repack.c

Go to the documentation of this file.

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * repack.c
 *    REPACK a table; formerly known as CLUSTER.  VACUUM FULL also uses
 *    parts of this code.
 *
 * There are two somewhat different ways to rewrite a table.  In non-
 * concurrent mode, it's easy: take AccessExclusiveLock, create a new
 * transient relation, copy the tuples over to the relfilenode of the new
 * relation, swap the relfilenodes, then drop the old relation.
 *
 * In concurrent mode, we lock the table with only ShareUpdateExclusiveLock,
 * then do an initial copy as above.  However, while the tuples are being
 * copied, concurrent transactions could modify the table. To cope with those
 * changes, we rely on logical decoding to obtain them from WAL.  A bgworker
 * consumes WAL while the initial copy is ongoing (to prevent excessive WAL
 * from being reserved), and accumulates the changes in a file.  Once the
 * initial copy is complete, we read the changes from the file and re-apply
 * them on the new heap.  Then we upgrade our ShareUpdateExclusiveLock to
 * AccessExclusiveLock and swap the relfilenodes.  This way, the time we hold
 * a strong lock on the table is much reduced, and the bloat is eliminated.
 *
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994-5, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/commands/repack.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include "access/amapi.h"
#include "access/heapam.h"
#include "access/multixact.h"
#include "access/relscan.h"
#include "access/tableam.h"
#include "access/toast_internals.h"
#include "access/transam.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "access/xlog.h"
#include "catalog/catalog.h"
#include "catalog/dependency.h"
#include "catalog/heap.h"
#include "catalog/index.h"
#include "catalog/namespace.h"
#include "catalog/objectaccess.h"
#include "catalog/pg_am.h"
#include "catalog/pg_attrdef.h"
#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
#include "catalog/toasting.h"
#include "commands/defrem.h"
#include "commands/progress.h"
#include "commands/repack.h"
#include "commands/repack_internal.h"
#include "commands/tablecmds.h"
#include "commands/vacuum.h"
#include "executor/executor.h"
#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
#include "libpq/pqmq.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
#include "pgstat.h"
#include "replication/logicalrelation.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "storage/ipc.h"
#include "storage/lmgr.h"
#include "storage/predicate.h"
#include "storage/proc.h"
#include "utils/acl.h"
#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
#include "utils/guc.h"
#include "utils/injection_point.h"
#include "utils/inval.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/pg_rusage.h"
#include "utils/relmapper.h"
#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"
#include "utils/wait_event_types.h"
 
/*
 * This struct is used to pass around the information on tables to be
 * clustered. We need this so we can make a list of them when invoked without
 * a specific table/index pair.
 */
typedef struct
{
    Oid         tableOid;
    Oid         indexOid;
} RelToCluster;
 
/*
 * The first file exported by the decoding worker must contain a snapshot, the
 * following ones contain the data changes.
 */
#define WORKER_FILE_SNAPSHOT    0
 
/*
 * Information needed to apply concurrent data changes.
 */
typedef struct ChangeContext
{
    /* The relation the changes are applied to. */
    Relation    cc_rel;
 
    /* Needed to update indexes of cc_rel. */
    ResultRelInfo *cc_rri;
    EState     *cc_estate;
 
    /*
     * Existing tuples to UPDATE and DELETE are located via this index. We
     * keep the scankey in partially initialized state to avoid repeated work.
     * sk_argument is completed on the fly.
     */
    Relation    cc_ident_index;
    ScanKey     cc_ident_key;
    int         cc_ident_key_nentries;
 
    /* The latest column we need to deform to have the tuple identity */
    AttrNumber  cc_last_key_attno;
 
    /* Sequential number of the file containing the changes. */
    int         cc_file_seq;
} ChangeContext;
 
/*
 * Backend-local information to control the decoding worker.
 */
typedef struct DecodingWorker
{
    /* The worker. */
    BackgroundWorkerHandle *handle;
 
    /* DecodingWorkerShared is in this segment. */
    dsm_segment *seg;
 
    /* Handle of the error queue. */
    shm_mq_handle *error_mqh;
} DecodingWorker;
 
/* Pointer to currently running decoding worker. */
static DecodingWorker *decoding_worker = NULL;
 
/*
 * Is there a message sent by a repack worker that the backend needs to
 * receive?
 */
volatile sig_atomic_t RepackMessagePending = false;
 
static LOCKMODE RepackLockLevel(bool concurrent);
static bool cluster_rel_recheck(RepackCommand cmd, Relation OldHeap,
                                Oid indexOid, Oid userid, LOCKMODE lmode,
                                int options);
static void check_concurrent_repack_requirements(Relation rel,
                                                 Oid *ident_idx_p);
static void rebuild_relation(Relation OldHeap, Relation index, bool verbose,
                             Oid ident_idx);
static void copy_table_data(Relation NewHeap, Relation OldHeap, Relation OldIndex,
                            Snapshot snapshot,
                            bool verbose,
                            bool *pSwapToastByContent,
                            TransactionId *pFreezeXid,
                            MultiXactId *pCutoffMulti);
static List *get_tables_to_repack(RepackCommand cmd, bool usingindex,
                                  MemoryContext permcxt);
static List *get_tables_to_repack_partitioned(RepackCommand cmd,
                                              Oid relid, bool rel_is_index,
                                              MemoryContext permcxt);
static bool repack_is_permitted_for_relation(RepackCommand cmd,
                                             Oid relid, Oid userid);
 
static void apply_concurrent_changes(BufFile *file, ChangeContext *chgcxt);
static void apply_concurrent_insert(Relation rel, TupleTableSlot *slot,
                                    ChangeContext *chgcxt);
static void apply_concurrent_update(Relation rel, TupleTableSlot *spilled_tuple,
                                    TupleTableSlot *ondisk_tuple,
                                    ChangeContext *chgcxt);
static void apply_concurrent_delete(Relation rel, TupleTableSlot *slot);
static void restore_tuple(BufFile *file, Relation relation,
                          TupleTableSlot *slot);
static void adjust_toast_pointers(Relation relation, TupleTableSlot *dest,
                                  TupleTableSlot *src);
static bool find_target_tuple(Relation rel, ChangeContext *chgcxt,
                              TupleTableSlot *locator,
                              TupleTableSlot *retrieved);
static bool identity_key_equal(ChangeContext *chgcxt,
                               TupleTableSlot *locator,
                               TupleTableSlot *candidate);
static void process_concurrent_changes(XLogRecPtr end_of_wal,
                                       ChangeContext *chgcxt,
                                       bool done);
static void initialize_change_context(ChangeContext *chgcxt,
                                      Relation relation,
                                      Oid ident_index_id);
static void release_change_context(ChangeContext *chgcxt);
static void rebuild_relation_finish_concurrent(Relation NewHeap, Relation OldHeap,
                                               Oid identIdx,
                                               TransactionId frozenXid,
                                               MultiXactId cutoffMulti);
static List *build_new_indexes(Relation NewHeap, Relation OldHeap, List *OldIndexes);
static void copy_index_constraints(Relation old_index, Oid new_index_id,
                                   Oid new_heap_id);
static void copy_attribute_defaults(Oid old_heap_oid, Oid new_heap_oid);
static Relation process_single_relation(RepackStmt *stmt,
                                        LOCKMODE lockmode,
                                        bool isTopLevel,
                                        ClusterParams *params);
static Oid  determine_clustered_index(Relation rel, bool usingindex,
                                      const char *indexname);
 
static void start_repack_decoding_worker(Oid relid);
static void stop_repack_decoding_worker(void);
static void stop_repack_decoding_worker_cb(int code, Datum arg);
static Snapshot get_initial_snapshot(DecodingWorker *worker);
 
static void ProcessRepackMessage(StringInfo msg);
static const char *RepackCommandAsString(RepackCommand cmd);
 
 
/*
 * The repack code allows for processing multiple tables at once. Because
 * of this, we cannot just run everything on a single transaction, or we
 * would be forced to acquire exclusive locks on all the tables being
 * clustered, simultaneously --- very likely leading to deadlock.
 *
 * To solve this we follow a similar strategy to VACUUM code, processing each
 * relation in a separate transaction. For this to work, we need to:
 *
 *  - provide a separate memory context so that we can pass information in
 *    a way that survives across transactions
 *  - start a new transaction every time a new relation is clustered
 *  - check for validity of the information on to-be-clustered relations,
 *    as someone might have deleted a relation behind our back, or
 *    clustered one on a different index
 *  - end the transaction
 *
 * The single-relation case does not have any such overhead.
 *
 * We also allow a relation to be repacked following an index, but without
 * naming a specific one.  In that case, the indisclustered bit will be
 * looked up, and an ERROR will be thrown if no so-marked index is found.
 */
void
ExecRepack(ParseState *pstate, RepackStmt *stmt, bool isTopLevel)
{
    ClusterParams params = {0};
    Relation    rel = NULL;
    MemoryContext repack_context;
    LOCKMODE    lockmode;
    List       *rtcs;
    bool        verbose = false;
    bool        analyze = false;
    bool        concurrently = false;
 
    /* Parse option list */
    foreach_node(DefElem, opt, stmt->params)
    {
        if (strcmp(opt->defname, "verbose") == 0)
            verbose = defGetBoolean(opt);
        else if (strcmp(opt->defname, "analyze") == 0 ||
                 strcmp(opt->defname, "analyse") == 0)
            analyze = defGetBoolean(opt);
        else if (strcmp(opt->defname, "concurrently") == 0)
        {
            if (stmt->command != REPACK_COMMAND_REPACK)
                ereport(ERROR,
                        errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                        errmsg("CONCURRENTLY option not supported for %s",
                               RepackCommandAsString(stmt->command)));
            concurrently = defGetBoolean(opt);
        }
        else
            ereport(ERROR,
                    errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                    errmsg("unrecognized %s option \"%s\"",
                           RepackCommandAsString(stmt->command),
                           opt->defname),
                    parser_errposition(pstate, opt->location));
    }
 
    params.options |=
        (verbose ? CLUOPT_VERBOSE : 0) |
        (analyze ? CLUOPT_ANALYZE : 0) |
        (concurrently ? CLUOPT_CONCURRENT : 0);
 
    /* Determine the lock mode to use. */
    lockmode = RepackLockLevel((params.options & CLUOPT_CONCURRENT) != 0);
 
    if ((params.options & CLUOPT_CONCURRENT) != 0)
    {
        /*
         * Make sure we're not in a transaction block.
         *
         * The reason is that repack_setup_logical_decoding() could wait
         * indefinitely for our XID to complete. (The deadlock detector would
         * not recognize it because we'd be waiting for ourselves, i.e. no
         * real lock conflict.) It would be possible to run in a transaction
         * block if we had no XID, but this restriction is simpler for users
         * to understand and we don't lose any functionality.
         */
        PreventInTransactionBlock(isTopLevel, "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)");
    }
 
    /*
     * If a single relation is specified, process it and we're done ... unless
     * the relation is a partitioned table, in which case we fall through.
     */
    if (stmt->relation != NULL)
    {
        rel = process_single_relation(stmt, lockmode, isTopLevel, &params);
        if (rel == NULL)
            return;             /* all done */
    }
 
    /*
     * Don't allow ANALYZE in the multiple-relation case for now.  Maybe we
     * can add support for this later.
     */
    if (params.options & CLUOPT_ANALYZE)
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                errmsg("cannot execute %s on multiple tables",
                       "REPACK (ANALYZE)"));
 
    /*
     * By here, we know we are in a multi-table situation.
     *
     * Concurrent processing is currently considered rather special (e.g. in
     * terms of resources consumed) so it is not performed in bulk.
     */
    if (params.options & CLUOPT_CONCURRENT)
    {
        if (rel != NULL)
        {
            Assert(rel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE);
            ereport(ERROR,
                    errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                    errmsg("%s is not supported for partitioned tables",
                           "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)"),
                    errhint("Consider running the command on individual partitions."));
        }
        else
            ereport(ERROR,
                    errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                    errmsg("%s requires an explicit table name",
                           "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)"));
    }
 
    /*
     * In order to avoid holding locks for too long, we want to process each
     * table in its own transaction.  This forces us to disallow running
     * inside a user transaction block.
     */
    PreventInTransactionBlock(isTopLevel, RepackCommandAsString(stmt->command));
 
    /* Also, we need a memory context to hold our list of relations */
    repack_context = AllocSetContextCreate(PortalContext,
                                           "Repack",
                                           ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
 
    /*
     * Since we open a new transaction for each relation, we have to check
     * that the relation still is what we think it is.
     *
     * In single-transaction CLUSTER, we don't need the overhead.
     */
    params.options |= CLUOPT_RECHECK;
 
    /*
     * If we don't have a relation yet, determine a relation list.  If we do,
     * then it must be a partitioned table, and we want to process its
     * partitions.  Note that we don't acquire any locks on these tables, so
     * the returned list must be treated with suspicion.
     */
    if (rel == NULL)
    {
        Assert(stmt->indexname == NULL);
        rtcs = get_tables_to_repack(stmt->command, stmt->usingindex,
                                    repack_context);
        params.options |= CLUOPT_RECHECK_ISCLUSTERED;
    }
    else
    {
        Oid         relid;
        bool        rel_is_index;
 
        Assert(rel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE);
 
        /*
         * If USING INDEX was specified, resolve the index name now and pass
         * it down.
         */
        if (stmt->usingindex)
        {
            /*
             * If no index name was specified when repacking a partitioned
             * table, punt for now.  Maybe we can improve this later.
             */
            if (!stmt->indexname)
            {
                if (stmt->command == REPACK_COMMAND_CLUSTER)
                    ereport(ERROR,
                            errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                            errmsg("there is no previously clustered index for table \"%s\"",
                                   RelationGetRelationName(rel)));
                else
                    ereport(ERROR,
                            errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                    /*- translator: first %s is name of a SQL command, eg. REPACK */
                            errmsg("cannot execute %s on partitioned table \"%s\" USING INDEX with no index name",
                                   RepackCommandAsString(stmt->command),
                                   RelationGetRelationName(rel)));
            }
 
            relid = determine_clustered_index(rel, stmt->usingindex,
                                              stmt->indexname);
            if (!OidIsValid(relid))
                elog(ERROR, "unable to determine index to cluster on");
            check_index_is_clusterable(rel, relid, AccessExclusiveLock);
 
            rel_is_index = true;
        }
        else
        {
            relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
            rel_is_index = false;
        }
 
        rtcs = get_tables_to_repack_partitioned(stmt->command,
                                                relid, rel_is_index,
                                                repack_context);
 
        /* close parent relation, releasing lock on it */
        table_close(rel, AccessExclusiveLock);
        rel = NULL;
    }
 
    /* Commit to get out of starting transaction */
    PopActiveSnapshot();
    CommitTransactionCommand();
 
    /* Cluster the tables, each in a separate transaction */
    Assert(rel == NULL);
    foreach_ptr(RelToCluster, rtc, rtcs)
    {
        /* Start a new transaction for each relation. */
        StartTransactionCommand();
 
        /*
         * Open the target table.  It may have been dropped or replaced with
         * something different, in which case silently skip it.
         */
        rel = try_relation_open(rtc->tableOid, lockmode);
        if (rel == NULL)
        {
            CommitTransactionCommand();
            continue;
        }
        if (rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_RELATION &&
            rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
        {
            relation_close(rel, lockmode);
            CommitTransactionCommand();
            continue;
        }
 
        /* functions in indexes may want a snapshot set */
        PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
 
        /* Process this table */
        cluster_rel(stmt->command, rel, rtc->indexOid, &params, isTopLevel);
        /* cluster_rel closes the relation, but keeps lock */
 
        PopActiveSnapshot();
        CommitTransactionCommand();
    }
 
    /* Start a new transaction for the cleanup work. */
    StartTransactionCommand();
 
    /* Clean up working storage */
    MemoryContextDelete(repack_context);
}
 
/*
 * In the non-concurrent case, we obtain AccessExclusiveLock throughout the
 * operation to avoid any lock-upgrade hazards.  In the concurrent case, we
 * grab ShareUpdateExclusiveLock (just like VACUUM) for most of the
 * processing and only acquire AccessExclusiveLock at the end, to swap the
 * relation -- supposedly for a short time.
 */
static LOCKMODE
RepackLockLevel(bool concurrent)
{
    if (concurrent)
        return ShareUpdateExclusiveLock;
    else
        return AccessExclusiveLock;
}
 
/*
 * cluster_rel
 *
 * This clusters the table by creating a new, clustered table and
 * swapping the relfilenumbers of the new table and the old table, so
 * the OID of the original table is preserved.  Thus we do not lose
 * GRANT, inheritance nor references to this table.
 *
 * Indexes are rebuilt too, via REINDEX. Since we are effectively bulk-loading
 * the new table, it's better to create the indexes afterwards than to fill
 * them incrementally while we load the table.
 *
 * If indexOid is InvalidOid, the table will be rewritten in physical order
 * instead of index order.
 *
 * Note that, in the concurrent case, the function releases the lock at some
 * point, in order to get AccessExclusiveLock for the final steps (i.e. to
 * swap the relation files). To make things simpler, the caller should expect
 * OldHeap to be closed on return, regardless CLUOPT_CONCURRENT. (The
 * AccessExclusiveLock is kept till the end of the transaction.)
 *
 * 'cmd' indicates which command is being executed, to be used for error
 * messages.
 */
void
cluster_rel(RepackCommand cmd, Relation OldHeap, Oid indexOid,
            ClusterParams *params, bool isTopLevel)
{
    Oid         tableOid = RelationGetRelid(OldHeap);
    Relation    index;
    LOCKMODE    lmode;
    Oid         save_userid;
    int         save_sec_context;
    int         save_nestlevel;
    bool        verbose = ((params->options & CLUOPT_VERBOSE) != 0);
    bool        recheck = ((params->options & CLUOPT_RECHECK) != 0);
    bool        concurrent = ((params->options & CLUOPT_CONCURRENT) != 0);
    Oid         ident_idx = InvalidOid;
 
    /* Determine the lock mode to use. */
    lmode = RepackLockLevel(concurrent);
 
    /*
     * Check some preconditions in the concurrent case.  This also obtains the
     * replica index OID.
     */
    if (concurrent)
        check_concurrent_repack_requirements(OldHeap, &ident_idx);
 
    /* Check for user-requested abort. */
    CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
 
    pgstat_progress_start_command(PROGRESS_COMMAND_REPACK, tableOid);
    pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_REPACK_COMMAND, cmd);
 
    /*
     * Switch to the table owner's userid, so that any index functions are run
     * as that user.  Also lock down security-restricted operations and
     * arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
     */
    GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
    SetUserIdAndSecContext(OldHeap->rd_rel->relowner,
                           save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
    save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
    RestrictSearchPath();
 
    /*
     * Recheck that the relation is still what it was when we started.
     *
     * Note that it's critical to skip this in single-relation CLUSTER;
     * otherwise, we would reject an attempt to cluster using a
     * not-previously-clustered index.
     */
    if (recheck &&
        !cluster_rel_recheck(cmd, OldHeap, indexOid, save_userid,
                             lmode, params->options))
        goto out;
 
    /*
     * We allow repacking shared catalogs only when not using an index. It
     * would work to use an index in most respects, but the index would only
     * get marked as indisclustered in the current database, leading to
     * unexpected behavior if CLUSTER were later invoked in another database.
     */
    if (OidIsValid(indexOid) && OldHeap->rd_rel->relisshared)
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
        /*- translator: first %s is name of a SQL command, eg. REPACK */
                errmsg("cannot execute %s on a shared catalog",
                       RepackCommandAsString(cmd)));
 
    /*
     * The CONCURRENTLY case should have been rejected earlier because it does
     * not support system catalogs.
     */
    Assert(!(OldHeap->rd_rel->relisshared && concurrent));
 
    /*
     * Don't process temp tables of other backends ... their local buffer
     * manager is not going to cope.
     */
    if (RELATION_IS_OTHER_TEMP(OldHeap))
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
        /*- translator: first %s is name of a SQL command, eg. REPACK */
                errmsg("cannot execute %s on temporary tables of other sessions",
                       RepackCommandAsString(cmd)));
 
    /*
     * Also check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction,
     * including open scans and pending AFTER trigger events.
     */
    CheckTableNotInUse(OldHeap, RepackCommandAsString(cmd));
 
    /* Check heap and index are valid to cluster on */
    if (OidIsValid(indexOid))
    {
        /* verify the index is good and lock it */
        check_index_is_clusterable(OldHeap, indexOid, lmode);
        /* also open it */
        index = index_open(indexOid, NoLock);
    }
    else
        index = NULL;
 
    /*
     * When allow_system_table_mods is turned off, we disallow repacking a
     * catalog on a particular index unless that's already the clustered index
     * for that catalog.
     *
     * XXX We don't check for this in CLUSTER, because it's historically been
     * allowed.
     */
    if (cmd != REPACK_COMMAND_CLUSTER &&
        !allowSystemTableMods && OidIsValid(indexOid) &&
        IsCatalogRelation(OldHeap) && !index->rd_index->indisclustered)
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE),
                errmsg("permission denied: \"%s\" is a system catalog",
                       RelationGetRelationName(OldHeap)),
                errdetail("System catalogs can only be clustered by the index they're already clustered on, if any, unless \"%s\" is enabled.",
                          "allow_system_table_mods"));
 
    /*
     * Quietly ignore the request if this is a materialized view which has not
     * been populated from its query. No harm is done because there is no data
     * to deal with, and we don't want to throw an error if this is part of a
     * multi-relation request -- for example, CLUSTER was run on the entire
     * database.
     */
    if (OldHeap->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW &&
        !RelationIsPopulated(OldHeap))
    {
        if (index)
            index_close(index, lmode);
        relation_close(OldHeap, lmode);
        goto out;
    }
 
    Assert(OldHeap->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION ||
           OldHeap->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW ||
           OldHeap->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_TOASTVALUE);
 
    /*
     * All predicate locks on the tuples or pages are about to be made
     * invalid, because we move tuples around.  Promote them to relation
     * locks.  Predicate locks on indexes will be promoted when they are
     * reindexed.
     *
     * During concurrent processing, the heap as well as its indexes stay in
     * operation, so we postpone this step until they are locked using
     * AccessExclusiveLock near the end of the processing.
     */
    if (!concurrent)
        TransferPredicateLocksToHeapRelation(OldHeap);
 
    /*
     * rebuild_relation does all the dirty work, and closes OldHeap and index,
     * if valid.
     *
     * In concurrent mode, make sure the worker terminates; normally it does
     * so by itself, but a PG_ENSURE_ERROR_CLEANUP callback ensures that this
     * happens even in case this backend dies early on a FATAL exit.  Normal
     * mode doesn't need that overhead.
     */
    if (concurrent)
    {
        PG_ENSURE_ERROR_CLEANUP(stop_repack_decoding_worker_cb, 0);
        {
            rebuild_relation(OldHeap, index, verbose, ident_idx);
        }
        PG_END_ENSURE_ERROR_CLEANUP(stop_repack_decoding_worker_cb, 0);
        stop_repack_decoding_worker();
    }
    else
        rebuild_relation(OldHeap, index, verbose, ident_idx);
 
out:
    /* Roll back any GUC changes executed by index functions */
    AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
 
    /* Restore userid and security context */
    SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
 
    pgstat_progress_end_command();
}
 
/*
 * Check if the table (and its index) still meets the requirements of
 * cluster_rel().
 */
static bool
cluster_rel_recheck(RepackCommand cmd, Relation OldHeap, Oid indexOid,
                    Oid userid, LOCKMODE lmode, int options)
{
    Oid         tableOid = RelationGetRelid(OldHeap);
 
    Assert(CheckRelationLockedByMe(OldHeap, lmode, false));
 
    /* Check that the user still has privileges for the relation */
    if (!repack_is_permitted_for_relation(cmd, tableOid, userid))
    {
        relation_close(OldHeap, lmode);
        return false;
    }
 
    /*
     * Silently skip a temp table for a remote session.  Only doing this check
     * in the "recheck" case is appropriate (which currently means somebody is
     * executing a database-wide CLUSTER or on a partitioned table), because
     * there is another check in cluster() which will stop any attempt to
     * cluster remote temp tables by name.  There is another check in
     * cluster_rel which is redundant, but we leave it for extra safety.
     */
    if (RELATION_IS_OTHER_TEMP(OldHeap))
    {
        relation_close(OldHeap, lmode);
        return false;
    }
 
    if (OidIsValid(indexOid))
    {
        /*
         * Check that the index still exists
         */
        if (!SearchSysCacheExists1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(indexOid)))
        {
            relation_close(OldHeap, lmode);
            return false;
        }
 
        /*
         * Check that the index is still the one with indisclustered set, if
         * needed.
         */
        if ((options & CLUOPT_RECHECK_ISCLUSTERED) != 0 &&
            !get_index_isclustered(indexOid))
        {
            relation_close(OldHeap, lmode);
            return false;
        }
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
/*
 * Verify that the specified heap and index are valid to cluster on
 *
 * Side effect: obtains lock on the index.  The caller may
 * in some cases already have a lock of the same strength on the table, but
 * not in all cases so we can't rely on the table-level lock for
 * protection here.
 */
void
check_index_is_clusterable(Relation OldHeap, Oid indexOid, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
    Relation    OldIndex;
 
    OldIndex = index_open(indexOid, lockmode);
 
    /*
     * Check that index is in fact an index on the given relation
     */
    if (OldIndex->rd_index == NULL ||
        OldIndex->rd_index->indrelid != RelationGetRelid(OldHeap))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
                 errmsg("\"%s\" is not an index for table \"%s\"",
                        RelationGetRelationName(OldIndex),
                        RelationGetRelationName(OldHeap))));
 
    /* Index AM must allow clustering */
    if (!OldIndex->rd_indam->amclusterable)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("cannot cluster on index \"%s\" because access method does not support clustering",
                        RelationGetRelationName(OldIndex))));
 
    /*
     * Disallow clustering on incomplete indexes (those that might not index
     * every row of the relation).  We could relax this by making a separate
     * seqscan pass over the table to copy the missing rows, but that seems
     * expensive and tedious.
     */
    if (!heap_attisnull(OldIndex->rd_indextuple, Anum_pg_index_indpred, NULL))
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("cannot cluster on partial index \"%s\"",
                        RelationGetRelationName(OldIndex))));
 
    /*
     * Disallow if index is left over from a failed CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY;
     * it might well not contain entries for every heap row, or might not even
     * be internally consistent.  (But note that we don't check indcheckxmin;
     * the worst consequence of following broken HOT chains would be that we
     * might put recently-dead tuples out-of-order in the new table, and there
     * is little harm in that.)
     */
    if (!OldIndex->rd_index->indisvalid)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                 errmsg("cannot cluster on invalid index \"%s\"",
                        RelationGetRelationName(OldIndex))));
 
    /* Drop relcache refcnt on OldIndex, but keep lock */
    index_close(OldIndex, NoLock);
}
 
/*
 * mark_index_clustered: mark the specified index as the one clustered on
 *
 * With indexOid == InvalidOid, will mark all indexes of rel not-clustered.
 */
void
mark_index_clustered(Relation rel, Oid indexOid, bool is_internal)
{
    HeapTuple   indexTuple;
    Form_pg_index indexForm;
    Relation    pg_index;
    ListCell   *index;
 
    Assert(rel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE);
 
    /*
     * If the index is already marked clustered, no need to do anything.
     */
    if (OidIsValid(indexOid))
    {
        if (get_index_isclustered(indexOid))
            return;
    }
 
    /*
     * Check each index of the relation and set/clear the bit as needed.
     */
    pg_index = table_open(IndexRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
 
    foreach(index, RelationGetIndexList(rel))
    {
        Oid         thisIndexOid = lfirst_oid(index);
 
        indexTuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(INDEXRELID,
                                         ObjectIdGetDatum(thisIndexOid));
        if (!HeapTupleIsValid(indexTuple))
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for index %u", thisIndexOid);
        indexForm = (Form_pg_index) GETSTRUCT(indexTuple);
 
        /*
         * Unset the bit if set.  We know it's wrong because we checked this
         * earlier.
         */
        if (indexForm->indisclustered)
        {
            indexForm->indisclustered = false;
            CatalogTupleUpdate(pg_index, &indexTuple->t_self, indexTuple);
        }
        else if (thisIndexOid == indexOid)
        {
            /* this was checked earlier, but let's be real sure */
            if (!indexForm->indisvalid)
                elog(ERROR, "cannot cluster on invalid index %u", indexOid);
            indexForm->indisclustered = true;
            CatalogTupleUpdate(pg_index, &indexTuple->t_self, indexTuple);
        }
 
        InvokeObjectPostAlterHookArg(IndexRelationId, thisIndexOid, 0,
                                     InvalidOid, is_internal);
 
        heap_freetuple(indexTuple);
    }
 
    table_close(pg_index, RowExclusiveLock);
}
 
/*
 * Check if the CONCURRENTLY option is legal for the relation.
 *
 * *Ident_idx_p receives OID of the identity index.
 */
static void
check_concurrent_repack_requirements(Relation rel, Oid *ident_idx_p)
{
    char        relpersistence,
                replident;
    Oid         ident_idx;
 
    if (wal_level < WAL_LEVEL_REPLICA)
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                errmsg("cannot execute %s in this configuration",
                       "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)"),
                errdetail("%s requires \"wal_level\" to be set to \"replica\" or higher.",
                          "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)"));
 
    /* Data changes in system relations are not logically decoded. */
    if (IsCatalogRelation(rel))
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                errmsg("cannot execute %s on relation \"%s\"",
                       "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)", RelationGetRelationName(rel)),
                errhint("%s is not supported for catalog relations.",
                        "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)"));
 
    /*
     * reorderbuffer.c does not seem to handle processing of TOAST relation
     * alone.
     */
    if (IsToastRelation(rel))
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                errmsg("cannot execute %s on relation \"%s\"",
                       "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)", RelationGetRelationName(rel)),
                errhint("%s is not supported for TOAST relations.",
                        "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)"));
 
    relpersistence = rel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
    if (relpersistence != RELPERSISTENCE_PERMANENT)
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                errmsg("cannot execute %s on relation \"%s\"",
                       "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)", RelationGetRelationName(rel)),
                errhint("%s is only allowed for permanent relations.",
                        "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)"));
 
    /*
     * With NOTHING, WAL does not contain the old tuple; FULL is not yet
     * supported.
     */
    replident = rel->rd_rel->relreplident;
    if (replident == REPLICA_IDENTITY_NOTHING ||
        replident == REPLICA_IDENTITY_FULL)
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                errmsg("cannot execute %s on relation \"%s\"",
                       "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)", RelationGetRelationName(rel)),
                errdetail("%s does not support tables with %s.",
                          "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)",
                          replident == REPLICA_IDENTITY_NOTHING ?
                          "REPLICA IDENTITY NOTHING" : "REPLICA IDENTITY FULL"));
 
    /*
     * Obtain the replica identity index -- either one that has been set
     * explicitly, or a non-deferrable primary key.  If none of these cases
     * apply, the table cannot be repacked concurrently.  It might be possible
     * to have repack work with a FULL replica identity; however that requires
     * more work and is not implemented yet.
     */
    ident_idx = GetRelationIdentityOrPK(rel);
    if (!OidIsValid(ident_idx))
    {
        /* This special case warrants its own error message */
        if (OidIsValid(rel->rd_pkindex) && rel->rd_ispkdeferrable)
            ereport(ERROR,
                    errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                    errmsg("cannot execute %s on relation \"%s\"",
                           "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)",
                           RelationGetRelationName(rel)),
                    errdetail("%s does not support deferrable primary keys.",
                              "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)"),
                    errhint("Use ALTER TABLE ... REPLICA IDENTITY USING INDEX to designate another index as replica identity."));
 
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                errmsg("cannot execute %s on relation \"%s\"",
                       "REPACK (CONCURRENTLY)", RelationGetRelationName(rel)),
                errhint("Relation \"%s\" has no identity index.",
                        RelationGetRelationName(rel)));
    }
 
    *ident_idx_p = ident_idx;
}
 
 
/*
 * rebuild_relation: rebuild an existing relation in index or physical order
 *
 * OldHeap: table to rebuild.  See cluster_rel() for comments on the required
 * lock strength.
 *
 * index: index to cluster by, or NULL to rewrite in physical order.
 *
 * ident_idx: identity index, to handle replaying of concurrent data changes
 * to the new heap. InvalidOid if there's no CONCURRENTLY option.
 *
 * On entry, heap and index (if one is given) must be open, and the
 * appropriate lock held on them -- AccessExclusiveLock for exclusive
 * processing and ShareUpdateExclusiveLock for concurrent processing.
 *
 * On exit, they are closed, but still locked with AccessExclusiveLock.
 * (The function handles the lock upgrade if 'concurrent' is true.)
 */
static void
rebuild_relation(Relation OldHeap, Relation index, bool verbose,
                 Oid ident_idx)
{
    Oid         tableOid = RelationGetRelid(OldHeap);
    Oid         accessMethod = OldHeap->rd_rel->relam;
    Oid         tableSpace = OldHeap->rd_rel->reltablespace;
    Oid         OIDNewHeap;
    Relation    NewHeap;
    char        relpersistence;
    bool        swap_toast_by_content;
    TransactionId frozenXid;
    MultiXactId cutoffMulti;
    bool        concurrent = OidIsValid(ident_idx);
    Snapshot    snapshot = NULL;
#if USE_ASSERT_CHECKING
    LOCKMODE    lmode;
 
    lmode = RepackLockLevel(concurrent);
 
    Assert(CheckRelationLockedByMe(OldHeap, lmode, false));
    Assert(index == NULL || CheckRelationLockedByMe(index, lmode, false));
#endif
 
    if (concurrent)
    {
        /*
         * The worker needs to be member of the locking group we're the leader
         * of. We ought to become the leader before the worker starts. The
         * worker will join the group as soon as it starts.
         *
         * This is to make sure that the deadlock described below is
         * detectable by deadlock.c: if the worker waits for a transaction to
         * complete and we are waiting for the worker output, then effectively
         * we (i.e. this backend) are waiting for that transaction.
         */
        BecomeLockGroupLeader();
 
        /*
         * Start the worker that decodes data changes applied while we're
         * copying the table contents.
         *
         * Note that the worker has to wait for all transactions with XID
         * already assigned to finish. If some of those transactions is
         * waiting for a lock conflicting with ShareUpdateExclusiveLock on our
         * table (e.g.  it runs CREATE INDEX), we can end up in a deadlock.
         * Not sure this risk is worth unlocking/locking the table (and its
         * clustering index) and checking again if it's still eligible for
         * REPACK CONCURRENTLY.
         */
        start_repack_decoding_worker(tableOid);
 
        /*
         * Wait until the worker has the initial snapshot and retrieve it.
         */
        snapshot = get_initial_snapshot(decoding_worker);
 
        PushActiveSnapshot(snapshot);
    }
 
    /* for CLUSTER or REPACK USING INDEX, mark the index as the one to use */
    if (index != NULL)
        mark_index_clustered(OldHeap, RelationGetRelid(index), true);
 
    /* Remember info about rel before closing OldHeap */
    relpersistence = OldHeap->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 
    /*
     * Create the transient table that will receive the re-ordered data.
     *
     * OldHeap is already locked, so no need to lock it again.  make_new_heap
     * obtains AccessExclusiveLock on the new heap and its toast table.
     */
    OIDNewHeap = make_new_heap(tableOid, tableSpace,
                               accessMethod,
                               relpersistence,
                               NoLock);
    Assert(CheckRelationOidLockedByMe(OIDNewHeap, AccessExclusiveLock, false));
    NewHeap = table_open(OIDNewHeap, NoLock);
 
    /*
     * In concurrent mode, create a copy of the attribute defaults on the temp
     * table, which the executor needs when replaying concurrent data changes.
     */
    if (concurrent)
        copy_attribute_defaults(tableOid, OIDNewHeap);
 
    /* Copy the heap data into the new table in the desired order */
    copy_table_data(NewHeap, OldHeap, index, snapshot, verbose,
                    &swap_toast_by_content, &frozenXid, &cutoffMulti);
 
    /* The historic snapshot won't be needed anymore. */
    if (snapshot)
    {
        PopActiveSnapshot();
        UpdateActiveSnapshotCommandId();
    }
 
    if (concurrent)
    {
        Assert(!swap_toast_by_content);
 
        /*
         * Close the index, but keep the lock. Both heaps will be closed by
         * the following call.
         */
        if (index)
            index_close(index, NoLock);
 
        rebuild_relation_finish_concurrent(NewHeap, OldHeap, ident_idx,
                                           frozenXid, cutoffMulti);
 
        pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_REPACK_PHASE,
                                     PROGRESS_REPACK_PHASE_FINAL_CLEANUP);
    }
    else
    {
        bool        is_system_catalog = IsSystemRelation(OldHeap);
 
        /* Close relcache entries, but keep lock until transaction commit */
        table_close(OldHeap, NoLock);
        if (index)
            index_close(index, NoLock);
 
        /*
         * Close the new relation so it can be dropped as soon as the storage
         * is swapped. The relation is not visible to others, so no need to
         * unlock it explicitly.
         */
        table_close(NewHeap, NoLock);
 
        /*
         * Swap the physical files of the target and transient tables, then
         * rebuild the target's indexes and throw away the transient table.
         */
        finish_heap_swap(tableOid, OIDNewHeap, is_system_catalog,
                         swap_toast_by_content, false, true,
                         true,  /* reindex */
                         frozenXid, cutoffMulti,
                         relpersistence);
    }
}
 
 
/*
 * Create the transient table that will be filled with new data during
 * CLUSTER, ALTER TABLE, and similar operations.  The transient table
 * duplicates the logical structure of the OldHeap; but will have the
 * specified physical storage properties NewTableSpace, NewAccessMethod, and
 * relpersistence.
 *
 * After this, the caller should load the new heap with transferred/modified
 * data, then call finish_heap_swap to complete the operation.
 */
Oid
make_new_heap(Oid OIDOldHeap, Oid NewTableSpace, Oid NewAccessMethod,
              char relpersistence, LOCKMODE lockmode)
{
    TupleDesc   OldHeapDesc;
    char        NewHeapName[NAMEDATALEN];
    Oid         OIDNewHeap;
    Oid         toastid;
    Relation    OldHeap;
    HeapTuple   tuple;
    Datum       reloptions;
    bool        isNull;
    Oid         namespaceid;
 
    OldHeap = table_open(OIDOldHeap, lockmode);
    OldHeapDesc = RelationGetDescr(OldHeap);
 
    /*
     * Note that the NewHeap will not receive any of the defaults or
     * constraints associated with the OldHeap; we don't need 'em, and there's
     * no reason to spend cycles inserting them into the catalogs only to
     * delete them.
     */
 
    /*
     * But we do want to use reloptions of the old heap for new heap.
     */
    tuple = SearchSysCache1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(OIDOldHeap));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
        elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u", OIDOldHeap);
    reloptions = SysCacheGetAttr(RELOID, tuple, Anum_pg_class_reloptions,
                                 &isNull);
    if (isNull)
        reloptions = (Datum) 0;
 
    if (relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP)
        namespaceid = LookupCreationNamespace("pg_temp");
    else
        namespaceid = RelationGetNamespace(OldHeap);
 
    /*
     * Create the new heap, using a temporary name in the same namespace as
     * the existing table.  NOTE: there is some risk of collision with user
     * relnames.  Working around this seems more trouble than it's worth; in
     * particular, we can't create the new heap in a different namespace from
     * the old, or we will have problems with the TEMP status of temp tables.
     *
     * Note: the new heap is not a shared relation, even if we are rebuilding
     * a shared rel.  However, we do make the new heap mapped if the source is
     * mapped.  This simplifies swap_relation_files, and is absolutely
     * necessary for rebuilding pg_class, for reasons explained there.
     */
    snprintf(NewHeapName, sizeof(NewHeapName), "pg_temp_%u", OIDOldHeap);
 
    OIDNewHeap = heap_create_with_catalog(NewHeapName,
                                          namespaceid,
                                          NewTableSpace,
                                          InvalidOid,
                                          InvalidOid,
                                          InvalidOid,
                                          OldHeap->rd_rel->relowner,
                                          NewAccessMethod,
                                          OldHeapDesc,
                                          NIL,
                                          RELKIND_RELATION,
                                          relpersistence,
                                          false,
                                          RelationIsMapped(OldHeap),
                                          ONCOMMIT_NOOP,
                                          reloptions,
                                          false,
                                          true,
                                          true,
                                          OIDOldHeap,
                                          NULL);
    Assert(OIDNewHeap != InvalidOid);
 
    ReleaseSysCache(tuple);
 
    /*
     * Advance command counter so that the newly-created relation's catalog
     * tuples will be visible to table_open.
     */
    CommandCounterIncrement();
 
    /*
     * If necessary, create a TOAST table for the new relation.
     *
     * If the relation doesn't have a TOAST table already, we can't need one
     * for the new relation.  The other way around is possible though: if some
     * wide columns have been dropped, NewHeapCreateToastTable can decide that
     * no TOAST table is needed for the new table.
     *
     * Note that NewHeapCreateToastTable ends with CommandCounterIncrement, so
     * that the TOAST table will be visible for insertion.
     */
    toastid = OldHeap->rd_rel->reltoastrelid;
    if (OidIsValid(toastid))
    {
        /* keep the existing toast table's reloptions, if any */
        tuple = SearchSysCache1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(toastid));
        if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u", toastid);
        reloptions = SysCacheGetAttr(RELOID, tuple, Anum_pg_class_reloptions,
                                     &isNull);
        if (isNull)
            reloptions = (Datum) 0;
 
        NewHeapCreateToastTable(OIDNewHeap, reloptions, lockmode, toastid);
 
        ReleaseSysCache(tuple);
    }
 
    table_close(OldHeap, NoLock);
 
    return OIDNewHeap;
}
 
/*
 * Do the physical copying of table data.
 *
 * 'snapshot' and 'decoding_ctx': see table_relation_copy_for_cluster(). Pass
 * iff concurrent processing is required.
 *
 * There are three output parameters:
 * *pSwapToastByContent is set true if toast tables must be swapped by content.
 * *pFreezeXid receives the TransactionId used as freeze cutoff point.
 * *pCutoffMulti receives the MultiXactId used as a cutoff point.
 */
static void
copy_table_data(Relation NewHeap, Relation OldHeap, Relation OldIndex,
                Snapshot snapshot, bool verbose, bool *pSwapToastByContent,
                TransactionId *pFreezeXid, MultiXactId *pCutoffMulti)
{
    Relation    relRelation;
    HeapTuple   reltup;
    Form_pg_class relform;
    TupleDesc   oldTupDesc PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY;
    TupleDesc   newTupDesc PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY;
    VacuumParams params;
    struct VacuumCutoffs cutoffs;
    bool        use_sort;
    double      num_tuples = 0,
                tups_vacuumed = 0,
                tups_recently_dead = 0;
    BlockNumber num_pages;
    int         elevel = verbose ? INFO : DEBUG2;
    PGRUsage    ru0;
    char       *nspname;
    bool        concurrent = snapshot != NULL;
    LOCKMODE    lmode;
 
    lmode = RepackLockLevel(concurrent);
 
    pg_rusage_init(&ru0);
 
    /* Store a copy of the namespace name for logging purposes */
    nspname = get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(OldHeap));
 
    /*
     * Their tuple descriptors should be exactly alike, but here we only need
     * assume that they have the same number of columns.
     */
    oldTupDesc = RelationGetDescr(OldHeap);
    newTupDesc = RelationGetDescr(NewHeap);
    Assert(newTupDesc->natts == oldTupDesc->natts);
 
    /*
     * If the OldHeap has a toast table, get lock on the toast table to keep
     * it from being vacuumed.  This is needed because autovacuum processes
     * toast tables independently of their main tables, with no lock on the
     * latter.  If an autovacuum were to start on the toast table after we
     * compute our OldestXmin below, it would use a later OldestXmin, and then
     * possibly remove as DEAD toast tuples belonging to main tuples we think
     * are only RECENTLY_DEAD.  Then we'd fail while trying to copy those
     * tuples.
     *
     * We don't need to open the toast relation here, just lock it.  The lock
     * will be held till end of transaction.
     */
    if (OldHeap->rd_rel->reltoastrelid)
        LockRelationOid(OldHeap->rd_rel->reltoastrelid, lmode);
 
    /*
     * If both tables have TOAST tables, perform toast swap by content.  It is
     * possible that the old table has a toast table but the new one doesn't,
     * if toastable columns have been dropped.  In that case we have to do
     * swap by links.  This is okay because swap by content is only essential
     * for system catalogs, and we don't support schema changes for them.
     */
    if (OldHeap->rd_rel->reltoastrelid && NewHeap->rd_rel->reltoastrelid &&
        !concurrent)
    {
        *pSwapToastByContent = true;
 
        /*
         * When doing swap by content, any toast pointers written into NewHeap
         * must use the old toast table's OID, because that's where the toast
         * data will eventually be found.  Set this up by setting rd_toastoid.
         * This also tells toast_save_datum() to preserve the toast value
         * OIDs, which we want so as not to invalidate toast pointers in
         * system catalog caches, and to avoid making multiple copies of a
         * single toast value.
         *
         * Note that we must hold NewHeap open until we are done writing data,
         * since the relcache will not guarantee to remember this setting once
         * the relation is closed.  Also, this technique depends on the fact
         * that no one will try to read from the NewHeap until after we've
         * finished writing it and swapping the rels --- otherwise they could
         * follow the toast pointers to the wrong place.  (It would actually
         * work for values copied over from the old toast table, but not for
         * any values that we toast which were previously not toasted.)
         *
         * This would not work with CONCURRENTLY because we may need to delete
         * TOASTed tuples from the new heap. With this hack, we'd delete them
         * from the old heap.
         */
        NewHeap->rd_toastoid = OldHeap->rd_rel->reltoastrelid;
    }
    else
        *pSwapToastByContent = false;
 
    /*
     * Compute xids used to freeze and weed out dead tuples and multixacts.
     * Since we're going to rewrite the whole table anyway, there's no reason
     * not to be aggressive about this.
     */
    memset(&params, 0, sizeof(VacuumParams));
    vacuum_get_cutoffs(OldHeap, &params, &cutoffs);
 
    /*
     * FreezeXid will become the table's new relfrozenxid, and that mustn't go
     * backwards, so take the max.
     */
    {
        TransactionId relfrozenxid = OldHeap->rd_rel->relfrozenxid;
 
        if (TransactionIdIsValid(relfrozenxid) &&
            TransactionIdPrecedes(cutoffs.FreezeLimit, relfrozenxid))
            cutoffs.FreezeLimit = relfrozenxid;
    }
 
    /*
     * MultiXactCutoff, similarly, shouldn't go backwards either.
     */
    {
        MultiXactId relminmxid = OldHeap->rd_rel->relminmxid;
 
        if (MultiXactIdIsValid(relminmxid) &&
            MultiXactIdPrecedes(cutoffs.MultiXactCutoff, relminmxid))
            cutoffs.MultiXactCutoff = relminmxid;
    }
 
    /*
     * Decide whether to use an indexscan or seqscan-and-optional-sort to scan
     * the OldHeap.  We know how to use a sort to duplicate the ordering of a
     * btree index, and will use seqscan-and-sort for that case if the planner
     * tells us it's cheaper.  Otherwise, always indexscan if an index is
     * provided, else plain seqscan.
     */
    if (OldIndex != NULL && OldIndex->rd_rel->relam == BTREE_AM_OID)
        use_sort = plan_cluster_use_sort(RelationGetRelid(OldHeap),
                                         RelationGetRelid(OldIndex));
    else
        use_sort = false;
 
    /* Log what we're doing */
    if (OldIndex != NULL && !use_sort)
        ereport(elevel,
                errmsg("repacking \"%s.%s\" using index scan on \"%s\"",
                       nspname,
                       RelationGetRelationName(OldHeap),
                       RelationGetRelationName(OldIndex)));
    else if (use_sort)
        ereport(elevel,
                errmsg("repacking \"%s.%s\" using sequential scan and sort",
                       nspname,
                       RelationGetRelationName(OldHeap)));
    else
        ereport(elevel,
                errmsg("repacking \"%s.%s\" in physical order",
                       nspname,
                       RelationGetRelationName(OldHeap)));
 
    /*
     * Hand off the actual copying to AM specific function, the generic code
     * cannot know how to deal with visibility across AMs. Note that this
     * routine is allowed to set FreezeXid / MultiXactCutoff to different
     * values (e.g. because the AM doesn't use freezing).
     */
    table_relation_copy_for_cluster(OldHeap, NewHeap, OldIndex, use_sort,
                                    cutoffs.OldestXmin, snapshot,
                                    &cutoffs.FreezeLimit,
                                    &cutoffs.MultiXactCutoff,
                                    &num_tuples, &tups_vacuumed,
                                    &tups_recently_dead);
 
    /* return selected values to caller, get set as relfrozenxid/minmxid */
    *pFreezeXid = cutoffs.FreezeLimit;
    *pCutoffMulti = cutoffs.MultiXactCutoff;
 
    /*
     * Reset rd_toastoid just to be tidy --- it shouldn't be looked at again.
     * In the CONCURRENTLY case, we need to set it again before applying the
     * concurrent changes.
     */
    NewHeap->rd_toastoid = InvalidOid;
 
    num_pages = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(NewHeap);
 
    /* Log what we did */
    ereport(elevel,
            (errmsg("\"%s.%s\": found %.0f removable, %.0f nonremovable row versions in %u pages",
                    nspname,
                    RelationGetRelationName(OldHeap),
                    tups_vacuumed, num_tuples,
                    RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(OldHeap)),
             errdetail("%.0f dead row versions cannot be removed yet.\n"
                       "%s.",
                       tups_recently_dead,
                       pg_rusage_show(&ru0))));
 
    /* Update pg_class to reflect the correct values of pages and tuples. */
    relRelation = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
 
    reltup = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
                                 ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(NewHeap)));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(reltup))
        elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
             RelationGetRelid(NewHeap));
    relform = (Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(reltup);
 
    relform->relpages = num_pages;
    relform->reltuples = num_tuples;
 
    /* Don't update the stats for pg_class.  See swap_relation_files. */
    if (RelationGetRelid(OldHeap) != RelationRelationId)
        CatalogTupleUpdate(relRelation, &reltup->t_self, reltup);
    else
        CacheInvalidateRelcacheByTuple(reltup);
 
    /* Clean up. */
    heap_freetuple(reltup);
    table_close(relRelation, RowExclusiveLock);
 
    /* Make the update visible */
    CommandCounterIncrement();
}
 
/*
 * Swap the physical files of two given relations.
 *
 * We swap the physical identity (reltablespace, relfilenumber) while keeping
 * the same logical identities of the two relations.  relpersistence is also
 * swapped, which is critical since it determines where buffers live for each
 * relation.
 *
 * We can swap associated TOAST data in either of two ways: recursively swap
 * the physical content of the toast tables (and their indexes), or swap the
 * TOAST links in the given relations' pg_class entries.  The former is needed
 * to manage rewrites of shared catalogs (where we cannot change the pg_class
 * links) while the latter is the only way to handle cases in which a toast
 * table is added or removed altogether.
 *
 * Additionally, the first relation is marked with relfrozenxid set to
 * frozenXid.  It seems a bit ugly to have this here, but the caller would
 * have to do it anyway, so having it here saves a heap_update.  Note: in
 * the swap-toast-links case, we assume we don't need to change the toast
 * table's relfrozenxid: the new version of the toast table should already
 * have relfrozenxid set to RecentXmin, which is good enough.
 *
 * Lastly, if r2 and its toast table and toast index (if any) are mapped,
 * their OIDs are emitted into mapped_tables[].  This is hacky but beats
 * having to look the information up again later in finish_heap_swap.
 */
static void
swap_relation_files(Oid r1, Oid r2, bool target_is_pg_class,
                    bool swap_toast_by_content,
                    bool is_internal,
                    TransactionId frozenXid,
                    MultiXactId cutoffMulti,
                    Oid *mapped_tables)
{
    Relation    relRelation;
    HeapTuple   reltup1,
                reltup2;
    Form_pg_class relform1,
                relform2;
    RelFileNumber relfilenumber1,
                relfilenumber2;
    RelFileNumber swaptemp;
    char        swptmpchr;
    Oid         relam1,
                relam2;
 
    /* We need writable copies of both pg_class tuples. */
    relRelation = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
 
    reltup1 = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(r1));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(reltup1))
        elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u", r1);
    relform1 = (Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(reltup1);
 
    reltup2 = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(r2));
    if (!HeapTupleIsValid(reltup2))
        elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u", r2);
    relform2 = (Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(reltup2);
 
    relfilenumber1 = relform1->relfilenode;
    relfilenumber2 = relform2->relfilenode;
    relam1 = relform1->relam;
    relam2 = relform2->relam;
 
    if (RelFileNumberIsValid(relfilenumber1) &&
        RelFileNumberIsValid(relfilenumber2))
    {
        /*
         * Normal non-mapped relations: swap relfilenumbers, reltablespaces,
         * relpersistence
         */
        Assert(!target_is_pg_class);
 
        swaptemp = relform1->relfilenode;
        relform1->relfilenode = relform2->relfilenode;
        relform2->relfilenode = swaptemp;
 
        swaptemp = relform1->reltablespace;
        relform1->reltablespace = relform2->reltablespace;
        relform2->reltablespace = swaptemp;
 
        swaptemp = relform1->relam;
        relform1->relam = relform2->relam;
        relform2->relam = swaptemp;
 
        swptmpchr = relform1->relpersistence;
        relform1->relpersistence = relform2->relpersistence;
        relform2->relpersistence = swptmpchr;
 
        /* Also swap toast links, if we're swapping by links */
        if (!swap_toast_by_content)
        {
            swaptemp = relform1->reltoastrelid;
            relform1->reltoastrelid = relform2->reltoastrelid;
            relform2->reltoastrelid = swaptemp;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * Mapped-relation case.  Here we have to swap the relation mappings
         * instead of modifying the pg_class columns.  Both must be mapped.
         */
        if (RelFileNumberIsValid(relfilenumber1) ||
            RelFileNumberIsValid(relfilenumber2))
            elog(ERROR, "cannot swap mapped relation \"%s\" with non-mapped relation",
                 NameStr(relform1->relname));
 
        /*
         * We can't change the tablespace nor persistence of a mapped rel, and
         * we can't handle toast link swapping for one either, because we must
         * not apply any critical changes to its pg_class row.  These cases
         * should be prevented by upstream permissions tests, so these checks
         * are non-user-facing emergency backstop.
         */
        if (relform1->reltablespace != relform2->reltablespace)
            elog(ERROR, "cannot change tablespace of mapped relation \"%s\"",
                 NameStr(relform1->relname));
        if (relform1->relpersistence != relform2->relpersistence)
            elog(ERROR, "cannot change persistence of mapped relation \"%s\"",
                 NameStr(relform1->relname));
        if (relform1->relam != relform2->relam)
            elog(ERROR, "cannot change access method of mapped relation \"%s\"",
                 NameStr(relform1->relname));
        if (!swap_toast_by_content &&
            (relform1->reltoastrelid || relform2->reltoastrelid))
            elog(ERROR, "cannot swap toast by links for mapped relation \"%s\"",
                 NameStr(relform1->relname));
 
        /*
         * Fetch the mappings --- shouldn't fail, but be paranoid
         */
        relfilenumber1 = RelationMapOidToFilenumber(r1, relform1->relisshared);
        if (!RelFileNumberIsValid(relfilenumber1))
            elog(ERROR, "could not find relation mapping for relation \"%s\", OID %u",
                 NameStr(relform1->relname), r1);
        relfilenumber2 = RelationMapOidToFilenumber(r2, relform2->relisshared);
        if (!RelFileNumberIsValid(relfilenumber2))
            elog(ERROR, "could not find relation mapping for relation \"%s\", OID %u",
                 NameStr(relform2->relname), r2);
 
        /*
         * Send replacement mappings to relmapper.  Note these won't actually
         * take effect until CommandCounterIncrement.
         */
        RelationMapUpdateMap(r1, relfilenumber2, relform1->relisshared, false);
        RelationMapUpdateMap(r2, relfilenumber1, relform2->relisshared, false);
 
        /* Pass OIDs of mapped r2 tables back to caller */
        *mapped_tables++ = r2;
    }
 
    /*
     * Recognize that rel1's relfilenumber (swapped from rel2) is new in this
     * subtransaction. The rel2 storage (swapped from rel1) may or may not be
     * new.
     */
    {
        Relation    rel1,
                    rel2;
 
        rel1 = relation_open(r1, NoLock);
        rel2 = relation_open(r2, NoLock);
        rel2->rd_createSubid = rel1->rd_createSubid;
        rel2->rd_newRelfilelocatorSubid = rel1->rd_newRelfilelocatorSubid;
        rel2->rd_firstRelfilelocatorSubid = rel1->rd_firstRelfilelocatorSubid;
        RelationAssumeNewRelfilelocator(rel1);
        relation_close(rel1, NoLock);
        relation_close(rel2, NoLock);
    }
 
    /*
     * In the case of a shared catalog, these next few steps will only affect
     * our own database's pg_class row; but that's okay, because they are all
     * noncritical updates.  That's also an important fact for the case of a
     * mapped catalog, because it's possible that we'll commit the map change
     * and then fail to commit the pg_class update.
     */
 
    /* set rel1's frozen Xid and minimum MultiXid */
    if (relform1->relkind != RELKIND_INDEX)
    {
        Assert(!TransactionIdIsValid(frozenXid) ||
               TransactionIdIsNormal(frozenXid));
        relform1->relfrozenxid = frozenXid;
        relform1->relminmxid = cutoffMulti;
    }
 
    /* swap size statistics too, since new rel has freshly-updated stats */
    {
        int32       swap_pages;
        float4      swap_tuples;
        int32       swap_allvisible;
        int32       swap_allfrozen;
 
        swap_pages = relform1->relpages;
        relform1->relpages = relform2->relpages;
        relform2->relpages = swap_pages;
 
        swap_tuples = relform1->reltuples;
        relform1->reltuples = relform2->reltuples;
        relform2->reltuples = swap_tuples;
 
        swap_allvisible = relform1->relallvisible;
        relform1->relallvisible = relform2->relallvisible;
        relform2->relallvisible = swap_allvisible;
 
        swap_allfrozen = relform1->relallfrozen;
        relform1->relallfrozen = relform2->relallfrozen;
        relform2->relallfrozen = swap_allfrozen;
    }
 
    /*
     * Update the tuples in pg_class --- unless the target relation of the
     * swap is pg_class itself.  In that case, there is zero point in making
     * changes because we'd be updating the old data that we're about to throw
     * away.  Because the real work being done here for a mapped relation is
     * just to change the relation map settings, it's all right to not update
     * the pg_class rows in this case. The most important changes will instead
     * performed later, in finish_heap_swap() itself.
     */
    if (!target_is_pg_class)
    {
        CatalogIndexState indstate;
 
        indstate = CatalogOpenIndexes(relRelation);
        CatalogTupleUpdateWithInfo(relRelation, &reltup1->t_self, reltup1,
                                   indstate);
        CatalogTupleUpdateWithInfo(relRelation, &reltup2->t_self, reltup2,
                                   indstate);
        CatalogCloseIndexes(indstate);
    }
    else
    {
        /* no update ... but we do still need relcache inval */
        CacheInvalidateRelcacheByTuple(reltup1);
        CacheInvalidateRelcacheByTuple(reltup2);
    }
 
    /*
     * Now that pg_class has been updated with its relevant information for
     * the swap, update the dependency of the relations to point to their new
     * table AM, if it has changed.
     */
    if (relam1 != relam2)
    {
        if (changeDependencyFor(RelationRelationId,
                                r1,
                                AccessMethodRelationId,
                                relam1,
                                relam2) != 1)
            elog(ERROR, "could not change access method dependency for relation \"%s.%s\"",
                 get_namespace_name(get_rel_namespace(r1)),
                 get_rel_name(r1));
        if (changeDependencyFor(RelationRelationId,
                                r2,
                                AccessMethodRelationId,
                                relam2,
                                relam1) != 1)
            elog(ERROR, "could not change access method dependency for relation \"%s.%s\"",
                 get_namespace_name(get_rel_namespace(r2)),
                 get_rel_name(r2));
    }
 
    /*
     * Post alter hook for modified relations. The change to r2 is always
     * internal, but r1 depends on the invocation context.
     */
    InvokeObjectPostAlterHookArg(RelationRelationId, r1, 0,
                                 InvalidOid, is_internal);
    InvokeObjectPostAlterHookArg(RelationRelationId, r2, 0,
                                 InvalidOid, true);
 
    /*
     * If we have toast tables associated with the relations being swapped,
     * deal with them too.
     */
    if (relform1->reltoastrelid || relform2->reltoastrelid)
    {
        if (swap_toast_by_content)
        {
            if (relform1->reltoastrelid && relform2->reltoastrelid)
            {
                /* Recursively swap the contents of the toast tables */
                swap_relation_files(relform1->reltoastrelid,
                                    relform2->reltoastrelid,
                                    target_is_pg_class,
                                    swap_toast_by_content,
                                    is_internal,
                                    frozenXid,
                                    cutoffMulti,
                                    mapped_tables);
            }
            else
            {
                /* caller messed up */
                elog(ERROR, "cannot swap toast files by content when there's only one");
            }
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * We swapped the ownership links, so we need to change dependency
             * data to match.
             *
             * NOTE: it is possible that only one table has a toast table.
             *
             * NOTE: at present, a TOAST table's only dependency is the one on
             * its owning table.  If more are ever created, we'd need to use
             * something more selective than deleteDependencyRecordsFor() to
             * get rid of just the link we want.
             */
            ObjectAddress baseobject,
                        toastobject;
            long        count;
 
            /*
             * We disallow this case for system catalogs, to avoid the
             * possibility that the catalog we're rebuilding is one of the
             * ones the dependency changes would change.  It's too late to be
             * making any data changes to the target catalog.
             */
            if (IsSystemClass(r1, relform1))
                elog(ERROR, "cannot swap toast files by links for system catalogs");
 
            /* Delete old dependencies */
            if (relform1->reltoastrelid)
            {
                count = deleteDependencyRecordsFor(RelationRelationId,
                                                   relform1->reltoastrelid,
                                                   false);
                if (count != 1)
                    elog(ERROR, "expected one dependency record for TOAST table, found %ld",
                         count);
            }
            if (relform2->reltoastrelid)
            {
                count = deleteDependencyRecordsFor(RelationRelationId,
                                                   relform2->reltoastrelid,
                                                   false);
                if (count != 1)
                    elog(ERROR, "expected one dependency record for TOAST table, found %ld",
                         count);
            }
 
            /* Register new dependencies */
            baseobject.classId = RelationRelationId;
            baseobject.objectSubId = 0;
            toastobject.classId = RelationRelationId;
            toastobject.objectSubId = 0;
 
            if (relform1->reltoastrelid)
            {
                baseobject.objectId = r1;
                toastobject.objectId = relform1->reltoastrelid;
                recordDependencyOn(&toastobject, &baseobject,
                                   DEPENDENCY_INTERNAL);
            }
 
            if (relform2->reltoastrelid)
            {
                baseobject.objectId = r2;
                toastobject.objectId = relform2->reltoastrelid;
                recordDependencyOn(&toastobject, &baseobject,
                                   DEPENDENCY_INTERNAL);
            }
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * If we're swapping two toast tables by content, do the same for their
     * valid index. The swap can actually be safely done only if the relations
     * have indexes.
     */
    if (swap_toast_by_content &&
        relform1->relkind == RELKIND_TOASTVALUE &&
        relform2->relkind == RELKIND_TOASTVALUE)
    {
        Oid         toastIndex1,
                    toastIndex2;
 
        /* Get valid index for each relation */
        toastIndex1 = toast_get_valid_index(r1,
                                            AccessExclusiveLock);
        toastIndex2 = toast_get_valid_index(r2,
                                            AccessExclusiveLock);
 
        swap_relation_files(toastIndex1,
                            toastIndex2,
                            target_is_pg_class,
                            swap_toast_by_content,
                            is_internal,
                            InvalidTransactionId,
                            InvalidMultiXactId,
                            mapped_tables);
    }
 
    /* Clean up. */
    heap_freetuple(reltup1);
    heap_freetuple(reltup2);
 
    table_close(relRelation, RowExclusiveLock);
}
 
/*
 * Remove the transient table that was built by make_new_heap, and finish
 * cleaning up (including rebuilding all indexes on the old heap).
 */
void
finish_heap_swap(Oid OIDOldHeap, Oid OIDNewHeap,
                 bool is_system_catalog,
                 bool swap_toast_by_content,
                 bool check_constraints,
                 bool is_internal,
                 bool reindex,
                 TransactionId frozenXid,
                 MultiXactId cutoffMulti,
                 char newrelpersistence)
{
    ObjectAddress object;
    Oid         mapped_tables[4];
    int         i;
 
    /* Report that we are now swapping relation files */
    pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_REPACK_PHASE,
                                 PROGRESS_REPACK_PHASE_SWAP_REL_FILES);
 
    /* Zero out possible results from swapped_relation_files */
    memset(mapped_tables, 0, sizeof(mapped_tables));
 
    /*
     * Swap the contents of the heap relations (including any toast tables).
     * Also set old heap's relfrozenxid to frozenXid.
     */
    swap_relation_files(OIDOldHeap, OIDNewHeap,
                        (OIDOldHeap == RelationRelationId),
                        swap_toast_by_content, is_internal,
                        frozenXid, cutoffMulti, mapped_tables);
 
    /*
     * If it's a system catalog, queue a sinval message to flush all catcaches
     * on the catalog when we reach CommandCounterIncrement.
     */
    if (is_system_catalog)
        CacheInvalidateCatalog(OIDOldHeap);
 
    if (reindex)
    {
        int         reindex_flags;
        ReindexParams reindex_params = {0};
 
        /*
         * Rebuild each index on the relation (but not the toast table, which
         * is all-new at this point).  It is important to do this before the
         * DROP step because if we are processing a system catalog that will
         * be used during DROP, we want to have its indexes available.  There
         * is no advantage to the other order anyway because this is all
         * transactional, so no chance to reclaim disk space before commit. We
         * do not need a final CommandCounterIncrement() because
         * reindex_relation does it.
         *
         * Note: because index_build is called via reindex_relation, it will
         * never set indcheckxmin true for the indexes.  This is OK even
         * though in some sense we are building new indexes rather than
         * rebuilding existing ones, because the new heap won't contain any
         * HOT chains at all, let alone broken ones, so it can't be necessary
         * to set indcheckxmin.
         */
        reindex_flags = REINDEX_REL_SUPPRESS_INDEX_USE;
        if (check_constraints)
            reindex_flags |= REINDEX_REL_CHECK_CONSTRAINTS;
 
        /*
         * Ensure that the indexes have the same persistence as the parent
         * relation.
         */
        if (newrelpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED)
            reindex_flags |= REINDEX_REL_FORCE_INDEXES_UNLOGGED;
        else if (newrelpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_PERMANENT)
            reindex_flags |= REINDEX_REL_FORCE_INDEXES_PERMANENT;
 
        /* Report that we are now reindexing relations */
        pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_REPACK_PHASE,
                                     PROGRESS_REPACK_PHASE_REBUILD_INDEX);
 
        reindex_relation(NULL, OIDOldHeap, reindex_flags, &reindex_params);
    }
 
    /* Report that we are now doing clean up */
    pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_REPACK_PHASE,
                                 PROGRESS_REPACK_PHASE_FINAL_CLEANUP);
 
    /*
     * If the relation being rebuilt is pg_class, swap_relation_files()
     * couldn't update pg_class's own pg_class entry (check comments in
     * swap_relation_files()), thus relfrozenxid was not updated. That's
     * annoying because a potential reason for doing a VACUUM FULL is a
     * imminent or actual anti-wraparound shutdown.  So, now that we can
     * access the new relation using its indices, update relfrozenxid.
     * pg_class doesn't have a toast relation, so we don't need to update the
     * corresponding toast relation. Not that there's little point moving all
     * relfrozenxid updates here since swap_relation_files() needs to write to
     * pg_class for non-mapped relations anyway.
     */
    if (OIDOldHeap == RelationRelationId)
    {
        Relation    relRelation;
        HeapTuple   reltup;
        Form_pg_class relform;
 
        relRelation = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
 
        reltup = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(OIDOldHeap));
        if (!HeapTupleIsValid(reltup))
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u", OIDOldHeap);
        relform = (Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(reltup);
 
        relform->relfrozenxid = frozenXid;
        relform->relminmxid = cutoffMulti;
 
        CatalogTupleUpdate(relRelation, &reltup->t_self, reltup);
 
        table_close(relRelation, RowExclusiveLock);
    }
 
    /* Destroy new heap with old filenumber */
    object.classId = RelationRelationId;
    object.objectId = OIDNewHeap;
    object.objectSubId = 0;
 
    if (!reindex)
    {
        /*
         * Make sure the changes in pg_class are visible. This is especially
         * important if !swap_toast_by_content, so that the correct TOAST
         * relation is dropped. (reindex_relation() above did not help in this
         * case))
         */
        CommandCounterIncrement();
    }
 
    /*
     * The new relation is local to our transaction and we know nothing
     * depends on it, so DROP_RESTRICT should be OK.
     */
    performDeletion(&object, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
 
    /* performDeletion does CommandCounterIncrement at end */
 
    /*
     * Now we must remove any relation mapping entries that we set up for the
     * transient table, as well as its toast table and toast index if any. If
     * we fail to do this before commit, the relmapper will complain about new
     * permanent map entries being added post-bootstrap.
     */
    for (i = 0; OidIsValid(mapped_tables[i]); i++)
        RelationMapRemoveMapping(mapped_tables[i]);
 
    /*
     * At this point, everything is kosher except that, if we did toast swap
     * by links, the toast table's name corresponds to the transient table.
     * The name is irrelevant to the backend because it's referenced by OID,
     * but users looking at the catalogs could be confused.  Rename it to
     * prevent this problem.
     *
     * Note no lock required on the relation, because we already hold an
     * exclusive lock on it.
     */
    if (!swap_toast_by_content)
    {
        Relation    newrel;
 
        newrel = table_open(OIDOldHeap, NoLock);
        if (OidIsValid(newrel->rd_rel->reltoastrelid))
        {
            Oid         toastidx;
            char        NewToastName[NAMEDATALEN];
 
            /* Get the associated valid index to be renamed */
            toastidx = toast_get_valid_index(newrel->rd_rel->reltoastrelid,
                                             AccessExclusiveLock);
 
            /* rename the toast table ... */
            snprintf(NewToastName, NAMEDATALEN, "pg_toast_%u",
                     OIDOldHeap);
            RenameRelationInternal(newrel->rd_rel->reltoastrelid,
                                   NewToastName, true, false);
 
            /* ... and its valid index too. */
            snprintf(NewToastName, NAMEDATALEN, "pg_toast_%u_index",
                     OIDOldHeap);
 
            RenameRelationInternal(toastidx,
                                   NewToastName, true, true);
 
            /*
             * Reset the relrewrite for the toast. The command-counter
             * increment is required here as we are about to update the tuple
             * that is updated as part of RenameRelationInternal.
             */
            CommandCounterIncrement();
            ResetRelRewrite(newrel->rd_rel->reltoastrelid);
        }
        relation_close(newrel, NoLock);
    }
 
    /* if it's not a catalog table, clear any missing attribute settings */
    if (!is_system_catalog)
    {
        Relation    newrel;
 
        newrel = table_open(OIDOldHeap, NoLock);
        RelationClearMissing(newrel);
        relation_close(newrel, NoLock);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Determine which relations to process, when REPACK/CLUSTER is called
 * without specifying a table name.  The exact process depends on whether
 * USING INDEX was given or not, and in any case we only return tables and
 * materialized views that the current user has privileges to repack/cluster.
 *
 * If USING INDEX was given, we scan pg_index to find those that have
 * indisclustered set; if it was not given, scan pg_class and return all
 * tables.
 *
 * Return it as a list of RelToCluster in the given memory context.
 */
static List *
get_tables_to_repack(RepackCommand cmd, bool usingindex, MemoryContext permcxt)
{
    Relation    catalog;
    TableScanDesc scan;
    HeapTuple   tuple;
    List       *rtcs = NIL;
 
    if (usingindex)
    {
        ScanKeyData entry;
 
        /*
         * For USING INDEX, scan pg_index to find those with indisclustered.
         *
         * Note we don't obtain lock of any kind on the index, which means the
         * index or its owning table could be gone or change at any point.  We
         * have to be extra careful when examining catalog state for them.
         */
        catalog = table_open(IndexRelationId, AccessShareLock);
        ScanKeyInit(&entry,
                    Anum_pg_index_indisclustered,
                    BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_BOOLEQ,
                    BoolGetDatum(true));
        scan = table_beginscan_catalog(catalog, 1, &entry);
        while ((tuple = heap_getnext(scan, ForwardScanDirection)) != NULL)
        {
            RelToCluster *rtc;
            Form_pg_index index;
            HeapTuple   classtup;
            Oid         relnamespace;
            char        relpersistence;
            MemoryContext oldcxt;
 
            index = (Form_pg_index) GETSTRUCT(tuple);
 
            classtup = SearchSysCache1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(index->indrelid));
            if (!HeapTupleIsValid(classtup))
                continue;
            relnamespace = ((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(classtup))->relnamespace;
            relpersistence = ((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(classtup))->relpersistence;
            ReleaseSysCache(classtup);
 
            /* Skip temp relations belonging to other sessions */
            if (relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP &&
                !isTempOrTempToastNamespace(relnamespace))
                continue;
 
            /* noisily skip rels which the user can't process */
            if (!repack_is_permitted_for_relation(cmd, index->indrelid,
                                                  GetUserId()))
                continue;
 
            /* Use a permanent memory context for the result list */
            oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(permcxt);
            rtc = palloc_object(RelToCluster);
            rtc->tableOid = index->indrelid;
            rtc->indexOid = index->indexrelid;
            rtcs = lappend(rtcs, rtc);
            MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        catalog = table_open(RelationRelationId, AccessShareLock);
        scan = table_beginscan_catalog(catalog, 0, NULL);
 
        while ((tuple = heap_getnext(scan, ForwardScanDirection)) != NULL)
        {
            RelToCluster *rtc;
            Form_pg_class class;
            MemoryContext oldcxt;
 
            class = (Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple);
 
            /* Can only process plain tables and matviews */
            if (class->relkind != RELKIND_RELATION &&
                class->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
                continue;
 
            /* Skip temp relations belonging to other sessions */
            if (class->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP &&
                !isTempOrTempToastNamespace(class->relnamespace))
                continue;
 
            /* noisily skip rels which the user can't process */
            if (!repack_is_permitted_for_relation(cmd, class->oid,
                                                  GetUserId()))
                continue;
 
            /* Use a permanent memory context for the result list */
            oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(permcxt);
            rtc = palloc_object(RelToCluster);
            rtc->tableOid = class->oid;
            rtc->indexOid = InvalidOid;
            rtcs = lappend(rtcs, rtc);
            MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
        }
    }
 
    table_endscan(scan);
    table_close(catalog, AccessShareLock);
 
    return rtcs;
}
 
/*
 * Given a partitioned table or its index, return a list of RelToCluster for
 * all the leaf child tables/indexes.
 *
 * 'rel_is_index' tells whether 'relid' is that of an index (true) or of the
 * owning relation.
 */
static List *
get_tables_to_repack_partitioned(RepackCommand cmd, Oid relid,
                                 bool rel_is_index, MemoryContext permcxt)
{
    List       *inhoids;
    List       *rtcs = NIL;
 
    /*
     * Do not lock the children until they're processed.  Note that we do hold
     * a lock on the parent partitioned table.
     */
    inhoids = find_all_inheritors(relid, NoLock, NULL);
    foreach_oid(child_oid, inhoids)
    {
        Oid         table_oid,
                    index_oid;
        RelToCluster *rtc;
        MemoryContext oldcxt;
 
        if (rel_is_index)
        {
            /* consider only leaf indexes */
            if (get_rel_relkind(child_oid) != RELKIND_INDEX)
                continue;
 
            table_oid = IndexGetRelation(child_oid, false);
            index_oid = child_oid;
        }
        else
        {
            /* consider only leaf relations */
            if (get_rel_relkind(child_oid) != RELKIND_RELATION)
                continue;
 
            table_oid = child_oid;
            index_oid = InvalidOid;
        }
 
        /*
         * It's possible that the user does not have privileges to CLUSTER the
         * leaf partition despite having them on the partitioned table.  Skip
         * if so.
         */
        if (!repack_is_permitted_for_relation(cmd, table_oid, GetUserId()))
            continue;
 
        /* Use a permanent memory context for the result list */
        oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(permcxt);
        rtc = palloc_object(RelToCluster);
        rtc->tableOid = table_oid;
        rtc->indexOid = index_oid;
        rtcs = lappend(rtcs, rtc);
        MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
    }
 
    return rtcs;
}
 
 
/*
 * Return whether userid has privileges to execute REPACK on relid.
 *
 * Caller may not have a lock on the relation, so it could have been
 * dropped concurrently.  In that case, silently return false.
 *
 * If the relation does exist but the user doesn't have the required
 * privs, emit a WARNING and return false.  Otherwise, return true.
 */
static bool
repack_is_permitted_for_relation(RepackCommand cmd, Oid relid, Oid userid)
{
    bool        is_missing = false;
    AclResult   result;
    char       *relname;
 
    Assert(cmd == REPACK_COMMAND_CLUSTER || cmd == REPACK_COMMAND_REPACK);
 
    result = pg_class_aclcheck_ext(relid, userid, ACL_MAINTAIN, &is_missing);
    if (is_missing)
        return false;
 
    if (result == ACLCHECK_OK)
        return true;
 
    /*
     * The relation can also be dropped after we tested its ACL and before we
     * read its relname, so be careful here.
     */
    relname = get_rel_name(relid);
    if (relname != NULL)
    {
        ereport(WARNING,
                errmsg("permission denied to execute %s on \"%s\", skipping it",
                       RepackCommandAsString(cmd), relname));
        pfree(relname);
    }
 
    return false;
}
 
 
/*
 * Given a RepackStmt with an indicated relation name, resolve the relation
 * name, obtain lock on it, then determine what to do based on the relation
 * type: if it's table and not partitioned, repack it as indicated (using an
 * existing clustered index, or following the given one), and return NULL.
 *
 * On the other hand, if the table is partitioned, do nothing further and
 * instead return the opened and locked relcache entry, so that caller can
 * process the partitions using the multiple-table handling code.  In this
 * case, if an index name is given, it's up to the caller to resolve it.
 */
static Relation
process_single_relation(RepackStmt *stmt, LOCKMODE lockmode, bool isTopLevel,
                        ClusterParams *params)
{
    Relation    rel;
    Oid         tableOid;
 
    Assert(stmt->relation != NULL);
    Assert(stmt->command == REPACK_COMMAND_CLUSTER ||
           stmt->command == REPACK_COMMAND_REPACK);
 
    /*
     * Make sure ANALYZE is specified if a column list is present.
     */
    if ((params->options & CLUOPT_ANALYZE) == 0 && stmt->relation->va_cols != NIL)
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
                errmsg("ANALYZE option must be specified when a column list is provided"));
 
    /* Find, lock, and check permissions on the table. */
    tableOid = RangeVarGetRelidExtended(stmt->relation->relation,
                                        lockmode,
                                        0,
                                        RangeVarCallbackMaintainsTable,
                                        NULL);
    rel = table_open(tableOid, NoLock);
 
    /*
     * Reject clustering a remote temp table ... their local buffer manager is
     * not going to cope.
     */
    if (RELATION_IS_OTHER_TEMP(rel))
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
        /*- translator: first %s is name of a SQL command, eg. REPACK */
                errmsg("cannot execute %s on temporary tables of other sessions",
                       RepackCommandAsString(stmt->command)));
 
    /*
     * For partitioned tables, let caller handle this.  Otherwise, process it
     * here and we're done.
     */
    if (rel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
        return rel;
    else
    {
        Oid         indexOid = InvalidOid;
 
        indexOid = determine_clustered_index(rel, stmt->usingindex,
                                             stmt->indexname);
        if (OidIsValid(indexOid))
            check_index_is_clusterable(rel, indexOid, lockmode);
 
        cluster_rel(stmt->command, rel, indexOid, params, isTopLevel);
 
        /*
         * Do an analyze, if requested.  We close the transaction and start a
         * new one, so that we don't hold the stronger lock for longer than
         * needed.
         */
        if (params->options & CLUOPT_ANALYZE)
        {
            VacuumParams vac_params = {0};
 
            PopActiveSnapshot();
            CommitTransactionCommand();
 
            StartTransactionCommand();
            PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
 
            vac_params.options |= VACOPT_ANALYZE;
            if (params->options & CLUOPT_VERBOSE)
                vac_params.options |= VACOPT_VERBOSE;
            analyze_rel(tableOid, NULL, &vac_params,
                        stmt->relation->va_cols, true, NULL);
            PopActiveSnapshot();
            CommandCounterIncrement();
        }
 
        return NULL;
    }
}
 
/*
 * Given a relation and the usingindex/indexname options in a
 * REPACK USING INDEX or CLUSTER command, return the OID of the
 * index to use for clustering the table.
 *
 * Caller must hold lock on the relation so that the set of indexes
 * doesn't change, and must call check_index_is_clusterable.
 */
static Oid
determine_clustered_index(Relation rel, bool usingindex, const char *indexname)
{
    Oid         indexOid;
 
    if (indexname == NULL && usingindex)
    {
        /*
         * If USING INDEX with no name is given, find a clustered index, or
         * error out if none.
         */
        indexOid = InvalidOid;
        foreach_oid(idxoid, RelationGetIndexList(rel))
        {
            if (get_index_isclustered(idxoid))
            {
                indexOid = idxoid;
                break;
            }
        }
 
        if (!OidIsValid(indexOid))
            ereport(ERROR,
                    errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
                    errmsg("there is no previously clustered index for table \"%s\"",
                           RelationGetRelationName(rel)));
    }
    else if (indexname != NULL)
    {
        /* An index was specified; obtain its OID. */
        indexOid = get_relname_relid(indexname, rel->rd_rel->relnamespace);
        if (!OidIsValid(indexOid))
            ereport(ERROR,
                    errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
                    errmsg("index \"%s\" for table \"%s\" does not exist",
                           indexname, RelationGetRelationName(rel)));
    }
    else
        indexOid = InvalidOid;
 
    return indexOid;
}
 
static const char *
RepackCommandAsString(RepackCommand cmd)
{
    switch (cmd)
    {
        case REPACK_COMMAND_REPACK:
            return "REPACK";
        case REPACK_COMMAND_VACUUMFULL:
            return "VACUUM";
        case REPACK_COMMAND_CLUSTER:
            return "CLUSTER";
    }
    return "???";               /* keep compiler quiet */
}
 
/*
 * Apply all the changes stored in 'file'.
 */
static void
apply_concurrent_changes(BufFile *file, ChangeContext *chgcxt)
{
    ConcurrentChangeKind kind = '\0';
    Relation    rel = chgcxt->cc_rel;
    TupleTableSlot *spilled_tuple;
    TupleTableSlot *old_update_tuple;
    TupleTableSlot *ondisk_tuple;
    bool        have_old_tuple = false;
    MemoryContext oldcxt;
 
    spilled_tuple = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel),
                                             &TTSOpsVirtual);
    ondisk_tuple = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel),
                                            table_slot_callbacks(rel));
    old_update_tuple = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel),
                                                &TTSOpsVirtual);
 
    oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(GetPerTupleMemoryContext(chgcxt->cc_estate));
 
    while (true)
    {
        size_t      nread;
        ConcurrentChangeKind prevkind = kind;
 
        CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
 
        nread = BufFileReadMaybeEOF(file, &kind, 1, true);
        if (nread == 0)         /* done with the file? */
            break;
 
        /*
         * If this is the old tuple for an update, read it into the tuple slot
         * and go to the next one.  The update itself will be executed on the
         * next iteration, when we receive the NEW tuple.
         */
        if (kind == CHANGE_UPDATE_OLD)
        {
            restore_tuple(file, rel, old_update_tuple);
            have_old_tuple = true;
            continue;
        }
 
        /*
         * Just before an UPDATE or DELETE, we must update the command
         * counter, because the change could refer to a tuple that we have
         * just inserted; and before an INSERT, we have to do this also if the
         * previous command was either update or delete.
         *
         * With this approach we don't spend so many CCIs for long strings of
         * only INSERTs, which can't affect one another.
         */
        if (kind == CHANGE_UPDATE_NEW || kind == CHANGE_DELETE ||
            (kind == CHANGE_INSERT && (prevkind == CHANGE_UPDATE_NEW ||
                                       prevkind == CHANGE_DELETE)))
        {
            CommandCounterIncrement();
            UpdateActiveSnapshotCommandId();
        }
 
        /*
         * Now restore the tuple into the slot and execute the change.
         */
        restore_tuple(file, rel, spilled_tuple);
 
        if (kind == CHANGE_INSERT)
        {
            apply_concurrent_insert(rel, spilled_tuple, chgcxt);
        }
        else if (kind == CHANGE_DELETE)
        {
            bool        found;
 
            /* Find the tuple to be deleted */
            found = find_target_tuple(rel, chgcxt, spilled_tuple, ondisk_tuple);
            if (!found)
                elog(ERROR, "could not find target tuple");
            apply_concurrent_delete(rel, ondisk_tuple);
        }
        else if (kind == CHANGE_UPDATE_NEW)
        {
            TupleTableSlot *key;
            bool        found;
 
            if (have_old_tuple)
                key = old_update_tuple;
            else
                key = spilled_tuple;
 
            /* Find the tuple to be updated or deleted. */
            found = find_target_tuple(rel, chgcxt, key, ondisk_tuple);
            if (!found)
                elog(ERROR, "could not find target tuple");
 
            /*
             * If 'tup' contains TOAST pointers, they point to the old
             * relation's toast. Copy the corresponding TOAST pointers for the
             * new relation from the existing tuple. (The fact that we
             * received a TOAST pointer here implies that the attribute hasn't
             * changed.)
             */
            adjust_toast_pointers(rel, spilled_tuple, ondisk_tuple);
 
            apply_concurrent_update(rel, spilled_tuple, ondisk_tuple, chgcxt);
 
            ExecClearTuple(old_update_tuple);
            have_old_tuple = false;
        }
        else
            elog(ERROR, "unrecognized kind of change: %d", kind);
 
        ResetPerTupleExprContext(chgcxt->cc_estate);
    }
 
    /* Cleanup. */
    ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(spilled_tuple);
    ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(ondisk_tuple);
    ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(old_update_tuple);
 
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
}
 
/*
 * Apply an insert from the spill of concurrent changes to the new copy of the
 * table.
 */
static void
apply_concurrent_insert(Relation rel, TupleTableSlot *slot,
                        ChangeContext *chgcxt)
{
    /* Put the tuple in the table, but make sure it won't be decoded */
    table_tuple_insert(rel, slot, GetCurrentCommandId(true),
                       TABLE_INSERT_NO_LOGICAL, NULL);
 
    /* Update indexes with this new tuple. */
    ExecInsertIndexTuples(chgcxt->cc_rri,
                          chgcxt->cc_estate,
                          0,
                          slot,
                          NIL, NULL);
    pgstat_progress_incr_param(PROGRESS_REPACK_HEAP_TUPLES_INSERTED, 1);
}
 
/*
 * Apply an update from the spill of concurrent changes to the new copy of the
 * table.
 */
static void
apply_concurrent_update(Relation rel, TupleTableSlot *spilled_tuple,
                        TupleTableSlot *ondisk_tuple,
                        ChangeContext *chgcxt)
{
    LockTupleMode lockmode;
    TM_FailureData tmfd;
    TU_UpdateIndexes update_indexes;
    TM_Result   res;
 
    /*
     * Carry out the update, skipping logical decoding for it.
     */
    res = table_tuple_update(rel, &(ondisk_tuple->tts_tid), spilled_tuple,
                             GetCurrentCommandId(true),
                             TABLE_UPDATE_NO_LOGICAL,
                             InvalidSnapshot,
                             InvalidSnapshot,
                             false,
                             &tmfd, &lockmode, &update_indexes);
    if (res != TM_Ok)
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
                errmsg("could not apply concurrent %s on relation \"%s\"",
                       "UPDATE", RelationGetRelationName(rel)));
 
    if (update_indexes != TU_None)
    {
        uint32      flags = EIIT_IS_UPDATE;
 
        if (update_indexes == TU_Summarizing)
            flags |= EIIT_ONLY_SUMMARIZING;
        ExecInsertIndexTuples(chgcxt->cc_rri,
                              chgcxt->cc_estate,
                              flags,
                              spilled_tuple,
                              NIL, NULL);
    }
 
    pgstat_progress_incr_param(PROGRESS_REPACK_HEAP_TUPLES_UPDATED, 1);
}
 
static void
apply_concurrent_delete(Relation rel, TupleTableSlot *slot)
{
    TM_Result   res;
    TM_FailureData tmfd;
 
    /*
     * Delete tuple from the new heap, skipping logical decoding for it.
     */
    res = table_tuple_delete(rel, &(slot->tts_tid),
                             GetCurrentCommandId(true),
                             TABLE_DELETE_NO_LOGICAL,
                             InvalidSnapshot, InvalidSnapshot,
                             false,
                             &tmfd);
 
    if (res != TM_Ok)
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
                errmsg("could not apply concurrent %s on relation \"%s\"",
                       "DELETE", RelationGetRelationName(rel)));
 
    pgstat_progress_incr_param(PROGRESS_REPACK_HEAP_TUPLES_DELETED, 1);
}
 
/*
 * Read tuple from file and put it in the input slot.  All memory is allocated
 * in the current memory context; caller is responsible for freeing it as
 * appropriate.
 *
 * External attributes are stored in separate memory chunks, in order to avoid
 * exceeding MaxAllocSize - that could happen if the individual attributes are
 * smaller than MaxAllocSize but the whole tuple is bigger.
 */
static void
restore_tuple(BufFile *file, Relation relation, TupleTableSlot *slot)
{
    uint32      t_len;
    HeapTuple   tup;
    int         natt_ext;
 
    /* Read the tuple. */
    BufFileReadExact(file, &t_len, sizeof(t_len));
    tup = (HeapTuple) palloc(HEAPTUPLESIZE + t_len);
    tup->t_data = (HeapTupleHeader) ((char *) tup + HEAPTUPLESIZE);
    BufFileReadExact(file, tup->t_data, t_len);
    tup->t_len = t_len;
    ItemPointerSetInvalid(&tup->t_self);
    tup->t_tableOid = RelationGetRelid(relation);
 
    /*
     * Put the tuple we read in a slot. This deforms it, so that we can hack
     * the external attributes in place.
     */
    ExecForceStoreHeapTuple(tup, slot, false);
 
    /*
     * Next, read any attributes we stored separately into the tts_values
     * array elements expecting them, if any.  This matches
     * repack_store_change.
     */
    BufFileReadExact(file, &natt_ext, sizeof(natt_ext));
    if (natt_ext > 0)
    {
        TupleDesc   desc = slot->tts_tupleDescriptor;
 
        for (int i = 0; i < desc->natts; i++)
        {
            CompactAttribute *attr = TupleDescCompactAttr(desc, i);
            varlena    *varlen;
            uint64      chunk_header;
            void       *value;
            Size        varlensz;
 
            if (attr->attisdropped || attr->attlen != -1)
                continue;
            if (slot_attisnull(slot, i + 1))
                continue;
            varlen = (varlena *) DatumGetPointer(slot->tts_values[i]);
            if (!VARATT_IS_EXTERNAL_INDIRECT(varlen))
                continue;
            slot_getsomeattrs(slot, i + 1);
 
            BufFileReadExact(file, &chunk_header, VARHDRSZ);
            varlensz = VARSIZE_ANY(&chunk_header);
 
            value = palloc(varlensz);
            memcpy(value, &chunk_header, VARHDRSZ);
            BufFileReadExact(file, (char *) value + VARHDRSZ, varlensz - VARHDRSZ);
 
            slot->tts_values[i] = PointerGetDatum(value);
            natt_ext--;
            if (natt_ext < 0)
                elog(ERROR, "insufficient number of attributes stored separately");
        }
 
        if (natt_ext != 0)
            elog(ERROR,
                 "unexpected number of attributes stored separately (%d remaining)",
                 natt_ext);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Adjust 'dest' replacing any EXTERNAL_ONDISK toast pointers with the
 * corresponding ones from 'src'.
 */
static void
adjust_toast_pointers(Relation relation, TupleTableSlot *dest, TupleTableSlot *src)
{
    TupleDesc   desc = dest->tts_tupleDescriptor;
 
    for (int i = 0; i < desc->natts; i++)
    {
        CompactAttribute *attr = TupleDescCompactAttr(desc, i);
        varlena    *varlena_dst;
 
        if (attr->attisdropped)
            continue;
        if (attr->attlen != -1)
            continue;
        if (slot_attisnull(dest, i + 1))
            continue;
 
        slot_getsomeattrs(dest, i + 1);
 
        varlena_dst = (varlena *) DatumGetPointer(dest->tts_values[i]);
        if (!VARATT_IS_EXTERNAL_ONDISK(varlena_dst))
            continue;
        slot_getsomeattrs(src, i + 1);
 
        dest->tts_values[i] = src->tts_values[i];
    }
}
 
/*
 * Find the tuple to be updated or deleted by the given data change, whose
 * tuple has already been loaded into locator.
 *
 * If the tuple is found, put it in retrieved and return true.  If the tuple is
 * not found, return false.
 */
static bool
find_target_tuple(Relation rel, ChangeContext *chgcxt, TupleTableSlot *locator,
                  TupleTableSlot *retrieved)
{
    Form_pg_index idx = chgcxt->cc_ident_index->rd_index;
    IndexScanDesc scan;
    bool        retval = false;
 
    /*
     * Scan key is passed by caller, so it does not have to be constructed
     * multiple times. Key entries have all fields initialized, except for
     * sk_argument.
     *
     * Use the incoming tuple to finalize the scan key.
     */
    for (int i = 0; i < chgcxt->cc_ident_key_nentries; i++)
    {
        ScanKey     entry = &chgcxt->cc_ident_key[i];
        AttrNumber  attno = idx->indkey.values[i];
 
        entry->sk_argument = locator->tts_values[attno - 1];
        Assert(!locator->tts_isnull[attno - 1]);
    }
 
    /* XXX no instrumentation for now */
    scan = index_beginscan(rel, chgcxt->cc_ident_index, GetActiveSnapshot(),
                           NULL, chgcxt->cc_ident_key_nentries, 0, 0);
    index_rescan(scan, chgcxt->cc_ident_key, chgcxt->cc_ident_key_nentries, NULL, 0);
    while (index_getnext_slot(scan, ForwardScanDirection, retrieved))
    {
        /* Be wary of temporal constraints */
        if (scan->xs_recheck && !identity_key_equal(chgcxt, locator, retrieved))
        {
            CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
            continue;
        }
 
        retval = true;
        break;
    }
    index_endscan(scan);
 
    return retval;
}
 
/*
 * Check whether the candidate tuple matches the locator tuple on all replica
 * identity key columns, using the same equality operators as the identity
 * index scan.  The locator tuple has already been loaded into cc_ident_key.
 *
 * This is needed to filter lossy index matches, such as GiST multirange scans
 * used for temporal constraints.
 */
static bool
identity_key_equal(ChangeContext *chgcxt, TupleTableSlot *locator,
                   TupleTableSlot *candidate)
{
    slot_getsomeattrs(locator, chgcxt->cc_last_key_attno);
    slot_getsomeattrs(candidate, chgcxt->cc_last_key_attno);
 
    for (int i = 0; i < chgcxt->cc_ident_key_nentries; i++)
    {
        ScanKey     entry = &chgcxt->cc_ident_key[i];
        AttrNumber  attno = chgcxt->cc_ident_index->rd_index->indkey.values[i];
 
        Assert(attno > 0);
 
        if (locator->tts_isnull[attno - 1] != candidate->tts_isnull[attno - 1])
            return false;
 
        if (locator->tts_isnull[attno - 1])
            continue;
 
        if (!DatumGetBool(FunctionCall2Coll(&entry->sk_func,
                                            entry->sk_collation,
                                            candidate->tts_values[attno - 1],
                                            entry->sk_argument)))
            return false;
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
/*
 * Decode and apply concurrent changes, up to (and including) the record whose
 * LSN is 'end_of_wal'.
 *
 * XXX the names "process_concurrent_changes" and "apply_concurrent_changes"
 * are far too similar to each other.
 */
static void
process_concurrent_changes(XLogRecPtr end_of_wal, ChangeContext *chgcxt, bool done)
{
    DecodingWorkerShared *shared;
    char        fname[MAXPGPATH];
    BufFile    *file;
 
    pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_REPACK_PHASE,
                                 PROGRESS_REPACK_PHASE_CATCH_UP);
 
    /* Ask the worker for the file. */
    shared = (DecodingWorkerShared *) dsm_segment_address(decoding_worker->seg);
    SpinLockAcquire(&shared->mutex);
    shared->lsn_upto = end_of_wal;
    shared->done = done;
    SpinLockRelease(&shared->mutex);
 
    /*
     * The worker needs to finish processing of the current WAL record. Even
     * if it's idle, it'll need to close the output file. Thus we're likely to
     * wait, so prepare for sleep.
     */
    ConditionVariablePrepareToSleep(&shared->cv);
    for (;;)
    {
        int         last_exported;
 
        SpinLockAcquire(&shared->mutex);
        last_exported = shared->last_exported;
        SpinLockRelease(&shared->mutex);
 
        /*
         * Has the worker exported the file we are waiting for?
         */
        if (last_exported == chgcxt->cc_file_seq)
            break;
 
        ConditionVariableSleep(&shared->cv, WAIT_EVENT_REPACK_WORKER_EXPORT);
    }
    ConditionVariableCancelSleep();
 
    /* Open the file. */
    DecodingWorkerFileName(fname, shared->relid, chgcxt->cc_file_seq);
    file = BufFileOpenFileSet(&shared->sfs.fs, fname, O_RDONLY, false);
    apply_concurrent_changes(file, chgcxt);
 
    BufFileClose(file);
 
    /* Get ready for the next file. */
    chgcxt->cc_file_seq++;
}
 
/*
 * Initialize the ChangeContext struct for the given relation, with
 * the given index as identity index.
 */
static void
initialize_change_context(ChangeContext *chgcxt,
                          Relation relation, Oid ident_index_id)
{
    chgcxt->cc_rel = relation;
 
    /* Only initialize fields needed by ExecInsertIndexTuples(). */
    chgcxt->cc_estate = CreateExecutorState();
 
    /*
     * Set up a range table for the executor, containing our repacked table as
     * its only member.
     */
    {
        RangeTblEntry *rte;
        TupleDesc   desc = RelationGetDescr(relation);
        List       *perminfos = NIL;
        Bitmapset  *updatedCols = NULL;
        RTEPermissionInfo *perminfo;
 
        /*
         * For our use, the RTE only needs to have perminfoindex initialized,
         * but there's no reason to not set the fields whose values we have at
         * hand.
         */
        rte = makeNode(RangeTblEntry);
        rte->rtekind = RTE_RELATION;
        rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(relation);
        rte->relkind = RelationGetForm(relation)->relkind;
        /* Create the RTEPermissionInfo instance (and set ->perminfoindex). */
        addRTEPermissionInfo(&perminfos, rte);
 
        /*
         * Initialize updatedCols to show that all columns are updated.  This
         * is of course not necessarily true, and we cannot know this early;
         * but this is only used by ExecInsertIndexTuples to flag index
         * updates with no logical value changes, so if it's wrong, nothing
         * terribly bad happens. We may want to improve this someday though.
         *
         * Don't claim that dropped columns are changed though.
         */
        for (int i = 0; i < desc->natts; i++)
        {
            CompactAttribute *attr = TupleDescCompactAttr(desc, i);
 
            if (attr->attisdropped)
                continue;
            updatedCols = bms_add_member(updatedCols,
                                         i + 1 - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
        }
 
        /* install updatedCols in the right place */
        perminfo = getRTEPermissionInfo(perminfos, rte);
        perminfo->updatedCols = updatedCols;
 
        /* finally we can initialize the range table proper */
        ExecInitRangeTable(chgcxt->cc_estate, list_make1(rte), perminfos,
                           bms_make_singleton(1));
    }
 
    /* Set up our ResultRelInfo to use for index updates */
    chgcxt->cc_rri = makeNode(ResultRelInfo);
    InitResultRelInfo(chgcxt->cc_rri, relation, 1, NULL, 0);
    ExecOpenIndices(chgcxt->cc_rri, false);
 
    /*
     * The table's relcache entry already has the relcache entry for the
     * identity index; find that.
     */
    chgcxt->cc_ident_index = NULL;
    for (int i = 0; i < chgcxt->cc_rri->ri_NumIndices; i++)
    {
        Relation    ind_rel;
 
        ind_rel = chgcxt->cc_rri->ri_IndexRelationDescs[i];
        if (ind_rel->rd_id == ident_index_id)
        {
            chgcxt->cc_ident_index = ind_rel;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (chgcxt->cc_ident_index == NULL)
        elog(ERROR, "could not find identity index");
 
    /* Set up for scanning said identity index */
    {
        Form_pg_index indexForm;
 
        indexForm = chgcxt->cc_ident_index->rd_index;
        chgcxt->cc_ident_key_nentries = indexForm->indnkeyatts;
        chgcxt->cc_ident_key = (ScanKey) palloc_array(ScanKeyData, indexForm->indnkeyatts);
        for (int i = 0; i < indexForm->indnkeyatts; i++)
        {
            ScanKey     entry;
            Oid         opfamily,
                        opcintype,
                        opno,
                        opcode;
            StrategyNumber eq_strategy;
 
            entry = &chgcxt->cc_ident_key[i];
 
            opfamily = chgcxt->cc_ident_index->rd_opfamily[i];
            opcintype = chgcxt->cc_ident_index->rd_opcintype[i];
            eq_strategy = IndexAmTranslateCompareType(COMPARE_EQ,
                                                      chgcxt->cc_ident_index->rd_rel->relam,
                                                      opfamily, false);
            if (eq_strategy == InvalidStrategy)
                elog(ERROR, "could not find equality strategy for index operator family %u for type %u",
                     opfamily, opcintype);
            opno = get_opfamily_member(opfamily, opcintype, opcintype,
                                       eq_strategy);
            if (!OidIsValid(opno))
                elog(ERROR, "missing operator %d(%u,%u) in opfamily %u",
                     eq_strategy, opcintype, opcintype, opfamily);
            opcode = get_opcode(opno);
            if (!OidIsValid(opcode))
                elog(ERROR, "missing oprcode for operator %u", opno);
 
            /* Initialize everything but argument. */
            ScanKeyInit(entry,
                        i + 1,
                        eq_strategy, opcode,
                        (Datum) 0);
            entry->sk_collation = chgcxt->cc_ident_index->rd_indcollation[i];
        }
    }
 
    /* Determine the last column we must deform to read the identity */
    chgcxt->cc_last_key_attno = InvalidAttrNumber;
    for (int i = 0; i < chgcxt->cc_ident_key_nentries; i++)
    {
        AttrNumber  attno = chgcxt->cc_ident_index->rd_index->indkey.values[i];
 
        Assert(attno > 0);
        chgcxt->cc_last_key_attno = Max(chgcxt->cc_last_key_attno, attno);
    }
 
    chgcxt->cc_file_seq = WORKER_FILE_SNAPSHOT + 1;
}
 
/*
 * Free up resources taken by a ChangeContext.
 */
static void
release_change_context(ChangeContext *chgcxt)
{
    ExecCloseIndices(chgcxt->cc_rri);
    FreeExecutorState(chgcxt->cc_estate);
    /* XXX are these pfrees necessary? */
    pfree(chgcxt->cc_rri);
    pfree(chgcxt->cc_ident_key);
}
 
/*
 * The final steps of rebuild_relation() for concurrent processing.
 *
 * On entry, NewHeap is locked in AccessExclusiveLock mode. OldHeap and its
 * clustering index (if one is passed) are still locked in a mode that allows
 * concurrent data changes. On exit, both tables and their indexes are closed,
 * but locked in AccessExclusiveLock mode.
 */
static void
rebuild_relation_finish_concurrent(Relation NewHeap, Relation OldHeap,
                                   Oid identIdx, TransactionId frozenXid,
                                   MultiXactId cutoffMulti)
{
    List       *ind_oids_new;
    Oid         old_table_oid = RelationGetRelid(OldHeap);
    Oid         new_table_oid = RelationGetRelid(NewHeap);
    List       *ind_oids_old = RelationGetIndexList(OldHeap);
    ListCell   *lc,
               *lc2;
    char        relpersistence;
    bool        is_system_catalog;
    Oid         ident_idx_new;
    XLogRecPtr  end_of_wal;
    List       *indexrels;
    ChangeContext chgcxt;
 
    Assert(CheckRelationLockedByMe(OldHeap, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock, false));
    Assert(CheckRelationLockedByMe(NewHeap, AccessExclusiveLock, false));
 
    /*
     * Unlike the exclusive case, we build new indexes for the new relation
     * rather than swapping the storage and reindexing the old relation. The
     * point is that the index build can take some time, so we do it before we
     * get AccessExclusiveLock on the old heap and therefore we cannot swap
     * the heap storage yet.
     *
     * index_create() will lock the new indexes using AccessExclusiveLock - no
     * need to change that. At the same time, we use ShareUpdateExclusiveLock
     * to lock the existing indexes - that should be enough to prevent others
     * from changing them while we're repacking the relation. The lock on
     * table should prevent others from changing the index column list, but
     * might not be enough for commands like ALTER INDEX ... SET ... (Those
     * are not necessarily dangerous, but can make user confused if the
     * changes they do get lost due to REPACK.)
     */
    ind_oids_new = build_new_indexes(NewHeap, OldHeap, ind_oids_old);
 
    /*
     * The identity index in the new relation appears in the same relative
     * position as the corresponding index in the old relation.  Find it.
     */
    ident_idx_new = InvalidOid;
    foreach_oid(ind_old, ind_oids_old)
    {
        if (identIdx == ind_old)
        {
            int         pos = foreach_current_index(ind_old);
 
            if (list_length(ind_oids_new) <= pos)
                elog(ERROR, "list of new indexes too short");
            ident_idx_new = list_nth_oid(ind_oids_new, pos);
            break;
        }
    }
    if (!OidIsValid(ident_idx_new))
        elog(ERROR, "could not find index matching \"%s\" at the new relation",
             get_rel_name(identIdx));
 
    /* Gather information to apply concurrent changes. */
    initialize_change_context(&chgcxt, NewHeap, ident_idx_new);
 
    /*
     * During testing, wait for another backend to perform concurrent data
     * changes which we will process below.
     */
    INJECTION_POINT("repack-concurrently-before-lock", NULL);
 
    /*
     * Flush all WAL records inserted so far (possibly except for the last
     * incomplete page; see GetInsertRecPtr), to minimize the amount of data
     * we need to flush while holding exclusive lock on the source table.
     */
    XLogFlush(GetXLogInsertEndRecPtr());
    end_of_wal = GetFlushRecPtr(NULL);
 
    /*
     * Apply concurrent changes first time, to minimize the time we need to
     * hold AccessExclusiveLock. (Quite some amount of WAL could have been
     * written during the data copying and index creation.)
     */
    process_concurrent_changes(end_of_wal, &chgcxt, false);
 
    /*
     * Acquire AccessExclusiveLock on the table, its TOAST relation (if there
     * is one), all its indexes, so that we can swap the files.
     */
    LockRelationOid(old_table_oid, AccessExclusiveLock);
 
    /*
     * Lock all indexes now, not only the clustering one: all indexes need to
     * have their files swapped. While doing that, store their relation
     * references in a zero-terminated array, to handle predicate locks below.
     */
    indexrels = NIL;
    foreach_oid(ind_oid, ind_oids_old)
    {
        Relation    index;
 
        index = index_open(ind_oid, AccessExclusiveLock);
 
        /*
         * Some things about the index may have changed before we locked the
         * index, such as ALTER INDEX RENAME.  We don't need to do anything
         * here to absorb those changes in the new index.
         */
        indexrels = lappend(indexrels, index);
    }
 
    /*
     * Lock the OldHeap's TOAST relation exclusively - again, the lock is
     * needed to swap the files.
     */
    if (OidIsValid(OldHeap->rd_rel->reltoastrelid))
        LockRelationOid(OldHeap->rd_rel->reltoastrelid, AccessExclusiveLock);
 
    /*
     * Tuples and pages of the old heap will be gone, but the heap will stay.
     */
    TransferPredicateLocksToHeapRelation(OldHeap);
    foreach_ptr(RelationData, index, indexrels)
    {
        TransferPredicateLocksToHeapRelation(index);
        index_close(index, NoLock);
    }
    list_free(indexrels);
 
    /*
     * Flush WAL again, to make sure that all changes committed while we were
     * waiting for the exclusive lock are available for decoding.
     */
    XLogFlush(GetXLogInsertEndRecPtr());
    end_of_wal = GetFlushRecPtr(NULL);
 
    /*
     * Apply the concurrent changes again. Indicate that the decoding worker
     * won't be needed anymore.
     */
    process_concurrent_changes(end_of_wal, &chgcxt, true);
 
    /* Remember info about rel before closing OldHeap */
    relpersistence = OldHeap->rd_rel->relpersistence;
    is_system_catalog = IsSystemRelation(OldHeap);
 
    pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_REPACK_PHASE,
                                 PROGRESS_REPACK_PHASE_SWAP_REL_FILES);
 
    /*
     * Even ShareUpdateExclusiveLock should have prevented others from
     * creating / dropping indexes (even using the CONCURRENTLY option), so we
     * do not need to check whether the lists match.
     */
    forboth(lc, ind_oids_old, lc2, ind_oids_new)
    {
        Oid         ind_old = lfirst_oid(lc);
        Oid         ind_new = lfirst_oid(lc2);
        Oid         mapped_tables[4] = {0};
 
        swap_relation_files(ind_old, ind_new,
                            (old_table_oid == RelationRelationId),
                            false,  /* swap_toast_by_content */
                            true,
                            InvalidTransactionId,
                            InvalidMultiXactId,
                            mapped_tables);
 
#ifdef USE_ASSERT_CHECKING
 
        /*
         * Concurrent processing is not supported for system relations, so
         * there should be no mapped tables.
         */
        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
            Assert(!OidIsValid(mapped_tables[i]));
#endif
    }
 
    /* The new indexes must be visible for deletion. */
    CommandCounterIncrement();
 
    /* Close the old heap but keep lock until transaction commit. */
    table_close(OldHeap, NoLock);
    /* Close the new heap. (We didn't have to open its indexes). */
    table_close(NewHeap, NoLock);
 
    /* Cleanup what we don't need anymore. (And close the identity index.) */
    release_change_context(&chgcxt);
 
    /*
     * Swap the relations and their TOAST relations and TOAST indexes. This
     * also drops the new relation and its indexes.
     *
     * (System catalogs are currently not supported.)
     */
    Assert(!is_system_catalog);
    finish_heap_swap(old_table_oid, new_table_oid,
                     is_system_catalog,
                     false,     /* swap_toast_by_content */
                     false,
                     true,
                     false,     /* reindex */
                     frozenXid, cutoffMulti,
                     relpersistence);
}
 
/*
 * Build indexes on NewHeap according to those on OldHeap.
 *
 * OldIndexes is the list of index OIDs on OldHeap. The contained indexes end
 * up locked using ShareUpdateExclusiveLock.
 *
 * A list of OIDs of the corresponding indexes created on NewHeap is
 * returned. The order of items does match, so we can use these arrays to swap
 * index storage.
 */
static List *
build_new_indexes(Relation NewHeap, Relation OldHeap, List *OldIndexes)
{
    List       *result = NIL;
 
    pgstat_progress_update_param(PROGRESS_REPACK_PHASE,
                                 PROGRESS_REPACK_PHASE_REBUILD_INDEX);
 
    foreach_oid(oldindex, OldIndexes)
    {
        Oid         newindex;
        char       *newName;
        Relation    ind;
 
        ind = index_open(oldindex, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
 
        newName = ChooseRelationName(get_rel_name(oldindex),
                                     NULL,
                                     "repacknew",
                                     get_rel_namespace(ind->rd_index->indrelid),
                                     false);
        newindex = index_create_copy(NewHeap, INDEX_CREATE_SUPPRESS_PROGRESS,
                                     oldindex, ind->rd_rel->reltablespace,
                                     newName);
        copy_index_constraints(ind, newindex, RelationGetRelid(NewHeap));
        result = lappend_oid(result, newindex);
 
        index_close(ind, NoLock);
    }
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * Create a transient copy of a constraint -- supported by a transient
 * copy of the index that supports the original constraint.
 *
 * When repacking a table that contains exclusion constraints, the executor
 * relies on these constraints being properly catalogued.  These copies are
 * to support that.
 *
 * We don't need the constraints for anything else (the original constraints
 * will be there once repack completes), so we add pg_depend entries so that
 * they are dropped when the transient table is dropped.
 */
static void
copy_index_constraints(Relation old_index, Oid new_index_id, Oid new_heap_id)
{
    ScanKeyData skey;
    Relation    rel;
    TupleDesc   desc;
    SysScanDesc scan;
    HeapTuple   tup;
    ObjectAddress objrel;
 
    rel = table_open(ConstraintRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
    ObjectAddressSet(objrel, RelationRelationId, new_heap_id);
 
    /*
     * Retrieve the constraints supported by the old index and create an
     * identical one that points to the new index.
     */
    ScanKeyInit(&skey,
                Anum_pg_constraint_conrelid,
                BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
                ObjectIdGetDatum(old_index->rd_index->indrelid));
    scan = systable_beginscan(rel, ConstraintRelidTypidNameIndexId, true,
                              NULL, 1, &skey);
    desc = RelationGetDescr(rel);
    while (HeapTupleIsValid(tup = systable_getnext(scan)))
    {
        Form_pg_constraint conform = (Form_pg_constraint) GETSTRUCT(tup);
        Oid         oid;
        Datum       values[Natts_pg_constraint] = {0};
        bool        nulls[Natts_pg_constraint] = {0};
        bool        replaces[Natts_pg_constraint] = {0};
        HeapTuple   new_tup;
        ObjectAddress objcon;
 
        if (conform->conindid != RelationGetRelid(old_index))
            continue;
 
        oid = GetNewOidWithIndex(rel, ConstraintOidIndexId,
                                 Anum_pg_constraint_oid);
        values[Anum_pg_constraint_oid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(oid);
        replaces[Anum_pg_constraint_oid - 1] = true;
        values[Anum_pg_constraint_conrelid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(new_heap_id);
        replaces[Anum_pg_constraint_conrelid - 1] = true;
        values[Anum_pg_constraint_conindid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(new_index_id);
        replaces[Anum_pg_constraint_conindid - 1] = true;
 
        new_tup = heap_modify_tuple(tup, desc, values, nulls, replaces);
 
        /* Insert it into the catalog. */
        CatalogTupleInsert(rel, new_tup);
 
        /* Create a dependency so it's removed when we drop the new heap. */
        ObjectAddressSet(objcon, ConstraintRelationId, oid);
        recordDependencyOn(&objcon, &objrel, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
    }
    systable_endscan(scan);
 
    table_close(rel, RowExclusiveLock);
 
    CommandCounterIncrement();
}
 
/*
 * Create a transient copy of attribute defaults.
 *
 * When repacking a table that has stored generated columns, the executor
 * relies on these entries to generate the values for them during apply of
 * concurrent operations.  These copies are there to support that.
 *
 * We don't need the defaults for anything else, so we add pg_depend entries
 * so that they are dropped when the transient table is dropped.
 */
static void
copy_attribute_defaults(Oid old_heap_oid, Oid new_heap_oid)
{
    ScanKeyData skey;
    Relation    rel;
    Relation    att_rel;
    SysScanDesc scan;
    HeapTuple   def_tup;
    ObjectAddress objrel;
 
    rel = table_open(AttrDefaultRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
    att_rel = table_open(AttributeRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
 
    ObjectAddressSet(objrel, RelationRelationId, new_heap_oid);
 
    ScanKeyInit(&skey,
                Anum_pg_attrdef_adrelid,
                BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
                ObjectIdGetDatum(old_heap_oid));
    scan = systable_beginscan(rel, AttrDefaultIndexId, true,
                              NULL, 1, &skey);
    while (HeapTupleIsValid(def_tup = systable_getnext(scan)))
    {
        Form_pg_attrdef adform;
        Oid         oid;
        Datum       def_values[Natts_pg_attrdef];
        bool        def_nulls[Natts_pg_attrdef];
        bool        def_replaces[Natts_pg_attrdef] = {0};
        Datum       att_values[Natts_pg_attribute];
        bool        att_nulls[Natts_pg_attribute];
        bool        att_replaces[Natts_pg_attribute] = {0};
        HeapTuple   new_def_tup,
                    att_tup,
                    new_att_tup;
        ObjectAddress objad;
 
        adform = (Form_pg_attrdef) GETSTRUCT(def_tup);
        Assert(adform->adrelid == old_heap_oid);
 
        /*
         * Insert a new tuple that's identical to the existing one, other than
         * its OID and the relation it refers to.
         */
        oid = GetNewOidWithIndex(rel, AttrDefaultOidIndexId,
                                 Anum_pg_attrdef_oid);
        def_values[Anum_pg_attrdef_oid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(oid);
        def_nulls[Anum_pg_attrdef_oid - 1] = false;
        def_replaces[Anum_pg_attrdef_oid - 1] = true;
        def_values[Anum_pg_attrdef_adrelid - 1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(new_heap_oid);
        def_nulls[Anum_pg_attrdef_adrelid - 1] = false;
        def_replaces[Anum_pg_attrdef_adrelid - 1] = true;
        new_def_tup = heap_modify_tuple(def_tup, RelationGetDescr(rel),
                                        def_values, def_nulls, def_replaces);
        CatalogTupleInsert(rel, new_def_tup);
 
        /* Set atthasdef for this attribute in the transient table */
        att_tup = SearchSysCache2(ATTNUM,
                                  ObjectIdGetDatum(new_heap_oid),
                                  ObjectIdGetDatum(adform->adnum));
        if (!HeapTupleIsValid(att_tup))
            elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for attribute %d of relation %u",
                 adform->adnum, new_heap_oid);
        att_values[Anum_pg_attribute_atthasdef - 1] = BoolGetDatum(true);
        att_nulls[Anum_pg_attribute_atthasdef - 1] = false;
        att_replaces[Anum_pg_attribute_atthasdef - 1] = true;
        new_att_tup = heap_modify_tuple(att_tup, RelationGetDescr(att_rel),
                                        att_values, att_nulls, att_replaces);
        CatalogTupleUpdate(att_rel, &new_att_tup->t_self, new_att_tup);
        ReleaseSysCache(att_tup);
 
        /* Add a pg_depend record so it's removed with the transient table */
        ObjectAddressSet(objad, AttrDefaultRelationId, oid);
        recordDependencyOn(&objad, &objrel, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
    }
    systable_endscan(scan);
 
    table_close(rel, RowExclusiveLock);
    table_close(att_rel, RowExclusiveLock);
 
    CommandCounterIncrement();
}
 
/*
 * Try to start a background worker to perform logical decoding of data
 * changes applied to relation while REPACK CONCURRENTLY is copying its
 * contents to a new table.
 */
static void
start_repack_decoding_worker(Oid relid)
{
    Size        size;
    DecodingWorkerShared *shared;
    shm_mq     *mq;
    BackgroundWorker bgw;
 
    decoding_worker = palloc0_object(DecodingWorker);
 
    /* Setup shared memory. */
    size = BUFFERALIGN(offsetof(DecodingWorkerShared, error_queue)) +
        BUFFERALIGN(REPACK_ERROR_QUEUE_SIZE);
    decoding_worker->seg = dsm_create(size, 0);
 
    shared = (DecodingWorkerShared *) dsm_segment_address(decoding_worker->seg);
    shared->initialized = false;
    shared->lsn_upto = InvalidXLogRecPtr;
    shared->done = false;
    SharedFileSetInit(&shared->sfs, decoding_worker->seg);
    shared->last_exported = -1;
    SpinLockInit(&shared->mutex);
    shared->dbid = MyDatabaseId;
 
    /*
     * This is the UserId set in cluster_rel(). Security context shouldn't be
     * needed for decoding worker.
     */
    shared->roleid = GetUserId();
    shared->relid = relid;
    ConditionVariableInit(&shared->cv);
    shared->backend_proc = MyProc;
    shared->backend_pid = MyProcPid;
    shared->backend_proc_number = MyProcNumber;
 
    mq = shm_mq_create((char *) BUFFERALIGN(shared->error_queue),
                       REPACK_ERROR_QUEUE_SIZE);
    shm_mq_set_receiver(mq, MyProc);
 
    decoding_worker->error_mqh = shm_mq_attach(mq, decoding_worker->seg, NULL);
 
    memset(&bgw, 0, sizeof(bgw));
    snprintf(bgw.bgw_name, BGW_MAXLEN,
             "REPACK decoding worker for relation \"%s\"",
             get_rel_name(relid));
    snprintf(bgw.bgw_type, BGW_MAXLEN, "REPACK decoding worker");
    bgw.bgw_flags = BGWORKER_SHMEM_ACCESS |
        BGWORKER_BACKEND_DATABASE_CONNECTION;
    bgw.bgw_start_time = BgWorkerStart_RecoveryFinished;
    bgw.bgw_restart_time = BGW_NEVER_RESTART;
    snprintf(bgw.bgw_library_name, MAXPGPATH, "postgres");
    snprintf(bgw.bgw_function_name, BGW_MAXLEN, "RepackWorkerMain");
    bgw.bgw_main_arg = UInt32GetDatum(dsm_segment_handle(decoding_worker->seg));
    bgw.bgw_notify_pid = MyProcPid;
 
    if (!RegisterDynamicBackgroundWorker(&bgw, &decoding_worker->handle))
        ereport(ERROR,
                errcode(ERRCODE_CONFIGURATION_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                errmsg("out of background worker slots"),
                errhint("You might need to increase \"%s\".", "max_worker_processes"));
 
    /*
     * The decoding setup must be done before the caller can have XID assigned
     * for any reason, otherwise the worker might end up in a deadlock,
     * waiting for the caller's transaction to end. Therefore wait here until
     * the worker indicates that it has the logical decoding initialized.
     */
    ConditionVariablePrepareToSleep(&shared->cv);
    for (;;)
    {
        bool        initialized;
 
        SpinLockAcquire(&shared->mutex);
        initialized = shared->initialized;
        SpinLockRelease(&shared->mutex);
 
        if (initialized)
            break;
 
        ConditionVariableSleep(&shared->cv, WAIT_EVENT_REPACK_WORKER_EXPORT);
    }
    ConditionVariableCancelSleep();
}
 
/*
 * Stop the decoding worker and cleanup the related resources.
 *
 * The worker stops on its own when it knows there is no more work to do, but
 * we need to stop it explicitly at least on ERROR in the launching backend.
 */
static void
stop_repack_decoding_worker(void)
{
    /* Nothing to do if no worker was set up. */
    if (decoding_worker == NULL)
        return;
 
    /* Terminate the worker process, if one is running. */
    if (decoding_worker->handle != NULL)
    {
        BgwHandleStatus status;
 
        TerminateBackgroundWorker(decoding_worker->handle);
        /* The worker should really exit before the REPACK command does. */
        HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
        status = WaitForBackgroundWorkerShutdown(decoding_worker->handle);
        RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
 
        if (status == BGWH_POSTMASTER_DIED)
            ereport(FATAL,
                    errcode(ERRCODE_ADMIN_SHUTDOWN),
                    errmsg("postmaster exited during REPACK command"));
    }
 
    /*
     * Now detach from our shared memory segment.  In error cases there might
     * still be messages from the worker in the queue, which ProcessInterrupts
     * would try to read; this is pointless (and causes an assertion failure),
     * so set the global pointer to NULL to have ProcessRepackMessages ignore
     * them.
     *
     * We must also cancel the current sleep, if one is still set up.  This is
     * critical because the CV lives in the DSM that we're about to detach, so
     * if we omit it, later automatic cleanup tries to clear freed memory.
     */
    if (decoding_worker->error_mqh != NULL)
        shm_mq_detach(decoding_worker->error_mqh);
    ConditionVariableCancelSleep();
    if (decoding_worker->seg != NULL)
        dsm_detach(decoding_worker->seg);
    pfree(decoding_worker);
    decoding_worker = NULL;
}
 
/* stop_repack_decoding_worker, wrapped as a before_shmem_exit callback */
static void
stop_repack_decoding_worker_cb(int code, Datum arg)
{
    stop_repack_decoding_worker();
}
 
/*
 * Get the initial snapshot from the decoding worker.
 */
static Snapshot
get_initial_snapshot(DecodingWorker *worker)
{
    DecodingWorkerShared *shared;
    char        fname[MAXPGPATH];
    BufFile    *file;
    Size        snap_size;
    char       *snap_space;
    Snapshot    snapshot;
 
    shared = (DecodingWorkerShared *) dsm_segment_address(worker->seg);
 
    /*
     * The worker needs to initialize the logical decoding, which usually
     * takes some time. Therefore it makes sense to prepare for the sleep
     * first.
     */
    ConditionVariablePrepareToSleep(&shared->cv);
    for (;;)
    {
        int         last_exported;
 
        SpinLockAcquire(&shared->mutex);
        last_exported = shared->last_exported;
        SpinLockRelease(&shared->mutex);
 
        /*
         * Has the worker exported the file we are waiting for?
         */
        if (last_exported == WORKER_FILE_SNAPSHOT)
            break;
 
        ConditionVariableSleep(&shared->cv, WAIT_EVENT_REPACK_WORKER_EXPORT);
    }
    ConditionVariableCancelSleep();
 
    /* Read the snapshot from a file. */
    DecodingWorkerFileName(fname, shared->relid, WORKER_FILE_SNAPSHOT);
    file = BufFileOpenFileSet(&shared->sfs.fs, fname, O_RDONLY, false);
    BufFileReadExact(file, &snap_size, sizeof(snap_size));
    snap_space = (char *) palloc(snap_size);
    BufFileReadExact(file, snap_space, snap_size);
    BufFileClose(file);
 
    /* Restore it. */
    snapshot = RestoreSnapshot(snap_space);
    pfree(snap_space);
 
    return snapshot;
}
 
/*
 * Generate worker's file name into 'fname', which must be of size MAXPGPATH.
 * If relations of the same 'relid' happen to be processed at the same time,
 * they must be from different databases and therefore different backends must
 * be involved.
 */
void
DecodingWorkerFileName(char *fname, Oid relid, uint32 seq)
{
    /* The PID is already present in the fileset name, so we needn't add it */
    snprintf(fname, MAXPGPATH, "%u-%u", relid, seq);
}
 
/*
 * Handle receipt of an interrupt indicating a repack worker message.
 *
 * Note: this is called within a signal handler!  All we can do is set
 * a flag that will cause the next CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS() to invoke
 * ProcessRepackMessages().
 */
void
HandleRepackMessageInterrupt(void)
{
    InterruptPending = true;
    RepackMessagePending = true;
    SetLatch(MyLatch);
}
 
/*
 * Process any queued protocol messages received from the repack worker.
 */
void
ProcessRepackMessages(void)
{
    MemoryContext oldcontext;
    static MemoryContext hpm_context = NULL;
 
    /*
     * Nothing to do if we haven't launched the worker yet or have already
     * terminated it.
     */
    if (decoding_worker == NULL)
        return;
 
    /*
     * This is invoked from ProcessInterrupts(), and since some of the
     * functions it calls contain CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS(), there is a potential
     * for recursive calls if more signals are received while this runs.  It's
     * unclear that recursive entry would be safe, and it doesn't seem useful
     * even if it is safe, so let's block interrupts until done.
     */
    HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
 
    /*
     * Moreover, CurrentMemoryContext might be pointing almost anywhere.  We
     * don't want to risk leaking data into long-lived contexts, so let's do
     * our work here in a private context that we can reset on each use.
     */
    if (hpm_context == NULL)    /* first time through? */
        hpm_context = AllocSetContextCreate(TopMemoryContext,
                                            "ProcessRepackMessages",
                                            ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
    else
        MemoryContextReset(hpm_context);
 
    oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(hpm_context);
 
    /* OK to process messages.  Reset the flag saying there are more to do. */
    RepackMessagePending = false;
 
    /*
     * Read as many messages as we can from the worker, but stop when no more
     * messages can be read from the worker without blocking.
     */
    while (true)
    {
        shm_mq_result res;
        Size        nbytes;
        void       *data;
 
        res = shm_mq_receive(decoding_worker->error_mqh, &nbytes,
                             &data, true);
        if (res == SHM_MQ_WOULD_BLOCK)
            break;
        else if (res == SHM_MQ_SUCCESS)
        {
            StringInfoData msg;
 
            initStringInfo(&msg);
            appendBinaryStringInfo(&msg, data, nbytes);
            ProcessRepackMessage(&msg);
            pfree(msg.data);
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * The decoding worker is special in that it exits as soon as it
             * has its work done. Thus the DETACHED result code is fine.
             */
            Assert(res == SHM_MQ_DETACHED);
 
            break;
        }
    }
 
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 
    /* Might as well clear the context on our way out */
    MemoryContextReset(hpm_context);
 
    RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
 
/*
 * Process a single protocol message received from a single parallel worker.
 */
static void
ProcessRepackMessage(StringInfo msg)
{
    char        msgtype;
 
    msgtype = pq_getmsgbyte(msg);
 
    switch (msgtype)
    {
        case PqMsg_ErrorResponse:
        case PqMsg_NoticeResponse:
            {
                ErrorData   edata;
 
                /* Parse ErrorResponse or NoticeResponse. */
                pq_parse_errornotice(msg, &edata);
 
                /* Death of a worker isn't enough justification for suicide. */
                edata.elevel = Min(edata.elevel, ERROR);
 
                /*
                 * Add a context line to show that this is a message
                 * propagated from the worker.  Otherwise, it can sometimes be
                 * confusing to understand what actually happened.
                 */
                if (edata.context)
                    edata.context = psprintf("%s\n%s", edata.context,
                                             _("REPACK decoding worker"));
                else
                    edata.context = pstrdup(_("REPACK decoding worker"));
 
                /* Rethrow error or print notice. */
                ThrowErrorData(&edata);
 
                break;
            }
 
        default:
            {
                elog(ERROR, "unrecognized message type received from decoding worker: %c (message length %d bytes)",
                     msgtype, msg->len);
            }
    }
}