nloops;
        double      startup_ms = 1000.0 * planstate->instrument->startup / nloops;
        double      total_ms = 1000.0 * planstate->instrument->total / nloops;
        double      rows = planstate->instrument->ntuples / nloops;
 
        if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
        {
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, " (actual ");
 
            if (es->timing)
                appendStringInfo(es->str, "time=%.3f..%.3f ", startup_ms, total_ms);
 
            appendStringInfo(es->str, "rows=%.2f loops=%.0f)", rows, nloops);
        }
        else
        {
            if (es->timing)
            {
                ExplainPropertyFloat("Actual Startup Time", "ms", startup_ms,
                                     3, es);
                ExplainPropertyFloat("Actual Total Time", "ms", total_ms,
                                     3, es);
            }
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Actual Rows", NULL, rows, 2, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Actual Loops", NULL, nloops, 0, es);
        }
    }
    else if (es->analyze)
    {
        if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, " (never executed)");
        else
        {
            if (es->timing)
            {
                ExplainPropertyFloat("Actual Startup Time", "ms", 0.0, 3, es);
                ExplainPropertyFloat("Actual Total Time", "ms", 0.0, 3, es);
            }
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Actual Rows", NULL, 0.0, 0, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Actual Loops", NULL, 0.0, 0, es);
        }
    }
 
    /* in text format, first line ends here */
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
        appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
 
 
    isdisabled = plan_is_disabled(plan);
    if (es->format != EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT || isdisabled)
        ExplainPropertyBool("Disabled", isdisabled, es);
 
    /* prepare per-worker general execution details */
    if (es->workers_state && es->verbose)
    {
        WorkerInstrumentation *w = planstate->worker_instrument;
 
        for (int n = 0; n < w->num_workers; n++)
        {
            Instrumentation *instrument = &w->instrument[n];
            double      nloops = instrument->nloops;
            double      startup_ms;
            double      total_ms;
            double      rows;
 
            if (nloops <= 0)
                continue;
            startup_ms = 1000.0 * instrument->startup / nloops;
            total_ms = 1000.0 * instrument->total / nloops;
            rows = instrument->ntuples / nloops;
 
            ExplainOpenWorker(n, es);
 
            if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            {
                ExplainIndentText(es);
                appendStringInfoString(es->str, "actual ");
                if (es->timing)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, "time=%.3f..%.3f ", startup_ms, total_ms);
 
                appendStringInfo(es->str, "rows=%.2f loops=%.0f\n", rows, nloops);
            }
            else
            {
                if (es->timing)
                {
                    ExplainPropertyFloat("Actual Startup Time", "ms",
                                         startup_ms, 3, es);
                    ExplainPropertyFloat("Actual Total Time", "ms",
                                         total_ms, 3, es);
                }
 
                ExplainPropertyFloat("Actual Rows", NULL, rows, 2, es);
                ExplainPropertyFloat("Actual Loops", NULL, nloops, 0, es);
            }
 
            ExplainCloseWorker(n, es);
        }
    }
 
    /* target list */
    if (es->verbose)
        show_plan_tlist(planstate, ancestors, es);
 
    /* unique join */
    switch (nodeTag(plan))
    {
        case T_NestLoop:
        case T_MergeJoin:
        case T_HashJoin:
            /* try not to be too chatty about this in text mode */
            if (es->format != EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT ||
                (es->verbose && ((Join *) plan)->inner_unique))
                ExplainPropertyBool("Inner Unique",
                                    ((Join *) plan)->inner_unique,
                                    es);
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
 
    /* quals, sort keys, etc */
    switch (nodeTag(plan))
    {
        case T_IndexScan:
            show_scan_qual(((IndexScan *) plan)->indexqualorig,
                           "Index Cond", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (((IndexScan *) plan)->indexqualorig)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Index Recheck", 2,
                                           planstate, es);
            show_scan_qual(((IndexScan *) plan)->indexorderbyorig,
                           "Order By", planstate, ancestors, es);
            show_scan_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (plan->qual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                           planstate, es);
            show_indexsearches_info(planstate, es);
            break;
        case T_IndexOnlyScan:
            show_scan_qual(((IndexOnlyScan *) plan)->indexqual,
                           "Index Cond", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (((IndexOnlyScan *) plan)->recheckqual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Index Recheck", 2,
                                           planstate, es);
            show_scan_qual(((IndexOnlyScan *) plan)->indexorderby,
                           "Order By", planstate, ancestors, es);
            show_scan_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (plan->qual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                           planstate, es);
            if (es->analyze)
                ExplainPropertyFloat("Heap Fetches", NULL,
                                     planstate->instrument->ntuples2, 0, es);
            show_indexsearches_info(planstate, es);
            break;
        case T_BitmapIndexScan:
            show_scan_qual(((BitmapIndexScan *) plan)->indexqualorig,
                           "Index Cond", planstate, ancestors, es);
            show_indexsearches_info(planstate, es);
            break;
        case T_BitmapHeapScan:
            show_scan_qual(((BitmapHeapScan *) plan)->bitmapqualorig,
                           "Recheck Cond", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (((BitmapHeapScan *) plan)->bitmapqualorig)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Index Recheck", 2,
                                           planstate, es);
            show_scan_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (plan->qual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                           planstate, es);
            show_tidbitmap_info((BitmapHeapScanState *) planstate, es);
            break;
        case T_SampleScan:
            show_tablesample(((SampleScan *) plan)->tablesample,
                             planstate, ancestors, es);
            /* fall through to print additional fields the same as SeqScan */
            /* FALLTHROUGH */
        case T_SeqScan:
        case T_ValuesScan:
        case T_CteScan:
        case T_NamedTuplestoreScan:
        case T_WorkTableScan:
        case T_SubqueryScan:
            show_scan_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (plan->qual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                           planstate, es);
            if (IsA(plan, CteScan))
                show_ctescan_info(castNode(CteScanState, planstate), es);
            break;
        case T_Gather:
            {
                Gather     *gather = (Gather *) plan;
 
                show_scan_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
                if (plan->qual)
                    show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                               planstate, es);
                ExplainPropertyInteger("Workers Planned", NULL,
                                       gather->num_workers, es);
 
                if (es->analyze)
                {
                    int         nworkers;
 
                    nworkers = ((GatherState *) planstate)->nworkers_launched;
                    ExplainPropertyInteger("Workers Launched", NULL,
                                           nworkers, es);
                }
 
                if (gather->single_copy || es->format != EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
                    ExplainPropertyBool("Single Copy", gather->single_copy, es);
            }
            break;
        case T_GatherMerge:
            {
                GatherMerge *gm = (GatherMerge *) plan;
 
                show_scan_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
                if (plan->qual)
                    show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                               planstate, es);
                ExplainPropertyInteger("Workers Planned", NULL,
                                       gm->num_workers, es);
 
                if (es->analyze)
                {
                    int         nworkers;
 
                    nworkers = ((GatherMergeState *) planstate)->nworkers_launched;
                    ExplainPropertyInteger("Workers Launched", NULL,
                                           nworkers, es);
                }
            }
            break;
        case T_FunctionScan:
            if (es->verbose)
            {
                List       *fexprs = NIL;
                ListCell   *lc;
 
                foreach(lc, ((FunctionScan *) plan)->functions)
                {
                    RangeTblFunction *rtfunc = (RangeTblFunction *) lfirst(lc);
 
                    fexprs = lappend(fexprs, rtfunc->funcexpr);
                }
                /* We rely on show_expression to insert commas as needed */
                show_expression((Node *) fexprs,
                                "Function Call", planstate, ancestors,
                                es->verbose, es);
            }
            show_scan_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (plan->qual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                           planstate, es);
            break;
        case T_TableFuncScan:
            if (es->verbose)
            {
                TableFunc  *tablefunc = ((TableFuncScan *) plan)->tablefunc;
 
                show_expression((Node *) tablefunc,
                                "Table Function Call", planstate, ancestors,
                                es->verbose, es);
            }
            show_scan_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (plan->qual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                           planstate, es);
            show_table_func_scan_info(castNode(TableFuncScanState,
                                               planstate), es);
            break;
        case T_TidScan:
            {
                /*
                 * The tidquals list has OR semantics, so be sure to show it
                 * as an OR condition.
                 */
                List       *tidquals = ((TidScan *) plan)->tidquals;
 
                if (list_length(tidquals) > 1)
                    tidquals = list_make1(make_orclause(tidquals));
                show_scan_qual(tidquals, "TID Cond", planstate, ancestors, es);
                show_scan_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
                if (plan->qual)
                    show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                               planstate, es);
            }
            break;
        case T_TidRangeScan:
            {
                /*
                 * The tidrangequals list has AND semantics, so be sure to
                 * show it as an AND condition.
                 */
                List       *tidquals = ((TidRangeScan *) plan)->tidrangequals;
 
                if (list_length(tidquals) > 1)
                    tidquals = list_make1(make_andclause(tidquals));
                show_scan_qual(tidquals, "TID Cond", planstate, ancestors, es);
                show_scan_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
                if (plan->qual)
                    show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                               planstate, es);
            }
            break;
        case T_ForeignScan:
            show_scan_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (plan->qual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                           planstate, es);
            show_foreignscan_info((ForeignScanState *) planstate, es);
            break;
        case T_CustomScan:
            {
                CustomScanState *css = (CustomScanState *) planstate;
 
                show_scan_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
                if (plan->qual)
                    show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                               planstate, es);
                if (css->methods->ExplainCustomScan)
                    css->methods->ExplainCustomScan(css, ancestors, es);
            }
            break;
        case T_NestLoop:
            show_upper_qual(((NestLoop *) plan)->join.joinqual,
                            "Join Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (((NestLoop *) plan)->join.joinqual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Join Filter", 1,
                                           planstate, es);
            show_upper_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (plan->qual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 2,
                                           planstate, es);
            break;
        case T_MergeJoin:
            show_upper_qual(((MergeJoin *) plan)->mergeclauses,
                            "Merge Cond", planstate, ancestors, es);
            show_upper_qual(((MergeJoin *) plan)->join.joinqual,
                            "Join Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (((MergeJoin *) plan)->join.joinqual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Join Filter", 1,
                                           planstate, es);
            show_upper_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (plan->qual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 2,
                                           planstate, es);
            break;
        case T_HashJoin:
            show_upper_qual(((HashJoin *) plan)->hashclauses,
                            "Hash Cond", planstate, ancestors, es);
            show_upper_qual(((HashJoin *) plan)->join.joinqual,
                            "Join Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (((HashJoin *) plan)->join.joinqual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Join Filter", 1,
                                           planstate, es);
            show_upper_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (plan->qual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 2,
                                           planstate, es);
            break;
        case T_Agg:
            show_agg_keys(castNode(AggState, planstate), ancestors, es);
            show_upper_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            show_hashagg_info((AggState *) planstate, es);
            if (plan->qual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                           planstate, es);
            break;
        case T_WindowAgg:
            show_window_def(castNode(WindowAggState, planstate), ancestors, es);
            show_upper_qual(((WindowAgg *) plan)->runConditionOrig,
                            "Run Condition", planstate, ancestors, es);
            show_upper_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (plan->qual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                           planstate, es);
            show_windowagg_info(castNode(WindowAggState, planstate), es);
            break;
        case T_Group:
            show_group_keys(castNode(GroupState, planstate), ancestors, es);
            show_upper_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (plan->qual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                           planstate, es);
            break;
        case T_Sort:
            show_sort_keys(castNode(SortState, planstate), ancestors, es);
            show_sort_info(castNode(SortState, planstate), es);
            break;
        case T_IncrementalSort:
            show_incremental_sort_keys(castNode(IncrementalSortState, planstate),
                                       ancestors, es);
            show_incremental_sort_info(castNode(IncrementalSortState, planstate),
                                       es);
            break;
        case T_MergeAppend:
            show_merge_append_keys(castNode(MergeAppendState, planstate),
                                   ancestors, es);
            break;
        case T_Result:
            show_upper_qual((List *) ((Result *) plan)->resconstantqual,
                            "One-Time Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            show_upper_qual(plan->qual, "Filter", planstate, ancestors, es);
            if (plan->qual)
                show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Filter", 1,
                                           planstate, es);
            break;
        case T_ModifyTable:
            show_modifytable_info(castNode(ModifyTableState, planstate), ancestors,
                                  es);
            break;
        case T_Hash:
            show_hash_info(castNode(HashState, planstate), es);
            break;
        case T_Material:
            show_material_info(castNode(MaterialState, planstate), es);
            break;
        case T_Memoize:
            show_memoize_info(castNode(MemoizeState, planstate), ancestors,
                              es);
            break;
        case T_RecursiveUnion:
            show_recursive_union_info(castNode(RecursiveUnionState,
                                               planstate), es);
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
 
    /*
     * Prepare per-worker JIT instrumentation.  As with the overall JIT
     * summary, this is printed only if printing costs is enabled.
     */
    if (es->workers_state && es->costs && es->verbose)
    {
        SharedJitInstrumentation *w = planstate->worker_jit_instrument;
 
        if (w)
        {
            for (int n = 0; n < w->num_workers; n++)
            {
                ExplainOpenWorker(n, es);
                ExplainPrintJIT(es, planstate->state->es_jit_flags,
                                &w->jit_instr[n]);
                ExplainCloseWorker(n, es);
            }
        }
    }
 
    /* Show buffer/WAL usage */
    if (es->buffers && planstate->instrument)
        show_buffer_usage(es, &planstate->instrument->bufusage);
    if (es->wal && planstate->instrument)
        show_wal_usage(es, &planstate->instrument->walusage);
 
    /* Prepare per-worker buffer/WAL usage */
    if (es->workers_state && (es->buffers || es->wal) && es->verbose)
    {
        WorkerInstrumentation *w = planstate->worker_instrument;
 
        for (int n = 0; n < w->num_workers; n++)
        {
            Instrumentation *instrument = &w->instrument[n];
            double      nloops = instrument->nloops;
 
            if (nloops <= 0)
                continue;
 
            ExplainOpenWorker(n, es);
            if (es->buffers)
                show_buffer_usage(es, &instrument->bufusage);
            if (es->wal)
                show_wal_usage(es, &instrument->walusage);
            ExplainCloseWorker(n, es);
        }
    }
 
    /* Show per-worker details for this plan node, then pop that stack */
    if (es->workers_state)
        ExplainFlushWorkersState(es);
    es->workers_state = save_workers_state;
 
    /* Allow plugins to print additional information */
    if (explain_per_node_hook)
        (*explain_per_node_hook) (planstate, ancestors, relationship,
                                  plan_name, es);
 
    /*
     * If partition pruning was done during executor initialization, the
     * number of child plans we'll display below will be less than the number
     * of subplans that was specified in the plan.  To make this a bit less
     * mysterious, emit an indication that this happened.  Note that this
     * field is emitted now because we want it to be a property of the parent
     * node; it *cannot* be emitted within the Plans sub-node we'll open next.
     */
    switch (nodeTag(plan))
    {
        case T_Append:
            ExplainMissingMembers(((AppendState *) planstate)->as_nplans,
                                  list_length(((Append *) plan)->appendplans),
                                  es);
            break;
        case T_MergeAppend:
            ExplainMissingMembers(((MergeAppendState *) planstate)->ms_nplans,
                                  list_length(((MergeAppend *) plan)->mergeplans),
                                  es);
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
 
    /* Get ready to display the child plans */
    haschildren = planstate->initPlan ||
        outerPlanState(planstate) ||
        innerPlanState(planstate) ||
        IsA(plan, Append) ||
        IsA(plan, MergeAppend) ||
        IsA(plan, BitmapAnd) ||
        IsA(plan, BitmapOr) ||
        IsA(plan, SubqueryScan) ||
        (IsA(planstate, CustomScanState) &&
         ((CustomScanState *) planstate)->custom_ps != NIL) ||
        planstate->subPlan;
    if (haschildren)
    {
        ExplainOpenGroup("Plans", "Plans", false, es);
        /* Pass current Plan as head of ancestors list for children */
        ancestors = lcons(plan, ancestors);
    }
 
    /* initPlan-s */
    if (planstate->initPlan)
        ExplainSubPlans(planstate->initPlan, ancestors, "InitPlan", es);
 
    /* lefttree */
    if (outerPlanState(planstate))
        ExplainNode(outerPlanState(planstate), ancestors,
                    "Outer", NULL, es);
 
    /* righttree */
    if (innerPlanState(planstate))
        ExplainNode(innerPlanState(planstate), ancestors,
                    "Inner", NULL, es);
 
    /* special child plans */
    switch (nodeTag(plan))
    {
        case T_Append:
            ExplainMemberNodes(((AppendState *) planstate)->appendplans,
                               ((AppendState *) planstate)->as_nplans,
                               ancestors, es);
            break;
        case T_MergeAppend:
            ExplainMemberNodes(((MergeAppendState *) planstate)->mergeplans,
                               ((MergeAppendState *) planstate)->ms_nplans,
                               ancestors, es);
            break;
        case T_BitmapAnd:
            ExplainMemberNodes(((BitmapAndState *) planstate)->bitmapplans,
                               ((BitmapAndState *) planstate)->nplans,
                               ancestors, es);
            break;
        case T_BitmapOr:
            ExplainMemberNodes(((BitmapOrState *) planstate)->bitmapplans,
                               ((BitmapOrState *) planstate)->nplans,
                               ancestors, es);
            break;
        case T_SubqueryScan:
            ExplainNode(((SubqueryScanState *) planstate)->subplan, ancestors,
                        "Subquery", NULL, es);
            break;
        case T_CustomScan:
            ExplainCustomChildren((CustomScanState *) planstate,
                                  ancestors, es);
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
 
    /* subPlan-s */
    if (planstate->subPlan)
        ExplainSubPlans(planstate->subPlan, ancestors, "SubPlan", es);
 
    /* end of child plans */
    if (haschildren)
    {
        ancestors = list_delete_first(ancestors);
        ExplainCloseGroup("Plans", "Plans", false, es);
    }
 
    /* in text format, undo whatever indentation we added */
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
        es->indent = save_indent;
 
    ExplainCloseGroup("Plan",
                      relationship ? NULL : "Plan",
                      true, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show the targetlist of a plan node
 */
static void
show_plan_tlist(PlanState *planstate, List *ancestors, ExplainState *es)
{
    Plan       *plan = planstate->plan;
    List       *context;
    List       *result = NIL;
    bool        useprefix;
    ListCell   *lc;
 
    /* No work if empty tlist (this occurs eg in bitmap indexscans) */
    if (plan->targetlist == NIL)
        return;
    /* The tlist of an Append isn't real helpful, so suppress it */
    if (IsA(plan, Append))
        return;
    /* Likewise for MergeAppend and RecursiveUnion */
    if (IsA(plan, MergeAppend))
        return;
    if (IsA(plan, RecursiveUnion))
        return;
 
    /*
     * Likewise for ForeignScan that executes a direct INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
     *
     * Note: the tlist for a ForeignScan that executes a direct INSERT/UPDATE
     * might contain subplan output expressions that are confusing in this
     * context.  The tlist for a ForeignScan that executes a direct UPDATE/
     * DELETE always contains "junk" target columns to identify the exact row
     * to update or delete, which would be confusing in this context.  So, we
     * suppress it in all the cases.
     */
    if (IsA(plan, ForeignScan) &&
        ((ForeignScan *) plan)->operation != CMD_SELECT)
        return;
 
    /* Set up deparsing context */
    context = set_deparse_context_plan(es->deparse_cxt,
                                       plan,
                                       ancestors);
    useprefix = es->rtable_size > 1;
 
    /* Deparse each result column (we now include resjunk ones) */
    foreach(lc, plan->targetlist)
    {
        TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
 
        result = lappend(result,
                         deparse_expression((Node *) tle->expr, context,
                                            useprefix, false));
    }
 
    /* Print results */
    ExplainPropertyList("Output", result, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show a generic expression
 */
static void
show_expression(Node *node, const char *qlabel,
                PlanState *planstate, List *ancestors,
                bool useprefix, ExplainState *es)
{
    List       *context;
    char       *exprstr;
 
    /* Set up deparsing context */
    context = set_deparse_context_plan(es->deparse_cxt,
                                       planstate->plan,
                                       ancestors);
 
    /* Deparse the expression */
    exprstr = deparse_expression(node, context, useprefix, false);
 
    /* And add to es->str */
    ExplainPropertyText(qlabel, exprstr, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show a qualifier expression (which is a List with implicit AND semantics)
 */
static void
show_qual(List *qual, const char *qlabel,
          PlanState *planstate, List *ancestors,
          bool useprefix, ExplainState *es)
{
    Node       *node;
 
    /* No work if empty qual */
    if (qual == NIL)
        return;
 
    /* Convert AND list to explicit AND */
    node = (Node *) make_ands_explicit(qual);
 
    /* And show it */
    show_expression(node, qlabel, planstate, ancestors, useprefix, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show a qualifier expression for a scan plan node
 */
static void
show_scan_qual(List *qual, const char *qlabel,
               PlanState *planstate, List *ancestors,
               ExplainState *es)
{
    bool        useprefix;
 
    useprefix = (IsA(planstate->plan, SubqueryScan) || es->verbose);
    show_qual(qual, qlabel, planstate, ancestors, useprefix, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show a qualifier expression for an upper-level plan node
 */
static void
show_upper_qual(List *qual, const char *qlabel,
                PlanState *planstate, List *ancestors,
                ExplainState *es)
{
    bool        useprefix;
 
    useprefix = (es->rtable_size > 1 || es->verbose);
    show_qual(qual, qlabel, planstate, ancestors, useprefix, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show the sort keys for a Sort node.
 */
static void
show_sort_keys(SortState *sortstate, List *ancestors, ExplainState *es)
{
    Sort       *plan = (Sort *) sortstate->ss.ps.plan;
 
    show_sort_group_keys((PlanState *) sortstate, "Sort Key",
                         plan->numCols, 0, plan->sortColIdx,
                         plan->sortOperators, plan->collations,
                         plan->nullsFirst,
                         ancestors, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show the sort keys for an IncrementalSort node.
 */
static void
show_incremental_sort_keys(IncrementalSortState *incrsortstate,
                           List *ancestors, ExplainState *es)
{
    IncrementalSort *plan = (IncrementalSort *) incrsortstate->ss.ps.plan;
 
    show_sort_group_keys((PlanState *) incrsortstate, "Sort Key",
                         plan->sort.numCols, plan->nPresortedCols,
                         plan->sort.sortColIdx,
                         plan->sort.sortOperators, plan->sort.collations,
                         plan->sort.nullsFirst,
                         ancestors, es);
}
 
/*
 * Likewise, for a MergeAppend node.
 */
static void
show_merge_append_keys(MergeAppendState *mstate, List *ancestors,
                       ExplainState *es)
{
    MergeAppend *plan = (MergeAppend *) mstate->ps.plan;
 
    show_sort_group_keys((PlanState *) mstate, "Sort Key",
                         plan->numCols, 0, plan->sortColIdx,
                         plan->sortOperators, plan->collations,
                         plan->nullsFirst,
                         ancestors, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show the grouping keys for an Agg node.
 */
static void
show_agg_keys(AggState *astate, List *ancestors,
              ExplainState *es)
{
    Agg        *plan = (Agg *) astate->ss.ps.plan;
 
    if (plan->numCols > 0 || plan->groupingSets)
    {
        /* The key columns refer to the tlist of the child plan */
        ancestors = lcons(plan, ancestors);
 
        if (plan->groupingSets)
            show_grouping_sets(outerPlanState(astate), plan, ancestors, es);
        else
            show_sort_group_keys(outerPlanState(astate), "Group Key",
                                 plan->numCols, 0, plan->grpColIdx,
                                 NULL, NULL, NULL,
                                 ancestors, es);
 
        ancestors = list_delete_first(ancestors);
    }
}
 
static void
show_grouping_sets(PlanState *planstate, Agg *agg,
                   List *ancestors, ExplainState *es)
{
    List       *context;
    bool        useprefix;
    ListCell   *lc;
 
    /* Set up deparsing context */
    context = set_deparse_context_plan(es->deparse_cxt,
                                       planstate->plan,
                                       ancestors);
    useprefix = (es->rtable_size > 1 || es->verbose);
 
    ExplainOpenGroup("Grouping Sets", "Grouping Sets", false, es);
 
    show_grouping_set_keys(planstate, agg, NULL,
                           context, useprefix, ancestors, es);
 
    foreach(lc, agg->chain)
    {
        Agg        *aggnode = lfirst(lc);
        Sort       *sortnode = (Sort *) aggnode->plan.lefttree;
 
        show_grouping_set_keys(planstate, aggnode, sortnode,
                               context, useprefix, ancestors, es);
    }
 
    ExplainCloseGroup("Grouping Sets", "Grouping Sets", false, es);
}
 
static void
show_grouping_set_keys(PlanState *planstate,
                       Agg *aggnode, Sort *sortnode,
                       List *context, bool useprefix,
                       List *ancestors, ExplainState *es)
{
    Plan       *plan = planstate->plan;
    char       *exprstr;
    ListCell   *lc;
    List       *gsets = aggnode->groupingSets;
    AttrNumber *keycols = aggnode->grpColIdx;
    const char *keyname;
    const char *keysetname;
 
    if (aggnode->aggstrategy == AGG_HASHED || aggnode->aggstrategy == AGG_MIXED)
    {
        keyname = "Hash Key";
        keysetname = "Hash Keys";
    }
    else
    {
        keyname = "Group Key";
        keysetname = "Group Keys";
    }
 
    ExplainOpenGroup("Grouping Set", NULL, true, es);
 
    if (sortnode)
    {
        show_sort_group_keys(planstate, "Sort Key",
                             sortnode->numCols, 0, sortnode->sortColIdx,
                             sortnode->sortOperators, sortnode->collations,
                             sortnode->nullsFirst,
                             ancestors, es);
        if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            es->indent++;
    }
 
    ExplainOpenGroup(keysetname, keysetname, false, es);
 
    foreach(lc, gsets)
    {
        List       *result = NIL;
        ListCell   *lc2;
 
        foreach(lc2, (List *) lfirst(lc))
        {
            Index       i = lfirst_int(lc2);
            AttrNumber  keyresno = keycols[i];
            TargetEntry *target = get_tle_by_resno(plan->targetlist,
                                                   keyresno);
 
            if (!target)
                elog(ERROR, "no tlist entry for key %d", keyresno);
            /* Deparse the expression, showing any top-level cast */
            exprstr = deparse_expression((Node *) target->expr, context,
                                         useprefix, true);
 
            result = lappend(result, exprstr);
        }
 
        if (!result && es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            ExplainPropertyText(keyname, "()", es);
        else
            ExplainPropertyListNested(keyname, result, es);
    }
 
    ExplainCloseGroup(keysetname, keysetname, false, es);
 
    if (sortnode && es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
        es->indent--;
 
    ExplainCloseGroup("Grouping Set", NULL, true, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show the grouping keys for a Group node.
 */
static void
show_group_keys(GroupState *gstate, List *ancestors,
                ExplainState *es)
{
    Group      *plan = (Group *) gstate->ss.ps.plan;
 
    /* The key columns refer to the tlist of the child plan */
    ancestors = lcons(plan, ancestors);
    show_sort_group_keys(outerPlanState(gstate), "Group Key",
                         plan->numCols, 0, plan->grpColIdx,
                         NULL, NULL, NULL,
                         ancestors, es);
    ancestors = list_delete_first(ancestors);
}
 
/*
 * Common code to show sort/group keys, which are represented in plan nodes
 * as arrays of targetlist indexes.  If it's a sort key rather than a group
 * key, also pass sort operators/collations/nullsFirst arrays.
 */
static void
show_sort_group_keys(PlanState *planstate, const char *qlabel,
                     int nkeys, int nPresortedKeys, AttrNumber *keycols,
                     Oid *sortOperators, Oid *collations, bool *nullsFirst,
                     List *ancestors, ExplainState *es)
{
    Plan       *plan = planstate->plan;
    List       *context;
    List       *result = NIL;
    List       *resultPresorted = NIL;
    StringInfoData sortkeybuf;
    bool        useprefix;
    int         keyno;
 
    if (nkeys <= 0)
        return;
 
    initStringInfo(&sortkeybuf);
 
    /* Set up deparsing context */
    context = set_deparse_context_plan(es->deparse_cxt,
                                       plan,
                                       ancestors);
    useprefix = (es->rtable_size > 1 || es->verbose);
 
    for (keyno = 0; keyno < nkeys; keyno++)
    {
        /* find key expression in tlist */
        AttrNumber  keyresno = keycols[keyno];
        TargetEntry *target = get_tle_by_resno(plan->targetlist,
                                               keyresno);
        char       *exprstr;
 
        if (!target)
            elog(ERROR, "no tlist entry for key %d", keyresno);
        /* Deparse the expression, showing any top-level cast */
        exprstr = deparse_expression((Node *) target->expr, context,
                                     useprefix, true);
        resetStringInfo(&sortkeybuf);
        appendStringInfoString(&sortkeybuf, exprstr);
        /* Append sort order information, if relevant */
        if (sortOperators != NULL)
            show_sortorder_options(&sortkeybuf,
                                   (Node *) target->expr,
                                   sortOperators[keyno],
                                   collations[keyno],
                                   nullsFirst[keyno]);
        /* Emit one property-list item per sort key */
        result = lappend(result, pstrdup(sortkeybuf.data));
        if (keyno < nPresortedKeys)
            resultPresorted = lappend(resultPresorted, exprstr);
    }
 
    ExplainPropertyList(qlabel, result, es);
    if (nPresortedKeys > 0)
        ExplainPropertyList("Presorted Key", resultPresorted, es);
}
 
/*
 * Append nondefault characteristics of the sort ordering of a column to buf
 * (collation, direction, NULLS FIRST/LAST)
 */
static void
show_sortorder_options(StringInfo buf, Node *sortexpr,
                       Oid sortOperator, Oid collation, bool nullsFirst)
{
    Oid         sortcoltype = exprType(sortexpr);
    bool        reverse = false;
    TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
 
    typentry = lookup_type_cache(sortcoltype,
                                 TYPECACHE_LT_OPR | TYPECACHE_GT_OPR);
 
    /*
     * Print COLLATE if it's not default for the column's type.  There are
     * some cases where this is redundant, eg if expression is a column whose
     * declared collation is that collation, but it's hard to distinguish that
     * here (and arguably, printing COLLATE explicitly is a good idea anyway
     * in such cases).
     */
    if (OidIsValid(collation) && collation != get_typcollation(sortcoltype))
    {
        char       *collname = get_collation_name(collation);
 
        if (collname == NULL)
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for collation %u", collation);
        appendStringInfo(buf, " COLLATE %s", quote_identifier(collname));
    }
 
    /* Print direction if not ASC, or USING if non-default sort operator */
    if (sortOperator == typentry->gt_opr)
    {
        appendStringInfoString(buf, " DESC");
        reverse = true;
    }
    else if (sortOperator != typentry->lt_opr)
    {
        char       *opname = get_opname(sortOperator);
 
        if (opname == NULL)
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for operator %u", sortOperator);
        appendStringInfo(buf, " USING %s", opname);
        /* Determine whether operator would be considered ASC or DESC */
        (void) get_equality_op_for_ordering_op(sortOperator, &reverse);
    }
 
    /* Add NULLS FIRST/LAST only if it wouldn't be default */
    if (nullsFirst && !reverse)
    {
        appendStringInfoString(buf, " NULLS FIRST");
    }
    else if (!nullsFirst && reverse)
    {
        appendStringInfoString(buf, " NULLS LAST");
    }
}
 
/*
 * Show the window definition for a WindowAgg node.
 */
static void
show_window_def(WindowAggState *planstate, List *ancestors, ExplainState *es)
{
    WindowAgg  *wagg = (WindowAgg *) planstate->ss.ps.plan;
    StringInfoData wbuf;
    bool        needspace = false;
 
    initStringInfo(&wbuf);
    appendStringInfo(&wbuf, "%s AS (", quote_identifier(wagg->winname));
 
    /* The key columns refer to the tlist of the child plan */
    ancestors = lcons(wagg, ancestors);
    if (wagg->partNumCols > 0)
    {
        appendStringInfoString(&wbuf, "PARTITION BY ");
        show_window_keys(&wbuf, outerPlanState(planstate),
                         wagg->partNumCols, wagg->partColIdx,
                         ancestors, es);
        needspace = true;
    }
    if (wagg->ordNumCols > 0)
    {
        if (needspace)
            appendStringInfoChar(&wbuf, ' ');
        appendStringInfoString(&wbuf, "ORDER BY ");
        show_window_keys(&wbuf, outerPlanState(planstate),
                         wagg->ordNumCols, wagg->ordColIdx,
                         ancestors, es);
        needspace = true;
    }
    ancestors = list_delete_first(ancestors);
    if (wagg->frameOptions & FRAMEOPTION_NONDEFAULT)
    {
        List       *context;
        bool        useprefix;
        char       *framestr;
 
        /* Set up deparsing context for possible frame expressions */
        context = set_deparse_context_plan(es->deparse_cxt,
                                           (Plan *) wagg,
                                           ancestors);
        useprefix = (es->rtable_size > 1 || es->verbose);
        framestr = get_window_frame_options_for_explain(wagg->frameOptions,
                                                        wagg->startOffset,
                                                        wagg->endOffset,
                                                        context,
                                                        useprefix);
        if (needspace)
            appendStringInfoChar(&wbuf, ' ');
        appendStringInfoString(&wbuf, framestr);
        pfree(framestr);
    }
    appendStringInfoChar(&wbuf, ')');
    ExplainPropertyText("Window", wbuf.data, es);
    pfree(wbuf.data);
}
 
/*
 * Append the keys of a window's PARTITION BY or ORDER BY clause to buf.
 * We can't use show_sort_group_keys for this because that's too opinionated
 * about how the result will be displayed.
 * Note that the "planstate" node should be the WindowAgg's child.
 */
static void
show_window_keys(StringInfo buf, PlanState *planstate,
                 int nkeys, AttrNumber *keycols,
                 List *ancestors, ExplainState *es)
{
    Plan       *plan = planstate->plan;
    List       *context;
    bool        useprefix;
 
    /* Set up deparsing context */
    context = set_deparse_context_plan(es->deparse_cxt,
                                       plan,
                                       ancestors);
    useprefix = (es->rtable_size > 1 || es->verbose);
 
    for (int keyno = 0; keyno < nkeys; keyno++)
    {
        /* find key expression in tlist */
        AttrNumber  keyresno = keycols[keyno];
        TargetEntry *target = get_tle_by_resno(plan->targetlist,
                                               keyresno);
        char       *exprstr;
 
        if (!target)
            elog(ERROR, "no tlist entry for key %d", keyresno);
        /* Deparse the expression, showing any top-level cast */
        exprstr = deparse_expression((Node *) target->expr, context,
                                     useprefix, true);
        if (keyno > 0)
            appendStringInfoString(buf, ", ");
        appendStringInfoString(buf, exprstr);
        pfree(exprstr);
 
        /*
         * We don't attempt to provide sort order information because
         * WindowAgg carries equality operators not comparison operators;
         * compare show_agg_keys.
         */
    }
}
 
/*
 * Show information on storage method and maximum memory/disk space used.
 */
static void
show_storage_info(char *maxStorageType, int64 maxSpaceUsed, ExplainState *es)
{
    int64       maxSpaceUsedKB = BYTES_TO_KILOBYTES(maxSpaceUsed);
 
    if (es->format != EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        ExplainPropertyText("Storage", maxStorageType, es);
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Maximum Storage", "kB", maxSpaceUsedKB, es);
    }
    else
    {
        ExplainIndentText(es);
        appendStringInfo(es->str,
                         "Storage: %s  Maximum Storage: " INT64_FORMAT "kB\n",
                         maxStorageType,
                         maxSpaceUsedKB);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Show TABLESAMPLE properties
 */
static void
show_tablesample(TableSampleClause *tsc, PlanState *planstate,
                 List *ancestors, ExplainState *es)
{
    List       *context;
    bool        useprefix;
    char       *method_name;
    List       *params = NIL;
    char       *repeatable;
    ListCell   *lc;
 
    /* Set up deparsing context */
    context = set_deparse_context_plan(es->deparse_cxt,
                                       planstate->plan,
                                       ancestors);
    useprefix = es->rtable_size > 1;
 
    /* Get the tablesample method name */
    method_name = get_func_name(tsc->tsmhandler);
 
    /* Deparse parameter expressions */
    foreach(lc, tsc->args)
    {
        Node       *arg = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
 
        params = lappend(params,
                         deparse_expression(arg, context,
                                            useprefix, false));
    }
    if (tsc->repeatable)
        repeatable = deparse_expression((Node *) tsc->repeatable, context,
                                        useprefix, false);
    else
        repeatable = NULL;
 
    /* Print results */
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        bool        first = true;
 
        ExplainIndentText(es);
        appendStringInfo(es->str, "Sampling: %s (", method_name);
        foreach(lc, params)
        {
            if (!first)
                appendStringInfoString(es->str, ", ");
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, (const char *) lfirst(lc));
            first = false;
        }
        appendStringInfoChar(es->str, ')');
        if (repeatable)
            appendStringInfo(es->str, " REPEATABLE (%s)", repeatable);
        appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
    }
    else
    {
        ExplainPropertyText("Sampling Method", method_name, es);
        ExplainPropertyList("Sampling Parameters", params, es);
        if (repeatable)
            ExplainPropertyText("Repeatable Seed", repeatable, es);
    }
}
 
/*
 * If it's EXPLAIN ANALYZE, show tuplesort stats for a sort node
 */
static void
show_sort_info(SortState *sortstate, ExplainState *es)
{
    if (!es->analyze)
        return;
 
    if (sortstate->sort_Done && sortstate->tuplesortstate != NULL)
    {
        Tuplesortstate *state = (Tuplesortstate *) sortstate->tuplesortstate;
        TuplesortInstrumentation stats;
        const char *sortMethod;
        const char *spaceType;
        int64       spaceUsed;
 
        tuplesort_get_stats(state, &stats);
        sortMethod = tuplesort_method_name(stats.sortMethod);
        spaceType = tuplesort_space_type_name(stats.spaceType);
        spaceUsed = stats.spaceUsed;
 
        if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfo(es->str, "Sort Method: %s  %s: " INT64_FORMAT "kB\n",
                             sortMethod, spaceType, spaceUsed);
        }
        else
        {
            ExplainPropertyText("Sort Method", sortMethod, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Sort Space Used", "kB", spaceUsed, es);
            ExplainPropertyText("Sort Space Type", spaceType, es);
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * You might think we should just skip this stanza entirely when
     * es->hide_workers is true, but then we'd get no sort-method output at
     * all.  We have to make it look like worker 0's data is top-level data.
     * This is easily done by just skipping the OpenWorker/CloseWorker calls.
     * Currently, we don't worry about the possibility that there are multiple
     * workers in such a case; if there are, duplicate output fields will be
     * emitted.
     */
    if (sortstate->shared_info != NULL)
    {
        int         n;
 
        for (n = 0; n < sortstate->shared_info->num_workers; n++)
        {
            TuplesortInstrumentation *sinstrument;
            const char *sortMethod;
            const char *spaceType;
            int64       spaceUsed;
 
            sinstrument = &sortstate->shared_info->sinstrument[n];
            if (sinstrument->sortMethod == SORT_TYPE_STILL_IN_PROGRESS)
                continue;       /* ignore any unfilled slots */
            sortMethod = tuplesort_method_name(sinstrument->sortMethod);
            spaceType = tuplesort_space_type_name(sinstrument->spaceType);
            spaceUsed = sinstrument->spaceUsed;
 
            if (es->workers_state)
                ExplainOpenWorker(n, es);
 
            if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            {
                ExplainIndentText(es);
                appendStringInfo(es->str,
                                 "Sort Method: %s  %s: " INT64_FORMAT "kB\n",
                                 sortMethod, spaceType, spaceUsed);
            }
            else
            {
                ExplainPropertyText("Sort Method", sortMethod, es);
                ExplainPropertyInteger("Sort Space Used", "kB", spaceUsed, es);
                ExplainPropertyText("Sort Space Type", spaceType, es);
            }
 
            if (es->workers_state)
                ExplainCloseWorker(n, es);
        }
    }
}
 
/*
 * Incremental sort nodes sort in (a potentially very large number of) batches,
 * so EXPLAIN ANALYZE needs to roll up the tuplesort stats from each batch into
 * an intelligible summary.
 *
 * This function is used for both a non-parallel node and each worker in a
 * parallel incremental sort node.
 */
static void
show_incremental_sort_group_info(IncrementalSortGroupInfo *groupInfo,
                                 const char *groupLabel, bool indent, ExplainState *es)
{
    ListCell   *methodCell;
    List       *methodNames = NIL;
 
    /* Generate a list of sort methods used across all groups. */
    for (int bit = 0; bit < NUM_TUPLESORTMETHODS; bit++)
    {
        TuplesortMethod sortMethod = (1 << bit);
 
        if (groupInfo->sortMethods & sortMethod)
        {
            const char *methodName = tuplesort_method_name(sortMethod);
 
            methodNames = lappend(methodNames, unconstify(char *, methodName));
        }
    }
 
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        if (indent)
            appendStringInfoSpaces(es->str, es->indent * 2);
        appendStringInfo(es->str, "%s Groups: " INT64_FORMAT "  Sort Method", groupLabel,
                         groupInfo->groupCount);
        /* plural/singular based on methodNames size */
        if (list_length(methodNames) > 1)
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, "s: ");
        else
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, ": ");
        foreach(methodCell, methodNames)
        {
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, (char *) methodCell->ptr_value);
            if (foreach_current_index(methodCell) < list_length(methodNames) - 1)
                appendStringInfoString(es->str, ", ");
        }
 
        if (groupInfo->maxMemorySpaceUsed > 0)
        {
            int64       avgSpace = groupInfo->totalMemorySpaceUsed / groupInfo->groupCount;
            const char *spaceTypeName;
 
            spaceTypeName = tuplesort_space_type_name(SORT_SPACE_TYPE_MEMORY);
            appendStringInfo(es->str, "  Average %s: " INT64_FORMAT "kB  Peak %s: " INT64_FORMAT "kB",
                             spaceTypeName, avgSpace,
                             spaceTypeName, groupInfo->maxMemorySpaceUsed);
        }
 
        if (groupInfo->maxDiskSpaceUsed > 0)
        {
            int64       avgSpace = groupInfo->totalDiskSpaceUsed / groupInfo->groupCount;
 
            const char *spaceTypeName;
 
            spaceTypeName = tuplesort_space_type_name(SORT_SPACE_TYPE_DISK);
            appendStringInfo(es->str, "  Average %s: " INT64_FORMAT "kB  Peak %s: " INT64_FORMAT "kB",
                             spaceTypeName, avgSpace,
                             spaceTypeName, groupInfo->maxDiskSpaceUsed);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        StringInfoData groupName;
 
        initStringInfo(&groupName);
        appendStringInfo(&groupName, "%s Groups", groupLabel);
        ExplainOpenGroup("Incremental Sort Groups", groupName.data, true, es);
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Group Count", NULL, groupInfo->groupCount, es);
 
        ExplainPropertyList("Sort Methods Used", methodNames, es);
 
        if (groupInfo->maxMemorySpaceUsed > 0)
        {
            int64       avgSpace = groupInfo->totalMemorySpaceUsed / groupInfo->groupCount;
            const char *spaceTypeName;
            StringInfoData memoryName;
 
            spaceTypeName = tuplesort_space_type_name(SORT_SPACE_TYPE_MEMORY);
            initStringInfo(&memoryName);
            appendStringInfo(&memoryName, "Sort Space %s", spaceTypeName);
            ExplainOpenGroup("Sort Space", memoryName.data, true, es);
 
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Average Sort Space Used", "kB", avgSpace, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Peak Sort Space Used", "kB",
                                   groupInfo->maxMemorySpaceUsed, es);
 
            ExplainCloseGroup("Sort Space", memoryName.data, true, es);
        }
        if (groupInfo->maxDiskSpaceUsed > 0)
        {
            int64       avgSpace = groupInfo->totalDiskSpaceUsed / groupInfo->groupCount;
            const char *spaceTypeName;
            StringInfoData diskName;
 
            spaceTypeName = tuplesort_space_type_name(SORT_SPACE_TYPE_DISK);
            initStringInfo(&diskName);
            appendStringInfo(&diskName, "Sort Space %s", spaceTypeName);
            ExplainOpenGroup("Sort Space", diskName.data, true, es);
 
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Average Sort Space Used", "kB", avgSpace, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Peak Sort Space Used", "kB",
                                   groupInfo->maxDiskSpaceUsed, es);
 
            ExplainCloseGroup("Sort Space", diskName.data, true, es);
        }
 
        ExplainCloseGroup("Incremental Sort Groups", groupName.data, true, es);
    }
}
 
/*
 * If it's EXPLAIN ANALYZE, show tuplesort stats for an incremental sort node
 */
static void
show_incremental_sort_info(IncrementalSortState *incrsortstate,
                           ExplainState *es)
{
    IncrementalSortGroupInfo *fullsortGroupInfo;
    IncrementalSortGroupInfo *prefixsortGroupInfo;
 
    fullsortGroupInfo = &incrsortstate->incsort_info.fullsortGroupInfo;
 
    if (!es->analyze)
        return;
 
    /*
     * Since we never have any prefix groups unless we've first sorted a full
     * groups and transitioned modes (copying the tuples into a prefix group),
     * we don't need to do anything if there were 0 full groups.
     *
     * We still have to continue after this block if there are no full groups,
     * though, since it's possible that we have workers that did real work
     * even if the leader didn't participate.
     */
    if (fullsortGroupInfo->groupCount > 0)
    {
        show_incremental_sort_group_info(fullsortGroupInfo, "Full-sort", true, es);
        prefixsortGroupInfo = &incrsortstate->incsort_info.prefixsortGroupInfo;
        if (prefixsortGroupInfo->groupCount > 0)
        {
            if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
                appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
            show_incremental_sort_group_info(prefixsortGroupInfo, "Pre-sorted", true, es);
        }
        if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
    }
 
    if (incrsortstate->shared_info != NULL)
    {
        int         n;
        bool        indent_first_line;
 
        for (n = 0; n < incrsortstate->shared_info->num_workers; n++)
        {
            IncrementalSortInfo *incsort_info =
                &incrsortstate->shared_info->sinfo[n];
 
            /*
             * If a worker hasn't processed any sort groups at all, then
             * exclude it from output since it either didn't launch or didn't
             * contribute anything meaningful.
             */
            fullsortGroupInfo = &incsort_info->fullsortGroupInfo;
 
            /*
             * Since we never have any prefix groups unless we've first sorted
             * a full groups and transitioned modes (copying the tuples into a
             * prefix group), we don't need to do anything if there were 0
             * full groups.
             */
            if (fullsortGroupInfo->groupCount == 0)
                continue;
 
            if (es->workers_state)
                ExplainOpenWorker(n, es);
 
            indent_first_line = es->workers_state == NULL || es->verbose;
            show_incremental_sort_group_info(fullsortGroupInfo, "Full-sort",
                                             indent_first_line, es);
            prefixsortGroupInfo = &incsort_info->prefixsortGroupInfo;
            if (prefixsortGroupInfo->groupCount > 0)
            {
                if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
                    appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
                show_incremental_sort_group_info(prefixsortGroupInfo, "Pre-sorted", true, es);
            }
            if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
                appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
 
            if (es->workers_state)
                ExplainCloseWorker(n, es);
        }
    }
}
 
/*
 * Show information on hash buckets/batches.
 */
static void
show_hash_info(HashState *hashstate, ExplainState *es)
{
    HashInstrumentation hinstrument = {0};
 
    /*
     * Collect stats from the local process, even when it's a parallel query.
     * In a parallel query, the leader process may or may not have run the
     * hash join, and even if it did it may not have built a hash table due to
     * timing (if it started late it might have seen no tuples in the outer
     * relation and skipped building the hash table).  Therefore we have to be
     * prepared to get instrumentation data from all participants.
     */
    if (hashstate->hinstrument)
        memcpy(&hinstrument, hashstate->hinstrument,
               sizeof(HashInstrumentation));
 
    /*
     * Merge results from workers.  In the parallel-oblivious case, the
     * results from all participants should be identical, except where
     * participants didn't run the join at all so have no data.  In the
     * parallel-aware case, we need to consider all the results.  Each worker
     * may have seen a different subset of batches and we want to report the
     * highest memory usage across all batches.  We take the maxima of other
     * values too, for the same reasons as in ExecHashAccumInstrumentation.
     */
    if (hashstate->shared_info)
    {
        SharedHashInfo *shared_info = hashstate->shared_info;
        int         i;
 
        for (i = 0; i < shared_info->num_workers; ++i)
        {
            HashInstrumentation *worker_hi = &shared_info->hinstrument[i];
 
            hinstrument.nbuckets = Max(hinstrument.nbuckets,
                                       worker_hi->nbuckets);
            hinstrument.nbuckets_original = Max(hinstrument.nbuckets_original,
                                                worker_hi->nbuckets_original);
            hinstrument.nbatch = Max(hinstrument.nbatch,
                                     worker_hi->nbatch);
            hinstrument.nbatch_original = Max(hinstrument.nbatch_original,
                                              worker_hi->nbatch_original);
            hinstrument.space_peak = Max(hinstrument.space_peak,
                                         worker_hi->space_peak);
        }
    }
 
    if (hinstrument.nbatch > 0)
    {
        uint64      spacePeakKb = BYTES_TO_KILOBYTES(hinstrument.space_peak);
 
        if (es->format != EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
        {
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Hash Buckets", NULL,
                                   hinstrument.nbuckets, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Original Hash Buckets", NULL,
                                   hinstrument.nbuckets_original, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Hash Batches", NULL,
                                   hinstrument.nbatch, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Original Hash Batches", NULL,
                                   hinstrument.nbatch_original, es);
            ExplainPropertyUInteger("Peak Memory Usage", "kB",
                                    spacePeakKb, es);
        }
        else if (hinstrument.nbatch_original != hinstrument.nbatch ||
                 hinstrument.nbuckets_original != hinstrument.nbuckets)
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfo(es->str,
                             "Buckets: %d (originally %d)  Batches: %d (originally %d)  Memory Usage: " UINT64_FORMAT "kB\n",
                             hinstrument.nbuckets,
                             hinstrument.nbuckets_original,
                             hinstrument.nbatch,
                             hinstrument.nbatch_original,
                             spacePeakKb);
        }
        else
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfo(es->str,
                             "Buckets: %d  Batches: %d  Memory Usage: " UINT64_FORMAT "kB\n",
                             hinstrument.nbuckets, hinstrument.nbatch,
                             spacePeakKb);
        }
    }
}
 
/*
 * Show information on material node, storage method and maximum memory/disk
 * space used.
 */
static void
show_material_info(MaterialState *mstate, ExplainState *es)
{
    char       *maxStorageType;
    int64       maxSpaceUsed;
 
    Tuplestorestate *tupstore = mstate->tuplestorestate;
 
    /*
     * Nothing to show if ANALYZE option wasn't used or if execution didn't
     * get as far as creating the tuplestore.
     */
    if (!es->analyze || tupstore == NULL)
        return;
 
    tuplestore_get_stats(tupstore, &maxStorageType, &maxSpaceUsed);
    show_storage_info(maxStorageType, maxSpaceUsed, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show information on WindowAgg node, storage method and maximum memory/disk
 * space used.
 */
static void
show_windowagg_info(WindowAggState *winstate, ExplainState *es)
{
    char       *maxStorageType;
    int64       maxSpaceUsed;
 
    Tuplestorestate *tupstore = winstate->buffer;
 
    /*
     * Nothing to show if ANALYZE option wasn't used or if execution didn't
     * get as far as creating the tuplestore.
     */
    if (!es->analyze || tupstore == NULL)
        return;
 
    tuplestore_get_stats(tupstore, &maxStorageType, &maxSpaceUsed);
    show_storage_info(maxStorageType, maxSpaceUsed, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show information on CTE Scan node, storage method and maximum memory/disk
 * space used.
 */
static void
show_ctescan_info(CteScanState *ctescanstate, ExplainState *es)
{
    char       *maxStorageType;
    int64       maxSpaceUsed;
 
    Tuplestorestate *tupstore = ctescanstate->leader->cte_table;
 
    if (!es->analyze || tupstore == NULL)
        return;
 
    tuplestore_get_stats(tupstore, &maxStorageType, &maxSpaceUsed);
    show_storage_info(maxStorageType, maxSpaceUsed, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show information on Table Function Scan node, storage method and maximum
 * memory/disk space used.
 */
static void
show_table_func_scan_info(TableFuncScanState *tscanstate, ExplainState *es)
{
    char       *maxStorageType;
    int64       maxSpaceUsed;
 
    Tuplestorestate *tupstore = tscanstate->tupstore;
 
    if (!es->analyze || tupstore == NULL)
        return;
 
    tuplestore_get_stats(tupstore, &maxStorageType, &maxSpaceUsed);
    show_storage_info(maxStorageType, maxSpaceUsed, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show information on Recursive Union node, storage method and maximum
 * memory/disk space used.
 */
static void
show_recursive_union_info(RecursiveUnionState *rstate, ExplainState *es)
{
    char       *maxStorageType,
               *tempStorageType;
    int64       maxSpaceUsed,
                tempSpaceUsed;
 
    if (!es->analyze)
        return;
 
    /*
     * Recursive union node uses two tuplestores.  We employ the storage type
     * from one of them which consumed more memory/disk than the other.  The
     * storage size is sum of the two.
     */
    tuplestore_get_stats(rstate->working_table, &tempStorageType,
                         &tempSpaceUsed);
    tuplestore_get_stats(rstate->intermediate_table, &maxStorageType,
                         &maxSpaceUsed);
 
    if (tempSpaceUsed > maxSpaceUsed)
        maxStorageType = tempStorageType;
 
    maxSpaceUsed += tempSpaceUsed;
    show_storage_info(maxStorageType, maxSpaceUsed, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show information on memoize hits/misses/evictions and memory usage.
 */
static void
show_memoize_info(MemoizeState *mstate, List *ancestors, ExplainState *es)
{
    Plan       *plan = ((PlanState *) mstate)->plan;
    ListCell   *lc;
    List       *context;
    StringInfoData keystr;
    char       *separator = "";
    bool        useprefix;
    int64       memPeakKb;
 
    initStringInfo(&keystr);
 
    /*
     * It's hard to imagine having a memoize node with fewer than 2 RTEs, but
     * let's just keep the same useprefix logic as elsewhere in this file.
     */
    useprefix = es->rtable_size > 1 || es->verbose;
 
    /* Set up deparsing context */
    context = set_deparse_context_plan(es->deparse_cxt,
                                       plan,
                                       ancestors);
 
    foreach(lc, ((Memoize *) plan)->param_exprs)
    {
        Node       *expr = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
 
        appendStringInfoString(&keystr, separator);
 
        appendStringInfoString(&keystr, deparse_expression(expr, context,
                                                           useprefix, false));
        separator = ", ";
    }
 
    ExplainPropertyText("Cache Key", keystr.data, es);
    ExplainPropertyText("Cache Mode", mstate->binary_mode ? "binary" : "logical", es);
 
    pfree(keystr.data);
 
    if (!es->analyze)
        return;
 
    if (mstate->stats.cache_misses > 0)
    {
        /*
         * mem_peak is only set when we freed memory, so we must use mem_used
         * when mem_peak is 0.
         */
        if (mstate->stats.mem_peak > 0)
            memPeakKb = BYTES_TO_KILOBYTES(mstate->stats.mem_peak);
        else
            memPeakKb = BYTES_TO_KILOBYTES(mstate->mem_used);
 
        if (es->format != EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
        {
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Cache Hits", NULL, mstate->stats.cache_hits, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Cache Misses", NULL, mstate->stats.cache_misses, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Cache Evictions", NULL, mstate->stats.cache_evictions, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Cache Overflows", NULL, mstate->stats.cache_overflows, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Peak Memory Usage", "kB", memPeakKb, es);
        }
        else
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfo(es->str,
                             "Hits: " UINT64_FORMAT "  Misses: " UINT64_FORMAT "  Evictions: " UINT64_FORMAT "  Overflows: " UINT64_FORMAT "  Memory Usage: " INT64_FORMAT "kB\n",
                             mstate->stats.cache_hits,
                             mstate->stats.cache_misses,
                             mstate->stats.cache_evictions,
                             mstate->stats.cache_overflows,
                             memPeakKb);
        }
    }
 
    if (mstate->shared_info == NULL)
        return;
 
    /* Show details from parallel workers */
    for (int n = 0; n < mstate->shared_info->num_workers; n++)
    {
        MemoizeInstrumentation *si;
 
        si = &mstate->shared_info->sinstrument[n];
 
        /*
         * Skip workers that didn't do any work.  We needn't bother checking
         * for cache hits as a miss will always occur before a cache hit.
         */
        if (si->cache_misses == 0)
            continue;
 
        if (es->workers_state)
            ExplainOpenWorker(n, es);
 
        /*
         * Since the worker's MemoizeState.mem_used field is unavailable to
         * us, ExecEndMemoize will have set the
         * MemoizeInstrumentation.mem_peak field for us.  No need to do the
         * zero checks like we did for the serial case above.
         */
        memPeakKb = BYTES_TO_KILOBYTES(si->mem_peak);
 
        if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfo(es->str,
                             "Hits: " UINT64_FORMAT "  Misses: " UINT64_FORMAT "  Evictions: " UINT64_FORMAT "  Overflows: " UINT64_FORMAT "  Memory Usage: " INT64_FORMAT "kB\n",
                             si->cache_hits, si->cache_misses,
                             si->cache_evictions, si->cache_overflows,
                             memPeakKb);
        }
        else
        {
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Cache Hits", NULL,
                                   si->cache_hits, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Cache Misses", NULL,
                                   si->cache_misses, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Cache Evictions", NULL,
                                   si->cache_evictions, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Cache Overflows", NULL,
                                   si->cache_overflows, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Peak Memory Usage", "kB", memPeakKb,
                                   es);
        }
 
        if (es->workers_state)
            ExplainCloseWorker(n, es);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Show information on hash aggregate memory usage and batches.
 */
static void
show_hashagg_info(AggState *aggstate, ExplainState *es)
{
    Agg        *agg = (Agg *) aggstate->ss.ps.plan;
    int64       memPeakKb = BYTES_TO_KILOBYTES(aggstate->hash_mem_peak);
 
    if (agg->aggstrategy != AGG_HASHED &&
        agg->aggstrategy != AGG_MIXED)
        return;
 
    if (es->format != EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        if (es->costs)
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Planned Partitions", NULL,
                                   aggstate->hash_planned_partitions, es);
 
        /*
         * During parallel query the leader may have not helped out.  We
         * detect this by checking how much memory it used.  If we find it
         * didn't do any work then we don't show its properties.
         */
        if (es->analyze && aggstate->hash_mem_peak > 0)
        {
            ExplainPropertyInteger("HashAgg Batches", NULL,
                                   aggstate->hash_batches_used, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Peak Memory Usage", "kB", memPeakKb, es);
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Disk Usage", "kB",
                                   aggstate->hash_disk_used, es);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        bool        gotone = false;
 
        if (es->costs && aggstate->hash_planned_partitions > 0)
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfo(es->str, "Planned Partitions: %d",
                             aggstate->hash_planned_partitions);
            gotone = true;
        }
 
        /*
         * During parallel query the leader may have not helped out.  We
         * detect this by checking how much memory it used.  If we find it
         * didn't do any work then we don't show its properties.
         */
        if (es->analyze && aggstate->hash_mem_peak > 0)
        {
            if (!gotone)
                ExplainIndentText(es);
            else
                appendStringInfoSpaces(es->str, 2);
 
            appendStringInfo(es->str, "Batches: %d  Memory Usage: " INT64_FORMAT "kB",
                             aggstate->hash_batches_used, memPeakKb);
            gotone = true;
 
            /* Only display disk usage if we spilled to disk */
            if (aggstate->hash_batches_used > 1)
            {
                appendStringInfo(es->str, "  Disk Usage: " UINT64_FORMAT "kB",
                                 aggstate->hash_disk_used);
            }
        }
 
        if (gotone)
            appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
    }
 
    /* Display stats for each parallel worker */
    if (es->analyze && aggstate->shared_info != NULL)
    {
        for (int n = 0; n < aggstate->shared_info->num_workers; n++)
        {
            AggregateInstrumentation *sinstrument;
            uint64      hash_disk_used;
            int         hash_batches_used;
 
            sinstrument = &aggstate->shared_info->sinstrument[n];
            /* Skip workers that didn't do anything */
            if (sinstrument->hash_mem_peak == 0)
                continue;
            hash_disk_used = sinstrument->hash_disk_used;
            hash_batches_used = sinstrument->hash_batches_used;
            memPeakKb = BYTES_TO_KILOBYTES(sinstrument->hash_mem_peak);
 
            if (es->workers_state)
                ExplainOpenWorker(n, es);
 
            if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            {
                ExplainIndentText(es);
 
                appendStringInfo(es->str, "Batches: %d  Memory Usage: " INT64_FORMAT "kB",
                                 hash_batches_used, memPeakKb);
 
                /* Only display disk usage if we spilled to disk */
                if (hash_batches_used > 1)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, "  Disk Usage: " UINT64_FORMAT "kB",
                                     hash_disk_used);
                appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
            }
            else
            {
                ExplainPropertyInteger("HashAgg Batches", NULL,
                                       hash_batches_used, es);
                ExplainPropertyInteger("Peak Memory Usage", "kB", memPeakKb,
                                       es);
                ExplainPropertyInteger("Disk Usage", "kB", hash_disk_used, es);
            }
 
            if (es->workers_state)
                ExplainCloseWorker(n, es);
        }
    }
}
 
/*
 * Show the total number of index searches for a
 * IndexScan/IndexOnlyScan/BitmapIndexScan node
 */
static void
show_indexsearches_info(PlanState *planstate, ExplainState *es)
{
    Plan       *plan = planstate->plan;
    SharedIndexScanInstrumentation *SharedInfo = NULL;
    uint64      nsearches = 0;
 
    if (!es->analyze)
        return;
 
    /* Initialize counters with stats from the local process first */
    switch (nodeTag(plan))
    {
        case T_IndexScan:
            {
                IndexScanState *indexstate = ((IndexScanState *) planstate);
 
                nsearches = indexstate->iss_Instrument.nsearches;
                SharedInfo = indexstate->iss_SharedInfo;
                break;
            }
        case T_IndexOnlyScan:
            {
                IndexOnlyScanState *indexstate = ((IndexOnlyScanState *) planstate);
 
                nsearches = indexstate->ioss_Instrument.nsearches;
                SharedInfo = indexstate->ioss_SharedInfo;
                break;
            }
        case T_BitmapIndexScan:
            {
                BitmapIndexScanState *indexstate = ((BitmapIndexScanState *) planstate);
 
                nsearches = indexstate->biss_Instrument.nsearches;
                SharedInfo = indexstate->biss_SharedInfo;
                break;
            }
        default:
            break;
    }
 
    /* Next get the sum of the counters set within each and every process */
    if (SharedInfo)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < SharedInfo->num_workers; ++i)
        {
            IndexScanInstrumentation *winstrument = &SharedInfo->winstrument[i];
 
            nsearches += winstrument->nsearches;
        }
    }
 
    ExplainPropertyUInteger("Index Searches", NULL, nsearches, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show exact/lossy pages for a BitmapHeapScan node
 */
static void
show_tidbitmap_info(BitmapHeapScanState *planstate, ExplainState *es)
{
    if (!es->analyze)
        return;
 
    if (es->format != EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        ExplainPropertyUInteger("Exact Heap Blocks", NULL,
                                planstate->stats.exact_pages, es);
        ExplainPropertyUInteger("Lossy Heap Blocks", NULL,
                                planstate->stats.lossy_pages, es);
    }
    else
    {
        if (planstate->stats.exact_pages > 0 || planstate->stats.lossy_pages > 0)
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, "Heap Blocks:");
            if (planstate->stats.exact_pages > 0)
                appendStringInfo(es->str, " exact=" UINT64_FORMAT, planstate->stats.exact_pages);
            if (planstate->stats.lossy_pages > 0)
                appendStringInfo(es->str, " lossy=" UINT64_FORMAT, planstate->stats.lossy_pages);
            appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
        }
    }
 
    /* Display stats for each parallel worker */
    if (planstate->pstate != NULL)
    {
        for (int n = 0; n < planstate->sinstrument->num_workers; n++)
        {
            BitmapHeapScanInstrumentation *si = &planstate->sinstrument->sinstrument[n];
 
            if (si->exact_pages == 0 && si->lossy_pages == 0)
                continue;
 
            if (es->workers_state)
                ExplainOpenWorker(n, es);
 
            if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            {
                ExplainIndentText(es);
                appendStringInfoString(es->str, "Heap Blocks:");
                if (si->exact_pages > 0)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " exact=" UINT64_FORMAT, si->exact_pages);
                if (si->lossy_pages > 0)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " lossy=" UINT64_FORMAT, si->lossy_pages);
                appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
            }
            else
            {
                ExplainPropertyUInteger("Exact Heap Blocks", NULL,
                                        si->exact_pages, es);
                ExplainPropertyUInteger("Lossy Heap Blocks", NULL,
                                        si->lossy_pages, es);
            }
 
            if (es->workers_state)
                ExplainCloseWorker(n, es);
        }
    }
}
 
/*
 * If it's EXPLAIN ANALYZE, show instrumentation information for a plan node
 *
 * "which" identifies which instrumentation counter to print
 */
static void
show_instrumentation_count(const char *qlabel, int which,
                           PlanState *planstate, ExplainState *es)
{
    double      nfiltered;
    double      nloops;
 
    if (!es->analyze || !planstate->instrument)
        return;
 
    if (which == 2)
        nfiltered = planstate->instrument->nfiltered2;
    else
        nfiltered = planstate->instrument->nfiltered1;
    nloops = planstate->instrument->nloops;
 
    /* In text mode, suppress zero counts; they're not interesting enough */
    if (nfiltered > 0 || es->format != EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        if (nloops > 0)
            ExplainPropertyFloat(qlabel, NULL, nfiltered / nloops, 0, es);
        else
            ExplainPropertyFloat(qlabel, NULL, 0.0, 0, es);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Show extra information for a ForeignScan node.
 */
static void
show_foreignscan_info(ForeignScanState *fsstate, ExplainState *es)
{
    FdwRoutine *fdwroutine = fsstate->fdwroutine;
 
    /* Let the FDW emit whatever fields it wants */
    if (((ForeignScan *) fsstate->ss.ps.plan)->operation != CMD_SELECT)
    {
        if (fdwroutine->ExplainDirectModify != NULL)
            fdwroutine->ExplainDirectModify(fsstate, es);
    }
    else
    {
        if (fdwroutine->ExplainForeignScan != NULL)
            fdwroutine->ExplainForeignScan(fsstate, es);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Fetch the name of an index in an EXPLAIN
 *
 * We allow plugins to get control here so that plans involving hypothetical
 * indexes can be explained.
 *
 * Note: names returned by this function should be "raw"; the caller will
 * apply quoting if needed.  Formerly the convention was to do quoting here,
 * but we don't want that in non-text output formats.
 */
static const char *
explain_get_index_name(Oid indexId)
{
    const char *result;
 
    if (explain_get_index_name_hook)
        result = (*explain_get_index_name_hook) (indexId);
    else
        result = NULL;
    if (result == NULL)
    {
        /* default behavior: look it up in the catalogs */
        result = get_rel_name(indexId);
        if (result == NULL)
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for index %u", indexId);
    }
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * Return whether show_buffer_usage would have anything to print, if given
 * the same 'usage' data.  Note that when the format is anything other than
 * text, we print even if the counters are all zeroes.
 */
static bool
peek_buffer_usage(ExplainState *es, const BufferUsage *usage)
{
    bool        has_shared;
    bool        has_local;
    bool        has_temp;
    bool        has_shared_timing;
    bool        has_local_timing;
    bool        has_temp_timing;
 
    if (usage == NULL)
        return false;
 
    if (es->format != EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
        return true;
 
    has_shared = (usage->shared_blks_hit > 0 ||
                  usage->shared_blks_read > 0 ||
                  usage->shared_blks_dirtied > 0 ||
                  usage->shared_blks_written > 0);
    has_local = (usage->local_blks_hit > 0 ||
                 usage->local_blks_read > 0 ||
                 usage->local_blks_dirtied > 0 ||
                 usage->local_blks_written > 0);
    has_temp = (usage->temp_blks_read > 0 ||
                usage->temp_blks_written > 0);
    has_shared_timing = (!INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->shared_blk_read_time) ||
                         !INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->shared_blk_write_time));
    has_local_timing = (!INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->local_blk_read_time) ||
                        !INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->local_blk_write_time));
    has_temp_timing = (!INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->temp_blk_read_time) ||
                       !INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->temp_blk_write_time));
 
    return has_shared || has_local || has_temp || has_shared_timing ||
        has_local_timing || has_temp_timing;
}
 
/*
 * Show buffer usage details.  This better be sync with peek_buffer_usage.
 */
static void
show_buffer_usage(ExplainState *es, const BufferUsage *usage)
{
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        bool        has_shared = (usage->shared_blks_hit > 0 ||
                                  usage->shared_blks_read > 0 ||
                                  usage->shared_blks_dirtied > 0 ||
                                  usage->shared_blks_written > 0);
        bool        has_local = (usage->local_blks_hit > 0 ||
                                 usage->local_blks_read > 0 ||
                                 usage->local_blks_dirtied > 0 ||
                                 usage->local_blks_written > 0);
        bool        has_temp = (usage->temp_blks_read > 0 ||
                                usage->temp_blks_written > 0);
        bool        has_shared_timing = (!INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->shared_blk_read_time) ||
                                         !INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->shared_blk_write_time));
        bool        has_local_timing = (!INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->local_blk_read_time) ||
                                        !INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->local_blk_write_time));
        bool        has_temp_timing = (!INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->temp_blk_read_time) ||
                                       !INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->temp_blk_write_time));
 
        /* Show only positive counter values. */
        if (has_shared || has_local || has_temp)
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, "Buffers:");
 
            if (has_shared)
            {
                appendStringInfoString(es->str, " shared");
                if (usage->shared_blks_hit > 0)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " hit=%" PRId64,
                                     usage->shared_blks_hit);
                if (usage->shared_blks_read > 0)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " read=%" PRId64,
                                     usage->shared_blks_read);
                if (usage->shared_blks_dirtied > 0)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " dirtied=%" PRId64,
                                     usage->shared_blks_dirtied);
                if (usage->shared_blks_written > 0)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " written=%" PRId64,
                                     usage->shared_blks_written);
                if (has_local || has_temp)
                    appendStringInfoChar(es->str, ',');
            }
            if (has_local)
            {
                appendStringInfoString(es->str, " local");
                if (usage->local_blks_hit > 0)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " hit=%" PRId64,
                                     usage->local_blks_hit);
                if (usage->local_blks_read > 0)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " read=%" PRId64,
                                     usage->local_blks_read);
                if (usage->local_blks_dirtied > 0)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " dirtied=%" PRId64,
                                     usage->local_blks_dirtied);
                if (usage->local_blks_written > 0)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " written=%" PRId64,
                                     usage->local_blks_written);
                if (has_temp)
                    appendStringInfoChar(es->str, ',');
            }
            if (has_temp)
            {
                appendStringInfoString(es->str, " temp");
                if (usage->temp_blks_read > 0)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " read=%" PRId64,
                                     usage->temp_blks_read);
                if (usage->temp_blks_written > 0)
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " written=%" PRId64,
                                     usage->temp_blks_written);
            }
            appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
        }
 
        /* As above, show only positive counter values. */
        if (has_shared_timing || has_local_timing || has_temp_timing)
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, "I/O Timings:");
 
            if (has_shared_timing)
            {
                appendStringInfoString(es->str, " shared");
                if (!INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->shared_blk_read_time))
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " read=%0.3f",
                                     INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(usage->shared_blk_read_time));
                if (!INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->shared_blk_write_time))
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " write=%0.3f",
                                     INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(usage->shared_blk_write_time));
                if (has_local_timing || has_temp_timing)
                    appendStringInfoChar(es->str, ',');
            }
            if (has_local_timing)
            {
                appendStringInfoString(es->str, " local");
                if (!INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->local_blk_read_time))
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " read=%0.3f",
                                     INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(usage->local_blk_read_time));
                if (!INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->local_blk_write_time))
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " write=%0.3f",
                                     INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(usage->local_blk_write_time));
                if (has_temp_timing)
                    appendStringInfoChar(es->str, ',');
            }
            if (has_temp_timing)
            {
                appendStringInfoString(es->str, " temp");
                if (!INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->temp_blk_read_time))
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " read=%0.3f",
                                     INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(usage->temp_blk_read_time));
                if (!INSTR_TIME_IS_ZERO(usage->temp_blk_write_time))
                    appendStringInfo(es->str, " write=%0.3f",
                                     INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(usage->temp_blk_write_time));
            }
            appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
        }
    }
    else
    {
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Shared Hit Blocks", NULL,
                               usage->shared_blks_hit, es);
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Shared Read Blocks", NULL,
                               usage->shared_blks_read, es);
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Shared Dirtied Blocks", NULL,
                               usage->shared_blks_dirtied, es);
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Shared Written Blocks", NULL,
                               usage->shared_blks_written, es);
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Local Hit Blocks", NULL,
                               usage->local_blks_hit, es);
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Local Read Blocks", NULL,
                               usage->local_blks_read, es);
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Local Dirtied Blocks", NULL,
                               usage->local_blks_dirtied, es);
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Local Written Blocks", NULL,
                               usage->local_blks_written, es);
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Temp Read Blocks", NULL,
                               usage->temp_blks_read, es);
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Temp Written Blocks", NULL,
                               usage->temp_blks_written, es);
        if (track_io_timing)
        {
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Shared I/O Read Time", "ms",
                                 INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(usage->shared_blk_read_time),
                                 3, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Shared I/O Write Time", "ms",
                                 INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(usage->shared_blk_write_time),
                                 3, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Local I/O Read Time", "ms",
                                 INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(usage->local_blk_read_time),
                                 3, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Local I/O Write Time", "ms",
                                 INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(usage->local_blk_write_time),
                                 3, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Temp I/O Read Time", "ms",
                                 INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(usage->temp_blk_read_time),
                                 3, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Temp I/O Write Time", "ms",
                                 INSTR_TIME_GET_MILLISEC(usage->temp_blk_write_time),
                                 3, es);
        }
    }
}
 
/*
 * Show WAL usage details.
 */
static void
show_wal_usage(ExplainState *es, const WalUsage *usage)
{
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        /* Show only positive counter values. */
        if ((usage->wal_records > 0) || (usage->wal_fpi > 0) ||
            (usage->wal_bytes > 0) || (usage->wal_buffers_full > 0))
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, "WAL:");
 
            if (usage->wal_records > 0)
                appendStringInfo(es->str, " records=%" PRId64,
                                 usage->wal_records);
            if (usage->wal_fpi > 0)
                appendStringInfo(es->str, " fpi=%" PRId64,
                                 usage->wal_fpi);
            if (usage->wal_bytes > 0)
                appendStringInfo(es->str, " bytes=%" PRIu64,
                                 usage->wal_bytes);
            if (usage->wal_buffers_full > 0)
                appendStringInfo(es->str, " buffers full=%" PRId64,
                                 usage->wal_buffers_full);
            appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
        }
    }
    else
    {
        ExplainPropertyInteger("WAL Records", NULL,
                               usage->wal_records, es);
        ExplainPropertyInteger("WAL FPI", NULL,
                               usage->wal_fpi, es);
        ExplainPropertyUInteger("WAL Bytes", NULL,
                                usage->wal_bytes, es);
        ExplainPropertyInteger("WAL Buffers Full", NULL,
                               usage->wal_buffers_full, es);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Show memory usage details.
 */
static void
show_memory_counters(ExplainState *es, const MemoryContextCounters *mem_counters)
{
    int64       memUsedkB = BYTES_TO_KILOBYTES(mem_counters->totalspace -
                                               mem_counters->freespace);
    int64       memAllocatedkB = BYTES_TO_KILOBYTES(mem_counters->totalspace);
 
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        ExplainIndentText(es);
        appendStringInfo(es->str,
                         "Memory: used=" INT64_FORMAT "kB  allocated=" INT64_FORMAT "kB",
                         memUsedkB, memAllocatedkB);
        appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
    }
    else
    {
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Memory Used", "kB", memUsedkB, es);
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Memory Allocated", "kB", memAllocatedkB, es);
    }
}
 
 
/*
 * Add some additional details about an IndexScan or IndexOnlyScan
 */
static void
ExplainIndexScanDetails(Oid indexid, ScanDirection indexorderdir,
                        ExplainState *es)
{
    const char *indexname = explain_get_index_name(indexid);
 
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        if (ScanDirectionIsBackward(indexorderdir))
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, " Backward");
        appendStringInfo(es->str, " using %s", quote_identifier(indexname));
    }
    else
    {
        const char *scandir;
 
        switch (indexorderdir)
        {
            case BackwardScanDirection:
                scandir = "Backward";
                break;
            case ForwardScanDirection:
                scandir = "Forward";
                break;
            default:
                scandir = "???";
                break;
        }
        ExplainPropertyText("Scan Direction", scandir, es);
        ExplainPropertyText("Index Name", indexname, es);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Show the target of a Scan node
 */
static void
ExplainScanTarget(Scan *plan, ExplainState *es)
{
    ExplainTargetRel((Plan *) plan, plan->scanrelid, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show the target of a ModifyTable node
 *
 * Here we show the nominal target (ie, the relation that was named in the
 * original query).  If the actual target(s) is/are different, we'll show them
 * in show_modifytable_info().
 */
static void
ExplainModifyTarget(ModifyTable *plan, ExplainState *es)
{
    ExplainTargetRel((Plan *) plan, plan->nominalRelation, es);
}
 
/*
 * Show the target relation of a scan or modify node
 */
static void
ExplainTargetRel(Plan *plan, Index rti, ExplainState *es)
{
    char       *objectname = NULL;
    char       *namespace = NULL;
    const char *objecttag = NULL;
    RangeTblEntry *rte;
    char       *refname;
 
    rte = rt_fetch(rti, es->rtable);
    refname = (char *) list_nth(es->rtable_names, rti - 1);
    if (refname == NULL)
        refname = rte->eref->aliasname;
 
    switch (nodeTag(plan))
    {
        case T_SeqScan:
        case T_SampleScan:
        case T_IndexScan:
        case T_IndexOnlyScan:
        case T_BitmapHeapScan:
        case T_TidScan:
        case T_TidRangeScan:
        case T_ForeignScan:
        case T_CustomScan:
        case T_ModifyTable:
            /* Assert it's on a real relation */
            Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION);
            objectname = get_rel_name(rte->relid);
            if (es->verbose)
                namespace = get_namespace_name_or_temp(get_rel_namespace(rte->relid));
            objecttag = "Relation Name";
            break;
        case T_FunctionScan:
            {
                FunctionScan *fscan = (FunctionScan *) plan;
 
                /* Assert it's on a RangeFunction */
                Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_FUNCTION);
 
                /*
                 * If the expression is still a function call of a single
                 * function, we can get the real name of the function.
                 * Otherwise, punt.  (Even if it was a single function call
                 * originally, the optimizer could have simplified it away.)
                 */
                if (list_length(fscan->functions) == 1)
                {
                    RangeTblFunction *rtfunc = (RangeTblFunction *) linitial(fscan->functions);
 
                    if (IsA(rtfunc->funcexpr, FuncExpr))
                    {
                        FuncExpr   *funcexpr = (FuncExpr *) rtfunc->funcexpr;
                        Oid         funcid = funcexpr->funcid;
 
                        objectname = get_func_name(funcid);
                        if (es->verbose)
                            namespace = get_namespace_name_or_temp(get_func_namespace(funcid));
                    }
                }
                objecttag = "Function Name";
            }
            break;
        case T_TableFuncScan:
            {
                TableFunc  *tablefunc = ((TableFuncScan *) plan)->tablefunc;
 
                Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_TABLEFUNC);
                switch (tablefunc->functype)
                {
                    case TFT_XMLTABLE:
                        objectname = "xmltable";
                        break;
                    case TFT_JSON_TABLE:
                        objectname = "json_table";
                        break;
                    default:
                        elog(ERROR, "invalid TableFunc type %d",
                             (int) tablefunc->functype);
                }
                objecttag = "Table Function Name";
            }
            break;
        case T_ValuesScan:
            Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES);
            break;
        case T_CteScan:
            /* Assert it's on a non-self-reference CTE */
            Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_CTE);
            Assert(!rte->self_reference);
            objectname = rte->ctename;
            objecttag = "CTE Name";
            break;
        case T_NamedTuplestoreScan:
            Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_NAMEDTUPLESTORE);
            objectname = rte->enrname;
            objecttag = "Tuplestore Name";
            break;
        case T_WorkTableScan:
            /* Assert it's on a self-reference CTE */
            Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_CTE);
            Assert(rte->self_reference);
            objectname = rte->ctename;
            objecttag = "CTE Name";
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
 
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        appendStringInfoString(es->str, " on");
        if (namespace != NULL)
            appendStringInfo(es->str, " %s.%s", quote_identifier(namespace),
                             quote_identifier(objectname));
        else if (objectname != NULL)
            appendStringInfo(es->str, " %s", quote_identifier(objectname));
        if (objectname == NULL || strcmp(refname, objectname) != 0)
            appendStringInfo(es->str, " %s", quote_identifier(refname));
    }
    else
    {
        if (objecttag != NULL && objectname != NULL)
            ExplainPropertyText(objecttag, objectname, es);
        if (namespace != NULL)
            ExplainPropertyText("Schema", namespace, es);
        ExplainPropertyText("Alias", refname, es);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Show extra information for a ModifyTable node
 *
 * We have three objectives here.  First, if there's more than one target
 * table or it's different from the nominal target, identify the actual
 * target(s).  Second, give FDWs a chance to display extra info about foreign
 * targets.  Third, show information about ON CONFLICT.
 */
static void
show_modifytable_info(ModifyTableState *mtstate, List *ancestors,
                      ExplainState *es)
{
    ModifyTable *node = (ModifyTable *) mtstate->ps.plan;
    const char *operation;
    const char *foperation;
    bool        labeltargets;
    int         j;
    List       *idxNames = NIL;
    ListCell   *lst;
 
    switch (node->operation)
    {
        case CMD_INSERT:
            operation = "Insert";
            foperation = "Foreign Insert";
            break;
        case CMD_UPDATE:
            operation = "Update";
            foperation = "Foreign Update";
            break;
        case CMD_DELETE:
            operation = "Delete";
            foperation = "Foreign Delete";
            break;
        case CMD_MERGE:
            operation = "Merge";
            /* XXX unsupported for now, but avoid compiler noise */
            foperation = "Foreign Merge";
            break;
        default:
            operation = "???";
            foperation = "Foreign ???";
            break;
    }
 
    /*
     * Should we explicitly label target relations?
     *
     * If there's only one target relation, do not list it if it's the
     * relation named in the query, or if it has been pruned.  (Normally
     * mtstate->resultRelInfo doesn't include pruned relations, but a single
     * pruned target relation may be present, if all other target relations
     * have been pruned.  See ExecInitModifyTable().)
     */
    labeltargets = (mtstate->mt_nrels > 1 ||
                    (mtstate->mt_nrels == 1 &&
                     mtstate->resultRelInfo[0].ri_RangeTableIndex != node->nominalRelation &&
                     bms_is_member(mtstate->resultRelInfo[0].ri_RangeTableIndex,
                                   mtstate->ps.state->es_unpruned_relids)));
 
    if (labeltargets)
        ExplainOpenGroup("Target Tables", "Target Tables", false, es);
 
    for (j = 0; j < mtstate->mt_nrels; j++)
    {
        ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo = mtstate->resultRelInfo + j;
        FdwRoutine *fdwroutine = resultRelInfo->ri_FdwRoutine;
 
        if (labeltargets)
        {
            /* Open a group for this target */
            ExplainOpenGroup("Target Table", NULL, true, es);
 
            /*
             * In text mode, decorate each target with operation type, so that
             * ExplainTargetRel's output of " on foo" will read nicely.
             */
            if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            {
                ExplainIndentText(es);
                appendStringInfoString(es->str,
                                       fdwroutine ? foperation : operation);
            }
 
            /* Identify target */
            ExplainTargetRel((Plan *) node,
                             resultRelInfo->ri_RangeTableIndex,
                             es);
 
            if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            {
                appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
                es->indent++;
            }
        }
 
        /* Give FDW a chance if needed */
        if (!resultRelInfo->ri_usesFdwDirectModify &&
            fdwroutine != NULL &&
            fdwroutine->ExplainForeignModify != NULL)
        {
            List       *fdw_private = (List *) list_nth(node->fdwPrivLists, j);
 
            fdwroutine->ExplainForeignModify(mtstate,
                                             resultRelInfo,
                                             fdw_private,
                                             j,
                                             es);
        }
 
        if (labeltargets)
        {
            /* Undo the indentation we added in text format */
            if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
                es->indent--;
 
            /* Close the group */
            ExplainCloseGroup("Target Table", NULL, true, es);
        }
    }
 
    /* Gather names of ON CONFLICT arbiter indexes */
    foreach(lst, node->arbiterIndexes)
    {
        char       *indexname = get_rel_name(lfirst_oid(lst));
 
        idxNames = lappend(idxNames, indexname);
    }
 
    if (node->onConflictAction != ONCONFLICT_NONE)
    {
        ExplainPropertyText("Conflict Resolution",
                            node->onConflictAction == ONCONFLICT_NOTHING ?
                            "NOTHING" : "UPDATE",
                            es);
 
        /*
         * Don't display arbiter indexes at all when DO NOTHING variant
         * implicitly ignores all conflicts
         */
        if (idxNames)
            ExplainPropertyList("Conflict Arbiter Indexes", idxNames, es);
 
        /* ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE WHERE qual is specially displayed */
        if (node->onConflictWhere)
        {
            show_upper_qual((List *) node->onConflictWhere, "Conflict Filter",
                            &mtstate->ps, ancestors, es);
            show_instrumentation_count("Rows Removed by Conflict Filter", 1, &mtstate->ps, es);
        }
 
        /* EXPLAIN ANALYZE display of actual outcome for each tuple proposed */
        if (es->analyze && mtstate->ps.instrument)
        {
            double      total;
            double      insert_path;
            double      other_path;
 
            InstrEndLoop(outerPlanState(mtstate)->instrument);
 
            /* count the number of source rows */
            total = outerPlanState(mtstate)->instrument->ntuples;
            other_path = mtstate->ps.instrument->ntuples2;
            insert_path = total - other_path;
 
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Tuples Inserted", NULL,
                                 insert_path, 0, es);
            ExplainPropertyFloat("Conflicting Tuples", NULL,
                                 other_path, 0, es);
        }
    }
    else if (node->operation == CMD_MERGE)
    {
        /* EXPLAIN ANALYZE display of tuples processed */
        if (es->analyze && mtstate->ps.instrument)
        {
            double      total;
            double      insert_path;
            double      update_path;
            double      delete_path;
            double      skipped_path;
 
            InstrEndLoop(outerPlanState(mtstate)->instrument);
 
            /* count the number of source rows */
            total = outerPlanState(mtstate)->instrument->ntuples;
            insert_path = mtstate->mt_merge_inserted;
            update_path = mtstate->mt_merge_updated;
            delete_path = mtstate->mt_merge_deleted;
            skipped_path = total - insert_path - update_path - delete_path;
            Assert(skipped_path >= 0);
 
            if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            {
                if (total > 0)
                {
                    ExplainIndentText(es);
                    appendStringInfoString(es->str, "Tuples:");
                    if (insert_path > 0)
                        appendStringInfo(es->str, " inserted=%.0f", insert_path);
                    if (update_path > 0)
                        appendStringInfo(es->str, " updated=%.0f", update_path);
                    if (delete_path > 0)
                        appendStringInfo(es->str, " deleted=%.0f", delete_path);
                    if (skipped_path > 0)
                        appendStringInfo(es->str, " skipped=%.0f", skipped_path);
                    appendStringInfoChar(es->str, '\n');
                }
            }
            else
            {
                ExplainPropertyFloat("Tuples Inserted", NULL, insert_path, 0, es);
                ExplainPropertyFloat("Tuples Updated", NULL, update_path, 0, es);
                ExplainPropertyFloat("Tuples Deleted", NULL, delete_path, 0, es);
                ExplainPropertyFloat("Tuples Skipped", NULL, skipped_path, 0, es);
            }
        }
    }
 
    if (labeltargets)
        ExplainCloseGroup("Target Tables", "Target Tables", false, es);
}
 
/*
 * Explain the constituent plans of an Append, MergeAppend,
 * BitmapAnd, or BitmapOr node.
 *
 * The ancestors list should already contain the immediate parent of these
 * plans.
 */
static void
ExplainMemberNodes(PlanState **planstates, int nplans,
                   List *ancestors, ExplainState *es)
{
    int         j;
 
    for (j = 0; j < nplans; j++)
        ExplainNode(planstates[j], ancestors,
                    "Member", NULL, es);
}
 
/*
 * Report about any pruned subnodes of an Append or MergeAppend node.
 *
 * nplans indicates the number of live subplans.
 * nchildren indicates the original number of subnodes in the Plan;
 * some of these may have been pruned by the run-time pruning code.
 */
static void
ExplainMissingMembers(int nplans, int nchildren, ExplainState *es)
{
    if (nplans < nchildren || es->format != EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
        ExplainPropertyInteger("Subplans Removed", NULL,
                               nchildren - nplans, es);
}
 
/*
 * Explain a list of SubPlans (or initPlans, which also use SubPlan nodes).
 *
 * The ancestors list should already contain the immediate parent of these
 * SubPlans.
 */
static void
ExplainSubPlans(List *plans, List *ancestors,
                const char *relationship, ExplainState *es)
{
    ListCell   *lst;
 
    foreach(lst, plans)
    {
        SubPlanState *sps = (SubPlanState *) lfirst(lst);
        SubPlan    *sp = sps->subplan;
 
        /*
         * There can be multiple SubPlan nodes referencing the same physical
         * subplan (same plan_id, which is its index in PlannedStmt.subplans).
         * We should print a subplan only once, so track which ones we already
         * printed.  This state must be global across the plan tree, since the
         * duplicate nodes could be in different plan nodes, eg both a bitmap
         * indexscan's indexqual and its parent heapscan's recheck qual.  (We
         * do not worry too much about which plan node we show the subplan as
         * attached to in such cases.)
         */
        if (bms_is_member(sp->plan_id, es->printed_subplans))
            continue;
        es->printed_subplans = bms_add_member(es->printed_subplans,
                                              sp->plan_id);
 
        /*
         * Treat the SubPlan node as an ancestor of the plan node(s) within
         * it, so that ruleutils.c can find the referents of subplan
         * parameters.
         */
        ancestors = lcons(sp, ancestors);
 
        ExplainNode(sps->planstate, ancestors,
                    relationship, sp->plan_name, es);
 
        ancestors = list_delete_first(ancestors);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Explain a list of children of a CustomScan.
 */
static void
ExplainCustomChildren(CustomScanState *css, List *ancestors, ExplainState *es)
{
    ListCell   *cell;
    const char *label =
        (list_length(css->custom_ps) != 1 ? "children" : "child");
 
    foreach(cell, css->custom_ps)
        ExplainNode((PlanState *) lfirst(cell), ancestors, label, NULL, es);
}
 
/*
 * Create a per-plan-node workspace for collecting per-worker data.
 *
 * Output related to each worker will be temporarily "set aside" into a
 * separate buffer, which we'll merge into the main output stream once
 * we've processed all data for the plan node.  This makes it feasible to
 * generate a coherent sub-group of fields for each worker, even though the
 * code that produces the fields is in several different places in this file.
 * Formatting of such a set-aside field group is managed by
 * ExplainOpenSetAsideGroup and ExplainSaveGroup/ExplainRestoreGroup.
 */
static ExplainWorkersState *
ExplainCreateWorkersState(int num_workers)
{
    ExplainWorkersState *wstate;
 
    wstate = (ExplainWorkersState *) palloc(sizeof(ExplainWorkersState));
    wstate->num_workers = num_workers;
    wstate->worker_inited = (bool *) palloc0(num_workers * sizeof(bool));
    wstate->worker_str = (StringInfoData *)
        palloc0(num_workers * sizeof(StringInfoData));
    wstate->worker_state_save = (int *) palloc(num_workers * sizeof(int));
    return wstate;
}
 
/*
 * Begin or resume output into the set-aside group for worker N.
 */
static void
ExplainOpenWorker(int n, ExplainState *es)
{
    ExplainWorkersState *wstate = es->workers_state;
 
    Assert(wstate);
    Assert(n >= 0 && n < wstate->num_workers);
 
    /* Save prior output buffer pointer */
    wstate->prev_str = es->str;
 
    if (!wstate->worker_inited[n])
    {
        /* First time through, so create the buffer for this worker */
        initStringInfo(&wstate->worker_str[n]);
        es->str = &wstate->worker_str[n];
 
        /*
         * Push suitable initial formatting state for this worker's field
         * group.  We allow one extra logical nesting level, since this group
         * will eventually be wrapped in an outer "Workers" group.
         */
        ExplainOpenSetAsideGroup("Worker", NULL, true, 2, es);
 
        /*
         * In non-TEXT formats we always emit a "Worker Number" field, even if
         * there's no other data for this worker.
         */
        if (es->format != EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
            ExplainPropertyInteger("Worker Number", NULL, n, es);
 
        wstate->worker_inited[n] = true;
    }
    else
    {
        /* Resuming output for a worker we've already emitted some data for */
        es->str = &wstate->worker_str[n];
 
        /* Restore formatting state saved by last ExplainCloseWorker() */
        ExplainRestoreGroup(es, 2, &wstate->worker_state_save[n]);
    }
 
    /*
     * In TEXT format, prefix the first output line for this worker with
     * "Worker N:".  Then, any additional lines should be indented one more
     * stop than the "Worker N" line is.
     */
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        if (es->str->len == 0)
        {
            ExplainIndentText(es);
            appendStringInfo(es->str, "Worker %d:  ", n);
        }
 
        es->indent++;
    }
}
 
/*
 * End output for worker N --- must pair with previous ExplainOpenWorker call
 */
static void
ExplainCloseWorker(int n, ExplainState *es)
{
    ExplainWorkersState *wstate = es->workers_state;
 
    Assert(wstate);
    Assert(n >= 0 && n < wstate->num_workers);
    Assert(wstate->worker_inited[n]);
 
    /*
     * Save formatting state in case we do another ExplainOpenWorker(), then
     * pop the formatting stack.
     */
    ExplainSaveGroup(es, 2, &wstate->worker_state_save[n]);
 
    /*
     * In TEXT format, if we didn't actually produce any output line(s) then
     * truncate off the partial line emitted by ExplainOpenWorker.  (This is
     * to avoid bogus output if, say, show_buffer_usage chooses not to print
     * anything for the worker.)  Also fix up the indent level.
     */
    if (es->format == EXPLAIN_FORMAT_TEXT)
    {
        while (es->str->len > 0 && es->str->data[es->str->len - 1] != '\n')
            es->str->data[--(es->str->len)] = '\0';
 
        es->indent--;
    }
 
    /* Restore prior output buffer pointer */
    es->str = wstate->prev_str;
}
 
/*
 * Print per-worker info for current node, then free the ExplainWorkersState.
 */
static void
ExplainFlushWorkersState(ExplainState *es)
{
    ExplainWorkersState *wstate = es->workers_state;
 
    ExplainOpenGroup("Workers", "Workers", false, es);
    for (int i = 0; i < wstate->num_workers; i++)
    {
        if (wstate->worker_inited[i])
        {
            /* This must match previous ExplainOpenSetAsideGroup call */
            ExplainOpenGroup("Worker", NULL, true, es);
            appendStringInfoString(es->str, wstate->worker_str[i].data);
            ExplainCloseGroup("Worker", NULL, true, es);
 
            pfree(wstate->worker_str[i].data);
        }
    }
    ExplainCloseGroup("Workers", "Workers", false, es);
 
    pfree(wstate->worker_inited);
    pfree(wstate->worker_str);
    pfree(wstate->worker_state_save);
    pfree(wstate);
}