index.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * index.c
 *    code to create and destroy POSTGRES index relations
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2019, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/catalog/index.c
 *
 *
 * INTERFACE ROUTINES
 *      index_create()          - Create a cataloged index relation
 *      index_drop()            - Removes index relation from catalogs
 *      BuildIndexInfo()        - Prepare to insert index tuples
 *      FormIndexDatum()        - Construct datum vector for one index tuple
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include <unistd.h>

#include "access/amapi.h"
#include "access/heapam.h"
#include "access/multixact.h"
#include "access/relscan.h"
#include "access/sysattr.h"
#include "access/tableam.h"
#include "access/transam.h"
#include "access/visibilitymap.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "bootstrap/bootstrap.h"
#include "catalog/binary_upgrade.h"
#include "catalog/catalog.h"
#include "catalog/dependency.h"
#include "catalog/heap.h"
#include "catalog/index.h"
#include "catalog/objectaccess.h"
#include "catalog/partition.h"
#include "catalog/pg_am.h"
#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
#include "catalog/pg_description.h"
#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
#include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
#include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
#include "catalog/pg_tablespace.h"
#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "catalog/storage.h"
#include "commands/event_trigger.h"
#include "commands/progress.h"
#include "commands/tablecmds.h"
#include "commands/trigger.h"
#include "executor/executor.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
#include "parser/parser.h"
#include "pgstat.h"
#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "storage/lmgr.h"
#include "storage/predicate.h"
#include "storage/procarray.h"
#include "storage/smgr.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
#include "utils/guc.h"
#include "utils/inval.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/pg_rusage.h"
#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"
#include "utils/tuplesort.h"

/* Potentially set by pg_upgrade_support functions */
Oid         binary_upgrade_next_index_pg_class_oid = InvalidOid;

/*
 * Pointer-free representation of variables used when reindexing system
 * catalogs; we use this to propagate those values to parallel workers.
 */
typedef struct
{
    Oid         currentlyReindexedHeap;
    Oid         currentlyReindexedIndex;
    int         numPendingReindexedIndexes;
    Oid         pendingReindexedIndexes[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
} SerializedReindexState;

/* non-export function prototypes */
static bool relationHasPrimaryKey(Relation rel);
static TupleDesc ConstructTupleDescriptor(Relation heapRelation,
                                          IndexInfo *indexInfo,
                                          List *indexColNames,
                                          Oid accessMethodObjectId,
                                          Oid *collationObjectId,
                                          Oid *classObjectId);
static void InitializeAttributeOids(Relation indexRelation,
                                    int numatts, Oid indexoid);
static void AppendAttributeTuples(Relation indexRelation, int numatts);
static void UpdateIndexRelation(Oid indexoid, Oid heapoid,
                                Oid parentIndexId,
                                IndexInfo *indexInfo,
                                Oid *collationOids,
                                Oid *classOids,
                                int16 *coloptions,
                                bool primary,
                                bool isexclusion,
                                bool immediate,
                                bool isvalid,
                                bool isready);
static void index_update_stats(Relation rel,
                               bool hasindex,
                               double reltuples);
static void IndexCheckExclusion(Relation heapRelation,
                                Relation indexRelation,
                                IndexInfo *indexInfo);
static bool validate_index_callback(ItemPointer itemptr, void *opaque);
static bool ReindexIsCurrentlyProcessingIndex(Oid indexOid);
static void SetReindexProcessing(Oid heapOid, Oid indexOid);
static void ResetReindexProcessing(void);
static void SetReindexPending(List *indexes);
static void RemoveReindexPending(Oid indexOid);
static void ResetReindexPending(void);


/*
 * relationHasPrimaryKey
 *      See whether an existing relation has a primary key.
 *
 * Caller must have suitable lock on the relation.
 *
 * Note: we intentionally do not check indisvalid here; that's because this
 * is used to enforce the rule that there can be only one indisprimary index,
 * and we want that to be true even if said index is invalid.
 */
static bool
relationHasPrimaryKey(Relation rel)
{
    bool        result = false;
    List       *indexoidlist;
    ListCell   *indexoidscan;

    /*
     * Get the list of index OIDs for the table from the relcache, and look up
     * each one in the pg_index syscache until we find one marked primary key
     * (hopefully there isn't more than one such).
     */
    indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(rel);

    foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
    {
        Oid         indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
        HeapTuple   indexTuple;

        indexTuple = SearchSysCache1(INDEXRELID, ObjectIdGetDatum(indexoid));
        if (!HeapTupleIsValid(indexTuple))  /* should not happen */
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for index %u", indexoid);
        result = ((Form_pg_index) GETSTRUCT(indexTuple))->indisprimary;
        ReleaseSysCache(indexTuple);
        if (result)
            break;
    }

    list_free(indexoidlist);

    return result;
}

/*
 * index_check_primary_key
 *      Apply special checks needed before creating a PRIMARY KEY index
 *
 * This processing used to be in DefineIndex(), but has been split out
 * so that it can be applied during ALTER TABLE ADD PRIMARY KEY USING INDEX.
 *
 * We check for a pre-existing primary key, and that all columns of the index
 * are simple column references (not expressions), and that all those
 * columns are marked NOT NULL.  If not, fail.
 *
 * We used to automatically change unmarked columns to NOT NULL here by doing
 * our own local ALTER TABLE command.  But that doesn't work well if we're
 * executing one subcommand of an ALTER TABLE: the operations may not get
 * performed in the right order overall.  Now we expect that the parser
 * inserted any required ALTER TABLE SET NOT NULL operations before trying
 * to create a primary-key index.
 *
 * Caller had better have at least ShareLock on the table, else the not-null
 * checking isn't trustworthy.
 */
void
index_check_primary_key(Relation heapRel,
                        IndexInfo *indexInfo,
                        bool is_alter_table,
                        IndexStmt *stmt)
{
    int         i;

    /*
     * If ALTER TABLE or CREATE TABLE .. PARTITION OF, check that there isn't
     * already a PRIMARY KEY.  In CREATE TABLE for an ordinary relation, we
     * have faith that the parser rejected multiple pkey clauses; and CREATE
     * INDEX doesn't have a way to say PRIMARY KEY, so it's no problem either.
     */
    if ((is_alter_table || heapRel->rd_rel->relispartition) &&
        relationHasPrimaryKey(heapRel))
    {
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),
                 errmsg("multiple primary keys for table \"%s\" are not allowed",
                        RelationGetRelationName(heapRel))));
    }

    /*
     * Check that all of the attributes in a primary key are marked as not
     * null.  (We don't really expect to see that; it'd mean the parser messed
     * up.  But it seems wise to check anyway.)
     */
    for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs; i++)
    {
        AttrNumber  attnum = indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i];
        HeapTuple   atttuple;
        Form_pg_attribute attform;

        if (attnum == 0)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                     errmsg("primary keys cannot be expressions")));

        /* System attributes are never null, so no need to check */
        if (attnum < 0)
            continue;

        atttuple = SearchSysCache2(ATTNUM,
                                   ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(heapRel)),
                                   Int16GetDatum(attnum));
        if (!HeapTupleIsValid(atttuple))
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for attribute %d of relation %u",
                 attnum, RelationGetRelid(heapRel));
        attform = (Form_pg_attribute) GETSTRUCT(atttuple);

        if (!attform->attnotnull)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),
                     errmsg("primary key column \"%s\" is not marked NOT NULL",
                            NameStr(attform->attname))));

        ReleaseSysCache(atttuple);
    }
}

/*
 *      ConstructTupleDescriptor
 *
 * Build an index tuple descriptor for a new index
 */
static TupleDesc
ConstructTupleDescriptor(Relation heapRelation,
                         IndexInfo *indexInfo,
                         List *indexColNames,
                         Oid accessMethodObjectId,
                         Oid *collationObjectId,
                         Oid *classObjectId)
{
    int         numatts = indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs;
    int         numkeyatts = indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs;
    ListCell   *colnames_item = list_head(indexColNames);
    ListCell   *indexpr_item = list_head(indexInfo->ii_Expressions);
    IndexAmRoutine *amroutine;
    TupleDesc   heapTupDesc;
    TupleDesc   indexTupDesc;
    int         natts;          /* #atts in heap rel --- for error checks */
    int         i;

    /* We need access to the index AM's API struct */
    amroutine = GetIndexAmRoutineByAmId(accessMethodObjectId, false);

    /* ... and to the table's tuple descriptor */
    heapTupDesc = RelationGetDescr(heapRelation);
    natts = RelationGetForm(heapRelation)->relnatts;

    /*
     * allocate the new tuple descriptor
     */
    indexTupDesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(numatts);

    /*
     * Fill in the pg_attribute row.
     */
    for (i = 0; i < numatts; i++)
    {
        AttrNumber  atnum = indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i];
        Form_pg_attribute to = TupleDescAttr(indexTupDesc, i);
        HeapTuple   tuple;
        Form_pg_type typeTup;
        Form_pg_opclass opclassTup;
        Oid         keyType;

        MemSet(to, 0, ATTRIBUTE_FIXED_PART_SIZE);
        to->attnum = i + 1;
        to->attstattarget = -1;
        to->attcacheoff = -1;
        to->attislocal = true;
        to->attcollation = (i < numkeyatts) ?
            collationObjectId[i] : InvalidOid;

        /*
         * For simple index columns, we copy some pg_attribute fields from the
         * parent relation.  For expressions we have to look at the expression
         * result.
         */
        if (atnum != 0)
        {
            /* Simple index column */
            const FormData_pg_attribute *from;

            Assert(atnum > 0);  /* should've been caught above */

            if (atnum > natts)  /* safety check */
                elog(ERROR, "invalid column number %d", atnum);
            from = TupleDescAttr(heapTupDesc,
                                 AttrNumberGetAttrOffset(atnum));

            namecpy(&to->attname, &from->attname);
            to->atttypid = from->atttypid;
            to->attlen = from->attlen;
            to->attndims = from->attndims;
            to->atttypmod = from->atttypmod;
            to->attbyval = from->attbyval;
            to->attstorage = from->attstorage;
            to->attalign = from->attalign;
        }
        else
        {
            /* Expressional index */
            Node       *indexkey;

            if (indexpr_item == NULL)   /* shouldn't happen */
                elog(ERROR, "too few entries in indexprs list");
            indexkey = (Node *) lfirst(indexpr_item);
            indexpr_item = lnext(indexInfo->ii_Expressions, indexpr_item);

            /*
             * Lookup the expression type in pg_type for the type length etc.
             */
            keyType = exprType(indexkey);
            tuple = SearchSysCache1(TYPEOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(keyType));
            if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
                elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u", keyType);
            typeTup = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(tuple);

            /*
             * Assign some of the attributes values. Leave the rest.
             */
            to->atttypid = keyType;
            to->attlen = typeTup->typlen;
            to->attbyval = typeTup->typbyval;
            to->attstorage = typeTup->typstorage;
            to->attalign = typeTup->typalign;
            to->atttypmod = exprTypmod(indexkey);

            ReleaseSysCache(tuple);

            /*
             * Make sure the expression yields a type that's safe to store in
             * an index.  We need this defense because we have index opclasses
             * for pseudo-types such as "record", and the actually stored type
             * had better be safe; eg, a named composite type is okay, an
             * anonymous record type is not.  The test is the same as for
             * whether a table column is of a safe type (which is why we
             * needn't check for the non-expression case).
             */
            CheckAttributeType(NameStr(to->attname),
                               to->atttypid, to->attcollation,
                               NIL, 0);
        }

        /*
         * We do not yet have the correct relation OID for the index, so just
         * set it invalid for now.  InitializeAttributeOids() will fix it
         * later.
         */
        to->attrelid = InvalidOid;

        /*
         * Set the attribute name as specified by caller.
         */
        if (colnames_item == NULL)  /* shouldn't happen */
            elog(ERROR, "too few entries in colnames list");
        namestrcpy(&to->attname, (const char *) lfirst(colnames_item));
        colnames_item = lnext(indexColNames, colnames_item);

        /*
         * Check the opclass and index AM to see if either provides a keytype
         * (overriding the attribute type).  Opclass (if exists) takes
         * precedence.
         */
        keyType = amroutine->amkeytype;

        /*
         * Code below is concerned to the opclasses which are not used with
         * the included columns.
         */
        if (i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs)
        {
            tuple = SearchSysCache1(CLAOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(classObjectId[i]));
            if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
                elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for opclass %u",
                     classObjectId[i]);
            opclassTup = (Form_pg_opclass) GETSTRUCT(tuple);
            if (OidIsValid(opclassTup->opckeytype))
                keyType = opclassTup->opckeytype;

            /*
             * If keytype is specified as ANYELEMENT, and opcintype is
             * ANYARRAY, then the attribute type must be an array (else it'd
             * not have matched this opclass); use its element type.
             */
            if (keyType == ANYELEMENTOID && opclassTup->opcintype == ANYARRAYOID)
            {
                keyType = get_base_element_type(to->atttypid);
                if (!OidIsValid(keyType))
                    elog(ERROR, "could not get element type of array type %u",
                         to->atttypid);
            }

            ReleaseSysCache(tuple);
        }

        /*
         * If a key type different from the heap value is specified, update
         * the type-related fields in the index tupdesc.
         */
        if (OidIsValid(keyType) && keyType != to->atttypid)
        {
            tuple = SearchSysCache1(TYPEOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(keyType));
            if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
                elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u", keyType);
            typeTup = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(tuple);

            to->atttypid = keyType;
            to->atttypmod = -1;
            to->attlen = typeTup->typlen;
            to->attbyval = typeTup->typbyval;
            to->attalign = typeTup->typalign;
            to->attstorage = typeTup->typstorage;

            ReleaseSysCache(tuple);
        }
    }

    pfree(amroutine);

    return indexTupDesc;
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *      InitializeAttributeOids
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static void
InitializeAttributeOids(Relation indexRelation,
                        int numatts,
                        Oid indexoid)
{
    TupleDesc   tupleDescriptor;
    int         i;

    tupleDescriptor = RelationGetDescr(indexRelation);

    for (i = 0; i < numatts; i += 1)
        TupleDescAttr(tupleDescriptor, i)->attrelid = indexoid;
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *      AppendAttributeTuples
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static void
AppendAttributeTuples(Relation indexRelation, int numatts)
{
    Relation    pg_attribute;
    CatalogIndexState indstate;
    TupleDesc   indexTupDesc;
    int         i;

    /*
     * open the attribute relation and its indexes
     */
    pg_attribute = table_open(AttributeRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);

    indstate = CatalogOpenIndexes(pg_attribute);

    /*
     * insert data from new index's tupdesc into pg_attribute
     */
    indexTupDesc = RelationGetDescr(indexRelation);

    for (i = 0; i < numatts; i++)
    {
        Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(indexTupDesc, i);

        Assert(attr->attnum == i + 1);

        InsertPgAttributeTuple(pg_attribute, attr, indstate);
    }

    CatalogCloseIndexes(indstate);

    table_close(pg_attribute, RowExclusiveLock);
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *      UpdateIndexRelation
 *
 * Construct and insert a new entry in the pg_index catalog
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static void
UpdateIndexRelation(Oid indexoid,
                    Oid heapoid,
                    Oid parentIndexId,
                    IndexInfo *indexInfo,
                    Oid *collationOids,
                    Oid *classOids,
                    int16 *coloptions,
                    bool primary,
                    bool isexclusion,
                    bool immediate,
                    bool isvalid,
                    bool isready)
{
    int2vector *indkey;
    oidvector  *indcollation;
    oidvector  *indclass;
    int2vector *indoption;
    Datum       exprsDatum;
    Datum       predDatum;
    Datum       values[Natts_pg_index];
    bool        nulls[Natts_pg_index];
    Relation    pg_index;
    HeapTuple   tuple;
    int         i;

    /*
     * Copy the index key, opclass, and indoption info into arrays (should we
     * make the caller pass them like this to start with?)
     */
    indkey = buildint2vector(NULL, indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs);
    for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs; i++)
        indkey->values[i] = indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i];
    indcollation = buildoidvector(collationOids, indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs);
    indclass = buildoidvector(classOids, indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs);
    indoption = buildint2vector(coloptions, indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs);

    /*
     * Convert the index expressions (if any) to a text datum
     */
    if (indexInfo->ii_Expressions != NIL)
    {
        char       *exprsString;

        exprsString = nodeToString(indexInfo->ii_Expressions);
        exprsDatum = CStringGetTextDatum(exprsString);
        pfree(exprsString);
    }
    else
        exprsDatum = (Datum) 0;

    /*
     * Convert the index predicate (if any) to a text datum.  Note we convert
     * implicit-AND format to normal explicit-AND for storage.
     */
    if (indexInfo->ii_Predicate != NIL)
    {
        char       *predString;

        predString = nodeToString(make_ands_explicit(indexInfo->ii_Predicate));
        predDatum = CStringGetTextDatum(predString);
        pfree(predString);
    }
    else
        predDatum = (Datum) 0;

    /*
     * open the system catalog index relation
     */
    pg_index = table_open(IndexRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);

    /*
     * Build a pg_index tuple
     */
    MemSet(nulls, false, sizeof(nulls));

    values[Anum_pg_index_indexrelid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(indexoid);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indrelid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(heapoid);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indnatts - 1] = Int16GetDatum(indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indnkeyatts - 1] = Int16GetDatum(indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indisunique - 1] = BoolGetDatum(indexInfo->ii_Unique);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indisprimary - 1] = BoolGetDatum(primary);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indisexclusion - 1] = BoolGetDatum(isexclusion);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indimmediate - 1] = BoolGetDatum(immediate);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indisclustered - 1] = BoolGetDatum(false);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indisvalid - 1] = BoolGetDatum(isvalid);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indcheckxmin - 1] = BoolGetDatum(false);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indisready - 1] = BoolGetDatum(isready);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indislive - 1] = BoolGetDatum(true);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indisreplident - 1] = BoolGetDatum(false);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indkey - 1] = PointerGetDatum(indkey);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indcollation - 1] = PointerGetDatum(indcollation);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indclass - 1] = PointerGetDatum(indclass);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indoption - 1] = PointerGetDatum(indoption);
    values[Anum_pg_index_indexprs - 1] = exprsDatum;
    if (exprsDatum == (Datum) 0)
        nulls[Anum_pg_index_indexprs - 1] = true;
    values[Anum_pg_index_indpred - 1] = predDatum;
    if (predDatum == (Datum) 0)
        nulls[Anum_pg_index_indpred - 1] = true;

    tuple = heap_form_tuple(RelationGetDescr(pg_index), values, nulls);

    /*
     * insert the tuple into the pg_index catalog
     */
    CatalogTupleInsert(pg_index, tuple);

    /*
     * close the relation and free the tuple
     */
    table_close(pg_index, RowExclusiveLock);
    heap_freetuple(tuple);
}


/*
 * index_create
 *
 * heapRelation: table to build index on (suitably locked by caller)
 * indexRelationName: what it say
 * indexRelationId: normally, pass InvalidOid to let this routine
 *      generate an OID for the index.  During bootstrap this may be
 *      nonzero to specify a preselected OID.
 * parentIndexRelid: if creating an index partition, the OID of the
 *      parent index; otherwise InvalidOid.
 * parentConstraintId: if creating a constraint on a partition, the OID
 *      of the constraint in the parent; otherwise InvalidOid.
 * relFileNode: normally, pass InvalidOid to get new storage.  May be
 *      nonzero to attach an existing valid build.
 * indexInfo: same info executor uses to insert into the index
 * indexColNames: column names to use for index (List of char *)
 * accessMethodObjectId: OID of index AM to use
 * tableSpaceId: OID of tablespace to use
 * collationObjectId: array of collation OIDs, one per index column
 * classObjectId: array of index opclass OIDs, one per index column
 * coloptions: array of per-index-column indoption settings
 * reloptions: AM-specific options
 * flags: bitmask that can include any combination of these bits:
 *      INDEX_CREATE_IS_PRIMARY
 *          the index is a primary key
 *      INDEX_CREATE_ADD_CONSTRAINT:
 *          invoke index_constraint_create also
 *      INDEX_CREATE_SKIP_BUILD:
 *          skip the index_build() step for the moment; caller must do it
 *          later (typically via reindex_index())
 *      INDEX_CREATE_CONCURRENT:
 *          do not lock the table against writers.  The index will be
 *          marked "invalid" and the caller must take additional steps
 *          to fix it up.
 *      INDEX_CREATE_IF_NOT_EXISTS:
 *          do not throw an error if a relation with the same name
 *          already exists.
 *      INDEX_CREATE_PARTITIONED:
 *          create a partitioned index (table must be partitioned)
 * constr_flags: flags passed to index_constraint_create
 *      (only if INDEX_CREATE_ADD_CONSTRAINT is set)
 * allow_system_table_mods: allow table to be a system catalog
 * is_internal: if true, post creation hook for new index
 * constraintId: if not NULL, receives OID of created constraint
 *
 * Returns the OID of the created index.
 */
Oid
index_create(Relation heapRelation,
             const char *indexRelationName,
             Oid indexRelationId,
             Oid parentIndexRelid,
             Oid parentConstraintId,
             Oid relFileNode,
             IndexInfo *indexInfo,
             List *indexColNames,
             Oid accessMethodObjectId,
             Oid tableSpaceId,
             Oid *collationObjectId,
             Oid *classObjectId,
             int16 *coloptions,
             Datum reloptions,
             bits16 flags,
             bits16 constr_flags,
             bool allow_system_table_mods,
             bool is_internal,
             Oid *constraintId)
{
    Oid         heapRelationId = RelationGetRelid(heapRelation);
    Relation    pg_class;
    Relation    indexRelation;
    TupleDesc   indexTupDesc;
    bool        shared_relation;
    bool        mapped_relation;
    bool        is_exclusion;
    Oid         namespaceId;
    int         i;
    char        relpersistence;
    bool        isprimary = (flags & INDEX_CREATE_IS_PRIMARY) != 0;
    bool        invalid = (flags & INDEX_CREATE_INVALID) != 0;
    bool        concurrent = (flags & INDEX_CREATE_CONCURRENT) != 0;
    bool        partitioned = (flags & INDEX_CREATE_PARTITIONED) != 0;
    char        relkind;
    TransactionId relfrozenxid;
    MultiXactId relminmxid;

    /* constraint flags can only be set when a constraint is requested */
    Assert((constr_flags == 0) ||
           ((flags & INDEX_CREATE_ADD_CONSTRAINT) != 0));
    /* partitioned indexes must never be "built" by themselves */
    Assert(!partitioned || (flags & INDEX_CREATE_SKIP_BUILD));

    relkind = partitioned ? RELKIND_PARTITIONED_INDEX : RELKIND_INDEX;
    is_exclusion = (indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps != NULL);

    pg_class = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);

    /*
     * The index will be in the same namespace as its parent table, and is
     * shared across databases if and only if the parent is.  Likewise, it
     * will use the relfilenode map if and only if the parent does; and it
     * inherits the parent's relpersistence.
     */
    namespaceId = RelationGetNamespace(heapRelation);
    shared_relation = heapRelation->rd_rel->relisshared;
    mapped_relation = RelationIsMapped(heapRelation);
    relpersistence = heapRelation->rd_rel->relpersistence;

    /*
     * check parameters
     */
    if (indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs < 1)
        elog(ERROR, "must index at least one column");

    if (!allow_system_table_mods &&
        IsSystemRelation(heapRelation) &&
        IsNormalProcessingMode())
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("user-defined indexes on system catalog tables are not supported")));

    /*
     * Btree text_pattern_ops uses text_eq as the equality operator, which is
     * fine as long as the collation is deterministic; text_eq then reduces to
     * bitwise equality and so it is semantically compatible with the other
     * operators and functions in that opclass.  But with a nondeterministic
     * collation, text_eq could yield results that are incompatible with the
     * actual behavior of the index (which is determined by the opclass's
     * comparison function).  We prevent such problems by refusing creation of
     * an index with that opclass and a nondeterministic collation.
     *
     * The same applies to varchar_pattern_ops and bpchar_pattern_ops.  If we
     * find more cases, we might decide to create a real mechanism for marking
     * opclasses as incompatible with nondeterminism; but for now, this small
     * hack suffices.
     *
     * Another solution is to use a special operator, not text_eq, as the
     * equality opclass member; but that is undesirable because it would
     * prevent index usage in many queries that work fine today.
     */
    for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs; i++)
    {
        Oid         collation = collationObjectId[i];
        Oid         opclass = classObjectId[i];

        if (collation)
        {
            if ((opclass == TEXT_BTREE_PATTERN_OPS_OID ||
                 opclass == VARCHAR_BTREE_PATTERN_OPS_OID ||
                 opclass == BPCHAR_BTREE_PATTERN_OPS_OID) &&
                !get_collation_isdeterministic(collation))
            {
                HeapTuple   classtup;

                classtup = SearchSysCache1(CLAOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(opclass));
                if (!HeapTupleIsValid(classtup))
                    elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for operator class %u", opclass);
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                         errmsg("nondeterministic collations are not supported for operator class \"%s\"",
                                NameStr(((Form_pg_opclass) GETSTRUCT(classtup))->opcname))));
                ReleaseSysCache(classtup);
            }
        }
    }

    /*
     * Concurrent index build on a system catalog is unsafe because we tend to
     * release locks before committing in catalogs.
     */
    if (concurrent &&
        IsCatalogRelation(heapRelation))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("concurrent index creation on system catalog tables is not supported")));

    /*
     * This case is currently not supported.  There's no way to ask for it in
     * the grammar with CREATE INDEX, but it can happen with REINDEX.
     */
    if (concurrent && is_exclusion)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("concurrent index creation for exclusion constraints is not supported")));

    /*
     * We cannot allow indexing a shared relation after initdb (because
     * there's no way to make the entry in other databases' pg_class).
     */
    if (shared_relation && !IsBootstrapProcessingMode())
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                 errmsg("shared indexes cannot be created after initdb")));

    /*
     * Shared relations must be in pg_global, too (last-ditch check)
     */
    if (shared_relation && tableSpaceId != GLOBALTABLESPACE_OID)
        elog(ERROR, "shared relations must be placed in pg_global tablespace");

    /*
     * Check for duplicate name (both as to the index, and as to the
     * associated constraint if any).  Such cases would fail on the relevant
     * catalogs' unique indexes anyway, but we prefer to give a friendlier
     * error message.
     */
    if (get_relname_relid(indexRelationName, namespaceId))
    {
        if ((flags & INDEX_CREATE_IF_NOT_EXISTS) != 0)
        {
            ereport(NOTICE,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_DUPLICATE_TABLE),
                     errmsg("relation \"%s\" already exists, skipping",
                            indexRelationName)));
            table_close(pg_class, RowExclusiveLock);
            return InvalidOid;
        }

        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_DUPLICATE_TABLE),
                 errmsg("relation \"%s\" already exists",
                        indexRelationName)));
    }

    if ((flags & INDEX_CREATE_ADD_CONSTRAINT) != 0 &&
        ConstraintNameIsUsed(CONSTRAINT_RELATION, heapRelationId,
                             indexRelationName))
    {
        /*
         * INDEX_CREATE_IF_NOT_EXISTS does not apply here, since the
         * conflicting constraint is not an index.
         */
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_DUPLICATE_OBJECT),
                 errmsg("constraint \"%s\" for relation \"%s\" already exists",
                        indexRelationName, RelationGetRelationName(heapRelation))));
    }

    /*
     * construct tuple descriptor for index tuples
     */
    indexTupDesc = ConstructTupleDescriptor(heapRelation,
                                            indexInfo,
                                            indexColNames,
                                            accessMethodObjectId,
                                            collationObjectId,
                                            classObjectId);

    /*
     * Allocate an OID for the index, unless we were told what to use.
     *
     * The OID will be the relfilenode as well, so make sure it doesn't
     * collide with either pg_class OIDs or existing physical files.
     */
    if (!OidIsValid(indexRelationId))
    {
        /* Use binary-upgrade override for pg_class.oid/relfilenode? */
        if (IsBinaryUpgrade)
        {
            if (!OidIsValid(binary_upgrade_next_index_pg_class_oid))
                ereport(ERROR,
                        (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                         errmsg("pg_class index OID value not set when in binary upgrade mode")));

            indexRelationId = binary_upgrade_next_index_pg_class_oid;
            binary_upgrade_next_index_pg_class_oid = InvalidOid;
        }
        else
        {
            indexRelationId =
                GetNewRelFileNode(tableSpaceId, pg_class, relpersistence);
        }
    }

    /*
     * create the index relation's relcache entry and, if necessary, the
     * physical disk file. (If we fail further down, it's the smgr's
     * responsibility to remove the disk file again, if any.)
     */
    indexRelation = heap_create(indexRelationName,
                                namespaceId,
                                tableSpaceId,
                                indexRelationId,
                                relFileNode,
                                accessMethodObjectId,
                                indexTupDesc,
                                relkind,
                                relpersistence,
                                shared_relation,
                                mapped_relation,
                                allow_system_table_mods,
                                &relfrozenxid,
                                &relminmxid);

    Assert(relfrozenxid == InvalidTransactionId);
    Assert(relminmxid == InvalidMultiXactId);
    Assert(indexRelationId == RelationGetRelid(indexRelation));

    /*
     * Obtain exclusive lock on it.  Although no other transactions can see it
     * until we commit, this prevents deadlock-risk complaints from lock
     * manager in cases such as CLUSTER.
     */
    LockRelation(indexRelation, AccessExclusiveLock);

    /*
     * Fill in fields of the index's pg_class entry that are not set correctly
     * by heap_create.
     *
     * XXX should have a cleaner way to create cataloged indexes
     */
    indexRelation->rd_rel->relowner = heapRelation->rd_rel->relowner;
    indexRelation->rd_rel->relam = accessMethodObjectId;
    indexRelation->rd_rel->relispartition = OidIsValid(parentIndexRelid);

    /*
     * store index's pg_class entry
     */
    InsertPgClassTuple(pg_class, indexRelation,
                       RelationGetRelid(indexRelation),
                       (Datum) 0,
                       reloptions);

    /* done with pg_class */
    table_close(pg_class, RowExclusiveLock);

    /*
     * now update the object id's of all the attribute tuple forms in the
     * index relation's tuple descriptor
     */
    InitializeAttributeOids(indexRelation,
                            indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs,
                            indexRelationId);

    /*
     * append ATTRIBUTE tuples for the index
     */
    AppendAttributeTuples(indexRelation, indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs);

    /* ----------------
     *    update pg_index
     *    (append INDEX tuple)
     *
     *    Note that this stows away a representation of "predicate".
     *    (Or, could define a rule to maintain the predicate) --Nels, Feb '92
     * ----------------
     */
    UpdateIndexRelation(indexRelationId, heapRelationId, parentIndexRelid,
                        indexInfo,
                        collationObjectId, classObjectId, coloptions,
                        isprimary, is_exclusion,
                        (constr_flags & INDEX_CONSTR_CREATE_DEFERRABLE) == 0,
                        !concurrent && !invalid,
                        !concurrent);

    /*
     * Register relcache invalidation on the indexes' heap relation, to
     * maintain consistency of its index list
     */
    CacheInvalidateRelcache(heapRelation);

    /* update pg_inherits and the parent's relhassubclass, if needed */
    if (OidIsValid(parentIndexRelid))
    {
        StoreSingleInheritance(indexRelationId, parentIndexRelid, 1);
        SetRelationHasSubclass(parentIndexRelid, true);
    }

    /*
     * Register constraint and dependencies for the index.
     *
     * If the index is from a CONSTRAINT clause, construct a pg_constraint
     * entry.  The index will be linked to the constraint, which in turn is
     * linked to the table.  If it's not a CONSTRAINT, we need to make a
     * dependency directly on the table.
     *
     * We don't need a dependency on the namespace, because there'll be an
     * indirect dependency via our parent table.
     *
     * During bootstrap we can't register any dependencies, and we don't try
     * to make a constraint either.
     */
    if (!IsBootstrapProcessingMode())
    {
        ObjectAddress myself,
                    referenced;

        myself.classId = RelationRelationId;
        myself.objectId = indexRelationId;
        myself.objectSubId = 0;

        if ((flags & INDEX_CREATE_ADD_CONSTRAINT) != 0)
        {
            char        constraintType;
            ObjectAddress localaddr;

            if (isprimary)
                constraintType = CONSTRAINT_PRIMARY;
            else if (indexInfo->ii_Unique)
                constraintType = CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE;
            else if (is_exclusion)
                constraintType = CONSTRAINT_EXCLUSION;
            else
            {
                elog(ERROR, "constraint must be PRIMARY, UNIQUE or EXCLUDE");
                constraintType = 0; /* keep compiler quiet */
            }

            localaddr = index_constraint_create(heapRelation,
                                                indexRelationId,
                                                parentConstraintId,
                                                indexInfo,
                                                indexRelationName,
                                                constraintType,
                                                constr_flags,
                                                allow_system_table_mods,
                                                is_internal);
            if (constraintId)
                *constraintId = localaddr.objectId;
        }
        else
        {
            bool        have_simple_col = false;

            /* Create auto dependencies on simply-referenced columns */
            for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs; i++)
            {
                if (indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i] != 0)
                {
                    referenced.classId = RelationRelationId;
                    referenced.objectId = heapRelationId;
                    referenced.objectSubId = indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i];

                    recordDependencyOn(&myself, &referenced, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);

                    have_simple_col = true;
                }
            }

            /*
             * If there are no simply-referenced columns, give the index an
             * auto dependency on the whole table.  In most cases, this will
             * be redundant, but it might not be if the index expressions and
             * predicate contain no Vars or only whole-row Vars.
             */
            if (!have_simple_col)
            {
                referenced.classId = RelationRelationId;
                referenced.objectId = heapRelationId;
                referenced.objectSubId = 0;

                recordDependencyOn(&myself, &referenced, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
            }
        }

        /*
         * If this is an index partition, create partition dependencies on
         * both the parent index and the table.  (Note: these must be *in
         * addition to*, not instead of, all other dependencies.  Otherwise
         * we'll be short some dependencies after DETACH PARTITION.)
         */
        if (OidIsValid(parentIndexRelid))
        {
            referenced.classId = RelationRelationId;
            referenced.objectId = parentIndexRelid;
            referenced.objectSubId = 0;

            recordDependencyOn(&myself, &referenced, DEPENDENCY_PARTITION_PRI);

            referenced.classId = RelationRelationId;
            referenced.objectId = heapRelationId;
            referenced.objectSubId = 0;

            recordDependencyOn(&myself, &referenced, DEPENDENCY_PARTITION_SEC);
        }

        /* Store dependency on collations */
        /* The default collation is pinned, so don't bother recording it */
        for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs; i++)
        {
            if (OidIsValid(collationObjectId[i]) &&
                collationObjectId[i] != DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID)
            {
                referenced.classId = CollationRelationId;
                referenced.objectId = collationObjectId[i];
                referenced.objectSubId = 0;

                recordDependencyOn(&myself, &referenced, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
            }
        }

        /* Store dependency on operator classes */
        for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs; i++)
        {
            referenced.classId = OperatorClassRelationId;
            referenced.objectId = classObjectId[i];
            referenced.objectSubId = 0;

            recordDependencyOn(&myself, &referenced, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
        }

        /* Store dependencies on anything mentioned in index expressions */
        if (indexInfo->ii_Expressions)
        {
            recordDependencyOnSingleRelExpr(&myself,
                                            (Node *) indexInfo->ii_Expressions,
                                            heapRelationId,
                                            DEPENDENCY_NORMAL,
                                            DEPENDENCY_AUTO, false);
        }

        /* Store dependencies on anything mentioned in predicate */
        if (indexInfo->ii_Predicate)
        {
            recordDependencyOnSingleRelExpr(&myself,
                                            (Node *) indexInfo->ii_Predicate,
                                            heapRelationId,
                                            DEPENDENCY_NORMAL,
                                            DEPENDENCY_AUTO, false);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        /* Bootstrap mode - assert we weren't asked for constraint support */
        Assert((flags & INDEX_CREATE_ADD_CONSTRAINT) == 0);
    }

    /* Post creation hook for new index */
    InvokeObjectPostCreateHookArg(RelationRelationId,
                                  indexRelationId, 0, is_internal);

    /*
     * Advance the command counter so that we can see the newly-entered
     * catalog tuples for the index.
     */
    CommandCounterIncrement();

    /*
     * In bootstrap mode, we have to fill in the index strategy structure with
     * information from the catalogs.  If we aren't bootstrapping, then the
     * relcache entry has already been rebuilt thanks to sinval update during
     * CommandCounterIncrement.
     */
    if (IsBootstrapProcessingMode())
        RelationInitIndexAccessInfo(indexRelation);
    else
        Assert(indexRelation->rd_indexcxt != NULL);

    indexRelation->rd_index->indnkeyatts = indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs;

    /*
     * If this is bootstrap (initdb) time, then we don't actually fill in the
     * index yet.  We'll be creating more indexes and classes later, so we
     * delay filling them in until just before we're done with bootstrapping.
     * Similarly, if the caller specified to skip the build then filling the
     * index is delayed till later (ALTER TABLE can save work in some cases
     * with this).  Otherwise, we call the AM routine that constructs the
     * index.
     */
    if (IsBootstrapProcessingMode())
    {
        index_register(heapRelationId, indexRelationId, indexInfo);
    }
    else if ((flags & INDEX_CREATE_SKIP_BUILD) != 0)
    {
        /*
         * Caller is responsible for filling the index later on.  However,
         * we'd better make sure that the heap relation is correctly marked as
         * having an index.
         */
        index_update_stats(heapRelation,
                           true,
                           -1.0);
        /* Make the above update visible */
        CommandCounterIncrement();
    }
    else
    {
        index_build(heapRelation, indexRelation, indexInfo, false, true);
    }

    /*
     * Close the index; but we keep the lock that we acquired above until end
     * of transaction.  Closing the heap is caller's responsibility.
     */
    index_close(indexRelation, NoLock);

    return indexRelationId;
}

/*
 * index_concurrently_create_copy
 *
 * Create concurrently an index based on the definition of the one provided by
 * caller.  The index is inserted into catalogs and needs to be built later
 * on.  This is called during concurrent reindex processing.
 */
Oid
index_concurrently_create_copy(Relation heapRelation, Oid oldIndexId, const char *newName)
{
    Relation    indexRelation;
    IndexInfo  *oldInfo,
               *newInfo;
    Oid         newIndexId = InvalidOid;
    HeapTuple   indexTuple,
                classTuple;
    Datum       indclassDatum,
                colOptionDatum,
                optionDatum;
    oidvector  *indclass;
    int2vector *indcoloptions;
    bool        isnull;
    List       *indexColNames = NIL;
    List       *indexExprs = NIL;
    List       *indexPreds = NIL;

    indexRelation = index_open(oldIndexId, RowExclusiveLock);

    /* The new index needs some information from the old index */
    oldInfo = BuildIndexInfo(indexRelation);

    /*
     * Concurrent build of an index with exclusion constraints is not
     * supported.
     */
    if (oldInfo->ii_ExclusionOps != NULL)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("concurrent index creation for exclusion constraints is not supported")));

    /* Get the array of class and column options IDs from index info */
    indexTuple = SearchSysCache1(INDEXRELID, ObjectIdGetDatum(oldIndexId));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(indexTuple))
        elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for index %u", oldIndexId);
    indclassDatum = SysCacheGetAttr(INDEXRELID, indexTuple,
                                    Anum_pg_index_indclass, &isnull);
    Assert(!isnull);
    indclass = (oidvector *) DatumGetPointer(indclassDatum);

    colOptionDatum = SysCacheGetAttr(INDEXRELID, indexTuple,
                                     Anum_pg_index_indoption, &isnull);
    Assert(!isnull);
    indcoloptions = (int2vector *) DatumGetPointer(colOptionDatum);

    /* Fetch options of index if any */
    classTuple = SearchSysCache1(RELOID, oldIndexId);
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(classTuple))
        elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u", oldIndexId);
    optionDatum = SysCacheGetAttr(RELOID, classTuple,
                                  Anum_pg_class_reloptions, &isnull);

    /*
     * Fetch the list of expressions and predicates directly from the
     * catalogs.  This cannot rely on the information from IndexInfo of the
     * old index as these have been flattened for the planner.
     */
    if (oldInfo->ii_Expressions != NIL)
    {
        Datum       exprDatum;
        char       *exprString;

        exprDatum = SysCacheGetAttr(INDEXRELID, indexTuple,
                                    Anum_pg_index_indexprs, &isnull);
        Assert(!isnull);
        exprString = TextDatumGetCString(exprDatum);
        indexExprs = (List *) stringToNode(exprString);
        pfree(exprString);
    }
    if (oldInfo->ii_Predicate != NIL)
    {
        Datum       predDatum;
        char       *predString;

        predDatum = SysCacheGetAttr(INDEXRELID, indexTuple,
                                    Anum_pg_index_indpred, &isnull);
        Assert(!isnull);
        predString = TextDatumGetCString(predDatum);
        indexPreds = (List *) stringToNode(predString);

        /* Also convert to implicit-AND format */
        indexPreds = make_ands_implicit((Expr *) indexPreds);
        pfree(predString);
    }

    /*
     * Build the index information for the new index.  Note that rebuild of
     * indexes with exclusion constraints is not supported, hence there is no
     * need to fill all the ii_Exclusion* fields.
     */
    newInfo = makeIndexInfo(oldInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs,
                            oldInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs,
                            oldInfo->ii_Am,
                            indexExprs,
                            indexPreds,
                            oldInfo->ii_Unique,
                            false,  /* not ready for inserts */
                            true);

    /*
     * Extract the list of column names and the column numbers for the new
     * index information.  All this information will be used for the index
     * creation.
     */
    for (int i = 0; i < oldInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs; i++)
    {
        TupleDesc   indexTupDesc = RelationGetDescr(indexRelation);
        Form_pg_attribute att = TupleDescAttr(indexTupDesc, i);

        indexColNames = lappend(indexColNames, NameStr(att->attname));
        newInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i] = oldInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i];
    }

    /*
     * Now create the new index.
     *
     * For a partition index, we adjust the partition dependency later, to
     * ensure a consistent state at all times.  That is why parentIndexRelid
     * is not set here.
     */
    newIndexId = index_create(heapRelation,
                              newName,
                              InvalidOid,   /* indexRelationId */
                              InvalidOid,   /* parentIndexRelid */
                              InvalidOid,   /* parentConstraintId */
                              InvalidOid,   /* relFileNode */
                              newInfo,
                              indexColNames,
                              indexRelation->rd_rel->relam,
                              indexRelation->rd_rel->reltablespace,
                              indexRelation->rd_indcollation,
                              indclass->values,
                              indcoloptions->values,
                              optionDatum,
                              INDEX_CREATE_SKIP_BUILD | INDEX_CREATE_CONCURRENT,
                              0,
                              true, /* allow table to be a system catalog? */
                              false,    /* is_internal? */
                              NULL);

    /* Close the relations used and clean up */
    index_close(indexRelation, NoLock);
    ReleaseSysCache(indexTuple);
    ReleaseSysCache(classTuple);

    return newIndexId;
}

/*
 * index_concurrently_build
 *
 * Build index for a concurrent operation.  Low-level locks are taken when
 * this operation is performed to prevent only schema changes, but they need
 * to be kept until the end of the transaction performing this operation.
 * 'indexOid' refers to an index relation OID already created as part of
 * previous processing, and 'heapOid' refers to its parent heap relation.
 */
void
index_concurrently_build(Oid heapRelationId,
                         Oid indexRelationId)
{
    Relation    heapRel;
    Relation    indexRelation;
    IndexInfo  *indexInfo;

    /* This had better make sure that a snapshot is active */
    Assert(ActiveSnapshotSet());

    /* Open and lock the parent heap relation */
    heapRel = table_open(heapRelationId, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);

    /* And the target index relation */
    indexRelation = index_open(indexRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);

    /*
     * We have to re-build the IndexInfo struct, since it was lost in the
     * commit of the transaction where this concurrent index was created at
     * the catalog level.
     */
    indexInfo = BuildIndexInfo(indexRelation);
    Assert(!indexInfo->ii_ReadyForInserts);
    indexInfo->ii_Concurrent = true;
    indexInfo->ii_BrokenHotChain = false;

    /* Now build the index */
    index_build(heapRel, indexRelation, indexInfo, false, true);

    /* Close both the relations, but keep the locks */
    table_close(heapRel, NoLock);
    index_close(indexRelation, NoLock);

    /*
     * Update the pg_index row to mark the index as ready for inserts. Once we
     * commit this transaction, any new transactions that open the table must
     * insert new entries into the index for insertions and non-HOT updates.
     */
    index_set_state_flags(indexRelationId, INDEX_CREATE_SET_READY);
}

/*
 * index_concurrently_swap
 *
 * Swap name, dependencies, and constraints of the old index over to the new
 * index, while marking the old index as invalid and the new as valid.
 */
void
index_concurrently_swap(Oid newIndexId, Oid oldIndexId, const char *oldName)
{
    Relation    pg_class,
                pg_index,
                pg_constraint,
                pg_trigger;
    Relation    oldClassRel,
                newClassRel;
    HeapTuple   oldClassTuple,
                newClassTuple;
    Form_pg_class oldClassForm,
                newClassForm;
    HeapTuple   oldIndexTuple,
                newIndexTuple;
    Form_pg_index oldIndexForm,
                newIndexForm;
    bool        isPartition;
    Oid         indexConstraintOid;
    List       *constraintOids = NIL;
    ListCell   *lc;

    /*
     * Take a necessary lock on the old and new index before swapping them.
     */
    oldClassRel = relation_open(oldIndexId, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
    newClassRel = relation_open(newIndexId, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);

    /* Now swap names and dependencies of those indexes */
    pg_class = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);

    oldClassTuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
                                        ObjectIdGetDatum(oldIndexId));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(oldClassTuple))
        elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for relation %u", oldIndexId);
    newClassTuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
                                        ObjectIdGetDatum(newIndexId));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(newClassTuple))
        elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for relation %u", newIndexId);

    oldClassForm = (Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(oldClassTuple);
    newClassForm = (Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(newClassTuple);

    /* Swap the names */
    namestrcpy(&newClassForm->relname, NameStr(oldClassForm->relname));
    namestrcpy(&oldClassForm->relname, oldName);

    /* Swap the partition flags to track inheritance properly */
    isPartition = newClassForm->relispartition;
    newClassForm->relispartition = oldClassForm->relispartition;
    oldClassForm->relispartition = isPartition;

    CatalogTupleUpdate(pg_class, &oldClassTuple->t_self, oldClassTuple);
    CatalogTupleUpdate(pg_class, &newClassTuple->t_self, newClassTuple);

    heap_freetuple(oldClassTuple);
    heap_freetuple(newClassTuple);

    /* Now swap index info */
    pg_index = table_open(IndexRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);

    oldIndexTuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(INDEXRELID,
                                        ObjectIdGetDatum(oldIndexId));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(oldIndexTuple))
        elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for relation %u", oldIndexId);
    newIndexTuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(INDEXRELID,
                                        ObjectIdGetDatum(newIndexId));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(newIndexTuple))
        elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for relation %u", newIndexId);

    oldIndexForm = (Form_pg_index) GETSTRUCT(oldIndexTuple);
    newIndexForm = (Form_pg_index) GETSTRUCT(newIndexTuple);

    /*
     * Copy constraint flags from the old index. This is safe because the old
     * index guaranteed uniqueness.
     */
    newIndexForm->indisprimary = oldIndexForm->indisprimary;
    oldIndexForm->indisprimary = false;
    newIndexForm->indisexclusion = oldIndexForm->indisexclusion;
    oldIndexForm->indisexclusion = false;
    newIndexForm->indimmediate = oldIndexForm->indimmediate;
    oldIndexForm->indimmediate = true;

    /* Mark old index as valid and new as invalid as index_set_state_flags */
    newIndexForm->indisvalid = true;
    oldIndexForm->indisvalid = false;
    oldIndexForm->indisclustered = false;

    CatalogTupleUpdate(pg_index, &oldIndexTuple->t_self, oldIndexTuple);
    CatalogTupleUpdate(pg_index, &newIndexTuple->t_self, newIndexTuple);

    heap_freetuple(oldIndexTuple);
    heap_freetuple(newIndexTuple);

    /*
     * Move constraints and triggers over to the new index
     */

    constraintOids = get_index_ref_constraints(oldIndexId);

    indexConstraintOid = get_index_constraint(oldIndexId);

    if (OidIsValid(indexConstraintOid))
        constraintOids = lappend_oid(constraintOids, indexConstraintOid);

    pg_constraint = table_open(ConstraintRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
    pg_trigger = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);

    foreach(lc, constraintOids)
    {
        HeapTuple   constraintTuple,
                    triggerTuple;
        Form_pg_constraint conForm;
        ScanKeyData key[1];
        SysScanDesc scan;
        Oid         constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);

        /* Move the constraint from the old to the new index */
        constraintTuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(CONSTROID,
                                              ObjectIdGetDatum(constraintOid));
        if (!HeapTupleIsValid(constraintTuple))
            elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for constraint %u", constraintOid);

        conForm = ((Form_pg_constraint) GETSTRUCT(constraintTuple));

        if (conForm->conindid == oldIndexId)
        {
            conForm->conindid = newIndexId;

            CatalogTupleUpdate(pg_constraint, &constraintTuple->t_self, constraintTuple);
        }

        heap_freetuple(constraintTuple);

        /* Search for trigger records */
        ScanKeyInit(&key[0],
                    Anum_pg_trigger_tgconstraint,
                    BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
                    ObjectIdGetDatum(constraintOid));

        scan = systable_beginscan(pg_trigger, TriggerConstraintIndexId, true,
                                  NULL, 1, key);

        while (HeapTupleIsValid((triggerTuple = systable_getnext(scan))))
        {
            Form_pg_trigger tgForm = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(triggerTuple);

            if (tgForm->tgconstrindid != oldIndexId)
                continue;

            /* Make a modifiable copy */
            triggerTuple = heap_copytuple(triggerTuple);
            tgForm = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(triggerTuple);

            tgForm->tgconstrindid = newIndexId;

            CatalogTupleUpdate(pg_trigger, &triggerTuple->t_self, triggerTuple);

            heap_freetuple(triggerTuple);
        }

        systable_endscan(scan);
    }

    /*
     * Move comment if any
     */
    {
        Relation    description;
        ScanKeyData skey[3];
        SysScanDesc sd;
        HeapTuple   tuple;
        Datum       values[Natts_pg_description] = {0};
        bool        nulls[Natts_pg_description] = {0};
        bool        replaces[Natts_pg_description] = {0};

        values[Anum_pg_description_objoid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(newIndexId);
        replaces[Anum_pg_description_objoid - 1] = true;

        ScanKeyInit(&skey[0],
                    Anum_pg_description_objoid,
                    BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
                    ObjectIdGetDatum(oldIndexId));
        ScanKeyInit(&skey[1],
                    Anum_pg_description_classoid,
                    BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
                    ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationRelationId));
        ScanKeyInit(&skey[2],
                    Anum_pg_description_objsubid,
                    BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_INT4EQ,
                    Int32GetDatum(0));

        description = table_open(DescriptionRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);

        sd = systable_beginscan(description, DescriptionObjIndexId, true,
                                NULL, 3, skey);

        while ((tuple = systable_getnext(sd)) != NULL)
        {
            tuple = heap_modify_tuple(tuple, RelationGetDescr(description),
                                      values, nulls, replaces);
            CatalogTupleUpdate(description, &tuple->t_self, tuple);

            break;              /* Assume there can be only one match */
        }

        systable_endscan(sd);
        table_close(description, NoLock);
    }

    /*
     * Swap inheritance relationship with parent index
     */
    if (get_rel_relispartition(oldIndexId))
    {
        List       *ancestors = get_partition_ancestors(oldIndexId);
        Oid         parentIndexRelid = linitial_oid(ancestors);

        DeleteInheritsTuple(oldIndexId, parentIndexRelid);
        StoreSingleInheritance(newIndexId, parentIndexRelid, 1);

        list_free(ancestors);
    }

    /*
     * Move all dependencies of and on the old index to the new one.  First
     * remove any dependencies that the new index may have to provide an
     * initial clean state for the dependency switch, and then move all the
     * dependencies from the old index to the new one.
     */
    deleteDependencyRecordsFor(RelationRelationId, newIndexId, false);
    changeDependenciesOf(RelationRelationId, oldIndexId, newIndexId);
    changeDependenciesOn(RelationRelationId, oldIndexId, newIndexId);

    /*
     * Copy over statistics from old to new index
     */
    {
        PgStat_StatTabEntry *tabentry;

        tabentry = pgstat_fetch_stat_tabentry(oldIndexId);
        if (tabentry)
        {
            if (newClassRel->pgstat_info)
            {
                newClassRel->pgstat_info->t_counts.t_numscans = tabentry->numscans;
                newClassRel->pgstat_info->t_counts.t_tuples_returned = tabentry->tuples_returned;
                newClassRel->pgstat_info->t_counts.t_tuples_fetched = tabentry->tuples_fetched;
                newClassRel->pgstat_info->t_counts.t_blocks_fetched = tabentry->blocks_fetched;
                newClassRel->pgstat_info->t_counts.t_blocks_hit = tabentry->blocks_hit;

                /*
                 * The data will be sent by the next pgstat_report_stat()
                 * call.
                 */
            }
        }
    }

    /* Close relations */
    table_close(pg_class, RowExclusiveLock);
    table_close(pg_index, RowExclusiveLock);
    table_close(pg_constraint, RowExclusiveLock);
    table_close(pg_trigger, RowExclusiveLock);

    /* The lock taken previously is not released until the end of transaction */
    relation_close(oldClassRel, NoLock);
    relation_close(newClassRel, NoLock);
}

/*
 * index_concurrently_set_dead
 *
 * Perform the last invalidation stage of DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY or REINDEX
 * CONCURRENTLY before actually dropping the index.  After calling this
 * function, the index is seen by all the backends as dead.  Low-level locks
 * taken here are kept until the end of the transaction calling this function.
 */
void
index_concurrently_set_dead(Oid heapId, Oid indexId)
{
    Relation    userHeapRelation;
    Relation    userIndexRelation;

    /*
     * No more predicate locks will be acquired on this index, and we're about
     * to stop doing inserts into the index which could show conflicts with
     * existing predicate locks, so now is the time to move them to the heap
     * relation.
     */
    userHeapRelation = table_open(heapId, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
    userIndexRelation = index_open(indexId, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
    TransferPredicateLocksToHeapRelation(userIndexRelation);

    /*
     * Now we are sure that nobody uses the index for queries; they just might
     * have it open for updating it.  So now we can unset indisready and
     * indislive, then wait till nobody could be using it at all anymore.
     */
    index_set_state_flags(indexId, INDEX_DROP_SET_DEAD);

    /*
     * Invalidate the relcache for the table, so that after this commit all
     * sessions will refresh the table's index list.  Forgetting just the
     * index's relcache entry is not enough.
     */
    CacheInvalidateRelcache(userHeapRelation);

    /*
     * Close the relations again, though still holding session lock.
     */
    table_close(userHeapRelation, NoLock);
    index_close(userIndexRelation, NoLock);
}

/*
 * index_constraint_create
 *
 * Set up a constraint associated with an index.  Return the new constraint's
 * address.
 *
 * heapRelation: table owning the index (must be suitably locked by caller)
 * indexRelationId: OID of the index
 * parentConstraintId: if constraint is on a partition, the OID of the
 *      constraint in the parent.
 * indexInfo: same info executor uses to insert into the index
 * constraintName: what it say (generally, should match name of index)
 * constraintType: one of CONSTRAINT_PRIMARY, CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE, or
 *      CONSTRAINT_EXCLUSION
 * flags: bitmask that can include any combination of these bits:
 *      INDEX_CONSTR_CREATE_MARK_AS_PRIMARY: index is a PRIMARY KEY
 *      INDEX_CONSTR_CREATE_DEFERRABLE: constraint is DEFERRABLE
 *      INDEX_CONSTR_CREATE_INIT_DEFERRED: constraint is INITIALLY DEFERRED
 *      INDEX_CONSTR_CREATE_UPDATE_INDEX: update the pg_index row
 *      INDEX_CONSTR_CREATE_REMOVE_OLD_DEPS: remove existing dependencies
 *          of index on table's columns
 * allow_system_table_mods: allow table to be a system catalog
 * is_internal: index is constructed due to internal process
 */
ObjectAddress
index_constraint_create(Relation heapRelation,
                        Oid indexRelationId,
                        Oid parentConstraintId,
                        IndexInfo *indexInfo,
                        const char *constraintName,
                        char constraintType,
                        bits16 constr_flags,
                        bool allow_system_table_mods,
                        bool is_internal)
{
    Oid         namespaceId = RelationGetNamespace(heapRelation);
    ObjectAddress myself,
                idxaddr;
    Oid         conOid;
    bool        deferrable;
    bool        initdeferred;
    bool        mark_as_primary;
    bool        islocal;
    bool        noinherit;
    int         inhcount;

    deferrable = (constr_flags & INDEX_CONSTR_CREATE_DEFERRABLE) != 0;
    initdeferred = (constr_flags & INDEX_CONSTR_CREATE_INIT_DEFERRED) != 0;
    mark_as_primary = (constr_flags & INDEX_CONSTR_CREATE_MARK_AS_PRIMARY) != 0;

    /* constraint creation support doesn't work while bootstrapping */
    Assert(!IsBootstrapProcessingMode());

    /* enforce system-table restriction */
    if (!allow_system_table_mods &&
        IsSystemRelation(heapRelation) &&
        IsNormalProcessingMode())
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("user-defined indexes on system catalog tables are not supported")));

    /* primary/unique constraints shouldn't have any expressions */
    if (indexInfo->ii_Expressions &&
        constraintType != CONSTRAINT_EXCLUSION)
        elog(ERROR, "constraints cannot have index expressions");

    /*
     * If we're manufacturing a constraint for a pre-existing index, we need
     * to get rid of the existing auto dependencies for the index (the ones
     * that index_create() would have made instead of calling this function).
     *
     * Note: this code would not necessarily do the right thing if the index
     * has any expressions or predicate, but we'd never be turning such an
     * index into a UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint.
     */
    if (constr_flags & INDEX_CONSTR_CREATE_REMOVE_OLD_DEPS)
        deleteDependencyRecordsForClass(RelationRelationId, indexRelationId,
                                        RelationRelationId, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);

    if (OidIsValid(parentConstraintId))
    {
        islocal = false;
        inhcount = 1;
        noinherit = false;
    }
    else
    {
        islocal = true;
        inhcount = 0;
        noinherit = true;
    }

    /*
     * Construct a pg_constraint entry.
     */
    conOid = CreateConstraintEntry(constraintName,
                                   namespaceId,
                                   constraintType,
                                   deferrable,
                                   initdeferred,
                                   true,
                                   parentConstraintId,
                                   RelationGetRelid(heapRelation),
                                   indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers,
                                   indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs,
                                   indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs,
                                   InvalidOid,  /* no domain */
                                   indexRelationId, /* index OID */
                                   InvalidOid,  /* no foreign key */
                                   NULL,
                                   NULL,
                                   NULL,
                                   NULL,
                                   0,
                                   ' ',
                                   ' ',
                                   ' ',
                                   indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps,
                                   NULL,    /* no check constraint */
                                   NULL,
                                   islocal,
                                   inhcount,
                                   noinherit,
                                   is_internal);

    /*
     * Register the index as internally dependent on the constraint.
     *
     * Note that the constraint has a dependency on the table, so we don't
     * need (or want) any direct dependency from the index to the table.
     */
    ObjectAddressSet(myself, ConstraintRelationId, conOid);
    ObjectAddressSet(idxaddr, RelationRelationId, indexRelationId);
    recordDependencyOn(&idxaddr, &myself, DEPENDENCY_INTERNAL);

    /*
     * Also, if this is a constraint on a partition, give it partition-type
     * dependencies on the parent constraint as well as the table.
     */
    if (OidIsValid(parentConstraintId))
    {
        ObjectAddress referenced;

        ObjectAddressSet(referenced, ConstraintRelationId, parentConstraintId);
        recordDependencyOn(&myself, &referenced, DEPENDENCY_PARTITION_PRI);
        ObjectAddressSet(referenced, RelationRelationId,
                         RelationGetRelid(heapRelation));
        recordDependencyOn(&myself, &referenced, DEPENDENCY_PARTITION_SEC);
    }

    /*
     * If the constraint is deferrable, create the deferred uniqueness
     * checking trigger.  (The trigger will be given an internal dependency on
     * the constraint by CreateTrigger.)
     */
    if (deferrable)
    {
        CreateTrigStmt *trigger;

        trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
        trigger->trigname = (constraintType == CONSTRAINT_PRIMARY) ?
            "PK_ConstraintTrigger" :
            "Unique_ConstraintTrigger";
        trigger->relation = NULL;
        trigger->funcname = SystemFuncName("unique_key_recheck");
        trigger->args = NIL;
        trigger->row = true;
        trigger->timing = TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER;
        trigger->events = TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT | TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE;
        trigger->columns = NIL;
        trigger->whenClause = NULL;
        trigger->isconstraint = true;
        trigger->deferrable = true;
        trigger->initdeferred = initdeferred;
        trigger->constrrel = NULL;

        (void) CreateTrigger(trigger, NULL, RelationGetRelid(heapRelation),
                             InvalidOid, conOid, indexRelationId, InvalidOid,
                             InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
    }

    /*
     * If needed, mark the index as primary and/or deferred in pg_index.
     *
     * Note: When making an existing index into a constraint, caller must have
     * a table lock that prevents concurrent table updates; otherwise, there
     * is a risk that concurrent readers of the table will miss seeing this
     * index at all.
     */
    if ((constr_flags & INDEX_CONSTR_CREATE_UPDATE_INDEX) &&
        (mark_as_primary || deferrable))
    {
        Relation    pg_index;
        HeapTuple   indexTuple;
        Form_pg_index indexForm;
        bool        dirty = false;

        pg_index = table_open(IndexRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);

        indexTuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(INDEXRELID,
                                         ObjectIdGetDatum(indexRelationId));
        if (!HeapTupleIsValid(indexTuple))
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for index %u", indexRelationId);
        indexForm = (Form_pg_index) GETSTRUCT(indexTuple);

        if (mark_as_primary && !indexForm->indisprimary)
        {
            indexForm->indisprimary = true;
            dirty = true;
        }

        if (deferrable && indexForm->indimmediate)
        {
            indexForm->indimmediate = false;
            dirty = true;
        }

        if (dirty)
        {
            CatalogTupleUpdate(pg_index, &indexTuple->t_self, indexTuple);

            InvokeObjectPostAlterHookArg(IndexRelationId, indexRelationId, 0,
                                         InvalidOid, is_internal);
        }

        heap_freetuple(indexTuple);
        table_close(pg_index, RowExclusiveLock);
    }

    return myself;
}

/*
 *      index_drop
 *
 * NOTE: this routine should now only be called through performDeletion(),
 * else associated dependencies won't be cleaned up.
 *
 * If concurrent is true, do a DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY.  If concurrent is
 * false but concurrent_lock_mode is true, then do a normal DROP INDEX but
 * take a lock for CONCURRENTLY processing.  That is used as part of REINDEX
 * CONCURRENTLY.
 */
void
index_drop(Oid indexId, bool concurrent, bool concurrent_lock_mode)
{
    Oid         heapId;
    Relation    userHeapRelation;
    Relation    userIndexRelation;
    Relation    indexRelation;
    HeapTuple   tuple;
    bool        hasexprs;
    LockRelId   heaprelid,
                indexrelid;
    LOCKTAG     heaplocktag;
    LOCKMODE    lockmode;

    /*
     * To drop an index safely, we must grab exclusive lock on its parent
     * table.  Exclusive lock on the index alone is insufficient because
     * another backend might be about to execute a query on the parent table.
     * If it relies on a previously cached list of index OIDs, then it could
     * attempt to access the just-dropped index.  We must therefore take a
     * table lock strong enough to prevent all queries on the table from
     * proceeding until we commit and send out a shared-cache-inval notice
     * that will make them update their index lists.
     *
     * In the concurrent case we avoid this requirement by disabling index use
     * in multiple steps and waiting out any transactions that might be using
     * the index, so we don't need exclusive lock on the parent table. Instead
     * we take ShareUpdateExclusiveLock, to ensure that two sessions aren't
     * doing CREATE/DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY on the same index.  (We will get
     * AccessExclusiveLock on the index below, once we're sure nobody else is
     * using it.)
     */
    heapId = IndexGetRelation(indexId, false);
    lockmode = (concurrent || concurrent_lock_mode) ? ShareUpdateExclusiveLock : AccessExclusiveLock;
    userHeapRelation = table_open(heapId, lockmode);
    userIndexRelation = index_open(indexId, lockmode);

    /*
     * We might still have open queries using it in our own session, which the
     * above locking won't prevent, so test explicitly.
     */
    CheckTableNotInUse(userIndexRelation, "DROP INDEX");

    /*
     * Drop Index Concurrently is more or less the reverse process of Create
     * Index Concurrently.
     *
     * First we unset indisvalid so queries starting afterwards don't use the
     * index to answer queries anymore.  We have to keep indisready = true so
     * transactions that are still scanning the index can continue to see
     * valid index contents.  For instance, if they are using READ COMMITTED
     * mode, and another transaction makes changes and commits, they need to
     * see those new tuples in the index.
     *
     * After all transactions that could possibly have used the index for
     * queries end, we can unset indisready and indislive, then wait till
     * nobody could be touching it anymore.  (Note: we need indislive because
     * this state must be distinct from the initial state during CREATE INDEX
     * CONCURRENTLY, which has indislive true while indisready and indisvalid
     * are false.  That's because in that state, transactions must examine the
     * index for HOT-safety decisions, while in this state we don't want them
     * to open it at all.)
     *
     * Since all predicate locks on the index are about to be made invalid, we
     * must promote them to predicate locks on the heap.  In the
     * non-concurrent case we can just do that now.  In the concurrent case
     * it's a bit trickier.  The predicate locks must be moved when there are
     * no index scans in progress on the index and no more can subsequently
     * start, so that no new predicate locks can be made on the index.  Also,
     * they must be moved before heap inserts stop maintaining the index, else
     * the conflict with the predicate lock on the index gap could be missed
     * before the lock on the heap relation is in place to detect a conflict
     * based on the heap tuple insert.
     */
    if (concurrent)
    {
        /*
         * We must commit our transaction in order to make the first pg_index
         * state update visible to other sessions.  If the DROP machinery has
         * already performed any other actions (removal of other objects,
         * pg_depend entries, etc), the commit would make those actions
         * permanent, which would leave us with inconsistent catalog state if
         * we fail partway through the following sequence.  Since DROP INDEX
         * CONCURRENTLY is restricted to dropping just one index that has no
         * dependencies, we should get here before anything's been done ---
         * but let's check that to be sure.  We can verify that the current
         * transaction has not executed any transactional updates by checking
         * that no XID has been assigned.
         */
        if (GetTopTransactionIdIfAny() != InvalidTransactionId)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                     errmsg("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY must be first action in transaction")));

        /*
         * Mark index invalid by updating its pg_index entry
         */
        index_set_state_flags(indexId, INDEX_DROP_CLEAR_VALID);

        /*
         * Invalidate the relcache for the table, so that after this commit
         * all sessions will refresh any cached plans that might reference the
         * index.
         */
        CacheInvalidateRelcache(userHeapRelation);

        /* save lockrelid and locktag for below, then close but keep locks */
        heaprelid = userHeapRelation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId;
        SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION(heaplocktag, heaprelid.dbId, heaprelid.relId);
        indexrelid = userIndexRelation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId;

        table_close(userHeapRelation, NoLock);
        index_close(userIndexRelation, NoLock);

        /*
         * We must commit our current transaction so that the indisvalid
         * update becomes visible to other transactions; then start another.
         * Note that any previously-built data structures are lost in the
         * commit.  The only data we keep past here are the relation IDs.
         *
         * Before committing, get a session-level lock on the table, to ensure
         * that neither it nor the index can be dropped before we finish. This
         * cannot block, even if someone else is waiting for access, because
         * we already have the same lock within our transaction.
         */
        LockRelationIdForSession(&heaprelid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
        LockRelationIdForSession(&indexrelid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);

        PopActiveSnapshot();
        CommitTransactionCommand();
        StartTransactionCommand();

        /*
         * Now we must wait until no running transaction could be using the
         * index for a query.  Use AccessExclusiveLock here to check for
         * running transactions that hold locks of any kind on the table. Note
         * we do not need to worry about xacts that open the table for reading
         * after this point; they will see the index as invalid when they open
         * the relation.
         *
         * Note: the reason we use actual lock acquisition here, rather than
         * just checking the ProcArray and sleeping, is that deadlock is
         * possible if one of the transactions in question is blocked trying
         * to acquire an exclusive lock on our table.  The lock code will
         * detect deadlock and error out properly.
         *
         * Note: we report progress through WaitForLockers() unconditionally
         * here, even though it will only be used when we're called by REINDEX
         * CONCURRENTLY and not when called by DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY.
         */
        WaitForLockers(heaplocktag, AccessExclusiveLock, true);

        /* Finish invalidation of index and mark it as dead */
        index_concurrently_set_dead(heapId, indexId);

        /*
         * Again, commit the transaction to make the pg_index update visible
         * to other sessions.
         */
        CommitTransactionCommand();
        StartTransactionCommand();

        /*
         * Wait till every transaction that saw the old index state has
         * finished.  See above about progress reporting.
         */
        WaitForLockers(heaplocktag, AccessExclusiveLock, true);

        /*
         * Re-open relations to allow us to complete our actions.
         *
         * At this point, nothing should be accessing the index, but lets
         * leave nothing to chance and grab AccessExclusiveLock on the index
         * before the physical deletion.
         */
        userHeapRelation = table_open(heapId, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
        userIndexRelation = index_open(indexId, AccessExclusiveLock);
    }
    else
    {
        /* Not concurrent, so just transfer predicate locks and we're good */
        TransferPredicateLocksToHeapRelation(userIndexRelation);
    }

    /*
     * Schedule physical removal of the files (if any)
     */
    if (userIndexRelation->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_INDEX)
        RelationDropStorage(userIndexRelation);

    /*
     * Close and flush the index's relcache entry, to ensure relcache doesn't
     * try to rebuild it while we're deleting catalog entries. We keep the
     * lock though.
     */
    index_close(userIndexRelation, NoLock);

    RelationForgetRelation(indexId);

    /*
     * fix INDEX relation, and check for expressional index
     */
    indexRelation = table_open(IndexRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);

    tuple = SearchSysCache1(INDEXRELID, ObjectIdGetDatum(indexId));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
        elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for index %u", indexId);

    hasexprs = !heap_attisnull(tuple, Anum_pg_index_indexprs,
                               RelationGetDescr(indexRelation));

    CatalogTupleDelete(indexRelation, &tuple->t_self);

    ReleaseSysCache(tuple);
    table_close(indexRelation, RowExclusiveLock);

    /*
     * if it has any expression columns, we might have stored statistics about
     * them.
     */
    if (hasexprs)
        RemoveStatistics(indexId, 0);

    /*
     * fix ATTRIBUTE relation
     */
    DeleteAttributeTuples(indexId);

    /*
     * fix RELATION relation
     */
    DeleteRelationTuple(indexId);

    /*
     * fix INHERITS relation
     */
    DeleteInheritsTuple(indexId, InvalidOid);

    /*
     * We are presently too lazy to attempt to compute the new correct value
     * of relhasindex (the next VACUUM will fix it if necessary). So there is
     * no need to update the pg_class tuple for the owning relation. But we
     * must send out a shared-cache-inval notice on the owning relation to
     * ensure other backends update their relcache lists of indexes.  (In the
     * concurrent case, this is redundant but harmless.)
     */
    CacheInvalidateRelcache(userHeapRelation);

    /*
     * Close owning rel, but keep lock
     */
    table_close(userHeapRelation, NoLock);

    /*
     * Release the session locks before we go.
     */
    if (concurrent)
    {
        UnlockRelationIdForSession(&heaprelid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
        UnlockRelationIdForSession(&indexrelid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
    }
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *                      index_build support
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/* ----------------
 *      BuildIndexInfo
 *          Construct an IndexInfo record for an open index
 *
 * IndexInfo stores the information about the index that's needed by
 * FormIndexDatum, which is used for both index_build() and later insertion
 * of individual index tuples.  Normally we build an IndexInfo for an index
 * just once per command, and then use it for (potentially) many tuples.
 * ----------------
 */
IndexInfo *
BuildIndexInfo(Relation index)
{
    IndexInfo  *ii;
    Form_pg_index indexStruct = index->rd_index;
    int         i;
    int         numAtts;

    /* check the number of keys, and copy attr numbers into the IndexInfo */
    numAtts = indexStruct->indnatts;
    if (numAtts < 1 || numAtts > INDEX_MAX_KEYS)
        elog(ERROR, "invalid indnatts %d for index %u",
             numAtts, RelationGetRelid(index));

    /*
     * Create the node, fetching any expressions needed for expressional
     * indexes and index predicate if any.
     */
    ii = makeIndexInfo(indexStruct->indnatts,
                       indexStruct->indnkeyatts,
                       index->rd_rel->relam,
                       RelationGetIndexExpressions(index),
                       RelationGetIndexPredicate(index),
                       indexStruct->indisunique,
                       indexStruct->indisready,
                       false);

    /* fill in attribute numbers */
    for (i = 0; i < numAtts; i++)
        ii->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i] = indexStruct->indkey.values[i];

    /* fetch exclusion constraint info if any */
    if (indexStruct->indisexclusion)
    {
        RelationGetExclusionInfo(index,
                                 &ii->ii_ExclusionOps,
                                 &ii->ii_ExclusionProcs,
                                 &ii->ii_ExclusionStrats);
    }

    return ii;
}

/* ----------------
 *      BuildDummyIndexInfo
 *          Construct a dummy IndexInfo record for an open index
 *
 * This differs from the real BuildIndexInfo in that it will never run any
 * user-defined code that might exist in index expressions or predicates.
 * Instead of the real index expressions, we return null constants that have
 * the right types/typmods/collations.  Predicates and exclusion clauses are
 * just ignored.  This is sufficient for the purpose of truncating an index,
 * since we will not need to actually evaluate the expressions or predicates;
 * the only thing that's likely to be done with the data is construction of
 * a tupdesc describing the index's rowtype.
 * ----------------
 */
IndexInfo *
BuildDummyIndexInfo(Relation index)
{
    IndexInfo  *ii;
    Form_pg_index indexStruct = index->rd_index;
    int         i;
    int         numAtts;

    /* check the number of keys, and copy attr numbers into the IndexInfo */
    numAtts = indexStruct->indnatts;
    if (numAtts < 1 || numAtts > INDEX_MAX_KEYS)
        elog(ERROR, "invalid indnatts %d for index %u",
             numAtts, RelationGetRelid(index));

    /*
     * Create the node, using dummy index expressions, and pretending there is
     * no predicate.
     */
    ii = makeIndexInfo(indexStruct->indnatts,
                       indexStruct->indnkeyatts,
                       index->rd_rel->relam,
                       RelationGetDummyIndexExpressions(index),
                       NIL,
                       indexStruct->indisunique,
                       indexStruct->indisready,
                       false);

    /* fill in attribute numbers */
    for (i = 0; i < numAtts; i++)
        ii->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i] = indexStruct->indkey.values[i];

    /* We ignore the exclusion constraint if any */

    return ii;
}

/*
 * CompareIndexInfo
 *      Return whether the properties of two indexes (in different tables)
 *      indicate that they have the "same" definitions.
 *
 * Note: passing collations and opfamilies separately is a kludge.  Adding
 * them to IndexInfo may result in better coding here and elsewhere.
 *
 * Use convert_tuples_by_name_map(index2, index1) to build the attmap.
 */
bool
CompareIndexInfo(IndexInfo *info1, IndexInfo *info2,
                 Oid *collations1, Oid *collations2,
                 Oid *opfamilies1, Oid *opfamilies2,
                 AttrNumber *attmap, int maplen)
{
    int         i;

    if (info1->ii_Unique != info2->ii_Unique)
        return false;

    /* indexes are only equivalent if they have the same access method */
    if (info1->ii_Am != info2->ii_Am)
        return false;

    /* and same number of attributes */
    if (info1->ii_NumIndexAttrs != info2->ii_NumIndexAttrs)
        return false;

    /* and same number of key attributes */
    if (info1->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs != info2->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs)
        return false;

    /*
     * and columns match through the attribute map (actual attribute numbers
     * might differ!)  Note that this implies that index columns that are
     * expressions appear in the same positions.  We will next compare the
     * expressions themselves.
     */
    for (i = 0; i < info1->ii_NumIndexAttrs; i++)
    {
        if (maplen < info2->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i])
            elog(ERROR, "incorrect attribute map");

        /* ignore expressions at this stage */
        if ((info1->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i] != InvalidAttrNumber) &&
            (attmap[info2->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i] - 1] !=
             info1->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i]))
            return false;

        /* collation and opfamily is not valid for including columns */
        if (i >= info1->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs)
            continue;

        if (collations1[i] != collations2[i])
            return false;
        if (opfamilies1[i] != opfamilies2[i])
            return false;
    }

    /*
     * For expression indexes: either both are expression indexes, or neither
     * is; if they are, make sure the expressions match.
     */
    if ((info1->ii_Expressions != NIL) != (info2->ii_Expressions != NIL))
        return false;
    if (info1->ii_Expressions != NIL)
    {
        bool        found_whole_row;
        Node       *mapped;

        mapped = map_variable_attnos((Node *) info2->ii_Expressions,
                                     1, 0, attmap, maplen,
                                     InvalidOid, &found_whole_row);
        if (found_whole_row)
        {
            /*
             * we could throw an error here, but seems out of scope for this
             * routine.
             */
            return false;
        }

        if (!equal(info1->ii_Expressions, mapped))
            return false;
    }

    /* Partial index predicates must be identical, if they exist */
    if ((info1->ii_Predicate == NULL) != (info2->ii_Predicate == NULL))
        return false;
    if (info1->ii_Predicate != NULL)
    {
        bool        found_whole_row;
        Node       *mapped;

        mapped = map_variable_attnos((Node *) info2->ii_Predicate,
                                     1, 0, attmap, maplen,
                                     InvalidOid, &found_whole_row);
        if (found_whole_row)
        {
            /*
             * we could throw an error here, but seems out of scope for this
             * routine.
             */
            return false;
        }
        if (!equal(info1->ii_Predicate, mapped))
            return false;
    }

    /* No support currently for comparing exclusion indexes. */
    if (info1->ii_ExclusionOps != NULL || info2->ii_ExclusionOps != NULL)
        return false;

    return true;
}

/* ----------------
 *      BuildSpeculativeIndexInfo
 *          Add extra state to IndexInfo record
 *
 * For unique indexes, we usually don't want to add info to the IndexInfo for
 * checking uniqueness, since the B-Tree AM handles that directly.  However,
 * in the case of speculative insertion, additional support is required.
 *
 * Do this processing here rather than in BuildIndexInfo() to not incur the
 * overhead in the common non-speculative cases.
 * ----------------
 */
void
BuildSpeculativeIndexInfo(Relation index, IndexInfo *ii)
{
    int         indnkeyatts;
    int         i;

    indnkeyatts = IndexRelationGetNumberOfKeyAttributes(index);

    /*
     * fetch info for checking unique indexes
     */
    Assert(ii->ii_Unique);

    if (index->rd_rel->relam != BTREE_AM_OID)
        elog(ERROR, "unexpected non-btree speculative unique index");

    ii->ii_UniqueOps = (Oid *) palloc(sizeof(Oid) * indnkeyatts);
    ii->ii_UniqueProcs = (Oid *) palloc(sizeof(Oid) * indnkeyatts);
    ii->ii_UniqueStrats = (uint16 *) palloc(sizeof(uint16) * indnkeyatts);

    /*
     * We have to look up the operator's strategy number.  This provides a
     * cross-check that the operator does match the index.
     */
    /* We need the func OIDs and strategy numbers too */
    for (i = 0; i < indnkeyatts; i++)
    {
        ii->ii_UniqueStrats[i] = BTEqualStrategyNumber;
        ii->ii_UniqueOps[i] =
            get_opfamily_member(index->rd_opfamily[i],
                                index->rd_opcintype[i],
                                index->rd_opcintype[i],
                                ii->ii_UniqueStrats[i]);
        if (!OidIsValid(ii->ii_UniqueOps[i]))
            elog(ERROR, "missing operator %d(%u,%u) in opfamily %u",
                 ii->ii_UniqueStrats[i], index->rd_opcintype[i],
                 index->rd_opcintype[i], index->rd_opfamily[i]);
        ii->ii_UniqueProcs[i] = get_opcode(ii->ii_UniqueOps[i]);
    }
}

/* ----------------
 *      FormIndexDatum
 *          Construct values[] and isnull[] arrays for a new index tuple.
 *
 *  indexInfo       Info about the index
 *  slot            Heap tuple for which we must prepare an index entry
 *  estate          executor state for evaluating any index expressions
 *  values          Array of index Datums (output area)
 *  isnull          Array of is-null indicators (output area)
 *
 * When there are no index expressions, estate may be NULL.  Otherwise it
 * must be supplied, *and* the ecxt_scantuple slot of its per-tuple expr
 * context must point to the heap tuple passed in.
 *
 * Notice we don't actually call index_form_tuple() here; we just prepare
 * its input arrays values[] and isnull[].  This is because the index AM
 * may wish to alter the data before storage.
 * ----------------
 */
void
FormIndexDatum(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
               TupleTableSlot *slot,
               EState *estate,
               Datum *values,
               bool *isnull)
{
    ListCell   *indexpr_item;
    int         i;

    if (indexInfo->ii_Expressions != NIL &&
        indexInfo->ii_ExpressionsState == NIL)
    {
        /* First time through, set up expression evaluation state */
        indexInfo->ii_ExpressionsState =
            ExecPrepareExprList(indexInfo->ii_Expressions, estate);
        /* Check caller has set up context correctly */
        Assert(GetPerTupleExprContext(estate)->ecxt_scantuple == slot);
    }
    indexpr_item = list_head(indexInfo->ii_ExpressionsState);

    for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs; i++)
    {
        int         keycol = indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i];
        Datum       iDatum;
        bool        isNull;

        if (keycol < 0)
            iDatum = slot_getsysattr(slot, keycol, &isNull);
        else if (keycol != 0)
        {
            /*
             * Plain index column; get the value we need directly from the
             * heap tuple.
             */
            iDatum = slot_getattr(slot, keycol, &isNull);
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * Index expression --- need to evaluate it.
             */
            if (indexpr_item == NULL)
                elog(ERROR, "wrong number of index expressions");
            iDatum = ExecEvalExprSwitchContext((ExprState *) lfirst(indexpr_item),
                                               GetPerTupleExprContext(estate),
                                               &isNull);
            indexpr_item = lnext(indexInfo->ii_ExpressionsState, indexpr_item);
        }
        values[i] = iDatum;
        isnull[i] = isNull;
    }

    if (indexpr_item != NULL)
        elog(ERROR, "wrong number of index expressions");
}


/*
 * index_update_stats --- update pg_class entry after CREATE INDEX or REINDEX
 *
 * This routine updates the pg_class row of either an index or its parent
 * relation after CREATE INDEX or REINDEX.  Its rather bizarre API is designed
 * to ensure we can do all the necessary work in just one update.
 *
 * hasindex: set relhasindex to this value
 * reltuples: if >= 0, set reltuples to this value; else no change
 *
 * If reltuples >= 0, relpages and relallvisible are also updated (using
 * RelationGetNumberOfBlocks() and visibilitymap_count()).
 *
 * NOTE: an important side-effect of this operation is that an SI invalidation
 * message is sent out to all backends --- including me --- causing relcache
 * entries to be flushed or updated with the new data.  This must happen even
 * if we find that no change is needed in the pg_class row.  When updating
 * a heap entry, this ensures that other backends find out about the new
 * index.  When updating an index, it's important because some index AMs
 * expect a relcache flush to occur after REINDEX.
 */
static void
index_update_stats(Relation rel,
                   bool hasindex,
                   double reltuples)
{
    Oid         relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
    Relation    pg_class;
    HeapTuple   tuple;
    Form_pg_class rd_rel;
    bool        dirty;

    /*
     * We always update the pg_class row using a non-transactional,
     * overwrite-in-place update.  There are several reasons for this:
     *
     * 1. In bootstrap mode, we have no choice --- UPDATE wouldn't work.
     *
     * 2. We could be reindexing pg_class itself, in which case we can't move
     * its pg_class row because CatalogTupleInsert/CatalogTupleUpdate might
     * not know about all the indexes yet (see reindex_relation).
     *
     * 3. Because we execute CREATE INDEX with just share lock on the parent
     * rel (to allow concurrent index creations), an ordinary update could
     * suffer a tuple-concurrently-updated failure against another CREATE
     * INDEX committing at about the same time.  We can avoid that by having
     * them both do nontransactional updates (we assume they will both be
     * trying to change the pg_class row to the same thing, so it doesn't
     * matter which goes first).
     *
     * It is safe to use a non-transactional update even though our
     * transaction could still fail before committing.  Setting relhasindex
     * true is safe even if there are no indexes (VACUUM will eventually fix
     * it).  And of course the new relpages and reltuples counts are correct
     * regardless.  However, we don't want to change relpages (or
     * relallvisible) if the caller isn't providing an updated reltuples
     * count, because that would bollix the reltuples/relpages ratio which is
     * what's really important.
     */

    pg_class = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);

    /*
     * Make a copy of the tuple to update.  Normally we use the syscache, but
     * we can't rely on that during bootstrap or while reindexing pg_class
     * itself.
     */
    if (IsBootstrapProcessingMode() ||
        ReindexIsProcessingHeap(RelationRelationId))
    {
        /* don't assume syscache will work */
        TableScanDesc pg_class_scan;
        ScanKeyData key[1];

        ScanKeyInit(&key[0],
                    Anum_pg_class_oid,
                    BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
                    ObjectIdGetDatum(relid));

        pg_class_scan = table_beginscan_catalog(pg_class, 1, key);
        tuple = heap_getnext(pg_class_scan, ForwardScanDirection);
        tuple = heap_copytuple(tuple);
        table_endscan(pg_class_scan);
    }
    else
    {
        /* normal case, use syscache */
        tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(relid));
    }

    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
        elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for relation %u", relid);
    rd_rel = (Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple);

    /* Should this be a more comprehensive test? */
    Assert(rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_INDEX);

    /* Apply required updates, if any, to copied tuple */

    dirty = false;
    if (rd_rel->relhasindex != hasindex)
    {
        rd_rel->relhasindex = hasindex;
        dirty = true;
    }

    if (reltuples >= 0)
    {
        BlockNumber relpages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel);
        BlockNumber relallvisible;

        if (rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_INDEX)
            visibilitymap_count(rel, &relallvisible, NULL);
        else                    /* don't bother for indexes */
            relallvisible = 0;

        if (rd_rel->relpages != (int32) relpages)
        {
            rd_rel->relpages = (int32) relpages;
            dirty = true;
        }
        if (rd_rel->reltuples != (float4) reltuples)
        {
            rd_rel->reltuples = (float4) reltuples;
            dirty = true;
        }
        if (rd_rel->relallvisible != (int32) relallvisible)
        {
            rd_rel->relallvisible = (int32) relallvisible;
            dirty = true;
        }
    }

    /*
     * If anything changed, write out the tuple
     */
    if (dirty)
    {
        heap_inplace_update(pg_class, tuple);
        /* the above sends a cache inval message */
    }
    else
    {
        /* no need to change tuple, but force relcache inval anyway */
        CacheInvalidateRelcacheByTuple(tuple);
    }

    heap_freetuple(tuple);

    table_close(pg_class, RowExclusiveLock);
}


/*
 * index_build - invoke access-method-specific index build procedure
 *
 * On entry, the index's catalog entries are valid, and its physical disk
 * file has been created but is empty.  We call the AM-specific build
 * procedure to fill in the index contents.  We then update the pg_class
 * entries of the index and heap relation as needed, using statistics
 * returned by ambuild as well as data passed by the caller.
 *
 * isreindex indicates we are recreating a previously-existing index.
 * parallel indicates if parallelism may be useful.
 *
 * Note: before Postgres 8.2, the passed-in heap and index Relations
 * were automatically closed by this routine.  This is no longer the case.
 * The caller opened 'em, and the caller should close 'em.
 */
void
index_build(Relation heapRelation,
            Relation indexRelation,
            IndexInfo *indexInfo,
            bool isreindex,
            bool parallel)
{
    IndexBuildResult *stats;
    Oid         save_userid;
    int         save_sec_context;
    int         save_nestlevel;

    /*
     * sanity checks
     */
    Assert(RelationIsValid(indexRelation));
    Assert(PointerIsValid(indexRelation->rd_indam));
    Assert(PointerIsValid(indexRelation->rd_indam->ambuild));
    Assert(PointerIsValid(indexRelation->rd_indam->ambuildempty));

    /*
     * Determine worker process details for parallel CREATE INDEX.  Currently,
     * only btree has support for parallel builds.
     *
     * Note that planner considers parallel safety for us.
     */
    if (parallel && IsNormalProcessingMode() &&
        indexRelation->rd_rel->relam == BTREE_AM_OID)
        indexInfo->ii_ParallelWorkers =
            plan_create_index_workers(RelationGetRelid(heapRelation),
                                      RelationGetRelid(indexRelation));

    if (indexInfo->ii_ParallelWorkers == 0)
        ereport(DEBUG1,
                (errmsg("building index \"%s\" on table \"%s\" serially",
                        RelationGetRelationName(indexRelation),
                        RelationGetRelationName(heapRelation))));
    else
        ereport(DEBUG1,
                (errmsg_plural("building index \"%s\" on table \"%s\" with request for %d parallel worker",
                               "building index \"%s\" on table \"%s\" with request for %d parallel workers",
                               indexInfo->ii_ParallelWorkers,
                               RelationGetRelationName(indexRelation),
                               RelationGetRelationName(heapRelation),
                               indexInfo->ii_ParallelWorkers)));

    /*
     * Switch to the table owner's userid, so that any index functions are run
     * as that user.  Also lock down security-restricted operations and
     * arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
     */
    GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
    SetUserIdAndSecContext(heapRelation->rd_rel->relowner,
                           save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
    save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();

    /* Set up initial progress report status */
    {
        const int   index[] = {
            PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_PHASE,
            PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE,
            PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_TUPLES_DONE,
            PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_TUPLES_TOTAL,
            PROGRESS_SCAN_BLOCKS_DONE,
            PROGRESS_SCAN_BLOCKS_TOTAL
        };
        const int64 val[] = {
            PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_PHASE_BUILD,
            PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_SUBPHASE_INITIALIZE,
            0, 0, 0, 0
        };

        pgstat_progress_update_multi_param(6, index, val);
    }

    /*
     * Call the access method's build procedure
     */
    stats = indexRelation->rd_indam->ambuild(heapRelation, indexRelation,
                                             indexInfo);
    Assert(PointerIsValid(stats));

    /*
     * If this is an unlogged index, we may need to write out an init fork for
     * it -- but we must first check whether one already exists.  If, for
     * example, an unlogged relation is truncated in the transaction that
     * created it, or truncated twice in a subsequent transaction, the
     * relfilenode won't change, and nothing needs to be done here.
     */
    if (indexRelation->rd_rel->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED &&
        !smgrexists(indexRelation->rd_smgr, INIT_FORKNUM))
    {
        RelationOpenSmgr(indexRelation);
        smgrcreate(indexRelation->rd_smgr, INIT_FORKNUM, false);
        indexRelation->rd_indam->ambuildempty(indexRelation);
    }

    /*
     * If we found any potentially broken HOT chains, mark the index as not
     * being usable until the current transaction is below the event horizon.
     * See src/backend/access/heap/README.HOT for discussion.  Also set this
     * if early pruning/vacuuming is enabled for the heap relation.  While it
     * might become safe to use the index earlier based on actual cleanup
     * activity and other active transactions, the test for that would be much
     * more complex and would require some form of blocking, so keep it simple
     * and fast by just using the current transaction.
     *
     * However, when reindexing an existing index, we should do nothing here.
     * Any HOT chains that are broken with respect to the index must predate
     * the index's original creation, so there is no need to change the
     * index's usability horizon.  Moreover, we *must not* try to change the
     * index's pg_index entry while reindexing pg_index itself, and this
     * optimization nicely prevents that.  The more complex rules needed for a
     * reindex are handled separately after this function returns.
     *
     * We also need not set indcheckxmin during a concurrent index build,
     * because we won't set indisvalid true until all transactions that care
     * about the broken HOT chains or early pruning/vacuuming are gone.
     *
     * Therefore, this code path can only be taken during non-concurrent
     * CREATE INDEX.  Thus the fact that heap_update will set the pg_index
     * tuple's xmin doesn't matter, because that tuple was created in the
     * current transaction anyway.  That also means we don't need to worry
     * about any concurrent readers of the tuple; no other transaction can see
     * it yet.
     */
    if ((indexInfo->ii_BrokenHotChain || EarlyPruningEnabled(heapRelation)) &&
        !isreindex &&
        !indexInfo->ii_Concurrent)
    {
        Oid         indexId = RelationGetRelid(indexRelation);
        Relation    pg_index;
        HeapTuple   indexTuple;
        Form_pg_index indexForm;

        pg_index = table_open(IndexRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);

        indexTuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(INDEXRELID,
                                         ObjectIdGetDatum(indexId));
        if (!HeapTupleIsValid(indexTuple))
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for index %u", indexId);
        indexForm = (Form_pg_index) GETSTRUCT(indexTuple);

        /* If it's a new index, indcheckxmin shouldn't be set ... */
        Assert(!indexForm->indcheckxmin);

        indexForm->indcheckxmin = true;
        CatalogTupleUpdate(pg_index, &indexTuple->t_self, indexTuple);

        heap_freetuple(indexTuple);
        table_close(pg_index, RowExclusiveLock);
    }

    /*
     * Update heap and index pg_class rows
     */
    index_update_stats(heapRelation,
                       true,
                       stats->heap_tuples);

    index_update_stats(indexRelation,
                       false,
                       stats->index_tuples);

    /* Make the updated catalog row versions visible */
    CommandCounterIncrement();

    /*
     * If it's for an exclusion constraint, make a second pass over the heap
     * to verify that the constraint is satisfied.  We must not do this until
     * the index is fully valid.  (Broken HOT chains shouldn't matter, though;
     * see comments for IndexCheckExclusion.)
     */
    if (indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps != NULL)
        IndexCheckExclusion(heapRelation, indexRelation, indexInfo);

    /* Roll back any GUC changes executed by index functions */
    AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);

    /* Restore userid and security context */
    SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
}

/*
 * IndexCheckExclusion - verify that a new exclusion constraint is satisfied
 *
 * When creating an exclusion constraint, we first build the index normally
 * and then rescan the heap to check for conflicts.  We assume that we only
 * need to validate tuples that are live according to an up-to-date snapshot,
 * and that these were correctly indexed even in the presence of broken HOT
 * chains.  This should be OK since we are holding at least ShareLock on the
 * table, meaning there can be no uncommitted updates from other transactions.
 * (Note: that wouldn't necessarily work for system catalogs, since many
 * operations release write lock early on the system catalogs.)
 */
static void
IndexCheckExclusion(Relation heapRelation,
                    Relation indexRelation,
                    IndexInfo *indexInfo)
{
    TableScanDesc scan;
    Datum       values[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
    bool        isnull[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
    ExprState  *predicate;
    TupleTableSlot *slot;
    EState     *estate;
    ExprContext *econtext;
    Snapshot    snapshot;

    /*
     * If we are reindexing the target index, mark it as no longer being
     * reindexed, to forestall an Assert in index_beginscan when we try to use
     * the index for probes.  This is OK because the index is now fully valid.
     */
    if (ReindexIsCurrentlyProcessingIndex(RelationGetRelid(indexRelation)))
        ResetReindexProcessing();

    /*
     * Need an EState for evaluation of index expressions and partial-index
     * predicates.  Also a slot to hold the current tuple.
     */
    estate = CreateExecutorState();
    econtext = GetPerTupleExprContext(estate);
    slot = table_slot_create(heapRelation, NULL);

    /* Arrange for econtext's scan tuple to be the tuple under test */
    econtext->ecxt_scantuple = slot;

    /* Set up execution state for predicate, if any. */
    predicate = ExecPrepareQual(indexInfo->ii_Predicate, estate);

    /*
     * Scan all live tuples in the base relation.
     */
    snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(GetLatestSnapshot());
    scan = table_beginscan_strat(heapRelation,  /* relation */
                                 snapshot,  /* snapshot */
                                 0, /* number of keys */
                                 NULL,  /* scan key */
                                 true,  /* buffer access strategy OK */
                                 true); /* syncscan OK */

    while (table_scan_getnextslot(scan, ForwardScanDirection, slot))
    {
        CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();

        /*
         * In a partial index, ignore tuples that don't satisfy the predicate.
         */
        if (predicate != NULL)
        {
            if (!ExecQual(predicate, econtext))
                continue;
        }

        /*
         * Extract index column values, including computing expressions.
         */
        FormIndexDatum(indexInfo,
                       slot,
                       estate,
                       values,
                       isnull);

        /*
         * Check that this tuple has no conflicts.
         */
        check_exclusion_constraint(heapRelation,
                                   indexRelation, indexInfo,
                                   &(slot->tts_tid), values, isnull,
                                   estate, true);

        MemoryContextReset(econtext->ecxt_per_tuple_memory);
    }

    table_endscan(scan);
    UnregisterSnapshot(snapshot);

    ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(slot);

    FreeExecutorState(estate);

    /* These may have been pointing to the now-gone estate */
    indexInfo->ii_ExpressionsState = NIL;
    indexInfo->ii_PredicateState = NULL;
}


/*
 * validate_index - support code for concurrent index builds
 *
 * We do a concurrent index build by first inserting the catalog entry for the
 * index via index_create(), marking it not indisready and not indisvalid.
 * Then we commit our transaction and start a new one, then we wait for all
 * transactions that could have been modifying the table to terminate.  Now
 * we know that any subsequently-started transactions will see the index and
 * honor its constraints on HOT updates; so while existing HOT-chains might
 * be broken with respect to the index, no currently live tuple will have an
 * incompatible HOT update done to it.  We now build the index normally via
 * index_build(), while holding a weak lock that allows concurrent
 * insert/update/delete.  Also, we index only tuples that are valid
 * as of the start of the scan (see table_index_build_scan), whereas a normal
 * build takes care to include recently-dead tuples.  This is OK because
 * we won't mark the index valid until all transactions that might be able
 * to see those tuples are gone.  The reason for doing that is to avoid
 * bogus unique-index failures due to concurrent UPDATEs (we might see
 * different versions of the same row as being valid when we pass over them,
 * if we used HeapTupleSatisfiesVacuum).  This leaves us with an index that
 * does not contain any tuples added to the table while we built the index.
 *
 * Next, we mark the index "indisready" (but still not "indisvalid") and
 * commit the second transaction and start a third.  Again we wait for all
 * transactions that could have been modifying the table to terminate.  Now
 * we know that any subsequently-started transactions will see the index and
 * insert their new tuples into it.  We then take a new reference snapshot
 * which is passed to validate_index().  Any tuples that are valid according
 * to this snap, but are not in the index, must be added to the index.
 * (Any tuples committed live after the snap will be inserted into the
 * index by their originating transaction.  Any tuples committed dead before
 * the snap need not be indexed, because we will wait out all transactions
 * that might care about them before we mark the index valid.)
 *
 * validate_index() works by first gathering all the TIDs currently in the
 * index, using a bulkdelete callback that just stores the TIDs and doesn't
 * ever say "delete it".  (This should be faster than a plain indexscan;
 * also, not all index AMs support full-index indexscan.)  Then we sort the
 * TIDs, and finally scan the table doing a "merge join" against the TID list
 * to see which tuples are missing from the index.  Thus we will ensure that
 * all tuples valid according to the reference snapshot are in the index.
 *
 * Building a unique index this way is tricky: we might try to insert a
 * tuple that is already dead or is in process of being deleted, and we
 * mustn't have a uniqueness failure against an updated version of the same
 * row.  We could try to check the tuple to see if it's already dead and tell
 * index_insert() not to do the uniqueness check, but that still leaves us
 * with a race condition against an in-progress update.  To handle that,
 * we expect the index AM to recheck liveness of the to-be-inserted tuple
 * before it declares a uniqueness error.
 *
 * After completing validate_index(), we wait until all transactions that
 * were alive at the time of the reference snapshot are gone; this is
 * necessary to be sure there are none left with a transaction snapshot
 * older than the reference (and hence possibly able to see tuples we did
 * not index).  Then we mark the index "indisvalid" and commit.  Subsequent
 * transactions will be able to use it for queries.
 *
 * Doing two full table scans is a brute-force strategy.  We could try to be
 * cleverer, eg storing new tuples in a special area of the table (perhaps
 * making the table append-only by setting use_fsm).  However that would
 * add yet more locking issues.
 */
void
validate_index(Oid heapId, Oid indexId, Snapshot snapshot)
{
    Relation    heapRelation,
                indexRelation;
    IndexInfo  *indexInfo;
    IndexVacuumInfo ivinfo;
    ValidateIndexState state;
    Oid         save_userid;
    int         save_sec_context;
    int         save_nestlevel;

    {
        const int   index[] = {
            PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_PHASE,
            PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_TUPLES_DONE,
            PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_TUPLES_TOTAL,
            PROGRESS_SCAN_BLOCKS_DONE,
            PROGRESS_SCAN_BLOCKS_TOTAL
        };
        const int64 val[] = {
            PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_PHASE_VALIDATE_IDXSCAN,
            0, 0, 0, 0
        };

        pgstat_progress_update_multi_param(5, index, val);
    }

    /* Open and lock the parent heap relation */
    heapRelation = table_open(heapId, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
    /* And the target index relation */
    indexRelation = index_open(indexId, RowExclusiveLock);

    /*
     * Fetch info needed for index_insert.  (You might think this should be
     * passed in from DefineIndex, but its copy is long gone due to having
     * been built in a previous transaction.)
     */
    indexInfo = BuildIndexInfo(indexRelation);

    /* mark build is concurrent just for consistency */
    indexInfo->ii_Concurrent = true;

    /*
     * Switch to the table owner's userid, so that any index functions are run
     * as that user.  Also lock down security-restricted operations and
     * arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
     */
    GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
    SetUserIdAndSecContext(heapRelation->rd_rel->relowner,
                           save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
    save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();

    /*
     * Scan the index and gather up all the TIDs into a tuplesort object.
     */
    ivinfo.index = indexRelation;
    ivinfo.analyze_only = false;
    ivinfo.report_progress = true;
    ivinfo.estimated_count = true;
    ivinfo.message_level = DEBUG2;
    ivinfo.num_heap_tuples = heapRelation->rd_rel->reltuples;
    ivinfo.strategy = NULL;

    /*
     * Encode TIDs as int8 values for the sort, rather than directly sorting
     * item pointers.  This can be significantly faster, primarily because TID
     * is a pass-by-reference type on all platforms, whereas int8 is
     * pass-by-value on most platforms.
     */
    state.tuplesort = tuplesort_begin_datum(INT8OID, Int8LessOperator,
                                            InvalidOid, false,
                                            maintenance_work_mem,
                                            NULL, false);
    state.htups = state.itups = state.tups_inserted = 0;

    /* ambulkdelete updates progress metrics */
    (void) index_bulk_delete(&ivinfo, NULL,
                             validate_index_callback, (void *) &state);

    /* Execute the sort */
    {
        const int   index[] = {
            PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_PHASE,
            PROGRESS_SCAN_BLOCKS_DONE,
            PROGRESS_SCAN_BLOCKS_TOTAL
        };
        const int64 val[] = {
            PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_PHASE_VALIDATE_SORT,
            0, 0
        };

        pgstat_progress_update_multi_param(3, index, val);
    }
    tuplesort_performsort(state.tuplesort);

    /*
     * Now scan the heap and "merge" it with the index
     */
    pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_PHASE,
                                 PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_PHASE_VALIDATE_TABLESCAN);
    table_index_validate_scan(heapRelation,
                              indexRelation,
                              indexInfo,
                              snapshot,
                              &state);

    /* Done with tuplesort object */
    tuplesort_end(state.tuplesort);

    elog(DEBUG2,
         "validate_index found %.0f heap tuples, %.0f index tuples; inserted %.0f missing tuples",
         state.htups, state.itups, state.tups_inserted);

    /* Roll back any GUC changes executed by index functions */
    AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);

    /* Restore userid and security context */
    SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);

    /* Close rels, but keep locks */
    index_close(indexRelation, NoLock);
    table_close(heapRelation, NoLock);
}

/*
 * validate_index_callback - bulkdelete callback to collect the index TIDs
 */
static bool
validate_index_callback(ItemPointer itemptr, void *opaque)
{
    ValidateIndexState *state = (ValidateIndexState *) opaque;
    int64       encoded = itemptr_encode(itemptr);

    tuplesort_putdatum(state->tuplesort, Int64GetDatum(encoded), false);
    state->itups += 1;
    return false;               /* never actually delete anything */
}

/*
 * index_set_state_flags - adjust pg_index state flags
 *
 * This is used during CREATE/DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY to adjust the pg_index
 * flags that denote the index's state.  Because the update is not
 * transactional and will not roll back on error, this must only be used as
 * the last step in a transaction that has not made any transactional catalog
 * updates!
 *
 * Note that heap_inplace_update does send a cache inval message for the
 * tuple, so other sessions will hear about the update as soon as we commit.
 *
 * NB: In releases prior to PostgreSQL 9.4, the use of a non-transactional
 * update here would have been unsafe; now that MVCC rules apply even for
 * system catalog scans, we could potentially use a transactional update here
 * instead.
 */
void
index_set_state_flags(Oid indexId, IndexStateFlagsAction action)
{
    Relation    pg_index;
    HeapTuple   indexTuple;
    Form_pg_index indexForm;

    /* Assert that current xact hasn't done any transactional updates */
    Assert(GetTopTransactionIdIfAny() == InvalidTransactionId);

    /* Open pg_index and fetch a writable copy of the index's tuple */
    pg_index = table_open(IndexRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);

    indexTuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(INDEXRELID,
                                     ObjectIdGetDatum(indexId));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(indexTuple))
        elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for index %u", indexId);
    indexForm = (Form_pg_index) GETSTRUCT(indexTuple);

    /* Perform the requested state change on the copy */
    switch (action)
    {
        case INDEX_CREATE_SET_READY:
            /* Set indisready during a CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY sequence */
            Assert(indexForm->indislive);
            Assert(!indexForm->indisready);
            Assert(!indexForm->indisvalid);
            indexForm->indisready = true;
            break;
        case INDEX_CREATE_SET_VALID:
            /* Set indisvalid during a CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY sequence */
            Assert(indexForm->indislive);
            Assert(indexForm->indisready);
            Assert(!indexForm->indisvalid);
            indexForm->indisvalid = true;
            break;
        case INDEX_DROP_CLEAR_VALID:

            /*
             * Clear indisvalid during a DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY sequence
             *
             * If indisready == true we leave it set so the index still gets
             * maintained by active transactions.  We only need to ensure that
             * indisvalid is false.  (We don't assert that either is initially
             * true, though, since we want to be able to retry a DROP INDEX
             * CONCURRENTLY that failed partway through.)
             *
             * Note: the CLUSTER logic assumes that indisclustered cannot be
             * set on any invalid index, so clear that flag too.
             */
            indexForm->indisvalid = false;
            indexForm->indisclustered = false;
            break;
        case INDEX_DROP_SET_DEAD:

            /*
             * Clear indisready/indislive during DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY
             *
             * We clear both indisready and indislive, because we not only
             * want to stop updates, we want to prevent sessions from touching
             * the index at all.
             */
            Assert(!indexForm->indisvalid);
            indexForm->indisready = false;
            indexForm->indislive = false;
            break;
    }

    /* ... and write it back in-place */
    heap_inplace_update(pg_index, indexTuple);

    table_close(pg_index, RowExclusiveLock);
}


/*
 * IndexGetRelation: given an index's relation OID, get the OID of the
 * relation it is an index on.  Uses the system cache.
 */
Oid
IndexGetRelation(Oid indexId, bool missing_ok)
{
    HeapTuple   tuple;
    Form_pg_index index;
    Oid         result;

    tuple = SearchSysCache1(INDEXRELID, ObjectIdGetDatum(indexId));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
    {
        if (missing_ok)
            return InvalidOid;
        elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for index %u", indexId);
    }
    index = (Form_pg_index) GETSTRUCT(tuple);
    Assert(index->indexrelid == indexId);

    result = index->indrelid;
    ReleaseSysCache(tuple);
    return result;
}

/*
 * reindex_index - This routine is used to recreate a single index
 */
void
reindex_index(Oid indexId, bool skip_constraint_checks, char persistence,
              int options)
{
    Relation    iRel,
                heapRelation;
    Oid         heapId;
    IndexInfo  *indexInfo;
    volatile bool skipped_constraint = false;
    PGRUsage    ru0;
    bool        progress = (options & REINDEXOPT_REPORT_PROGRESS) != 0;

    pg_rusage_init(&ru0);

    /*
     * Open and lock the parent heap relation.  ShareLock is sufficient since
     * we only need to be sure no schema or data changes are going on.
     */
    heapId = IndexGetRelation(indexId, false);
    heapRelation = table_open(heapId, ShareLock);

    if (progress)
    {
        pgstat_progress_start_command(PROGRESS_COMMAND_CREATE_INDEX,
                                      heapId);
        pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_COMMAND,
                                     PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_COMMAND_REINDEX);
        pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_INDEX_OID,
                                     indexId);
    }

    /*
     * Open the target index relation and get an exclusive lock on it, to
     * ensure that no one else is touching this particular index.
     */
    iRel = index_open(indexId, AccessExclusiveLock);

    if (progress)
        pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CREATEIDX_ACCESS_METHOD_OID,
                                     iRel->rd_rel->relam);

    /*
     * The case of reindexing partitioned tables and indexes is handled
     * differently by upper layers, so this case shouldn't arise.
     */
    if (iRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_INDEX)
        elog(ERROR, "unsupported relation kind for index \"%s\"",
             RelationGetRelationName(iRel));

    /*
     * Don't allow reindex on temp tables of other backends ... their local
     * buffer manager is not going to cope.
     */
    if (RELATION_IS_OTHER_TEMP(iRel))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("cannot reindex temporary tables of other sessions")));

    /*
     * Also check for active uses of the index in the current transaction; we
     * don't want to reindex underneath an open indexscan.
     */
    CheckTableNotInUse(iRel, "REINDEX INDEX");

    /*
     * All predicate locks on the index are about to be made invalid. Promote
     * them to relation locks on the heap.
     */
    TransferPredicateLocksToHeapRelation(iRel);

    /* Fetch info needed for index_build */
    indexInfo = BuildIndexInfo(iRel);

    /* If requested, skip checking uniqueness/exclusion constraints */
    if (skip_constraint_checks)
    {
        if (indexInfo->ii_Unique || indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps != NULL)
            skipped_constraint = true;
        indexInfo->ii_Unique = false;
        indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps = NULL;
        indexInfo->ii_ExclusionProcs = NULL;
        indexInfo->ii_ExclusionStrats = NULL;
    }

    /* ensure SetReindexProcessing state isn't leaked */
    PG_TRY();
    {
        /* Suppress use of the target index while rebuilding it */
        SetReindexProcessing(heapId, indexId);

        /* Create a new physical relation for the index */
        RelationSetNewRelfilenode(iRel, persistence);

        /* Initialize the index and rebuild */
        /* Note: we do not need to re-establish pkey setting */
        index_build(heapRelation, iRel, indexInfo, true, true);
    }
    PG_FINALLY();
    {
        /* Make sure flag gets cleared on error exit */
        ResetReindexProcessing();
    }
    PG_END_TRY();

    /*
     * If the index is marked invalid/not-ready/dead (ie, it's from a failed
     * CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY, or a DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY failed midway),
     * and we didn't skip a uniqueness check, we can now mark it valid.  This
     * allows REINDEX to be used to clean up in such cases.
     *
     * We can also reset indcheckxmin, because we have now done a
     * non-concurrent index build, *except* in the case where index_build
     * found some still-broken HOT chains. If it did, and we don't have to
     * change any of the other flags, we just leave indcheckxmin alone (note
     * that index_build won't have changed it, because this is a reindex).
     * This is okay and desirable because not updating the tuple leaves the
     * index's usability horizon (recorded as the tuple's xmin value) the same
     * as it was.
     *
     * But, if the index was invalid/not-ready/dead and there were broken HOT
     * chains, we had better force indcheckxmin true, because the normal
     * argument that the HOT chains couldn't conflict with the index is
     * suspect for an invalid index.  (A conflict is definitely possible if
     * the index was dead.  It probably shouldn't happen otherwise, but let's
     * be conservative.)  In this case advancing the usability horizon is
     * appropriate.
     *
     * Another reason for avoiding unnecessary updates here is that while
     * reindexing pg_index itself, we must not try to update tuples in it.
     * pg_index's indexes should always have these flags in their clean state,
     * so that won't happen.
     *
     * If early pruning/vacuuming is enabled for the heap relation, the
     * usability horizon must be advanced to the current transaction on every
     * build or rebuild.  pg_index is OK in this regard because catalog tables
     * are not subject to early cleanup.
     */
    if (!skipped_constraint)
    {
        Relation    pg_index;
        HeapTuple   indexTuple;
        Form_pg_index indexForm;
        bool        index_bad;
        bool        early_pruning_enabled = EarlyPruningEnabled(heapRelation);

        pg_index = table_open(IndexRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);

        indexTuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(INDEXRELID,
                                         ObjectIdGetDatum(indexId));
        if (!HeapTupleIsValid(indexTuple))
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for index %u", indexId);
        indexForm = (Form_pg_index) GETSTRUCT(indexTuple);

        index_bad = (!indexForm->indisvalid ||
                     !indexForm->indisready ||
                     !indexForm->indislive);
        if (index_bad ||
            (indexForm->indcheckxmin && !indexInfo->ii_BrokenHotChain) ||
            early_pruning_enabled)
        {
            if (!indexInfo->ii_BrokenHotChain && !early_pruning_enabled)
                indexForm->indcheckxmin = false;
            else if (index_bad || early_pruning_enabled)
                indexForm->indcheckxmin = true;
            indexForm->indisvalid = true;
            indexForm->indisready = true;
            indexForm->indislive = true;
            CatalogTupleUpdate(pg_index, &indexTuple->t_self, indexTuple);

            /*
             * Invalidate the relcache for the table, so that after we commit
             * all sessions will refresh the table's index list.  This ensures
             * that if anyone misses seeing the pg_index row during this
             * update, they'll refresh their list before attempting any update
             * on the table.
             */
            CacheInvalidateRelcache(heapRelation);
        }

        table_close(pg_index, RowExclusiveLock);
    }

    /* Log what we did */
    if (options & REINDEXOPT_VERBOSE)
        ereport(INFO,
                (errmsg("index \"%s\" was reindexed",
                        get_rel_name(indexId)),
                 errdetail_internal("%s",
                                    pg_rusage_show(&ru0))));

    if (progress)
        pgstat_progress_end_command();

    /* Close rels, but keep locks */
    index_close(iRel, NoLock);
    table_close(heapRelation, NoLock);
}

/*
 * reindex_relation - This routine is used to recreate all indexes
 * of a relation (and optionally its toast relation too, if any).
 *
 * "flags" is a bitmask that can include any combination of these bits:
 *
 * REINDEX_REL_PROCESS_TOAST: if true, process the toast table too (if any).
 *
 * REINDEX_REL_SUPPRESS_INDEX_USE: if true, the relation was just completely
 * rebuilt by an operation such as VACUUM FULL or CLUSTER, and therefore its
 * indexes are inconsistent with it.  This makes things tricky if the relation
 * is a system catalog that we might consult during the reindexing.  To deal
 * with that case, we mark all of the indexes as pending rebuild so that they
 * won't be trusted until rebuilt.  The caller is required to call us *without*
 * having made the rebuilt table visible by doing CommandCounterIncrement;
 * we'll do CCI after having collected the index list.  (This way we can still
 * use catalog indexes while collecting the list.)
 *
 * REINDEX_REL_CHECK_CONSTRAINTS: if true, recheck unique and exclusion
 * constraint conditions, else don't.  To avoid deadlocks, VACUUM FULL or
 * CLUSTER on a system catalog must omit this flag.  REINDEX should be used to
 * rebuild an index if constraint inconsistency is suspected.  For optimal
 * performance, other callers should include the flag only after transforming
 * the data in a manner that risks a change in constraint validity.
 *
 * REINDEX_REL_FORCE_INDEXES_UNLOGGED: if true, set the persistence of the
 * rebuilt indexes to unlogged.
 *
 * REINDEX_REL_FORCE_INDEXES_PERMANENT: if true, set the persistence of the
 * rebuilt indexes to permanent.
 *
 * Returns true if any indexes were rebuilt (including toast table's index
 * when relevant).  Note that a CommandCounterIncrement will occur after each
 * index rebuild.
 */
bool
reindex_relation(Oid relid, int flags, int options)
{
    Relation    rel;
    Oid         toast_relid;
    List       *indexIds;
    bool        result;
    int         i;

    /*
     * Open and lock the relation.  ShareLock is sufficient since we only need
     * to prevent schema and data changes in it.  The lock level used here
     * should match ReindexTable().
     */
    rel = table_open(relid, ShareLock);

    /*
     * This may be useful when implemented someday; but that day is not today.
     * For now, avoid erroring out when called in a multi-table context
     * (REINDEX SCHEMA) and happen to come across a partitioned table.  The
     * partitions may be reindexed on their own anyway.
     */
    if (rel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
    {
        ereport(WARNING,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("REINDEX of partitioned tables is not yet implemented, skipping \"%s\"",
                        RelationGetRelationName(rel))));
        table_close(rel, ShareLock);
        return false;
    }

    toast_relid = rel->rd_rel->reltoastrelid;

    /*
     * Get the list of index OIDs for this relation.  (We trust to the
     * relcache to get this with a sequential scan if ignoring system
     * indexes.)
     */
    indexIds = RelationGetIndexList(rel);

    PG_TRY();
    {
        ListCell   *indexId;
        char        persistence;

        if (flags & REINDEX_REL_SUPPRESS_INDEX_USE)
        {
            /* Suppress use of all the indexes until they are rebuilt */
            SetReindexPending(indexIds);

            /*
             * Make the new heap contents visible --- now things might be
             * inconsistent!
             */
            CommandCounterIncrement();
        }

        /*
         * Compute persistence of indexes: same as that of owning rel, unless
         * caller specified otherwise.
         */
        if (flags & REINDEX_REL_FORCE_INDEXES_UNLOGGED)
            persistence = RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED;
        else if (flags & REINDEX_REL_FORCE_INDEXES_PERMANENT)
            persistence = RELPERSISTENCE_PERMANENT;
        else
            persistence = rel->rd_rel->relpersistence;

        /* Reindex all the indexes. */
        i = 1;
        foreach(indexId, indexIds)
        {
            Oid         indexOid = lfirst_oid(indexId);

            reindex_index(indexOid, !(flags & REINDEX_REL_CHECK_CONSTRAINTS),
                          persistence, options);

            CommandCounterIncrement();

            /* Index should no longer be in the pending list */
            Assert(!ReindexIsProcessingIndex(indexOid));

            /* Set index rebuild count */
            pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_CLUSTER_INDEX_REBUILD_COUNT,
                                         i);
            i++;
        }
    }
    PG_FINALLY();
    {
        /* Make sure list gets cleared on error exit */
        ResetReindexPending();
    }
    PG_END_TRY();

    /*
     * Close rel, but continue to hold the lock.
     */
    table_close(rel, NoLock);

    result = (indexIds != NIL);

    /*
     * If the relation has a secondary toast rel, reindex that too while we
     * still hold the lock on the master table.
     */
    if ((flags & REINDEX_REL_PROCESS_TOAST) && OidIsValid(toast_relid))
        result |= reindex_relation(toast_relid, flags, options);

    return result;
}


/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *      System index reindexing support
 *
 * When we are busy reindexing a system index, this code provides support
 * for preventing catalog lookups from using that index.  We also make use
 * of this to catch attempted uses of user indexes during reindexing of
 * those indexes.  This information is propagated to parallel workers;
 * attempting to change it during a parallel operation is not permitted.
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

static Oid  currentlyReindexedHeap = InvalidOid;
static Oid  currentlyReindexedIndex = InvalidOid;
static List *pendingReindexedIndexes = NIL;

/*
 * ReindexIsProcessingHeap
 *      True if heap specified by OID is currently being reindexed.
 */
bool
ReindexIsProcessingHeap(Oid heapOid)
{
    return heapOid == currentlyReindexedHeap;
}

/*
 * ReindexIsCurrentlyProcessingIndex
 *      True if index specified by OID is currently being reindexed.
 */
static bool
ReindexIsCurrentlyProcessingIndex(Oid indexOid)
{
    return indexOid == currentlyReindexedIndex;
}

/*
 * ReindexIsProcessingIndex
 *      True if index specified by OID is currently being reindexed,
 *      or should be treated as invalid because it is awaiting reindex.
 */
bool
ReindexIsProcessingIndex(Oid indexOid)
{
    return indexOid == currentlyReindexedIndex ||
        list_member_oid(pendingReindexedIndexes, indexOid);
}

/*
 * SetReindexProcessing
 *      Set flag that specified heap/index are being reindexed.
 *
 * NB: caller must use a PG_TRY block to ensure ResetReindexProcessing is done.
 */
static void
SetReindexProcessing(Oid heapOid, Oid indexOid)
{
    Assert(OidIsValid(heapOid) && OidIsValid(indexOid));
    /* Reindexing is not re-entrant. */
    if (OidIsValid(currentlyReindexedHeap))
        elog(ERROR, "cannot reindex while reindexing");
    currentlyReindexedHeap = heapOid;
    currentlyReindexedIndex = indexOid;
    /* Index is no longer "pending" reindex. */
    RemoveReindexPending(indexOid);
}

/*
 * ResetReindexProcessing
 *      Unset reindexing status.
 */
static void
ResetReindexProcessing(void)
{
    /* This may be called in leader error path */
    currentlyReindexedHeap = InvalidOid;
    currentlyReindexedIndex = InvalidOid;
}

/*
 * SetReindexPending
 *      Mark the given indexes as pending reindex.
 *
 * NB: caller must use a PG_TRY block to ensure ResetReindexPending is done.
 * Also, we assume that the current memory context stays valid throughout.
 */
static void
SetReindexPending(List *indexes)
{
    /* Reindexing is not re-entrant. */
    if (pendingReindexedIndexes)
        elog(ERROR, "cannot reindex while reindexing");
    if (IsInParallelMode())
        elog(ERROR, "cannot modify reindex state during a parallel operation");
    pendingReindexedIndexes = list_copy(indexes);
}

/*
 * RemoveReindexPending
 *      Remove the given index from the pending list.
 */
static void
RemoveReindexPending(Oid indexOid)
{
    if (IsInParallelMode())
        elog(ERROR, "cannot modify reindex state during a parallel operation");
    pendingReindexedIndexes = list_delete_oid(pendingReindexedIndexes,
                                              indexOid);
}

/*
 * ResetReindexPending
 *      Unset reindex-pending status.
 */
static void
ResetReindexPending(void)
{
    /* This may be called in leader error path */
    pendingReindexedIndexes = NIL;
}

/*
 * EstimateReindexStateSpace
 *      Estimate space needed to pass reindex state to parallel workers.
 */
Size
EstimateReindexStateSpace(void)
{
    return offsetof(SerializedReindexState, pendingReindexedIndexes)
        + mul_size(sizeof(Oid), list_length(pendingReindexedIndexes));
}

/*
 * SerializeReindexState
 *      Serialize reindex state for parallel workers.
 */
void
SerializeReindexState(Size maxsize, char *start_address)
{
    SerializedReindexState *sistate = (SerializedReindexState *) start_address;
    int         c = 0;
    ListCell   *lc;

    sistate->currentlyReindexedHeap = currentlyReindexedHeap;
    sistate->currentlyReindexedIndex = currentlyReindexedIndex;
    sistate->numPendingReindexedIndexes = list_length(pendingReindexedIndexes);
    foreach(lc, pendingReindexedIndexes)
        sistate->pendingReindexedIndexes[c++] = lfirst_oid(lc);
}

/*
 * RestoreReindexState
 *      Restore reindex state in a parallel worker.
 */
void
RestoreReindexState(void *reindexstate)
{
    SerializedReindexState *sistate = (SerializedReindexState *) reindexstate;
    int         c = 0;
    MemoryContext oldcontext;

    currentlyReindexedHeap = sistate->currentlyReindexedHeap;
    currentlyReindexedIndex = sistate->currentlyReindexedIndex;

    Assert(pendingReindexedIndexes == NIL);
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopMemoryContext);
    for (c = 0; c < sistate->numPendingReindexedIndexes; ++c)
        pendingReindexedIndexes =
            lappend_oid(pendingReindexedIndexes,
                        sistate->pendingReindexedIndexes[c]);
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}