execMain.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * execMain.c
 *    top level executor interface routines
 *
 * INTERFACE ROUTINES
 *  ExecutorStart()
 *  ExecutorRun()
 *  ExecutorFinish()
 *  ExecutorEnd()
 *
 *  These four procedures are the external interface to the executor.
 *  In each case, the query descriptor is required as an argument.
 *
 *  ExecutorStart must be called at the beginning of execution of any
 *  query plan and ExecutorEnd must always be called at the end of
 *  execution of a plan (unless it is aborted due to error).
 *
 *  ExecutorRun accepts direction and count arguments that specify whether
 *  the plan is to be executed forwards, backwards, and for how many tuples.
 *  In some cases ExecutorRun may be called multiple times to process all
 *  the tuples for a plan.  It is also acceptable to stop short of executing
 *  the whole plan (but only if it is a SELECT).
 *
 *  ExecutorFinish must be called after the final ExecutorRun call and
 *  before ExecutorEnd.  This can be omitted only in case of EXPLAIN,
 *  which should also omit ExecutorRun.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2019, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/executor/execMain.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include "access/heapam.h"
#include "access/htup_details.h"
#include "access/sysattr.h"
#include "access/tableam.h"
#include "access/transam.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "catalog/namespace.h"
#include "catalog/pg_publication.h"
#include "commands/matview.h"
#include "commands/trigger.h"
#include "executor/execdebug.h"
#include "executor/nodeSubplan.h"
#include "foreign/fdwapi.h"
#include "jit/jit.h"
#include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "parser/parsetree.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "storage/lmgr.h"
#include "tcop/utility.h"
#include "utils/acl.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/partcache.h"
#include "utils/rls.h"
#include "utils/ruleutils.h"
#include "utils/snapmgr.h"


/* Hooks for plugins to get control in ExecutorStart/Run/Finish/End */
ExecutorStart_hook_type ExecutorStart_hook = NULL;
ExecutorRun_hook_type ExecutorRun_hook = NULL;
ExecutorFinish_hook_type ExecutorFinish_hook = NULL;
ExecutorEnd_hook_type ExecutorEnd_hook = NULL;

/* Hook for plugin to get control in ExecCheckRTPerms() */
ExecutorCheckPerms_hook_type ExecutorCheckPerms_hook = NULL;

/* decls for local routines only used within this module */
static void InitPlan(QueryDesc *queryDesc, int eflags);
static void CheckValidRowMarkRel(Relation rel, RowMarkType markType);
static void ExecPostprocessPlan(EState *estate);
static void ExecEndPlan(PlanState *planstate, EState *estate);
static void ExecutePlan(EState *estate, PlanState *planstate,
                        bool use_parallel_mode,
                        CmdType operation,
                        bool sendTuples,
                        uint64 numberTuples,
                        ScanDirection direction,
                        DestReceiver *dest,
                        bool execute_once);
static bool ExecCheckRTEPerms(RangeTblEntry *rte);
static bool ExecCheckRTEPermsModified(Oid relOid, Oid userid,
                                      Bitmapset *modifiedCols,
                                      AclMode requiredPerms);
static void ExecCheckXactReadOnly(PlannedStmt *plannedstmt);
static char *ExecBuildSlotValueDescription(Oid reloid,
                                           TupleTableSlot *slot,
                                           TupleDesc tupdesc,
                                           Bitmapset *modifiedCols,
                                           int maxfieldlen);
static void EvalPlanQualStart(EPQState *epqstate, EState *parentestate,
                              Plan *planTree);

/*
 * Note that GetAllUpdatedColumns() also exists in commands/trigger.c.  There does
 * not appear to be any good header to put it into, given the structures that
 * it uses, so we let them be duplicated.  Be sure to update both if one needs
 * to be changed, however.
 */
#define GetInsertedColumns(relinfo, estate) \
    (exec_rt_fetch((relinfo)->ri_RangeTableIndex, estate)->insertedCols)
#define GetUpdatedColumns(relinfo, estate) \
    (exec_rt_fetch((relinfo)->ri_RangeTableIndex, estate)->updatedCols)
#define GetAllUpdatedColumns(relinfo, estate) \
    (bms_union(exec_rt_fetch((relinfo)->ri_RangeTableIndex, estate)->updatedCols, \
               exec_rt_fetch((relinfo)->ri_RangeTableIndex, estate)->extraUpdatedCols))

/* end of local decls */


/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *      ExecutorStart
 *
 *      This routine must be called at the beginning of any execution of any
 *      query plan
 *
 * Takes a QueryDesc previously created by CreateQueryDesc (which is separate
 * only because some places use QueryDescs for utility commands).  The tupDesc
 * field of the QueryDesc is filled in to describe the tuples that will be
 * returned, and the internal fields (estate and planstate) are set up.
 *
 * eflags contains flag bits as described in executor.h.
 *
 * NB: the CurrentMemoryContext when this is called will become the parent
 * of the per-query context used for this Executor invocation.
 *
 * We provide a function hook variable that lets loadable plugins
 * get control when ExecutorStart is called.  Such a plugin would
 * normally call standard_ExecutorStart().
 *
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
void
ExecutorStart(QueryDesc *queryDesc, int eflags)
{
    if (ExecutorStart_hook)
        (*ExecutorStart_hook) (queryDesc, eflags);
    else
        standard_ExecutorStart(queryDesc, eflags);
}

void
standard_ExecutorStart(QueryDesc *queryDesc, int eflags)
{
    EState     *estate;
    MemoryContext oldcontext;

    /* sanity checks: queryDesc must not be started already */
    Assert(queryDesc != NULL);
    Assert(queryDesc->estate == NULL);

    /*
     * If the transaction is read-only, we need to check if any writes are
     * planned to non-temporary tables.  EXPLAIN is considered read-only.
     *
     * Don't allow writes in parallel mode.  Supporting UPDATE and DELETE
     * would require (a) storing the combocid hash in shared memory, rather
     * than synchronizing it just once at the start of parallelism, and (b) an
     * alternative to heap_update()'s reliance on xmax for mutual exclusion.
     * INSERT may have no such troubles, but we forbid it to simplify the
     * checks.
     *
     * We have lower-level defenses in CommandCounterIncrement and elsewhere
     * against performing unsafe operations in parallel mode, but this gives a
     * more user-friendly error message.
     */
    if ((XactReadOnly || IsInParallelMode()) &&
        !(eflags & EXEC_FLAG_EXPLAIN_ONLY))
        ExecCheckXactReadOnly(queryDesc->plannedstmt);

    /*
     * Build EState, switch into per-query memory context for startup.
     */
    estate = CreateExecutorState();
    queryDesc->estate = estate;

    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(estate->es_query_cxt);

    /*
     * Fill in external parameters, if any, from queryDesc; and allocate
     * workspace for internal parameters
     */
    estate->es_param_list_info = queryDesc->params;

    if (queryDesc->plannedstmt->paramExecTypes != NIL)
    {
        int         nParamExec;

        nParamExec = list_length(queryDesc->plannedstmt->paramExecTypes);
        estate->es_param_exec_vals = (ParamExecData *)
            palloc0(nParamExec * sizeof(ParamExecData));
    }

    estate->es_sourceText = queryDesc->sourceText;

    /*
     * Fill in the query environment, if any, from queryDesc.
     */
    estate->es_queryEnv = queryDesc->queryEnv;

    /*
     * If non-read-only query, set the command ID to mark output tuples with
     */
    switch (queryDesc->operation)
    {
        case CMD_SELECT:

            /*
             * SELECT FOR [KEY] UPDATE/SHARE and modifying CTEs need to mark
             * tuples
             */
            if (queryDesc->plannedstmt->rowMarks != NIL ||
                queryDesc->plannedstmt->hasModifyingCTE)
                estate->es_output_cid = GetCurrentCommandId(true);

            /*
             * A SELECT without modifying CTEs can't possibly queue triggers,
             * so force skip-triggers mode. This is just a marginal efficiency
             * hack, since AfterTriggerBeginQuery/AfterTriggerEndQuery aren't
             * all that expensive, but we might as well do it.
             */
            if (!queryDesc->plannedstmt->hasModifyingCTE)
                eflags |= EXEC_FLAG_SKIP_TRIGGERS;
            break;

        case CMD_INSERT:
        case CMD_DELETE:
        case CMD_UPDATE:
            estate->es_output_cid = GetCurrentCommandId(true);
            break;

        default:
            elog(ERROR, "unrecognized operation code: %d",
                 (int) queryDesc->operation);
            break;
    }

    /*
     * Copy other important information into the EState
     */
    estate->es_snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(queryDesc->snapshot);
    estate->es_crosscheck_snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(queryDesc->crosscheck_snapshot);
    estate->es_top_eflags = eflags;
    estate->es_instrument = queryDesc->instrument_options;
    estate->es_jit_flags = queryDesc->plannedstmt->jitFlags;

    /*
     * Set up an AFTER-trigger statement context, unless told not to, or
     * unless it's EXPLAIN-only mode (when ExecutorFinish won't be called).
     */
    if (!(eflags & (EXEC_FLAG_SKIP_TRIGGERS | EXEC_FLAG_EXPLAIN_ONLY)))
        AfterTriggerBeginQuery();

    /*
     * Initialize the plan state tree
     */
    InitPlan(queryDesc, eflags);

    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *      ExecutorRun
 *
 *      This is the main routine of the executor module. It accepts
 *      the query descriptor from the traffic cop and executes the
 *      query plan.
 *
 *      ExecutorStart must have been called already.
 *
 *      If direction is NoMovementScanDirection then nothing is done
 *      except to start up/shut down the destination.  Otherwise,
 *      we retrieve up to 'count' tuples in the specified direction.
 *
 *      Note: count = 0 is interpreted as no portal limit, i.e., run to
 *      completion.  Also note that the count limit is only applied to
 *      retrieved tuples, not for instance to those inserted/updated/deleted
 *      by a ModifyTable plan node.
 *
 *      There is no return value, but output tuples (if any) are sent to
 *      the destination receiver specified in the QueryDesc; and the number
 *      of tuples processed at the top level can be found in
 *      estate->es_processed.
 *
 *      We provide a function hook variable that lets loadable plugins
 *      get control when ExecutorRun is called.  Such a plugin would
 *      normally call standard_ExecutorRun().
 *
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
void
ExecutorRun(QueryDesc *queryDesc,
            ScanDirection direction, uint64 count,
            bool execute_once)
{
    if (ExecutorRun_hook)
        (*ExecutorRun_hook) (queryDesc, direction, count, execute_once);
    else
        standard_ExecutorRun(queryDesc, direction, count, execute_once);
}

void
standard_ExecutorRun(QueryDesc *queryDesc,
                     ScanDirection direction, uint64 count, bool execute_once)
{
    EState     *estate;
    CmdType     operation;
    DestReceiver *dest;
    bool        sendTuples;
    MemoryContext oldcontext;

    /* sanity checks */
    Assert(queryDesc != NULL);

    estate = queryDesc->estate;

    Assert(estate != NULL);
    Assert(!(estate->es_top_eflags & EXEC_FLAG_EXPLAIN_ONLY));

    /*
     * Switch into per-query memory context
     */
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(estate->es_query_cxt);

    /* Allow instrumentation of Executor overall runtime */
    if (queryDesc->totaltime)
        InstrStartNode(queryDesc->totaltime);

    /*
     * extract information from the query descriptor and the query feature.
     */
    operation = queryDesc->operation;
    dest = queryDesc->dest;

    /*
     * startup tuple receiver, if we will be emitting tuples
     */
    estate->es_processed = 0;

    sendTuples = (operation == CMD_SELECT ||
                  queryDesc->plannedstmt->hasReturning);

    if (sendTuples)
        dest->rStartup(dest, operation, queryDesc->tupDesc);

    /*
     * run plan
     */
    if (!ScanDirectionIsNoMovement(direction))
    {
        if (execute_once && queryDesc->already_executed)
            elog(ERROR, "can't re-execute query flagged for single execution");
        queryDesc->already_executed = true;

        ExecutePlan(estate,
                    queryDesc->planstate,
                    queryDesc->plannedstmt->parallelModeNeeded,
                    operation,
                    sendTuples,
                    count,
                    direction,
                    dest,
                    execute_once);
    }

    /*
     * shutdown tuple receiver, if we started it
     */
    if (sendTuples)
        dest->rShutdown(dest);

    if (queryDesc->totaltime)
        InstrStopNode(queryDesc->totaltime, estate->es_processed);

    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *      ExecutorFinish
 *
 *      This routine must be called after the last ExecutorRun call.
 *      It performs cleanup such as firing AFTER triggers.  It is
 *      separate from ExecutorEnd because EXPLAIN ANALYZE needs to
 *      include these actions in the total runtime.
 *
 *      We provide a function hook variable that lets loadable plugins
 *      get control when ExecutorFinish is called.  Such a plugin would
 *      normally call standard_ExecutorFinish().
 *
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
void
ExecutorFinish(QueryDesc *queryDesc)
{
    if (ExecutorFinish_hook)
        (*ExecutorFinish_hook) (queryDesc);
    else
        standard_ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
}

void
standard_ExecutorFinish(QueryDesc *queryDesc)
{
    EState     *estate;
    MemoryContext oldcontext;

    /* sanity checks */
    Assert(queryDesc != NULL);

    estate = queryDesc->estate;

    Assert(estate != NULL);
    Assert(!(estate->es_top_eflags & EXEC_FLAG_EXPLAIN_ONLY));

    /* This should be run once and only once per Executor instance */
    Assert(!estate->es_finished);

    /* Switch into per-query memory context */
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(estate->es_query_cxt);

    /* Allow instrumentation of Executor overall runtime */
    if (queryDesc->totaltime)
        InstrStartNode(queryDesc->totaltime);

    /* Run ModifyTable nodes to completion */
    ExecPostprocessPlan(estate);

    /* Execute queued AFTER triggers, unless told not to */
    if (!(estate->es_top_eflags & EXEC_FLAG_SKIP_TRIGGERS))
        AfterTriggerEndQuery(estate);

    if (queryDesc->totaltime)
        InstrStopNode(queryDesc->totaltime, 0);

    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);

    estate->es_finished = true;
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *      ExecutorEnd
 *
 *      This routine must be called at the end of execution of any
 *      query plan
 *
 *      We provide a function hook variable that lets loadable plugins
 *      get control when ExecutorEnd is called.  Such a plugin would
 *      normally call standard_ExecutorEnd().
 *
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
void
ExecutorEnd(QueryDesc *queryDesc)
{
    if (ExecutorEnd_hook)
        (*ExecutorEnd_hook) (queryDesc);
    else
        standard_ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
}

void
standard_ExecutorEnd(QueryDesc *queryDesc)
{
    EState     *estate;
    MemoryContext oldcontext;

    /* sanity checks */
    Assert(queryDesc != NULL);

    estate = queryDesc->estate;

    Assert(estate != NULL);

    /*
     * Check that ExecutorFinish was called, unless in EXPLAIN-only mode. This
     * Assert is needed because ExecutorFinish is new as of 9.1, and callers
     * might forget to call it.
     */
    Assert(estate->es_finished ||
           (estate->es_top_eflags & EXEC_FLAG_EXPLAIN_ONLY));

    /*
     * Switch into per-query memory context to run ExecEndPlan
     */
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(estate->es_query_cxt);

    ExecEndPlan(queryDesc->planstate, estate);

    /* do away with our snapshots */
    UnregisterSnapshot(estate->es_snapshot);
    UnregisterSnapshot(estate->es_crosscheck_snapshot);

    /*
     * Must switch out of context before destroying it
     */
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);

    /*
     * Release EState and per-query memory context.  This should release
     * everything the executor has allocated.
     */
    FreeExecutorState(estate);

    /* Reset queryDesc fields that no longer point to anything */
    queryDesc->tupDesc = NULL;
    queryDesc->estate = NULL;
    queryDesc->planstate = NULL;
    queryDesc->totaltime = NULL;
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *      ExecutorRewind
 *
 *      This routine may be called on an open queryDesc to rewind it
 *      to the start.
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
void
ExecutorRewind(QueryDesc *queryDesc)
{
    EState     *estate;
    MemoryContext oldcontext;

    /* sanity checks */
    Assert(queryDesc != NULL);

    estate = queryDesc->estate;

    Assert(estate != NULL);

    /* It's probably not sensible to rescan updating queries */
    Assert(queryDesc->operation == CMD_SELECT);

    /*
     * Switch into per-query memory context
     */
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(estate->es_query_cxt);

    /*
     * rescan plan
     */
    ExecReScan(queryDesc->planstate);

    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}


/*
 * ExecCheckRTPerms
 *      Check access permissions for all relations listed in a range table.
 *
 * Returns true if permissions are adequate.  Otherwise, throws an appropriate
 * error if ereport_on_violation is true, or simply returns false otherwise.
 *
 * Note that this does NOT address row level security policies (aka: RLS).  If
 * rows will be returned to the user as a result of this permission check
 * passing, then RLS also needs to be consulted (and check_enable_rls()).
 *
 * See rewrite/rowsecurity.c.
 */
bool
ExecCheckRTPerms(List *rangeTable, bool ereport_on_violation)
{
    ListCell   *l;
    bool        result = true;

    foreach(l, rangeTable)
    {
        RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(l);

        result = ExecCheckRTEPerms(rte);
        if (!result)
        {
            Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION);
            if (ereport_on_violation)
                aclcheck_error(ACLCHECK_NO_PRIV, get_relkind_objtype(get_rel_relkind(rte->relid)),
                               get_rel_name(rte->relid));
            return false;
        }
    }

    if (ExecutorCheckPerms_hook)
        result = (*ExecutorCheckPerms_hook) (rangeTable,
                                             ereport_on_violation);
    return result;
}

/*
 * ExecCheckRTEPerms
 *      Check access permissions for a single RTE.
 */
static bool
ExecCheckRTEPerms(RangeTblEntry *rte)
{
    AclMode     requiredPerms;
    AclMode     relPerms;
    AclMode     remainingPerms;
    Oid         relOid;
    Oid         userid;

    /*
     * Only plain-relation RTEs need to be checked here.  Function RTEs are
     * checked when the function is prepared for execution.  Join, subquery,
     * and special RTEs need no checks.
     */
    if (rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
        return true;

    /*
     * No work if requiredPerms is empty.
     */
    requiredPerms = rte->requiredPerms;
    if (requiredPerms == 0)
        return true;

    relOid = rte->relid;

    /*
     * userid to check as: current user unless we have a setuid indication.
     *
     * Note: GetUserId() is presently fast enough that there's no harm in
     * calling it separately for each RTE.  If that stops being true, we could
     * call it once in ExecCheckRTPerms and pass the userid down from there.
     * But for now, no need for the extra clutter.
     */
    userid = rte->checkAsUser ? rte->checkAsUser : GetUserId();

    /*
     * We must have *all* the requiredPerms bits, but some of the bits can be
     * satisfied from column-level rather than relation-level permissions.
     * First, remove any bits that are satisfied by relation permissions.
     */
    relPerms = pg_class_aclmask(relOid, userid, requiredPerms, ACLMASK_ALL);
    remainingPerms = requiredPerms & ~relPerms;
    if (remainingPerms != 0)
    {
        int         col = -1;

        /*
         * If we lack any permissions that exist only as relation permissions,
         * we can fail straight away.
         */
        if (remainingPerms & ~(ACL_SELECT | ACL_INSERT | ACL_UPDATE))
            return false;

        /*
         * Check to see if we have the needed privileges at column level.
         *
         * Note: failures just report a table-level error; it would be nicer
         * to report a column-level error if we have some but not all of the
         * column privileges.
         */
        if (remainingPerms & ACL_SELECT)
        {
            /*
             * When the query doesn't explicitly reference any columns (for
             * example, SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table), allow the query if we
             * have SELECT on any column of the rel, as per SQL spec.
             */
            if (bms_is_empty(rte->selectedCols))
            {
                if (pg_attribute_aclcheck_all(relOid, userid, ACL_SELECT,
                                              ACLMASK_ANY) != ACLCHECK_OK)
                    return false;
            }

            while ((col = bms_next_member(rte->selectedCols, col)) >= 0)
            {
                /* bit #s are offset by FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber */
                AttrNumber  attno = col + FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber;

                if (attno == InvalidAttrNumber)
                {
                    /* Whole-row reference, must have priv on all cols */
                    if (pg_attribute_aclcheck_all(relOid, userid, ACL_SELECT,
                                                  ACLMASK_ALL) != ACLCHECK_OK)
                        return false;
                }
                else
                {
                    if (pg_attribute_aclcheck(relOid, attno, userid,
                                              ACL_SELECT) != ACLCHECK_OK)
                        return false;
                }
            }
        }

        /*
         * Basically the same for the mod columns, for both INSERT and UPDATE
         * privilege as specified by remainingPerms.
         */
        if (remainingPerms & ACL_INSERT && !ExecCheckRTEPermsModified(relOid,
                                                                      userid,
                                                                      rte->insertedCols,
                                                                      ACL_INSERT))
            return false;

        if (remainingPerms & ACL_UPDATE && !ExecCheckRTEPermsModified(relOid,
                                                                      userid,
                                                                      rte->updatedCols,
                                                                      ACL_UPDATE))
            return false;
    }
    return true;
}

/*
 * ExecCheckRTEPermsModified
 *      Check INSERT or UPDATE access permissions for a single RTE (these
 *      are processed uniformly).
 */
static bool
ExecCheckRTEPermsModified(Oid relOid, Oid userid, Bitmapset *modifiedCols,
                          AclMode requiredPerms)
{
    int         col = -1;

    /*
     * When the query doesn't explicitly update any columns, allow the query
     * if we have permission on any column of the rel.  This is to handle
     * SELECT FOR UPDATE as well as possible corner cases in UPDATE.
     */
    if (bms_is_empty(modifiedCols))
    {
        if (pg_attribute_aclcheck_all(relOid, userid, requiredPerms,
                                      ACLMASK_ANY) != ACLCHECK_OK)
            return false;
    }

    while ((col = bms_next_member(modifiedCols, col)) >= 0)
    {
        /* bit #s are offset by FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber */
        AttrNumber  attno = col + FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber;

        if (attno == InvalidAttrNumber)
        {
            /* whole-row reference can't happen here */
            elog(ERROR, "whole-row update is not implemented");
        }
        else
        {
            if (pg_attribute_aclcheck(relOid, attno, userid,
                                      requiredPerms) != ACLCHECK_OK)
                return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/*
 * Check that the query does not imply any writes to non-temp tables;
 * unless we're in parallel mode, in which case don't even allow writes
 * to temp tables.
 *
 * Note: in a Hot Standby this would need to reject writes to temp
 * tables just as we do in parallel mode; but an HS standby can't have created
 * any temp tables in the first place, so no need to check that.
 */
static void
ExecCheckXactReadOnly(PlannedStmt *plannedstmt)
{
    ListCell   *l;

    /*
     * Fail if write permissions are requested in parallel mode for table
     * (temp or non-temp), otherwise fail for any non-temp table.
     */
    foreach(l, plannedstmt->rtable)
    {
        RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(l);

        if (rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
            continue;

        if ((rte->requiredPerms & (~ACL_SELECT)) == 0)
            continue;

        if (isTempNamespace(get_rel_namespace(rte->relid)))
            continue;

        PreventCommandIfReadOnly(CreateCommandTag((Node *) plannedstmt));
    }

    if (plannedstmt->commandType != CMD_SELECT || plannedstmt->hasModifyingCTE)
        PreventCommandIfParallelMode(CreateCommandTag((Node *) plannedstmt));
}


/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *      InitPlan
 *
 *      Initializes the query plan: open files, allocate storage
 *      and start up the rule manager
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static void
InitPlan(QueryDesc *queryDesc, int eflags)
{
    CmdType     operation = queryDesc->operation;
    PlannedStmt *plannedstmt = queryDesc->plannedstmt;
    Plan       *plan = plannedstmt->planTree;
    List       *rangeTable = plannedstmt->rtable;
    EState     *estate = queryDesc->estate;
    PlanState  *planstate;
    TupleDesc   tupType;
    ListCell   *l;
    int         i;

    /*
     * Do permissions checks
     */
    ExecCheckRTPerms(rangeTable, true);

    /*
     * initialize the node's execution state
     */
    ExecInitRangeTable(estate, rangeTable);

    estate->es_plannedstmt = plannedstmt;

    /*
     * Initialize ResultRelInfo data structures, and open the result rels.
     */
    if (plannedstmt->resultRelations)
    {
        List       *resultRelations = plannedstmt->resultRelations;
        int         numResultRelations = list_length(resultRelations);
        ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfos;
        ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo;

        resultRelInfos = (ResultRelInfo *)
            palloc(numResultRelations * sizeof(ResultRelInfo));
        resultRelInfo = resultRelInfos;
        foreach(l, resultRelations)
        {
            Index       resultRelationIndex = lfirst_int(l);
            Relation    resultRelation;

            resultRelation = ExecGetRangeTableRelation(estate,
                                                       resultRelationIndex);
            InitResultRelInfo(resultRelInfo,
                              resultRelation,
                              resultRelationIndex,
                              NULL,
                              estate->es_instrument);
            resultRelInfo++;
        }
        estate->es_result_relations = resultRelInfos;
        estate->es_num_result_relations = numResultRelations;

        /* es_result_relation_info is NULL except when within ModifyTable */
        estate->es_result_relation_info = NULL;

        /*
         * In the partitioned result relation case, also build ResultRelInfos
         * for all the partitioned table roots, because we will need them to
         * fire statement-level triggers, if any.
         */
        if (plannedstmt->rootResultRelations)
        {
            int         num_roots = list_length(plannedstmt->rootResultRelations);

            resultRelInfos = (ResultRelInfo *)
                palloc(num_roots * sizeof(ResultRelInfo));
            resultRelInfo = resultRelInfos;
            foreach(l, plannedstmt->rootResultRelations)
            {
                Index       resultRelIndex = lfirst_int(l);
                Relation    resultRelDesc;

                resultRelDesc = ExecGetRangeTableRelation(estate,
                                                          resultRelIndex);
                InitResultRelInfo(resultRelInfo,
                                  resultRelDesc,
                                  resultRelIndex,
                                  NULL,
                                  estate->es_instrument);
                resultRelInfo++;
            }

            estate->es_root_result_relations = resultRelInfos;
            estate->es_num_root_result_relations = num_roots;
        }
        else
        {
            estate->es_root_result_relations = NULL;
            estate->es_num_root_result_relations = 0;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * if no result relation, then set state appropriately
         */
        estate->es_result_relations = NULL;
        estate->es_num_result_relations = 0;
        estate->es_result_relation_info = NULL;
        estate->es_root_result_relations = NULL;
        estate->es_num_root_result_relations = 0;
    }

    /*
     * Next, build the ExecRowMark array from the PlanRowMark(s), if any.
     */
    if (plannedstmt->rowMarks)
    {
        estate->es_rowmarks = (ExecRowMark **)
            palloc0(estate->es_range_table_size * sizeof(ExecRowMark *));
        foreach(l, plannedstmt->rowMarks)
        {
            PlanRowMark *rc = (PlanRowMark *) lfirst(l);
            Oid         relid;
            Relation    relation;
            ExecRowMark *erm;

            /* ignore "parent" rowmarks; they are irrelevant at runtime */
            if (rc->isParent)
                continue;

            /* get relation's OID (will produce InvalidOid if subquery) */
            relid = exec_rt_fetch(rc->rti, estate)->relid;

            /* open relation, if we need to access it for this mark type */
            switch (rc->markType)
            {
                case ROW_MARK_EXCLUSIVE:
                case ROW_MARK_NOKEYEXCLUSIVE:
                case ROW_MARK_SHARE:
                case ROW_MARK_KEYSHARE:
                case ROW_MARK_REFERENCE:
                    relation = ExecGetRangeTableRelation(estate, rc->rti);
                    break;
                case ROW_MARK_COPY:
                    /* no physical table access is required */
                    relation = NULL;
                    break;
                default:
                    elog(ERROR, "unrecognized markType: %d", rc->markType);
                    relation = NULL;    /* keep compiler quiet */
                    break;
            }

            /* Check that relation is a legal target for marking */
            if (relation)
                CheckValidRowMarkRel(relation, rc->markType);

            erm = (ExecRowMark *) palloc(sizeof(ExecRowMark));
            erm->relation = relation;
            erm->relid = relid;
            erm->rti = rc->rti;
            erm->prti = rc->prti;
            erm->rowmarkId = rc->rowmarkId;
            erm->markType = rc->markType;
            erm->strength = rc->strength;
            erm->waitPolicy = rc->waitPolicy;
            erm->ermActive = false;
            ItemPointerSetInvalid(&(erm->curCtid));
            erm->ermExtra = NULL;

            Assert(erm->rti > 0 && erm->rti <= estate->es_range_table_size &&
                   estate->es_rowmarks[erm->rti - 1] == NULL);

            estate->es_rowmarks[erm->rti - 1] = erm;
        }
    }

    /*
     * Initialize the executor's tuple table to empty.
     */
    estate->es_tupleTable = NIL;

    /* mark EvalPlanQual not active */
    estate->es_epqTupleSlot = NULL;
    estate->es_epqScanDone = NULL;

    /*
     * Initialize private state information for each SubPlan.  We must do this
     * before running ExecInitNode on the main query tree, since
     * ExecInitSubPlan expects to be able to find these entries.
     */
    Assert(estate->es_subplanstates == NIL);
    i = 1;                      /* subplan indices count from 1 */
    foreach(l, plannedstmt->subplans)
    {
        Plan       *subplan = (Plan *) lfirst(l);
        PlanState  *subplanstate;
        int         sp_eflags;

        /*
         * A subplan will never need to do BACKWARD scan nor MARK/RESTORE. If
         * it is a parameterless subplan (not initplan), we suggest that it be
         * prepared to handle REWIND efficiently; otherwise there is no need.
         */
        sp_eflags = eflags
            & (EXEC_FLAG_EXPLAIN_ONLY | EXEC_FLAG_WITH_NO_DATA);
        if (bms_is_member(i, plannedstmt->rewindPlanIDs))
            sp_eflags |= EXEC_FLAG_REWIND;

        subplanstate = ExecInitNode(subplan, estate, sp_eflags);

        estate->es_subplanstates = lappend(estate->es_subplanstates,
                                           subplanstate);

        i++;
    }

    /*
     * Initialize the private state information for all the nodes in the query
     * tree.  This opens files, allocates storage and leaves us ready to start
     * processing tuples.
     */
    planstate = ExecInitNode(plan, estate, eflags);

    /*
     * Get the tuple descriptor describing the type of tuples to return.
     */
    tupType = ExecGetResultType(planstate);

    /*
     * Initialize the junk filter if needed.  SELECT queries need a filter if
     * there are any junk attrs in the top-level tlist.
     */
    if (operation == CMD_SELECT)
    {
        bool        junk_filter_needed = false;
        ListCell   *tlist;

        foreach(tlist, plan->targetlist)
        {
            TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(tlist);

            if (tle->resjunk)
            {
                junk_filter_needed = true;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (junk_filter_needed)
        {
            JunkFilter *j;
            TupleTableSlot *slot;

            slot = ExecInitExtraTupleSlot(estate, NULL, &TTSOpsVirtual);
            j = ExecInitJunkFilter(planstate->plan->targetlist,
                                   slot);
            estate->es_junkFilter = j;

            /* Want to return the cleaned tuple type */
            tupType = j->jf_cleanTupType;
        }
    }

    queryDesc->tupDesc = tupType;
    queryDesc->planstate = planstate;
}

/*
 * Check that a proposed result relation is a legal target for the operation
 *
 * Generally the parser and/or planner should have noticed any such mistake
 * already, but let's make sure.
 *
 * Note: when changing this function, you probably also need to look at
 * CheckValidRowMarkRel.
 */
void
CheckValidResultRel(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo, CmdType operation)
{
    Relation    resultRel = resultRelInfo->ri_RelationDesc;
    TriggerDesc *trigDesc = resultRel->trigdesc;
    FdwRoutine *fdwroutine;

    switch (resultRel->rd_rel->relkind)
    {
        case RELKIND_RELATION:
        case RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE:
            CheckCmdReplicaIdentity(resultRel, operation);
            break;
        case RELKIND_SEQUENCE:
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
                     errmsg("cannot change sequence \"%s\"",
                            RelationGetRelationName(resultRel))));
            break;
        case RELKIND_TOASTVALUE:
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
                     errmsg("cannot change TOAST relation \"%s\"",
                            RelationGetRelationName(resultRel))));
            break;
        case RELKIND_VIEW:

            /*
             * Okay only if there's a suitable INSTEAD OF trigger.  Messages
             * here should match rewriteHandler.c's rewriteTargetView, except
             * that we omit errdetail because we haven't got the information
             * handy (and given that we really shouldn't get here anyway, it's
             * not worth great exertion to get).
             */
            switch (operation)
            {
                case CMD_INSERT:
                    if (!trigDesc || !trigDesc->trig_insert_instead_row)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                                 errmsg("cannot insert into view \"%s\"",
                                        RelationGetRelationName(resultRel)),
                                 errhint("To enable inserting into the view, provide an INSTEAD OF INSERT trigger or an unconditional ON INSERT DO INSTEAD rule.")));
                    break;
                case CMD_UPDATE:
                    if (!trigDesc || !trigDesc->trig_update_instead_row)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                                 errmsg("cannot update view \"%s\"",
                                        RelationGetRelationName(resultRel)),
                                 errhint("To enable updating the view, provide an INSTEAD OF UPDATE trigger or an unconditional ON UPDATE DO INSTEAD rule.")));
                    break;
                case CMD_DELETE:
                    if (!trigDesc || !trigDesc->trig_delete_instead_row)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                                 errmsg("cannot delete from view \"%s\"",
                                        RelationGetRelationName(resultRel)),
                                 errhint("To enable deleting from the view, provide an INSTEAD OF DELETE trigger or an unconditional ON DELETE DO INSTEAD rule.")));
                    break;
                default:
                    elog(ERROR, "unrecognized CmdType: %d", (int) operation);
                    break;
            }
            break;
        case RELKIND_MATVIEW:
            if (!MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
                         errmsg("cannot change materialized view \"%s\"",
                                RelationGetRelationName(resultRel))));
            break;
        case RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE:
            /* Okay only if the FDW supports it */
            fdwroutine = resultRelInfo->ri_FdwRoutine;
            switch (operation)
            {
                case CMD_INSERT:
                    if (fdwroutine->ExecForeignInsert == NULL)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                                 errmsg("cannot insert into foreign table \"%s\"",
                                        RelationGetRelationName(resultRel))));
                    if (fdwroutine->IsForeignRelUpdatable != NULL &&
                        (fdwroutine->IsForeignRelUpdatable(resultRel) & (1 << CMD_INSERT)) == 0)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                                 errmsg("foreign table \"%s\" does not allow inserts",
                                        RelationGetRelationName(resultRel))));
                    break;
                case CMD_UPDATE:
                    if (fdwroutine->ExecForeignUpdate == NULL)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                                 errmsg("cannot update foreign table \"%s\"",
                                        RelationGetRelationName(resultRel))));
                    if (fdwroutine->IsForeignRelUpdatable != NULL &&
                        (fdwroutine->IsForeignRelUpdatable(resultRel) & (1 << CMD_UPDATE)) == 0)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                                 errmsg("foreign table \"%s\" does not allow updates",
                                        RelationGetRelationName(resultRel))));
                    break;
                case CMD_DELETE:
                    if (fdwroutine->ExecForeignDelete == NULL)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                                 errmsg("cannot delete from foreign table \"%s\"",
                                        RelationGetRelationName(resultRel))));
                    if (fdwroutine->IsForeignRelUpdatable != NULL &&
                        (fdwroutine->IsForeignRelUpdatable(resultRel) & (1 << CMD_DELETE)) == 0)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                                 errmsg("foreign table \"%s\" does not allow deletes",
                                        RelationGetRelationName(resultRel))));
                    break;
                default:
                    elog(ERROR, "unrecognized CmdType: %d", (int) operation);
                    break;
            }
            break;
        default:
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
                     errmsg("cannot change relation \"%s\"",
                            RelationGetRelationName(resultRel))));
            break;
    }
}

/*
 * Check that a proposed rowmark target relation is a legal target
 *
 * In most cases parser and/or planner should have noticed this already, but
 * they don't cover all cases.
 */
static void
CheckValidRowMarkRel(Relation rel, RowMarkType markType)
{
    FdwRoutine *fdwroutine;

    switch (rel->rd_rel->relkind)
    {
        case RELKIND_RELATION:
        case RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE:
            /* OK */
            break;
        case RELKIND_SEQUENCE:
            /* Must disallow this because we don't vacuum sequences */
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
                     errmsg("cannot lock rows in sequence \"%s\"",
                            RelationGetRelationName(rel))));
            break;
        case RELKIND_TOASTVALUE:
            /* We could allow this, but there seems no good reason to */
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
                     errmsg("cannot lock rows in TOAST relation \"%s\"",
                            RelationGetRelationName(rel))));
            break;
        case RELKIND_VIEW:
            /* Should not get here; planner should have expanded the view */
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
                     errmsg("cannot lock rows in view \"%s\"",
                            RelationGetRelationName(rel))));
            break;
        case RELKIND_MATVIEW:
            /* Allow referencing a matview, but not actual locking clauses */
            if (markType != ROW_MARK_REFERENCE)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
                         errmsg("cannot lock rows in materialized view \"%s\"",
                                RelationGetRelationName(rel))));
            break;
        case RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE:
            /* Okay only if the FDW supports it */
            fdwroutine = GetFdwRoutineForRelation(rel, false);
            if (fdwroutine->RefetchForeignRow == NULL)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                         errmsg("cannot lock rows in foreign table \"%s\"",
                                RelationGetRelationName(rel))));
            break;
        default:
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
                     errmsg("cannot lock rows in relation \"%s\"",
                            RelationGetRelationName(rel))));
            break;
    }
}

/*
 * Initialize ResultRelInfo data for one result relation
 *
 * Caution: before Postgres 9.1, this function included the relkind checking
 * that's now in CheckValidResultRel, and it also did ExecOpenIndices if
 * appropriate.  Be sure callers cover those needs.
 */
void
InitResultRelInfo(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
                  Relation resultRelationDesc,
                  Index resultRelationIndex,
                  Relation partition_root,
                  int instrument_options)
{
    List       *partition_check = NIL;

    MemSet(resultRelInfo, 0, sizeof(ResultRelInfo));
    resultRelInfo->type = T_ResultRelInfo;
    resultRelInfo->ri_RangeTableIndex = resultRelationIndex;
    resultRelInfo->ri_RelationDesc = resultRelationDesc;
    resultRelInfo->ri_NumIndices = 0;
    resultRelInfo->ri_IndexRelationDescs = NULL;
    resultRelInfo->ri_IndexRelationInfo = NULL;
    /* make a copy so as not to depend on relcache info not changing... */
    resultRelInfo->ri_TrigDesc = CopyTriggerDesc(resultRelationDesc->trigdesc);
    if (resultRelInfo->ri_TrigDesc)
    {
        int         n = resultRelInfo->ri_TrigDesc->numtriggers;

        resultRelInfo->ri_TrigFunctions = (FmgrInfo *)
            palloc0(n * sizeof(FmgrInfo));
        resultRelInfo->ri_TrigWhenExprs = (ExprState **)
            palloc0(n * sizeof(ExprState *));
        if (instrument_options)
            resultRelInfo->ri_TrigInstrument = InstrAlloc(n, instrument_options);
    }
    else
    {
        resultRelInfo->ri_TrigFunctions = NULL;
        resultRelInfo->ri_TrigWhenExprs = NULL;
        resultRelInfo->ri_TrigInstrument = NULL;
    }
    if (resultRelationDesc->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
        resultRelInfo->ri_FdwRoutine = GetFdwRoutineForRelation(resultRelationDesc, true);
    else
        resultRelInfo->ri_FdwRoutine = NULL;

    /* The following fields are set later if needed */
    resultRelInfo->ri_FdwState = NULL;
    resultRelInfo->ri_usesFdwDirectModify = false;
    resultRelInfo->ri_ConstraintExprs = NULL;
    resultRelInfo->ri_GeneratedExprs = NULL;
    resultRelInfo->ri_junkFilter = NULL;
    resultRelInfo->ri_projectReturning = NULL;
    resultRelInfo->ri_onConflictArbiterIndexes = NIL;
    resultRelInfo->ri_onConflict = NULL;
    resultRelInfo->ri_ReturningSlot = NULL;
    resultRelInfo->ri_TrigOldSlot = NULL;
    resultRelInfo->ri_TrigNewSlot = NULL;

    /*
     * Partition constraint, which also includes the partition constraint of
     * all the ancestors that are partitions.  Note that it will be checked
     * even in the case of tuple-routing where this table is the target leaf
     * partition, if there any BR triggers defined on the table.  Although
     * tuple-routing implicitly preserves the partition constraint of the
     * target partition for a given row, the BR triggers may change the row
     * such that the constraint is no longer satisfied, which we must fail for
     * by checking it explicitly.
     *
     * If this is a partitioned table, the partition constraint (if any) of a
     * given row will be checked just before performing tuple-routing.
     */
    partition_check = RelationGetPartitionQual(resultRelationDesc);

    resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionCheck = partition_check;
    resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionRoot = partition_root;
    resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionInfo = NULL; /* may be set later */
    resultRelInfo->ri_CopyMultiInsertBuffer = NULL;
}

/*
 * ExecGetTriggerResultRel
 *      Get a ResultRelInfo for a trigger target relation.
 *
 * Most of the time, triggers are fired on one of the result relations of the
 * query, and so we can just return a member of the es_result_relations array,
 * or the es_root_result_relations array (if any), or the
 * es_tuple_routing_result_relations list (if any).  (Note: in self-join
 * situations there might be multiple members with the same OID; if so it
 * doesn't matter which one we pick.)
 *
 * However, it is sometimes necessary to fire triggers on other relations;
 * this happens mainly when an RI update trigger queues additional triggers
 * on other relations, which will be processed in the context of the outer
 * query.  For efficiency's sake, we want to have a ResultRelInfo for those
 * triggers too; that can avoid repeated re-opening of the relation.  (It
 * also provides a way for EXPLAIN ANALYZE to report the runtimes of such
 * triggers.)  So we make additional ResultRelInfo's as needed, and save them
 * in es_trig_target_relations.
 */
ResultRelInfo *
ExecGetTriggerResultRel(EState *estate, Oid relid)
{
    ResultRelInfo *rInfo;
    int         nr;
    ListCell   *l;
    Relation    rel;
    MemoryContext oldcontext;

    /* First, search through the query result relations */
    rInfo = estate->es_result_relations;
    nr = estate->es_num_result_relations;
    while (nr > 0)
    {
        if (RelationGetRelid(rInfo->ri_RelationDesc) == relid)
            return rInfo;
        rInfo++;
        nr--;
    }
    /* Second, search through the root result relations, if any */
    rInfo = estate->es_root_result_relations;
    nr = estate->es_num_root_result_relations;
    while (nr > 0)
    {
        if (RelationGetRelid(rInfo->ri_RelationDesc) == relid)
            return rInfo;
        rInfo++;
        nr--;
    }

    /*
     * Third, search through the result relations that were created during
     * tuple routing, if any.
     */
    foreach(l, estate->es_tuple_routing_result_relations)
    {
        rInfo = (ResultRelInfo *) lfirst(l);
        if (RelationGetRelid(rInfo->ri_RelationDesc) == relid)
            return rInfo;
    }

    /* Nope, but maybe we already made an extra ResultRelInfo for it */
    foreach(l, estate->es_trig_target_relations)
    {
        rInfo = (ResultRelInfo *) lfirst(l);
        if (RelationGetRelid(rInfo->ri_RelationDesc) == relid)
            return rInfo;
    }
    /* Nope, so we need a new one */

    /*
     * Open the target relation's relcache entry.  We assume that an
     * appropriate lock is still held by the backend from whenever the trigger
     * event got queued, so we need take no new lock here.  Also, we need not
     * recheck the relkind, so no need for CheckValidResultRel.
     */
    rel = table_open(relid, NoLock);

    /*
     * Make the new entry in the right context.
     */
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(estate->es_query_cxt);
    rInfo = makeNode(ResultRelInfo);
    InitResultRelInfo(rInfo,
                      rel,
                      0,        /* dummy rangetable index */
                      NULL,
                      estate->es_instrument);
    estate->es_trig_target_relations =
        lappend(estate->es_trig_target_relations, rInfo);
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);

    /*
     * Currently, we don't need any index information in ResultRelInfos used
     * only for triggers, so no need to call ExecOpenIndices.
     */

    return rInfo;
}

/*
 * Close any relations that have been opened by ExecGetTriggerResultRel().
 */
void
ExecCleanUpTriggerState(EState *estate)
{
    ListCell   *l;

    foreach(l, estate->es_trig_target_relations)
    {
        ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo = (ResultRelInfo *) lfirst(l);

        /*
         * Assert this is a "dummy" ResultRelInfo, see above.  Otherwise we
         * might be issuing a duplicate close against a Relation opened by
         * ExecGetRangeTableRelation.
         */
        Assert(resultRelInfo->ri_RangeTableIndex == 0);

        /*
         * Since ExecGetTriggerResultRel doesn't call ExecOpenIndices for
         * these rels, we needn't call ExecCloseIndices either.
         */
        Assert(resultRelInfo->ri_NumIndices == 0);

        table_close(resultRelInfo->ri_RelationDesc, NoLock);
    }
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *      ExecPostprocessPlan
 *
 *      Give plan nodes a final chance to execute before shutdown
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static void
ExecPostprocessPlan(EState *estate)
{
    ListCell   *lc;

    /*
     * Make sure nodes run forward.
     */
    estate->es_direction = ForwardScanDirection;

    /*
     * Run any secondary ModifyTable nodes to completion, in case the main
     * query did not fetch all rows from them.  (We do this to ensure that
     * such nodes have predictable results.)
     */
    foreach(lc, estate->es_auxmodifytables)
    {
        PlanState  *ps = (PlanState *) lfirst(lc);

        for (;;)
        {
            TupleTableSlot *slot;

            /* Reset the per-output-tuple exprcontext each time */
            ResetPerTupleExprContext(estate);

            slot = ExecProcNode(ps);

            if (TupIsNull(slot))
                break;
        }
    }
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *      ExecEndPlan
 *
 *      Cleans up the query plan -- closes files and frees up storage
 *
 * NOTE: we are no longer very worried about freeing storage per se
 * in this code; FreeExecutorState should be guaranteed to release all
 * memory that needs to be released.  What we are worried about doing
 * is closing relations and dropping buffer pins.  Thus, for example,
 * tuple tables must be cleared or dropped to ensure pins are released.
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static void
ExecEndPlan(PlanState *planstate, EState *estate)
{
    ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo;
    Index       num_relations;
    Index       i;
    ListCell   *l;

    /*
     * shut down the node-type-specific query processing
     */
    ExecEndNode(planstate);

    /*
     * for subplans too
     */
    foreach(l, estate->es_subplanstates)
    {
        PlanState  *subplanstate = (PlanState *) lfirst(l);

        ExecEndNode(subplanstate);
    }

    /*
     * destroy the executor's tuple table.  Actually we only care about
     * releasing buffer pins and tupdesc refcounts; there's no need to pfree
     * the TupleTableSlots, since the containing memory context is about to go
     * away anyway.
     */
    ExecResetTupleTable(estate->es_tupleTable, false);

    /*
     * close indexes of result relation(s) if any.  (Rels themselves get
     * closed next.)
     */
    resultRelInfo = estate->es_result_relations;
    for (i = estate->es_num_result_relations; i > 0; i--)
    {
        ExecCloseIndices(resultRelInfo);
        resultRelInfo++;
    }

    /*
     * close whatever rangetable Relations have been opened.  We do not
     * release any locks we might hold on those rels.
     */
    num_relations = estate->es_range_table_size;
    for (i = 0; i < num_relations; i++)
    {
        if (estate->es_relations[i])
            table_close(estate->es_relations[i], NoLock);
    }

    /* likewise close any trigger target relations */
    ExecCleanUpTriggerState(estate);
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *      ExecutePlan
 *
 *      Processes the query plan until we have retrieved 'numberTuples' tuples,
 *      moving in the specified direction.
 *
 *      Runs to completion if numberTuples is 0
 *
 * Note: the ctid attribute is a 'junk' attribute that is removed before the
 * user can see it
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static void
ExecutePlan(EState *estate,
            PlanState *planstate,
            bool use_parallel_mode,
            CmdType operation,
            bool sendTuples,
            uint64 numberTuples,
            ScanDirection direction,
            DestReceiver *dest,
            bool execute_once)
{
    TupleTableSlot *slot;
    uint64      current_tuple_count;

    /*
     * initialize local variables
     */
    current_tuple_count = 0;

    /*
     * Set the direction.
     */
    estate->es_direction = direction;

    /*
     * If the plan might potentially be executed multiple times, we must force
     * it to run without parallelism, because we might exit early.
     */
    if (!execute_once)
        use_parallel_mode = false;

    estate->es_use_parallel_mode = use_parallel_mode;
    if (use_parallel_mode)
        EnterParallelMode();

    /*
     * Loop until we've processed the proper number of tuples from the plan.
     */
    for (;;)
    {
        /* Reset the per-output-tuple exprcontext */
        ResetPerTupleExprContext(estate);

        /*
         * Execute the plan and obtain a tuple
         */
        slot = ExecProcNode(planstate);

        /*
         * if the tuple is null, then we assume there is nothing more to
         * process so we just end the loop...
         */
        if (TupIsNull(slot))
        {
            /*
             * If we know we won't need to back up, we can release resources
             * at this point.
             */
            if (!(estate->es_top_eflags & EXEC_FLAG_BACKWARD))
                (void) ExecShutdownNode(planstate);
            break;
        }

        /*
         * If we have a junk filter, then project a new tuple with the junk
         * removed.
         *
         * Store this new "clean" tuple in the junkfilter's resultSlot.
         * (Formerly, we stored it back over the "dirty" tuple, which is WRONG
         * because that tuple slot has the wrong descriptor.)
         */
        if (estate->es_junkFilter != NULL)
            slot = ExecFilterJunk(estate->es_junkFilter, slot);

        /*
         * If we are supposed to send the tuple somewhere, do so. (In
         * practice, this is probably always the case at this point.)
         */
        if (sendTuples)
        {
            /*
             * If we are not able to send the tuple, we assume the destination
             * has closed and no more tuples can be sent. If that's the case,
             * end the loop.
             */
            if (!dest->receiveSlot(slot, dest))
                break;
        }

        /*
         * Count tuples processed, if this is a SELECT.  (For other operation
         * types, the ModifyTable plan node must count the appropriate
         * events.)
         */
        if (operation == CMD_SELECT)
            (estate->es_processed)++;

        /*
         * check our tuple count.. if we've processed the proper number then
         * quit, else loop again and process more tuples.  Zero numberTuples
         * means no limit.
         */
        current_tuple_count++;
        if (numberTuples && numberTuples == current_tuple_count)
        {
            /*
             * If we know we won't need to back up, we can release resources
             * at this point.
             */
            if (!(estate->es_top_eflags & EXEC_FLAG_BACKWARD))
                (void) ExecShutdownNode(planstate);
            break;
        }
    }

    if (use_parallel_mode)
        ExitParallelMode();
}


/*
 * ExecRelCheck --- check that tuple meets constraints for result relation
 *
 * Returns NULL if OK, else name of failed check constraint
 */
static const char *
ExecRelCheck(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
             TupleTableSlot *slot, EState *estate)
{
    Relation    rel = resultRelInfo->ri_RelationDesc;
    int         ncheck = rel->rd_att->constr->num_check;
    ConstrCheck *check = rel->rd_att->constr->check;
    ExprContext *econtext;
    MemoryContext oldContext;
    int         i;

    /*
     * If first time through for this result relation, build expression
     * nodetrees for rel's constraint expressions.  Keep them in the per-query
     * memory context so they'll survive throughout the query.
     */
    if (resultRelInfo->ri_ConstraintExprs == NULL)
    {
        oldContext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(estate->es_query_cxt);
        resultRelInfo->ri_ConstraintExprs =
            (ExprState **) palloc(ncheck * sizeof(ExprState *));
        for (i = 0; i < ncheck; i++)
        {
            Expr       *checkconstr;

            checkconstr = stringToNode(check[i].ccbin);
            resultRelInfo->ri_ConstraintExprs[i] =
                ExecPrepareExpr(checkconstr, estate);
        }
        MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldContext);
    }

    /*
     * We will use the EState's per-tuple context for evaluating constraint
     * expressions (creating it if it's not already there).
     */
    econtext = GetPerTupleExprContext(estate);

    /* Arrange for econtext's scan tuple to be the tuple under test */
    econtext->ecxt_scantuple = slot;

    /* And evaluate the constraints */
    for (i = 0; i < ncheck; i++)
    {
        ExprState  *checkconstr = resultRelInfo->ri_ConstraintExprs[i];

        /*
         * NOTE: SQL specifies that a NULL result from a constraint expression
         * is not to be treated as a failure.  Therefore, use ExecCheck not
         * ExecQual.
         */
        if (!ExecCheck(checkconstr, econtext))
            return check[i].ccname;
    }

    /* NULL result means no error */
    return NULL;
}

/*
 * ExecPartitionCheck --- check that tuple meets the partition constraint.
 *
 * Returns true if it meets the partition constraint.  If the constraint
 * fails and we're asked to emit to error, do so and don't return; otherwise
 * return false.
 */
bool
ExecPartitionCheck(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo, TupleTableSlot *slot,
                   EState *estate, bool emitError)
{
    ExprContext *econtext;
    bool        success;

    /*
     * If first time through, build expression state tree for the partition
     * check expression.  Keep it in the per-query memory context so they'll
     * survive throughout the query.
     */
    if (resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionCheckExpr == NULL)
    {
        List       *qual = resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionCheck;

        resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionCheckExpr = ExecPrepareCheck(qual, estate);
    }

    /*
     * We will use the EState's per-tuple context for evaluating constraint
     * expressions (creating it if it's not already there).
     */
    econtext = GetPerTupleExprContext(estate);

    /* Arrange for econtext's scan tuple to be the tuple under test */
    econtext->ecxt_scantuple = slot;

    /*
     * As in case of the catalogued constraints, we treat a NULL result as
     * success here, not a failure.
     */
    success = ExecCheck(resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionCheckExpr, econtext);

    /* if asked to emit error, don't actually return on failure */
    if (!success && emitError)
        ExecPartitionCheckEmitError(resultRelInfo, slot, estate);

    return success;
}

/*
 * ExecPartitionCheckEmitError - Form and emit an error message after a failed
 * partition constraint check.
 */
void
ExecPartitionCheckEmitError(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
                            TupleTableSlot *slot,
                            EState *estate)
{
    Oid         root_relid;
    TupleDesc   tupdesc;
    char       *val_desc;
    Bitmapset  *modifiedCols;

    /*
     * If the tuple has been routed, it's been converted to the partition's
     * rowtype, which might differ from the root table's.  We must convert it
     * back to the root table's rowtype so that val_desc in the error message
     * matches the input tuple.
     */
    if (resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionRoot)
    {
        TupleDesc   old_tupdesc;
        AttrNumber *map;

        root_relid = RelationGetRelid(resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionRoot);
        tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionRoot);

        old_tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(resultRelInfo->ri_RelationDesc);
        /* a reverse map */
        map = convert_tuples_by_name_map_if_req(old_tupdesc, tupdesc,
                                                gettext_noop("could not convert row type"));

        /*
         * Partition-specific slot's tupdesc can't be changed, so allocate a
         * new one.
         */
        if (map != NULL)
            slot = execute_attr_map_slot(map, slot,
                                         MakeTupleTableSlot(tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual));
    }
    else
    {
        root_relid = RelationGetRelid(resultRelInfo->ri_RelationDesc);
        tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(resultRelInfo->ri_RelationDesc);
    }

    modifiedCols = bms_union(GetInsertedColumns(resultRelInfo, estate),
                             GetUpdatedColumns(resultRelInfo, estate));

    val_desc = ExecBuildSlotValueDescription(root_relid,
                                             slot,
                                             tupdesc,
                                             modifiedCols,
                                             64);
    ereport(ERROR,
            (errcode(ERRCODE_CHECK_VIOLATION),
             errmsg("new row for relation \"%s\" violates partition constraint",
                    RelationGetRelationName(resultRelInfo->ri_RelationDesc)),
             val_desc ? errdetail("Failing row contains %s.", val_desc) : 0));
}

/*
 * ExecConstraints - check constraints of the tuple in 'slot'
 *
 * This checks the traditional NOT NULL and check constraints.
 *
 * The partition constraint is *NOT* checked.
 *
 * Note: 'slot' contains the tuple to check the constraints of, which may
 * have been converted from the original input tuple after tuple routing.
 * 'resultRelInfo' is the final result relation, after tuple routing.
 */
void
ExecConstraints(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
                TupleTableSlot *slot, EState *estate)
{
    Relation    rel = resultRelInfo->ri_RelationDesc;
    TupleDesc   tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(rel);
    TupleConstr *constr = tupdesc->constr;
    Bitmapset  *modifiedCols;
    Bitmapset  *insertedCols;
    Bitmapset  *updatedCols;

    Assert(constr || resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionCheck);

    if (constr && constr->has_not_null)
    {
        int         natts = tupdesc->natts;
        int         attrChk;

        for (attrChk = 1; attrChk <= natts; attrChk++)
        {
            Form_pg_attribute att = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, attrChk - 1);

            if (att->attnotnull && slot_attisnull(slot, attrChk))
            {
                char       *val_desc;
                Relation    orig_rel = rel;
                TupleDesc   orig_tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(rel);

                /*
                 * If the tuple has been routed, it's been converted to the
                 * partition's rowtype, which might differ from the root
                 * table's.  We must convert it back to the root table's
                 * rowtype so that val_desc shown error message matches the
                 * input tuple.
                 */
                if (resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionRoot)
                {
                    AttrNumber *map;

                    rel = resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionRoot;
                    tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(rel);
                    /* a reverse map */
                    map = convert_tuples_by_name_map_if_req(orig_tupdesc,
                                                            tupdesc,
                                                            gettext_noop("could not convert row type"));

                    /*
                     * Partition-specific slot's tupdesc can't be changed, so
                     * allocate a new one.
                     */
                    if (map != NULL)
                        slot = execute_attr_map_slot(map, slot,
                                                     MakeTupleTableSlot(tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual));
                }

                insertedCols = GetInsertedColumns(resultRelInfo, estate);
                updatedCols = GetUpdatedColumns(resultRelInfo, estate);
                modifiedCols = bms_union(insertedCols, updatedCols);
                val_desc = ExecBuildSlotValueDescription(RelationGetRelid(rel),
                                                         slot,
                                                         tupdesc,
                                                         modifiedCols,
                                                         64);

                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_NOT_NULL_VIOLATION),
                         errmsg("null value in column \"%s\" violates not-null constraint",
                                NameStr(att->attname)),
                         val_desc ? errdetail("Failing row contains %s.", val_desc) : 0,
                         errtablecol(orig_rel, attrChk)));
            }
        }
    }

    if (constr && constr->num_check > 0)
    {
        const char *failed;

        if ((failed = ExecRelCheck(resultRelInfo, slot, estate)) != NULL)
        {
            char       *val_desc;
            Relation    orig_rel = rel;

            /* See the comment above. */
            if (resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionRoot)
            {
                TupleDesc   old_tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(rel);
                AttrNumber *map;

                rel = resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionRoot;
                tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(rel);
                /* a reverse map */
                map = convert_tuples_by_name_map_if_req(old_tupdesc,
                                                        tupdesc,
                                                        gettext_noop("could not convert row type"));

                /*
                 * Partition-specific slot's tupdesc can't be changed, so
                 * allocate a new one.
                 */
                if (map != NULL)
                    slot = execute_attr_map_slot(map, slot,
                                                 MakeTupleTableSlot(tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual));
            }

            insertedCols = GetInsertedColumns(resultRelInfo, estate);
            updatedCols = GetUpdatedColumns(resultRelInfo, estate);
            modifiedCols = bms_union(insertedCols, updatedCols);
            val_desc = ExecBuildSlotValueDescription(RelationGetRelid(rel),
                                                     slot,
                                                     tupdesc,
                                                     modifiedCols,
                                                     64);
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_CHECK_VIOLATION),
                     errmsg("new row for relation \"%s\" violates check constraint \"%s\"",
                            RelationGetRelationName(orig_rel), failed),
                     val_desc ? errdetail("Failing row contains %s.", val_desc) : 0,
                     errtableconstraint(orig_rel, failed)));
        }
    }
}

/*
 * ExecWithCheckOptions -- check that tuple satisfies any WITH CHECK OPTIONs
 * of the specified kind.
 *
 * Note that this needs to be called multiple times to ensure that all kinds of
 * WITH CHECK OPTIONs are handled (both those from views which have the WITH
 * CHECK OPTION set and from row level security policies).  See ExecInsert()
 * and ExecUpdate().
 */
void
ExecWithCheckOptions(WCOKind kind, ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
                     TupleTableSlot *slot, EState *estate)
{
    Relation    rel = resultRelInfo->ri_RelationDesc;
    TupleDesc   tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(rel);
    ExprContext *econtext;
    ListCell   *l1,
               *l2;

    /*
     * We will use the EState's per-tuple context for evaluating constraint
     * expressions (creating it if it's not already there).
     */
    econtext = GetPerTupleExprContext(estate);

    /* Arrange for econtext's scan tuple to be the tuple under test */
    econtext->ecxt_scantuple = slot;

    /* Check each of the constraints */
    forboth(l1, resultRelInfo->ri_WithCheckOptions,
            l2, resultRelInfo->ri_WithCheckOptionExprs)
    {
        WithCheckOption *wco = (WithCheckOption *) lfirst(l1);
        ExprState  *wcoExpr = (ExprState *) lfirst(l2);

        /*
         * Skip any WCOs which are not the kind we are looking for at this
         * time.
         */
        if (wco->kind != kind)
            continue;

        /*
         * WITH CHECK OPTION checks are intended to ensure that the new tuple
         * is visible (in the case of a view) or that it passes the
         * 'with-check' policy (in the case of row security). If the qual
         * evaluates to NULL or FALSE, then the new tuple won't be included in
         * the view or doesn't pass the 'with-check' policy for the table.
         */
        if (!ExecQual(wcoExpr, econtext))
        {
            char       *val_desc;
            Bitmapset  *modifiedCols;
            Bitmapset  *insertedCols;
            Bitmapset  *updatedCols;

            switch (wco->kind)
            {
                    /*
                     * For WITH CHECK OPTIONs coming from views, we might be
                     * able to provide the details on the row, depending on
                     * the permissions on the relation (that is, if the user
                     * could view it directly anyway).  For RLS violations, we
                     * don't include the data since we don't know if the user
                     * should be able to view the tuple as that depends on the
                     * USING policy.
                     */
                case WCO_VIEW_CHECK:
                    /* See the comment in ExecConstraints(). */
                    if (resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionRoot)
                    {
                        TupleDesc   old_tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(rel);
                        AttrNumber *map;

                        rel = resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionRoot;
                        tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(rel);
                        /* a reverse map */
                        map = convert_tuples_by_name_map_if_req(old_tupdesc,
                                                                tupdesc,
                                                                gettext_noop("could not convert row type"));

                        /*
                         * Partition-specific slot's tupdesc can't be changed,
                         * so allocate a new one.
                         */
                        if (map != NULL)
                            slot = execute_attr_map_slot(map, slot,
                                                         MakeTupleTableSlot(tupdesc, &TTSOpsVirtual));
                    }

                    insertedCols = GetInsertedColumns(resultRelInfo, estate);
                    updatedCols = GetUpdatedColumns(resultRelInfo, estate);
                    modifiedCols = bms_union(insertedCols, updatedCols);
                    val_desc = ExecBuildSlotValueDescription(RelationGetRelid(rel),
                                                             slot,
                                                             tupdesc,
                                                             modifiedCols,
                                                             64);

                    ereport(ERROR,
                            (errcode(ERRCODE_WITH_CHECK_OPTION_VIOLATION),
                             errmsg("new row violates check option for view \"%s\"",
                                    wco->relname),
                             val_desc ? errdetail("Failing row contains %s.",
                                                  val_desc) : 0));
                    break;
                case WCO_RLS_INSERT_CHECK:
                case WCO_RLS_UPDATE_CHECK:
                    if (wco->polname != NULL)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE),
                                 errmsg("new row violates row-level security policy \"%s\" for table \"%s\"",
                                        wco->polname, wco->relname)));
                    else
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE),
                                 errmsg("new row violates row-level security policy for table \"%s\"",
                                        wco->relname)));
                    break;
                case WCO_RLS_CONFLICT_CHECK:
                    if (wco->polname != NULL)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE),
                                 errmsg("new row violates row-level security policy \"%s\" (USING expression) for table \"%s\"",
                                        wco->polname, wco->relname)));
                    else
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE),
                                 errmsg("new row violates row-level security policy (USING expression) for table \"%s\"",
                                        wco->relname)));
                    break;
                default:
                    elog(ERROR, "unrecognized WCO kind: %u", wco->kind);
                    break;
            }
        }
    }
}

/*
 * ExecBuildSlotValueDescription -- construct a string representing a tuple
 *
 * This is intentionally very similar to BuildIndexValueDescription, but
 * unlike that function, we truncate long field values (to at most maxfieldlen
 * bytes).  That seems necessary here since heap field values could be very
 * long, whereas index entries typically aren't so wide.
 *
 * Also, unlike the case with index entries, we need to be prepared to ignore
 * dropped columns.  We used to use the slot's tuple descriptor to decode the
 * data, but the slot's descriptor doesn't identify dropped columns, so we
 * now need to be passed the relation's descriptor.
 *
 * Note that, like BuildIndexValueDescription, if the user does not have
 * permission to view any of the columns involved, a NULL is returned.  Unlike
 * BuildIndexValueDescription, if the user has access to view a subset of the
 * column involved, that subset will be returned with a key identifying which
 * columns they are.
 */
static char *
ExecBuildSlotValueDescription(Oid reloid,
                              TupleTableSlot *slot,
                              TupleDesc tupdesc,
                              Bitmapset *modifiedCols,
                              int maxfieldlen)
{
    StringInfoData buf;
    StringInfoData collist;
    bool        write_comma = false;
    bool        write_comma_collist = false;
    int         i;
    AclResult   aclresult;
    bool        table_perm = false;
    bool        any_perm = false;

    /*
     * Check if RLS is enabled and should be active for the relation; if so,
     * then don't return anything.  Otherwise, go through normal permission
     * checks.
     */
    if (check_enable_rls(reloid, InvalidOid, true) == RLS_ENABLED)
        return NULL;

    initStringInfo(&buf);

    appendStringInfoChar(&buf, '(');

    /*
     * Check if the user has permissions to see the row.  Table-level SELECT
     * allows access to all columns.  If the user does not have table-level
     * SELECT then we check each column and include those the user has SELECT
     * rights on.  Additionally, we always include columns the user provided
     * data for.
     */
    aclresult = pg_class_aclcheck(reloid, GetUserId(), ACL_SELECT);
    if (aclresult != ACLCHECK_OK)
    {
        /* Set up the buffer for the column list */
        initStringInfo(&collist);
        appendStringInfoChar(&collist, '(');
    }
    else
        table_perm = any_perm = true;

    /* Make sure the tuple is fully deconstructed */
    slot_getallattrs(slot);

    for (i = 0; i < tupdesc->natts; i++)
    {
        bool        column_perm = false;
        char       *val;
        int         vallen;
        Form_pg_attribute att = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, i);

        /* ignore dropped columns */
        if (att->attisdropped)
            continue;

        if (!table_perm)
        {
            /*
             * No table-level SELECT, so need to make sure they either have
             * SELECT rights on the column or that they have provided the data
             * for the column.  If not, omit this column from the error
             * message.
             */
            aclresult = pg_attribute_aclcheck(reloid, att->attnum,
                                              GetUserId(), ACL_SELECT);
            if (bms_is_member(att->attnum - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber,
                              modifiedCols) || aclresult == ACLCHECK_OK)
            {
                column_perm = any_perm = true;

                if (write_comma_collist)
                    appendStringInfoString(&collist, ", ");
                else
                    write_comma_collist = true;

                appendStringInfoString(&collist, NameStr(att->attname));
            }
        }

        if (table_perm || column_perm)
        {
            if (slot->tts_isnull[i])
                val = "null";
            else
            {
                Oid         foutoid;
                bool        typisvarlena;

                getTypeOutputInfo(att->atttypid,
                                  &foutoid, &typisvarlena);
                val = OidOutputFunctionCall(foutoid, slot->tts_values[i]);
            }

            if (write_comma)
                appendStringInfoString(&buf, ", ");
            else
                write_comma = true;

            /* truncate if needed */
            vallen = strlen(val);
            if (vallen <= maxfieldlen)
                appendBinaryStringInfo(&buf, val, vallen);
            else
            {
                vallen = pg_mbcliplen(val, vallen, maxfieldlen);
                appendBinaryStringInfo(&buf, val, vallen);
                appendStringInfoString(&buf, "...");
            }
        }
    }

    /* If we end up with zero columns being returned, then return NULL. */
    if (!any_perm)
        return NULL;

    appendStringInfoChar(&buf, ')');

    if (!table_perm)
    {
        appendStringInfoString(&collist, ") = ");
        appendBinaryStringInfo(&collist, buf.data, buf.len);

        return collist.data;
    }

    return buf.data;
}


/*
 * ExecUpdateLockMode -- find the appropriate UPDATE tuple lock mode for a
 * given ResultRelInfo
 */
LockTupleMode
ExecUpdateLockMode(EState *estate, ResultRelInfo *relinfo)
{
    Bitmapset  *keyCols;
    Bitmapset  *updatedCols;

    /*
     * Compute lock mode to use.  If columns that are part of the key have not
     * been modified, then we can use a weaker lock, allowing for better
     * concurrency.
     */
    updatedCols = GetAllUpdatedColumns(relinfo, estate);
    keyCols = RelationGetIndexAttrBitmap(relinfo->ri_RelationDesc,
                                         INDEX_ATTR_BITMAP_KEY);

    if (bms_overlap(keyCols, updatedCols))
        return LockTupleExclusive;

    return LockTupleNoKeyExclusive;
}

/*
 * ExecFindRowMark -- find the ExecRowMark struct for given rangetable index
 *
 * If no such struct, either return NULL or throw error depending on missing_ok
 */
ExecRowMark *
ExecFindRowMark(EState *estate, Index rti, bool missing_ok)
{
    if (rti > 0 && rti <= estate->es_range_table_size &&
        estate->es_rowmarks != NULL)
    {
        ExecRowMark *erm = estate->es_rowmarks[rti - 1];

        if (erm)
            return erm;
    }
    if (!missing_ok)
        elog(ERROR, "failed to find ExecRowMark for rangetable index %u", rti);
    return NULL;
}

/*
 * ExecBuildAuxRowMark -- create an ExecAuxRowMark struct
 *
 * Inputs are the underlying ExecRowMark struct and the targetlist of the
 * input plan node (not planstate node!).  We need the latter to find out
 * the column numbers of the resjunk columns.
 */
ExecAuxRowMark *
ExecBuildAuxRowMark(ExecRowMark *erm, List *targetlist)
{
    ExecAuxRowMark *aerm = (ExecAuxRowMark *) palloc0(sizeof(ExecAuxRowMark));
    char        resname[32];

    aerm->rowmark = erm;

    /* Look up the resjunk columns associated with this rowmark */
    if (erm->markType != ROW_MARK_COPY)
    {
        /* need ctid for all methods other than COPY */
        snprintf(resname, sizeof(resname), "ctid%u", erm->rowmarkId);
        aerm->ctidAttNo = ExecFindJunkAttributeInTlist(targetlist,
                                                       resname);
        if (!AttributeNumberIsValid(aerm->ctidAttNo))
            elog(ERROR, "could not find junk %s column", resname);
    }
    else
    {
        /* need wholerow if COPY */
        snprintf(resname, sizeof(resname), "wholerow%u", erm->rowmarkId);
        aerm->wholeAttNo = ExecFindJunkAttributeInTlist(targetlist,
                                                        resname);
        if (!AttributeNumberIsValid(aerm->wholeAttNo))
            elog(ERROR, "could not find junk %s column", resname);
    }

    /* if child rel, need tableoid */
    if (erm->rti != erm->prti)
    {
        snprintf(resname, sizeof(resname), "tableoid%u", erm->rowmarkId);
        aerm->toidAttNo = ExecFindJunkAttributeInTlist(targetlist,
                                                       resname);
        if (!AttributeNumberIsValid(aerm->toidAttNo))
            elog(ERROR, "could not find junk %s column", resname);
    }

    return aerm;
}


/*
 * EvalPlanQual logic --- recheck modified tuple(s) to see if we want to
 * process the updated version under READ COMMITTED rules.
 *
 * See backend/executor/README for some info about how this works.
 */


/*
 * Check the updated version of a tuple to see if we want to process it under
 * READ COMMITTED rules.
 *
 *  estate - outer executor state data
 *  epqstate - state for EvalPlanQual rechecking
 *  relation - table containing tuple
 *  rti - rangetable index of table containing tuple
 *  inputslot - tuple for processing - this can be the slot from
 *      EvalPlanQualSlot(), for the increased efficiency.
 *
 * This tests whether the tuple in inputslot still matches the relevant
 * quals. For that result to be useful, typically the input tuple has to be
 * last row version (otherwise the result isn't particularly useful) and
 * locked (otherwise the result might be out of date). That's typically
 * achieved by using table_tuple_lock() with the
 * TUPLE_LOCK_FLAG_FIND_LAST_VERSION flag.
 *
 * Returns a slot containing the new candidate update/delete tuple, or
 * NULL if we determine we shouldn't process the row.
 */
TupleTableSlot *
EvalPlanQual(EState *estate, EPQState *epqstate,
             Relation relation, Index rti, TupleTableSlot *inputslot)
{
    TupleTableSlot *slot;
    TupleTableSlot *testslot;

    Assert(rti > 0);

    /*
     * Need to run a recheck subquery.  Initialize or reinitialize EPQ state.
     */
    EvalPlanQualBegin(epqstate, estate);

    /*
     * Callers will often use the EvalPlanQualSlot to store the tuple to avoid
     * an unnecessary copy.
     */
    testslot = EvalPlanQualSlot(epqstate, relation, rti);
    if (testslot != inputslot)
        ExecCopySlot(testslot, inputslot);

    /*
     * Fetch any non-locked source rows
     */
    EvalPlanQualFetchRowMarks(epqstate);

    /*
     * Run the EPQ query.  We assume it will return at most one tuple.
     */
    slot = EvalPlanQualNext(epqstate);

    /*
     * If we got a tuple, force the slot to materialize the tuple so that it
     * is not dependent on any local state in the EPQ query (in particular,
     * it's highly likely that the slot contains references to any pass-by-ref
     * datums that may be present in copyTuple).  As with the next step, this
     * is to guard against early re-use of the EPQ query.
     */
    if (!TupIsNull(slot))
        ExecMaterializeSlot(slot);

    /*
     * Clear out the test tuple.  This is needed in case the EPQ query is
     * re-used to test a tuple for a different relation.  (Not clear that can
     * really happen, but let's be safe.)
     */
    ExecClearTuple(testslot);

    return slot;
}

/*
 * EvalPlanQualInit -- initialize during creation of a plan state node
 * that might need to invoke EPQ processing.
 *
 * Note: subplan/auxrowmarks can be NULL/NIL if they will be set later
 * with EvalPlanQualSetPlan.
 */
void
EvalPlanQualInit(EPQState *epqstate, EState *estate,
                 Plan *subplan, List *auxrowmarks, int epqParam)
{
    /* Mark the EPQ state inactive */
    epqstate->estate = NULL;
    epqstate->planstate = NULL;
    epqstate->origslot = NULL;
    /* ... and remember data that EvalPlanQualBegin will need */
    epqstate->plan = subplan;
    epqstate->arowMarks = auxrowmarks;
    epqstate->epqParam = epqParam;
}

/*
 * EvalPlanQualSetPlan -- set or change subplan of an EPQState.
 *
 * We need this so that ModifyTable can deal with multiple subplans.
 */
void
EvalPlanQualSetPlan(EPQState *epqstate, Plan *subplan, List *auxrowmarks)
{
    /* If we have a live EPQ query, shut it down */
    EvalPlanQualEnd(epqstate);
    /* And set/change the plan pointer */
    epqstate->plan = subplan;
    /* The rowmarks depend on the plan, too */
    epqstate->arowMarks = auxrowmarks;
}

/*
 * Return, and create if necessary, a slot for an EPQ test tuple.
 */
TupleTableSlot *
EvalPlanQualSlot(EPQState *epqstate,
                 Relation relation, Index rti)
{
    TupleTableSlot **slot;

    Assert(rti > 0 && rti <= epqstate->estate->es_range_table_size);
    slot = &epqstate->estate->es_epqTupleSlot[rti - 1];

    if (*slot == NULL)
    {
        MemoryContext oldcontext;

        oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(epqstate->estate->es_query_cxt);

        if (relation)
            *slot = table_slot_create(relation,
                                      &epqstate->estate->es_tupleTable);
        else
            *slot = ExecAllocTableSlot(&epqstate->estate->es_tupleTable,
                                       epqstate->origslot->tts_tupleDescriptor,
                                       &TTSOpsVirtual);

        MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
    }

    return *slot;
}

/*
 * Fetch the current row values for any non-locked relations that need
 * to be scanned by an EvalPlanQual operation.  origslot must have been set
 * to contain the current result row (top-level row) that we need to recheck.
 */
void
EvalPlanQualFetchRowMarks(EPQState *epqstate)
{
    ListCell   *l;

    Assert(epqstate->origslot != NULL);

    foreach(l, epqstate->arowMarks)
    {
        ExecAuxRowMark *aerm = (ExecAuxRowMark *) lfirst(l);
        ExecRowMark *erm = aerm->rowmark;
        Datum       datum;
        bool        isNull;
        TupleTableSlot *slot;

        if (RowMarkRequiresRowShareLock(erm->markType))
            elog(ERROR, "EvalPlanQual doesn't support locking rowmarks");

        /* clear any leftover test tuple for this rel */
        slot = EvalPlanQualSlot(epqstate, erm->relation, erm->rti);
        ExecClearTuple(slot);

        /* if child rel, must check whether it produced this row */
        if (erm->rti != erm->prti)
        {
            Oid         tableoid;

            datum = ExecGetJunkAttribute(epqstate->origslot,
                                         aerm->toidAttNo,
                                         &isNull);
            /* non-locked rels could be on the inside of outer joins */
            if (isNull)
                continue;
            tableoid = DatumGetObjectId(datum);

            Assert(OidIsValid(erm->relid));
            if (tableoid != erm->relid)
            {
                /* this child is inactive right now */
                continue;
            }
        }

        if (erm->markType == ROW_MARK_REFERENCE)
        {
            Assert(erm->relation != NULL);

            /* fetch the tuple's ctid */
            datum = ExecGetJunkAttribute(epqstate->origslot,
                                         aerm->ctidAttNo,
                                         &isNull);
            /* non-locked rels could be on the inside of outer joins */
            if (isNull)
                continue;

            /* fetch requests on foreign tables must be passed to their FDW */
            if (erm->relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
            {
                FdwRoutine *fdwroutine;
                bool        updated = false;

                fdwroutine = GetFdwRoutineForRelation(erm->relation, false);
                /* this should have been checked already, but let's be safe */
                if (fdwroutine->RefetchForeignRow == NULL)
                    ereport(ERROR,
                            (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                             errmsg("cannot lock rows in foreign table \"%s\"",
                                    RelationGetRelationName(erm->relation))));

                fdwroutine->RefetchForeignRow(epqstate->estate,
                                              erm,
                                              datum,
                                              slot,
                                              &updated);
                if (TupIsNull(slot))
                    elog(ERROR, "failed to fetch tuple for EvalPlanQual recheck");

                /*
                 * Ideally we'd insist on updated == false here, but that
                 * assumes that FDWs can track that exactly, which they might
                 * not be able to.  So just ignore the flag.
                 */
            }
            else
            {
                /* ordinary table, fetch the tuple */
                if (!table_tuple_fetch_row_version(erm->relation,
                                                   (ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(datum),
                                                   SnapshotAny, slot))
                    elog(ERROR, "failed to fetch tuple for EvalPlanQual recheck");
            }
        }
        else
        {
            Assert(erm->markType == ROW_MARK_COPY);

            /* fetch the whole-row Var for the relation */
            datum = ExecGetJunkAttribute(epqstate->origslot,
                                         aerm->wholeAttNo,
                                         &isNull);
            /* non-locked rels could be on the inside of outer joins */
            if (isNull)
                continue;

            ExecStoreHeapTupleDatum(datum, slot);
        }
    }
}

/*
 * Fetch the next row (if any) from EvalPlanQual testing
 *
 * (In practice, there should never be more than one row...)
 */
TupleTableSlot *
EvalPlanQualNext(EPQState *epqstate)
{
    MemoryContext oldcontext;
    TupleTableSlot *slot;

    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(epqstate->estate->es_query_cxt);
    slot = ExecProcNode(epqstate->planstate);
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);

    return slot;
}

/*
 * Initialize or reset an EvalPlanQual state tree
 */
void
EvalPlanQualBegin(EPQState *epqstate, EState *parentestate)
{
    EState     *estate = epqstate->estate;

    if (estate == NULL)
    {
        /* First time through, so create a child EState */
        EvalPlanQualStart(epqstate, parentestate, epqstate->plan);
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * We already have a suitable child EPQ tree, so just reset it.
         */
        Index       rtsize = parentestate->es_range_table_size;
        PlanState  *planstate = epqstate->planstate;

        MemSet(estate->es_epqScanDone, 0, rtsize * sizeof(bool));

        /* Recopy current values of parent parameters */
        if (parentestate->es_plannedstmt->paramExecTypes != NIL)
        {
            int         i;

            /*
             * Force evaluation of any InitPlan outputs that could be needed
             * by the subplan, just in case they got reset since
             * EvalPlanQualStart (see comments therein).
             */
            ExecSetParamPlanMulti(planstate->plan->extParam,
                                  GetPerTupleExprContext(parentestate));

            i = list_length(parentestate->es_plannedstmt->paramExecTypes);

            while (--i >= 0)
            {
                /* copy value if any, but not execPlan link */
                estate->es_param_exec_vals[i].value =
                    parentestate->es_param_exec_vals[i].value;
                estate->es_param_exec_vals[i].isnull =
                    parentestate->es_param_exec_vals[i].isnull;
            }
        }

        /*
         * Mark child plan tree as needing rescan at all scan nodes.  The
         * first ExecProcNode will take care of actually doing the rescan.
         */
        planstate->chgParam = bms_add_member(planstate->chgParam,
                                             epqstate->epqParam);
    }
}

/*
 * Start execution of an EvalPlanQual plan tree.
 *
 * This is a cut-down version of ExecutorStart(): we copy some state from
 * the top-level estate rather than initializing it fresh.
 */
static void
EvalPlanQualStart(EPQState *epqstate, EState *parentestate, Plan *planTree)
{
    EState     *estate;
    Index       rtsize;
    MemoryContext oldcontext;
    ListCell   *l;

    rtsize = parentestate->es_range_table_size;

    epqstate->estate = estate = CreateExecutorState();

    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(estate->es_query_cxt);

    /*
     * Child EPQ EStates share the parent's copy of unchanging state such as
     * the snapshot, rangetable, result-rel info, and external Param info.
     * They need their own copies of local state, including a tuple table,
     * es_param_exec_vals, etc.
     *
     * The ResultRelInfo array management is trickier than it looks.  We
     * create fresh arrays for the child but copy all the content from the
     * parent.  This is because it's okay for the child to share any
     * per-relation state the parent has already created --- but if the child
     * sets up any ResultRelInfo fields, such as its own junkfilter, that
     * state must *not* propagate back to the parent.  (For one thing, the
     * pointed-to data is in a memory context that won't last long enough.)
     */
    estate->es_direction = ForwardScanDirection;
    estate->es_snapshot = parentestate->es_snapshot;
    estate->es_crosscheck_snapshot = parentestate->es_crosscheck_snapshot;
    estate->es_range_table = parentestate->es_range_table;
    estate->es_range_table_size = parentestate->es_range_table_size;
    estate->es_relations = parentestate->es_relations;
    estate->es_queryEnv = parentestate->es_queryEnv;
    estate->es_rowmarks = parentestate->es_rowmarks;
    estate->es_plannedstmt = parentestate->es_plannedstmt;
    estate->es_junkFilter = parentestate->es_junkFilter;
    estate->es_output_cid = parentestate->es_output_cid;
    if (parentestate->es_num_result_relations > 0)
    {
        int         numResultRelations = parentestate->es_num_result_relations;
        int         numRootResultRels = parentestate->es_num_root_result_relations;
        ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfos;

        resultRelInfos = (ResultRelInfo *)
            palloc(numResultRelations * sizeof(ResultRelInfo));
        memcpy(resultRelInfos, parentestate->es_result_relations,
               numResultRelations * sizeof(ResultRelInfo));
        estate->es_result_relations = resultRelInfos;
        estate->es_num_result_relations = numResultRelations;

        /* Also transfer partitioned root result relations. */
        if (numRootResultRels > 0)
        {
            resultRelInfos = (ResultRelInfo *)
                palloc(numRootResultRels * sizeof(ResultRelInfo));
            memcpy(resultRelInfos, parentestate->es_root_result_relations,
                   numRootResultRels * sizeof(ResultRelInfo));
            estate->es_root_result_relations = resultRelInfos;
            estate->es_num_root_result_relations = numRootResultRels;
        }
    }
    /* es_result_relation_info must NOT be copied */
    /* es_trig_target_relations must NOT be copied */
    estate->es_top_eflags = parentestate->es_top_eflags;
    estate->es_instrument = parentestate->es_instrument;
    /* es_auxmodifytables must NOT be copied */

    /*
     * The external param list is simply shared from parent.  The internal
     * param workspace has to be local state, but we copy the initial values
     * from the parent, so as to have access to any param values that were
     * already set from other parts of the parent's plan tree.
     */
    estate->es_param_list_info = parentestate->es_param_list_info;
    if (parentestate->es_plannedstmt->paramExecTypes != NIL)
    {
        int         i;

        /*
         * Force evaluation of any InitPlan outputs that could be needed by
         * the subplan.  (With more complexity, maybe we could postpone this
         * till the subplan actually demands them, but it doesn't seem worth
         * the trouble; this is a corner case already, since usually the
         * InitPlans would have been evaluated before reaching EvalPlanQual.)
         *
         * This will not touch output params of InitPlans that occur somewhere
         * within the subplan tree, only those that are attached to the
         * ModifyTable node or above it and are referenced within the subplan.
         * That's OK though, because the planner would only attach such
         * InitPlans to a lower-level SubqueryScan node, and EPQ execution
         * will not descend into a SubqueryScan.
         *
         * The EState's per-output-tuple econtext is sufficiently short-lived
         * for this, since it should get reset before there is any chance of
         * doing EvalPlanQual again.
         */
        ExecSetParamPlanMulti(planTree->extParam,
                              GetPerTupleExprContext(parentestate));

        /* now make the internal param workspace ... */
        i = list_length(parentestate->es_plannedstmt->paramExecTypes);
        estate->es_param_exec_vals = (ParamExecData *)
            palloc0(i * sizeof(ParamExecData));
        /* ... and copy down all values, whether really needed or not */
        while (--i >= 0)
        {
            /* copy value if any, but not execPlan link */
            estate->es_param_exec_vals[i].value =
                parentestate->es_param_exec_vals[i].value;
            estate->es_param_exec_vals[i].isnull =
                parentestate->es_param_exec_vals[i].isnull;
        }
    }

    /*
     * Each EState must have its own es_epqScanDone state, but if we have
     * nested EPQ checks they should share es_epqTupleSlot arrays.  This
     * allows sub-rechecks to inherit the values being examined by an outer
     * recheck.
     */
    estate->es_epqScanDone = (bool *) palloc0(rtsize * sizeof(bool));
    if (parentestate->es_epqTupleSlot != NULL)
    {
        estate->es_epqTupleSlot = parentestate->es_epqTupleSlot;
    }
    else
    {
        estate->es_epqTupleSlot = (TupleTableSlot **)
            palloc0(rtsize * sizeof(TupleTableSlot *));
    }

    /*
     * Each estate also has its own tuple table.
     */
    estate->es_tupleTable = NIL;

    /*
     * Initialize private state information for each SubPlan.  We must do this
     * before running ExecInitNode on the main query tree, since
     * ExecInitSubPlan expects to be able to find these entries. Some of the
     * SubPlans might not be used in the part of the plan tree we intend to
     * run, but since it's not easy to tell which, we just initialize them
     * all.
     */
    Assert(estate->es_subplanstates == NIL);
    foreach(l, parentestate->es_plannedstmt->subplans)
    {
        Plan       *subplan = (Plan *) lfirst(l);
        PlanState  *subplanstate;

        subplanstate = ExecInitNode(subplan, estate, 0);
        estate->es_subplanstates = lappend(estate->es_subplanstates,
                                           subplanstate);
    }

    /*
     * Initialize the private state information for all the nodes in the part
     * of the plan tree we need to run.  This opens files, allocates storage
     * and leaves us ready to start processing tuples.
     */
    epqstate->planstate = ExecInitNode(planTree, estate, 0);

    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}

/*
 * EvalPlanQualEnd -- shut down at termination of parent plan state node,
 * or if we are done with the current EPQ child.
 *
 * This is a cut-down version of ExecutorEnd(); basically we want to do most
 * of the normal cleanup, but *not* close result relations (which we are
 * just sharing from the outer query).  We do, however, have to close any
 * trigger target relations that got opened, since those are not shared.
 * (There probably shouldn't be any of the latter, but just in case...)
 */
void
EvalPlanQualEnd(EPQState *epqstate)
{
    EState     *estate = epqstate->estate;
    MemoryContext oldcontext;
    ListCell   *l;

    if (estate == NULL)
        return;                 /* idle, so nothing to do */

    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(estate->es_query_cxt);

    ExecEndNode(epqstate->planstate);

    foreach(l, estate->es_subplanstates)
    {
        PlanState  *subplanstate = (PlanState *) lfirst(l);

        ExecEndNode(subplanstate);
    }

    /* throw away the per-estate tuple table */
    ExecResetTupleTable(estate->es_tupleTable, false);

    /* close any trigger target relations attached to this EState */
    ExecCleanUpTriggerState(estate);

    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);

    FreeExecutorState(estate);

    /* Mark EPQState idle */
    epqstate->estate = NULL;
    epqstate->planstate = NULL;
    epqstate->origslot = NULL;
}